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1850, Compromise of,
series of compromise measures passed by the U.S. Congress in an effort to settle
several outstanding slavery issues and to avert the threat of dissolution of the
Union. The crisis arose from the request of the territory of California
(Dec. 3, 1849) to be admitted to the Union with a constitution prohibiting slavery
. The problem was complicated by the unresolved question of slavery's
extension into other areas ceded by Mexico the preceding year.
To maintain an even balance between free
and slave states, a series of measures was offered by the "great
compromiser," Senator Henry Clay of
Kentucky. In an attempt to give satisfaction to both proslavery and antislavery
forces, the important sections of the omnibus bill called for the admission of
California as a free state, the organization of the territories of New Mexico
and Utah with the slavery question left open (see popular sovereignty ),
settlement of the Texas-New Mexico boundary dispute, a more rigorous provision
for the return of runaway slaves, and the prohibition of the slave trade in the
District of Columbia. (see also popular sovereignty)
With the influential support of Senator Daniel
Webster and the concerted unifying efforts of Senator Stephen
A. Douglas, the five compromise measures were enacted in September. These
measures were accepted by moderates in all sections of the country, and the
secession of the South was postponed for a decade. The Compromise, however,
contained the seeds of future discord. The precedent of popular sovereignty led
to a demand for a similar provision for the Kansas Territory in 1854, causing
bitterness and violence there (see Bleeding
Kansas ). Furthermore, the application of the new Fugitive
Slave Act triggered such a strong reaction throughout the North that many
moderate antislavery elements became determined opponents of any further
extension of slavery into the territories. While the Compromise of 1850
succeeded as a temporary expedient, it also proved the failure of compromise as
a permanent political solution when vital sectional interests were at stake.
(see also Fugitive Slave Acts)
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