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Brown, John
(b. May 9, 1800, Torrington, Conn., U.S.--d. Dec. 2, 1859, Charlestown, Va.),
militant American Abolitionist whose raid on the federal arsenal at Harpers
Ferry, Va., in 1859 made him a martyr to the antislavery cause and was
instrumental in heightening sectional animosities that led to the American Civil
War (1861-65).
Moving about restlessly through Ohio,
Pennsylvania, Massachusetts, and New York, Brown was barely able to support his
large family in any of several vocations at which he tried his hand: tanner,
sheep drover, wool merchant, farmer, and land speculator.
Though he was white, in 1849 Brown
settled with his family in a black community founded at North Elba, N.Y., on
land donated by the New York antislavery philanthropist Gerrit Smith. Long a foe
of slavery, Brown became obsessed with the idea of taking overt action to help
win justice for enslaved black people. In 1855 he followed five of his sons to
the Kansas Territory to assist antislavery forces struggling for control there.
With a wagon laden with guns and ammunition, Brown settled in Osawatomie and
soon became the leader of antislavery guerrillas in the area.
Brooding over the sack of the town of
Lawrence by a mob of slavery sympathizers (May 21, 1856), he concluded that he
had a divine mission to take vengeance. Three days later he led a nighttime
retaliatory raid on a pro-slavery settlement at Pottawatomie Creek, in which
five men were dragged out of their cabins and hacked to death. After this raid,
the name of "Old Osawatomie Brown" conjured up a fearful image among
local slavery apologists. (see also Pottawatomie
Massacre)
In the spring of 1858, Brown convened a
meeting of blacks and whites in Chatham, Ont., at which he announced his
intention of establishing in the Maryland and Virginia mountains a stronghold
for escaping slaves. He proposed, and the convention adopted, a provisional
constitution for the people of the United States. He was elected commander in
chief of this paper government while gaining the moral and financial support of
Gerrit Smith and several prominent Boston Abolitionists.
In the summer of 1859, with an armed
band of 16 whites and 5 blacks, Brown set up a headquarters in a rented
farmhouse in Maryland, across the Potomac from Harpers
Ferry, the site of a federal armoury. On the night of October 16, he
quickly took the armoury and rounded up some 60 leading men of the area as
hostages. Brown took this desperate action in the hope that escaped slaves would
join his rebellion, forming an "army of emancipation" with which to
liberate their fellow slaves. Throughout the next day and night he and his men
held out against the local militia, but on the following morning he surrendered
to a small force of U.S. Marines who had broken in and overpowered him. Brown
himself was wounded, and 10 of his followers (including two sons) were killed.
He was tried for murder, slave insurrection, and treason against the state and
was convicted and hanged.
Although Brown failed to start a general escape
movement among slaves, the high moral tone of his defense helped to immortalize
him and to hasten the war that would bring emancipation. |
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