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Bleeding Kansas
(1854-59), small civil war in the United States,
fought between proslavery and antislavery advocates for control of the new
territory of Kansas under the doctrine of popular
sovereignty (q.v.). Sponsors of
the Kansas-Nebraska Act (May 30, 1854) expected
its provisions for territorial self-government to arrest the "torrent of
fanaticism" that had been dividing the nation regarding the slavery
issue. Instead, free-soil forces from the North formed armed emigrant
associations to populate Kansas, while proslavery advocates poured over the
border from Missouri. Regulating associations and guerrilla bands were formed by
each side, and only the intervention of the Governor prevented violence in the
Wakarusa War, launched in December 1855 over the murder of an antislavery
settler. "Bleeding Kansas" became a fact with the Sack of Lawrence
(May 21, 1856), in which a proslavery mob swarmed into the town of Lawrence
and wrecked and burned the hotel and newspaper office in an effort to wipe out
this "hotbed of abolitionism." Three days later, an antislavery band
led by John Brown retaliated in the Pottawatomie
Massacre (q.v.). Periodic
bloodshed along the border followed as the two factions fought battles, captured
towns, and set prisoners free. A political struggle to determine the future
state's position on slavery ensued, centred on
the Lecompton Constitution (q.v.)
proposed in 1857. The question was finally settled when Kansas was admitted as a
free state in January 1861, but, meanwhile, "Bleeding Kansas" had
furnished the newly formed Republican Party with a much needed antislavery issue
in the national election of 1860. Claims for $400,000 in damages sustained in
the border war were later approved by territorial commissioners. (see also popular
sovereignty, Pottawatomie Massacre) |
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