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Birney, James
Gillespie (b. Feb. 4, 1792, Danville, Ky., U.S.--d.
Nov. 25, 1857, Eagleswood, N.J.), prominent opponent of slavery in the United
States who was twice the presidential candidate of the Abolitionist Liberty
Party.
Birney was trained in law and practiced
in Danville. He won election to the Kentucky legislature in 1816, and in 1818 he
moved to Alabama, where he was elected to the legislature in the following year.
There he helped incorporate into the state constitution provisions that
empowered the legislature to emancipate slaves and to prohibit selling slaves
brought into the state.
In 1837 he was elected executive
secretary of the American Anti-Slavery Society,
which soon afterward split, one faction advocating the inflammatory approach of
such Abolitionists as William Lloyd Garrison and the other, which became the Liberty
Party, emphasizing electoral activity. The party nominated Birney as its
presidential candidate in 1840 and again in 1844. In 1840 he was a vice
president of the World Anti-Slavery Convention in England, where he wrote The
American Churches, the Bulwarks of American Slavery (1840). Birney's career
was ended by an injury that invalided him in 1845.
BIBLIOGRAPHY.
Biographies include William Birney, James
G. Birney and His Times (1890, reprinted 1969), by his son; and Betty
Fladeland, James Gillespie Birney: Slaveholder to Abolitionist (1955, reissued
1969).
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