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What I Believe

(³ª´Â ¹«¾ùÀ» ¹Ï´Â°¡)


by Leo Tolstoy

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XI. THE DEAD CHURCH

XI. Á×Àº ±³È¸

The teaching of Christ establishes the kingdom of God on earth. It is not true that the fulfillment of this teaching is difficult; it is not only not difficult, but it is inevitable for a man who has comprehended it. This teaching supplies the only possible salvation from the inevitably impending destruction of per¡©sonal life. Finally, not only does the fulfillment of this teaching not call us to sufferings and depriva¡©tions in this life, but it releases us from nine-tenths of the sufferings we endure for the sake of the world's teaching.

±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§Àº Çϳª´ÔÀÇ ³ª¶ó¸¦ Áö»ó¿¡ °Ç¼³ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ÀÌ·± °¡¸£Ä§ÀÇ ½ÇÇàÀÌ ¾î·Æ´Ù´Â °ÍÀº »ç½ÇÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï´Ù; ±×°ÍÀº ¾î·ÆÁö ¾ÊÀ» »Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, ±×°ÍÀ» ÀÌÇØÇÑ »ç¶÷¿¡°Ô´Â ÇÇÇÒ ¼ö°¡ ¾ø´Ù. ÀÌ °¡¸£Ä§Àº ¾î¿ ¼ö ¾øÀÌ ´ÚÃÄ¿À´Â °³ÀÎÀûÀÎ »îÀÇ ÆÄ¸ê·ÎºÎÅÍÀÇ À¯ÀÏÇÏ°Ô °¡´ÉÇÑ ±¸¿øÀ» Á¦½ÃÇØ ÁØ´Ù. °á±¹, ÀÌ °¡¸£Ä§ÀÇ ½ÇÇàÀº ÀÌ ¼¼»ó¿¡¼­ÀÇ »î¿¡¼­ ¿ì¸®¿¡°Ô °íÅë°ú °áÇÌÀ¸·Î µ¥·Á°¡´Â °ÍÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, ¼¼»óÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§À» À§ÇÏ¿© ¿ì¸®°¡ °Þ´Â °íÅëµéÀÇ ±¸ ÇҷκÎÅÍ ¿ì¸®¸¦ ÇØ¹æ½ÃÄÑÁØ´Ù.

And having understood this I asked myself; why, till now, have I not fulfilled this teaching which offers me welfare, salvation, and happiness, but have followed quite a different teaching- that which has made me unhappy? And the only answer that could be given was: I did not know the truth, it was hidden from me.

³ª´Â À̰ÍÀ» ±ú´Ý°í ³ª¼­ ½º½º·Î¿¡°Ô ¹°¾ú´Ù; ¿Ö, Áö±Ý±îÁö, ³ª´Â ³ª¿¡°Ô ¾È³ç°ú ±¸¿ø°ú ÇູÀ» ÁÖ´Â ÀÌ °¡¸£Ä§À» ½ÇÇàÇÏÁö ¾Ê°í ÀüÇô ´Ù¸¥- ³ª¸¦ ºÒÇàÇÏ°Ô ¸¸µç- °¡¸£Ä§À» µû¸£°í ÀÖ¾ú´Â°¡? ±×¸®°í ¾òÀ» ¼ö ÀÖ´Â À¯ÀÏÇÑ ´ë´äÀº À̰ÍÀ̾ú´Ù: ³ª´Â Áø¸®¸¦ ¸ô¶ú´Ù, ±×°ÍÀº ³»°Ô ¼û°ÜÁ® ÀÖ¾ú´Ù.

When the meaning of Christ's teaching revealed itself to me for the first time I had no idea that the elucidation of that meaning would cause me to repudiate the teaching of the Church; it merely seemed to me that the Church had not reached the conclusion which flows from Christ's teaching, but I did not suspect that the new meaning of Christ's teaching which had revealed itself to me, and the deductions which followed therefrom, would separ¡©ate me from the teaching of the Church. I was afraid of that, and therefore during my researches, far from seeking for mistakes in the Church's teaching I on the contrary intentionally shut my eyes to such propositions as seemed to me obscure and strange, but which did not contradict what I considered to be the essence of the Christian teaching.

±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§ÀÇ Àǹ̰¡ óÀ½À¸·Î ³»°Ô ¹àÇôÁ³À» ¶§, ³ª´Â ÀÌ·± ÀǹÌÀÇ ¼³¸íÀÌ ³ª·Î ÇÏ¿©±Ý ±³È¸ÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§À» ºÎÁ¤ÇÏ°Ô ¸¸µé ÁÙÀº ¸ô¶ú´Ù; ³»°Ô´Â ´Ü¼øÈ÷ ±³È¸°¡ ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§À¸·ÎºÎÅÍ Èê·¯ ³ª¿À´Â °á·Ð¿¡ µµ´ÞÇÏÁö ¸øÇßÀ» °ÍÀ̶ó´Â ´À³¦ÀÌ µé¾úÁö¸¸, ³ª´Â ³ª¿¡°Ô ¹àÇôÁø ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§ÀÇ »õ·Î¿î ÀÇ¹Ì¿Í ±×°ÍÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ³ª¿Â Ãß·ÐÀÌ ³ª¸¦ ±³È¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ÀÌÅ»½Ã۸®¶ó°í´Â ¿¹»óÇÏÁö ¸øÇß´Ù. ³ª´Â ±×°ÍÀÌ µÎ·Á¿ü´Ù ±×¸®°í ±×·¯¹Ç·Î ³ªÀÇ ¿¬±¸ ±â°£ µ¿¾È, ±³È¸ÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§ÀÇ ¿À·ùµéÀ» ã±â´ÂÄ¿³ç ±×¿Í ¹Ý´ë·Î ³ª´Â ±×·¯ÇÑ ¸íÁ¦µéÀÌ ³»°Ô À־ ¸ðÈ£Çϰí ÀÌ»óÇÏ°Ô ´À²¸ÁöÁö¸¸, ³»°¡ »ý°¢Çϱ⿡ ±âµ¶±³ÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§ÀÇ º»Áú°ú ¸ð¼øµÇÁö ¾Ê´Â °Í¿¡ ´ëÇØ¼­´Â ÀǵµÀûÀ¸·Î ´«À» °¨¾Ò´ø °ÍÀÌ´Ù.

But the further I traveled in the study of the Gospels and the more clearly the meaning of Christ's teaching revealed itself to me, the more inevitable became the choice between the teaching of Christ- reasonable, clear, accordant with my conscience and giving me salvation- and the directly opposite teaching, disagreeing with my reason and conscience and giving me nothing except a consciousness of destruction for myself and others, and I could not help rejecting the Church's propositions one after another. I did this un¡©willingly, with a struggle, and with a desire as far as possible to soften my disagreement with the Church, not to separate from it and not to deprive myself of that most joyous support to one's faith-  community with many people. But when I had finished my work I saw that, try as I might to re¡©tain at least something of the Church's teaching, nothing remained. Not only did nothing remain, but I was convinced that nothing could remain. During the conclusion of my work the following incident occurred. My young son told me that two quite uneducated and scarcely literate people, who were our servants, had had a dispute about a passage in a religious book in which it was said that it is not a sin to kill criminals or kill people in war. I did not believe that this could have been printed, and I asked to have the book shown to me. The booklet which had provoked the dispute was called An Explanatory Prayer-book (3rd edition, 80th thousand, Moscow, 1879). On page 163 of that booklet is said:

±×·¯³ª ³»°¡ º¹À½¼­ÀÇ ¿¬±¸¿¡ ±íÀÌ µé¾î°¡¸é °¥¼ö·Ï ±×¸®°í ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§ÀÇ Àǹ̰¡ ³»°Ô ¸íÈ®È÷ ¹àÇôÁö¸é Áú¼ö·Ï, ÇÕ¸®ÀûÀ̰í, ¸í·áÇϸç, ³ªÀÇ ¾ç½É°ú ÀÏÄ¡ÇÏ¸ç ³ª¿¡°Ô ±¸¿øÀ» ÁÖ´Â ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§ ±×¸®°í, Á¤ ¹Ý´ë·Î, ³ªÀÇ À̼º°ú ¾ç½É°ú ÀÏÄ¡ÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀ¸¸ç ¿À·ÎÁö ³ª ÀڽŰú ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô ÆÄ±«ÀûÀÎ Àǽĸ¸ ÁÖ´Â °¡¸£Ä§ »çÀÌÀÇ ¼±ÅÃÀº ´õ ÇÇÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø°Ô µÇ¾úÀ¸¸ç, ±×·¡¼­ ³ª´Â ±³È¸ÀÇ ¸íÁ¦µéÀ» Çϳª¾¿ °ÅºÎÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀ» ¼ö°¡ ¾ø¾ú´Ù. ³ª´Â ÀÌ·± ÀÏÀ» ¸¶Áö ¸øÇؼ­, ¹ß¹öµÕÄ¡¸ç, ±×¸®°í °¡´ÉÇÑ ÇÑ ±³È¸¿Í ³ªÀÇ ºÒÀÏÄ¡¸¦ ´©±×·¯¶ß¸®°í, ±³È¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ÀÌÅ»ÇÏÁö ¾Ê°í, ³ª Àڽſ¡°Ô¼­ ½Å¾ÓÀÇ °¡Àå Áñ°Å¿î ±â¹Ý- ¸¹Àº »ç¶÷µé°úÀÇ ±³Á¦- À» »ó½ÇÇÏÁö ¾Ê±â À§ÇÑ Àǵµ·Î¼­ ÇàÇß´ø °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ³»°¡ ³ªÀÇ ÀÛ¾÷À» ¸¶ÃÆÀ» ¶§, ºñ·Ï ±³È¸ÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§¿¡¼­ ÃÖ¼ÒÇÑ ¾î¶² °ÍÀº À¯ÁöÇÏ·Á°í ³ë·ÂÇßÁö¸¸, ¾Æ¹«°Íµµ ³²Áö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ¾Ë¾Ò´Ù. ¾Æ¹«°Íµµ ³²Áö ¾Ê¾ÒÀ» »Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, ³ª´Â ¾Æ¹«°Íµµ ³²À» ¼ö°¡ ¾ø´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» È®½ÅÇß´Ù. ³ªÀÇ ÀÛ¾÷ÀÌ ¸¶¹«¸® µÉ ÁöÀ½¿¡, ´ÙÀ½°ú °°Àº »ç°ÇÀÌ ÀϾ´Ù. ³ªÀÇ ¾î¸° ¾ÆµéÀÌ ³»°Ô ÇØ ÁØ À̾߱â´Ù. °ÅÀÇ ±³À°À» ¹ÞÁö ¸øÇÏ¿´À¸¸ç °ÅÀÇ ±ÛÀ» ÀÐÀ» ÁÙ ¸ð¸£´Â ¿ì¸® ÁýÀÇ µÎ ÇÏÀεéÀÌ ÀüÀï¿¡¼­ ¹üÁËÀÚ³ª »ç¶÷µéÀ» »ìÇØÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº Á˰¡ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó°í ¸»ÇÏ´Â ¾î¶² Á¾±³ ¼­ÀûÀÇ ÇÑ ±¸Àý¿¡ ´ëÇØ¼­ ³íÀïÀ» ¹ú¿´´Ù. ³ª´Â ÀÌ·± ³»¿ëÀÌ ÀμâµÇ¾î ³ª¿Ô´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ¹ÏÀ» ¼ö°¡ ¾ø¾ú´Ù, ±×·¡¼­ ±× Ã¥À» ³»°Ô º¸¿©´Þ¶ó°í ¸»Çß´Ù. ³íÀïÀ» ¾ß±âÇÑ ±× ¼ÒÃ¥ÀÚ´Â ±âµµÇؼ³¼­(3ÆÇ, 80¸¸ºÎ¤Ñ ¸ð½ºÅ©¹Ù 1879)¶ó´Â Á¦¸ñÀ̾ú´Ù. 163ÆäÀÌÁö¿¡ ÀÌ·¸°Ô ¾²¿© ÀÖ¾ú´Ù:

'What is the sixth of God's commandments? Thou shalt not kill. What does God forbid in this commandment? He forbids us to kill- that is to say, to deprive men of life. Is it a sin legally to punish a criminal with death, or to kill one's enemies in war? It is not a sin. A criminal is de¡©prived of life in order to stop the great evil which he commits; enemies are killed in war because in war one fights for one's ruler and country.' And to those words is limited the explanation of why the commandment of God is repealed. I did not be¡©lieve my eyes.

¡®Çϳª´ÔÀÇ °è¸í Áß¿¡¼­ Á¦ 6°è¸íÀº ¹«¾ùÀΰ¡? »ìÀÎÇÏÁö ¸»¶ó. ÀÌ °è¸í¿¡¼­ Çϳª´ÔÀº ¹«¾ùÀ» ±ÝÁöÇϴ°¡? ¿ì¸®¿¡°Ô »ìÀÎÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ» ±ÝÁöÇϽŴÙ- ´Ù½Ã ¸»Çϸé, »ç¶÷ÀÇ ¸ñ¼ûÀ» »©¾Ñ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ¹üÁËÀÚ¸¦ ¹ý¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­ »çÇüÀ¸·Î ó¹úÇÏ´Â °Í, ¶Ç´Â ÀüÀï¿¡¼­ ÀûÀ» »ìÀÎÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº ÁËÀΰ¡? ±×°ÍÀº Á˰¡ ¾Æ´Ï´Ù. ¹üÁËÀÚ´Â ±×°¡ ÀúÁö¸£´Â Ä¿´Ù¶õ ¾ÇÀ» Á¾½Ä½Ã۱â À§Çؼ­ ¸ñ¼ûÀ» »©¾Ñ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù; ÀûµéÀ» Á×ÀÌ´Â °ÍÀº ÀüÀï¿¡¼­ ¿ì¸®´Â ¿ì¸®ÀÇ ÅëÄ¡ÀÚ¿Í ±¹°¡¸¦ À§Çؼ­ ½Î¿ì±â ¶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù.¡¯ ±×¸®°í ÀÌ ¸»µé¿¡¼­ ¿Ö Çϳª´ÔÀÇ °è¸íÀÌ Ãë¼ÒµÇ´ÂÁö ¼³¸í¿¡ ÇѰ踦 ±×¾ú´Ù. ³ª´Â ³ªÀÇ ´«À» ¹ÏÀ» ¼ö ¾ø¾ú´Ù.

The disputants asked my opinion about their difference. I told the one who considered that what the book said was right that the explanation was incorrect.

³íÀïÀ» ÇÏ´ø »ç¶÷µéÀº ±×µéÀÇ À̰߿¡ ´ëÇØ ³ªÀÇ »ý°¢À» ¹°¾ú´Ù. ³ª´Â ±× Ã¥ÀÌ ¸»ÇÑ °ÍÀ» ¿Ç´Ù°í ¿©±â´Â »ç¶÷¿¡°Ô ±× ¼³¸íÀÌ À߸øµÇ¾ú´Ù°í ¸»Çß´Ù.

'How is it that people print what is wrong and contrary to the law?' said he. I had no reply to give him. I kept the book and looked it all through. The book contains () thirty-one prayers, with instruc¡©tions about genuflections and how to hold one's fingers when crossing oneself; (2) an explanation of the Creed; (3) a quite unexplained extract from the fifth chapter of St. Matthew, which for some reason is called, 'Commands for obtaining bliss'; (4) the Ten Commandments of Moses with explanations, which for the most part annul them; (5) hymns for Church Festivals.

¡®¾îÂîÇÏ¿© »ç¶÷µéÀÌ Æ²¸° °Í°ú À²¹ý¿¡ ¾î±ß³ª´Â °ÍÀ» ÀμâÇմϱî? ±×°¡ ¹°¾ú´Ù. ³ª´Â ±×¿¡°Ô ÁÙ ´äº¯ÀÌ ¾ø¾ú´Ù. ³ª´Â ±× Ã¥À» °¡Áö°í °¡¼­ Åëµ¶À» ÇØ º¸¾Ò´Ù. ±× Ã¥ÀÇ ³»¿ëÀº ´ÙÀ½°ú °°¾Ò´Ù: (1) 31°¡ÁöÀÇ ±âµµ, ¹«¸­ ²Ý±â, ±×¸®°í ¼ºÈ£¸¦ ±×À» ¶§ ¼Õ°¡¶ôÀ» Áã´Â ¹æ¹ý; (2) ±³¸®ÀÇ ¼³¸í; (3) ¸¶Åº¹À½ 5 ÀåÀÇ ÀüÇô ¼³¸íÀÌ ¾ø´Â ¹ßÃé¹®, ±×°ÍÀº ¾î¶² ÀÌÀ¯¿¡¼­ÀÎÁö ¡®ÃູÀ» ¹Þ´Â ¸í·Éµé¡¯À̶ó°í ºÒ·È´Ù; (4) ¼³¸íÀÌ ÀÖ´Â ¸ð¼¼ÀÇ 10°è¸í, ÀÌ ¼³¸íµéÀº ´ëºÎºÐ 10°è¸íÀ» ÆóÁöÇÏ´Â ³»¿ëÀ̾ú´Ù; (5) ÃàÀϵéÀ» À§ÇÑ ¼º°¡.

As I have said, I not only tried to avoid con¡©demning the faith of the Church, but I tried to see it in the best light and therefore did not seek for its weaknesses, and though well acquainted with its academic I was quite unacquainted with its pedago¡©gic literature. The circulation in 1879 of such an enormous number of copies of a prayer-book which evoked the doubts of the simplest people amazed me. I could not believe that the plainly pagan contents of the prayer-book (having nothing in common with Christianity) were the teaching the Church de¡©liberately disseminated among the people. To verify this, I bought all the books published by the Synod or with its blessing and containing brief statements of the Church's faith for children and the common people; and I read them through.

³»°¡ ÀÌ¹Ì ¸»ÇßµíÀÌ, ³ª´Â ±³È¸ÀÇ ½Å¾ÓÀ» ºñ³­Çϱ⸦ ÇÇÇÏ·Á°í ³ë·ÂÇÏ¿´À» »Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, ±×°ÍÀ» ÃÖ¼±ÀÇ ½Ã°¢À¸·Î º¸·Á°í ³ë·ÂÇÏ¿´´Ù ±×·¯¹Ç·Î ±×°ÍÀÇ ¾àÁ¡À» ãÀ¸·Á ÇÏÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù, ±×¸®°í ºñ·Ï ±³È¸ÀÇ Çй®ÀûÀÎ °Íµé¿¡ ´ëÇØ¼­ Àß ¾Ë°í ÀÖ¾úÁö¸¸ ±³È¸ÀÇ ±³À°¿ë ÀÚ·áµé¿¡ ´ëÇØ¼­´Â Àß ¸ð¸£°í ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. °¡Àå ´Ü¼øÇÑ »ç¶÷µéÀÇ ÀÇȤµéÀ» ºÒ·¯ ÀÏÀ¸Å²1879³âÀÇ ±×Åä·Ï ¸¹Àº ºÎ¼öÀÇ ±âµµ¼­ÀÇ À¯Æ÷´Â ³ª¸¦ ³î¶ó°Ô Çß´Ù. ³ª´Â ±âµµ¼­ÀÇ ¸í¹éÈ÷ À̱³ÀûÀÎ(±âµ¶±³¿Í´Â ¾Æ¹«·± °ü·ÃÀÌ ¾ø´Â) ³»¿ëµéÀÌ ±³È¸°¡ »ç¶÷µé »çÀÌ¿¡ ÀǵµÀûÀ¸·Î ÀüÆÄÇÑ °¡¸£Ä§À̶ó´Â °ÍÀ» ¹ÏÀ» ¼ö°¡ ¾ø¾ú´Ù. À̰ÍÀ» Áõ¸íÇϱâ À§Çؼ­, ³ª´Â ±³È¸±â°üÀ̳ª ±× ±â°üÀÇ ÃູÀ¸·Î ¹ßÇàµÇ¾úÀ¸¸ç ¾Æµ¿µé°ú º¸Åë »ç¶÷µéÀ» À§ÇÑ ±³È¸ÀÇ ½Å¾Ó¿¡ ´ëÇÑ °£·«ÇÑ ¼³¸íÀ» ´ã°í ÀÖ´Â ¸ðµç Ã¥µéÀ» ±¸ÀÔÇÏ¿´´Ù; ±×¸®°í ±×°ÍµéÀ» ÀÐ¾î ³ª°¬´Ù.

Their contents were for me almost new. When I had Scripture lessons, such matter did not exist. There were then, so far as I can remember, no 'Commands for obtaining Bliss', nor was there the teaching that to kill is not a sin. It is not found in any of the old Russian catechisms. It is not in the catechisms of Peter Mogila, nor in the catechism of Platon, nor in the catechism of Balyakov, nor in the short Catholic Catechisms. This novelty was intro¡©duced by Filaret, who also drew up a catechism for the use of the Army. The Explanatory Prayer-book is drawn up in accord with that catechism. The fundamental book is the 'Long Christian Catechism of the Orthodox Church, for the use of all Orthodox Christians, published by order of His Imperial Majesty'.

±×°ÍµéÀÇ ³»¿ëÀº ³»°Ô À־ °ÅÀÇ »õ·Î¿î °ÍÀ̾ú´Ù. ³»°¡ ¼º°æÇнÀ ¹Ý¿¡ ³ª°¥ ¶§µµ ±×·¯ÇÑ °ÍÀº Á¸ÀçÇÏÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù. ±× ´ç½Ã¿¡´Â, ³»°¡ ±â¾ïÇϰí ÀÖ´Â ÇÑ, ¡®ÃູÀÇ °è¸í¡¯Àº ¾ø¾úÀ¸¸ç, »ìÀÎÀÌ Á˰¡ ¾Æ´Ï´Ù¶ó´Â °¡¸£Ä§µµ ¾ø¾ú´Ù. ·¯½Ã¾ÆÀÇ ÀüÅëÀÖ´Â ¾î¶² ±³¸® ¹®´ä¼­¿¡µµ ±×·± °ÍÀº ¾ø¾ú´Ù. ±×°ÍÀº ÇÇÅÍ ¸ðÁú¶óÀÇ ±³¸® ¹®´ä¼­¿¡µµ ¾ø¾úÀ¸¸ç, ÇöóÅæÀÇ ±³¸® ¹®´ä¼­¿¡µµ ¾ø¾ú°í, ¹ß¸®¾ßÄÚÇÁÀÇ ±³¸® ¹®´ä¼­¿¡µµ ¾ø¾ú´Ù. ÀÌ·± »õ·Î¿î ³»¿ëÀº ÇÊ¶ó·¹Æ®¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­ ¼Ò°³µÇ¾ú´Âµ¥, ±×´Â ¶ÇÇÑ ±º»ç¿ë ±³¸®¹®´äÀ» ¸¸µç »ç¶÷À̾ú´Ù. ±âµµ ÇØ¼³¼­´Â ±×¿Í °°Àº ±³¸® ¹®´ä¼­¿¡ ¸ÂÃß¾î Á¤¸®ÇÑ °ÍÀ̾ú´Ù. ±âÃʰ¡ µÇ¾ú´ø Ã¥Àº ¸ðµç Á¤±³È¸ ±âµ¶±³ÀεéÀ» À§ÇÑ, ¡®Á¤±³È¸ ÀåÆí ±âµ¶±³ ±³¸® ¹®´ä¡¯À̾ú´Âµ¥, ȲÁ¦ÀÇ ¸í·ÉÀ¸·Î ¹ßÇàµÇ¾ú´Ù.

That book is divided into three parts: On Faith, On Hope, and On Love. In the first part is an analysis of the Nicene Creed. In the second part an analysis of the Lord's Prayer, and the eight verses of the fifth chapter of Matthew forming an intro¡©duction to the Sermon on the Mount, and for some reason called 'Commands for obtaining bliss'. (Both these parts treat of Church dogmas, of prayers and sacraments, but give no teaching at all about life.) In the third part the duties of a Christian are set forth. In this part, called 'On Love', are set out, not the commandments of Christ, but the Ten Commandments of Moses, and these are set out as though only to teach people not to fulfill them but to act in opposition to them; as, after each commandment, there is a reservation which cancels it. With reference to the first com¡©mandment, which orders us to honor one God, the catechism teaches us to honor angels and saints, besides, of course, the Mother of God and the three Persons of the Trinity (Long Catechism, pp. 107, 108). With reference to the second commandment, not to make to oneself idols, the catechism teaches the obeisance before icons (p. 108). With reference to the third commandment, not to take oaths in vain, the catechism teaches people to swear on any demand of the legal authorities (p.111). With reference to the fourth commandment, to observe Saturday, the catechism teaches us to keep not Saturday but Sunday, and thirteen great holidays and a multitude of smaller ones, and to observe all the Fasts, including Wednesdays and Fridays (pp. 112-15). With reference to the fifth commandment, to honor one's father and mother, the catechism teaches us to honor the Tsar and the Fatherland, one's spiritual pastors 'and those in various positions of authority' (sic) and on honoring those in authority there are three pages with an enumeration of all kinds of authorities : 'Those in authority in schools, the civil authorities, the judges, the military authorities, one's masters (sic). This last injunction refers to those who serve them and whom they command' (sic-pp. 116-19).

ÀÌ Ã¥Àº ¼¼ ºÎºÐÀ¸·Î ³ª´©¾îÁ® ÀÖ´Ù: ½Å¾Ó¿¡ ´ëÇÏ¿©, Èñ¸Á¿¡ ´ëÇÏ¿©, ±×¸®°í »ç¶û¿¡ ´ëÇÏ¿©. Á¦ 1ºÎ´Â ´ÏÄÉ¾Æ ½ÅÁ¶ÀÇ ºÐ¼®ÀÌ´Ù. Á¦ 2ºÎ´Â ÁÖ ±âµµ¹®°ú ¸¶Åº¹À½ 5Àå 8ÀýÀÇ ºÐ¼®À¸·Î¼­, »ê»ó¼öÈÆÀÇ ¼­¹®À» ±¸¼ºÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ¸·Î¼­, ¾î¶² ÀÌÀ¯¿¡¼­ÀÎÁö ¡®ÃູÀ» ¾ò´Â °è¸íµé¡¯À̶ó°í ºÒ¸®´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. (ÀÌ µÎ ºÎºÐÀº ±³È¸ÀÇ ±³¸®, ±âµµ¿Í ¼º·ÊµéÀ» ´Ù·çÁö¸¸, »î¿¡ °üÇÑ °¡¸£Ä§Àº ÀüÇô ³ª¿ÀÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù.) Á¦ 3ºÎ´Â ±âµ¶±³ÀÎÀÇ Àǹ«µéÀÌ Á¦½ÃµÈ´Ù. ¡®»ç¶û¿¡ ´ëÇÏ¿©¡¯¶ó ºÒ¸®´Â ÀÌ ºÎºÐÀº, ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ °è¸íµéÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, ¸ð¼¼ÀÇ 10°è¸íÀÌ Á¦½ÃµÇ°í ÀÖ´Ù, ±×¸®°í À̰͵éÀº ¸¶Ä¡ »ç¶÷µéÀÌ °è¸íµéÀ» Áö۱â À§Çؼ­°¡ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ±×°Í¿¡ ºÒº¹Á¾Çϵµ·Ï Á¦½ÃµÇ°í ÀÖ´Â °Í °°¾Ò´Ù; °¢°¢ÀÇ °è¸í µÚ¿¡´Â ±×°ÍÀ» Ãë¼ÒÇÏ´Â ´Ü¼­°¡ µé¾î ÀÖ¾ú±â ¶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù. À¯ÀÏÇϽŠÇϳª´ÔÀ» °ø°æÇ϶ó´Â Á¦ 1°è¸í¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÂüÁ¶·Î, ±³¸® ¹®´äÀº õ»çµé°ú ¼ºÀÚµé, ¹°·Ð, ¼º¸ð ±×¸®°í »ïÀ§ÀÏü¸¦ °ø°æÇ϶ó°í °¡¸£Ä£´Ù.(ÀåÆí ±³¸® ¹®´ä p.107, 108), ¿ì»óÀ» ¸¸µéÁö ¸»¶ó´Â Á¦ 2 °è¸í°ú °ü·ÃÇØ¼­, ±³¸® ¹®´äÀº ¼º»ó¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¿¹¹è¸¦ °¡¸£Ä£´Ù(p.108). ÇêµÇÀÌ ¸Í¼¼ÇÏÁö ¸»¶ó´Â Á¦ 3°è¸í¿¡ ´ëÇØ¼­, ±³¸® ¹®´äÀº »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô ÇÕ¹ýÀûÀÎ ´ç±¹µéÀÇ ¾î¶² ¿ä±¸¿¡µµ ¸Í¼¼ÇÒ °ÍÀ» °¡¸£Ä£´Ù(p.111). Åä¿äÀÏÀ» °Å·èÈ÷ Áö۶ó´Â Á¦ 4 °è¸í¿¡ ´ëÇØ¼­ ±³¸® ¹®´äÀº Åä¿äÀÏÀ» ÁöŰÁö ¸»°í ÀÏ¿äÀϰú 13¹øÀÇ ´ë ÃàÁ¦Àϰú ¹«¼öÇÑ °æ¹ÌÇÑ ³¯ µé, ±×¸®°í ¼ö¿äÀϰú ±Ý¿äÀÏÀ» Æ÷ÇÔÇÏ´Â ¸ðµç ±Ý½ÄÀÏÀ» Áö۶ó°í °¡¸£Ä£´Ù(p.112-15). ºÎ¸ð¸¦ °ø°æÇ϶ó´Â Á¦ 5°è¸í¿¡ ´ëÇØ¼­ ±³¸® ¹®´äÀº ȲÁ¦¿Í, Á¶±¹°ú ¿µÀûÀÎ ¸ñ»çµé ¡®±×¸®°í ´Ù¾çÇÑ Á÷À§ÀÇ ±Ç·ÂÀ» Áö´Ñ ´ç±¹Àڵ顯À» °ø°æÇÒ °ÍÀ» °¡¸£Ä¡¸ç, ±Ç·ÂÀ» Áö´Ñ ÀÚµéÀ» °ø°æÇÔ¿¡ À־ ¸ðµç ±Ç·Â ¼­¿­À» ¿­°ÅÇϰí ÀÖ´Â 3ÆäÀÌÁö°¡ ÇÒ´çµÇ¾î ÀÖ¾ú´Ù: ¡®Çб³ ´ç±¹ÀÚµé, ÇàÁ¤ ´ç±¹ÀÚµé, ÀçÆÇ°üµé, ±º ´ç±¹ÀÚµé, ÁÖÀεé. ¿©±âÀÇ ¸¶Áö¸·ÀÇ ¸í·ÉÀº »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ºÀ»çÇØ¾ß ÇÏ°í ¸í·ÉÀ» ¹Þ¾Æ¾ß ÇÏ´Â »óÀüµéÀ» ¸»ÇÑ´Ù(p. 116-19).

I am quoting from the 1864 edition of the Cate¡©chism, Twenty years have passed since the aboli¡©tion of serfdom and no one has taken the trouble even to strike out the sentences which, with refer¡©ence to the commandment of God to honor one's parents, were included in the Catechism for the maintenance and justification of slavery. With reference to the sixth commandment, 'Thou shalt not kill', from the first lines one is taught to kill.

³ª´Â 1864³â ¹ß°£µÈ ±³¸® ¹®´ä¿¡¼­ ÀοëÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù, ³ó³ë°¡ ÆóÁöµÈÁö 20³âÀÌ Áö³µÁö¸¸, ½ÉÁö¾î, ¾î´À ´©±¸µµ, ºÎ¸ð¸¦ °ø°æÇ϶ó´Â Çϳª´ÔÀÇ °è¸í¿¡ °üÇÑ ÂüÁ¶°¡ ³ë¿¹Á¦µµ¸¦ À¯ÁöÇϰí Á¤´çÈ­Çϱâ À§ÇÑ ±³¸® ¹®´ä¿¡ Æ÷ÇÔµÈ ¹®ÀåµéÀ» ¾ø¾Ö·Á´Â ³ë·ÂÀ» ÇÏÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù. ¡®»ìÀÎÇÏÁö ¸»¶ó¡¯´Â Á¦ 6°è¸í¿¡ ´ëÇØ¼­´Â, ù¹øÂ° Çà¿¡¼­ ¿ì¸®´Â »ìÀÎÇØ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù°í °¡¸£Ä£´Ù.

Q. What is forbidden in the sixth command¡©ment?

¹®: Á¦6°è¸í¿¡¼­ ¹«¾ùÀ» ±ÝÁöÇϴ°¡?

A. Murder, or the taking of life from one's neighbor in any manner.

´ä: »ìÀÎ, ¶Ç´Â ¾î¶² ¹æ¹ýÀ¸·Îµç ¿ì¸®ÀÇ ÀÌ¿ôÀÇ »ý¸íÀ» »©¾Ñ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù.

Q. Is every taking of life a sinful murder?

¹®: »ý¸íÀ» »©¾Ñ´Â °ÍÀº ¸ðµÎ Á˸¦ Áþ´Â »ìÀÎÀΰ¡?

A. It is not sinful murder when life is taken in the fulfillment of one's duties, for instance: (i) When a criminal is punished with death by legal sentence. (ii) When enemies are killed in war for ruler and country. (The italics are in the original.) And further;

´ä: ¿ì¸®ÀÇ Àǹ«¸¦ ¼öÇàÇÔ¿¡ À־ »ý¸íÀ» »©¾ÑÀ» ¶§´Â Á˸¦ Áþ´Â »ìÀÎÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï´Ù, ¿¹¸¦ µé¸é : (i) ¹ýÀÇ ¼±°í¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­ ÁËÀÎÀÌ »çÇü¿¡ Ã³ÇØÁú ¶§. (ii) ÅëÄ¡ÀÚ³ª ±¹°¡¸¦ À§Çؼ­ ÀüÀï¿¡¼­ ÀûµéÀÌ »ìÇØµÉ ¶§. (ÀÌÅŸ¯ ü´Â ¿ø¹®¿¡ ÀÖ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù.) ±×¸®°í °è¼ÓÇØ¼­ ÀοëÇϸé,

Q. What occasions can be regarded as criminal murder?

¹®: ¾î¶² °æ¿ìµéÀÌ ¹üÁËÀûÀÎ »ìÀÎÀ̶ó°í ¿©°ÜÁú ¼ö Àִ°¡?

A. When anyone hides or releases a murderer.

´ä. ´©°¡ »ìÀÎÀÚ¸¦ °¨Ã߰ųª ³õ¾ÆÁÙ ¶§.

And this is printed in hundreds of thousands of copies and is instilled forcibly, with threats and under fear of punishment, into all Russian people under the guise of Christian doctrine. This is what the whole of the Russian people are taught; this is what all the innocent angel children are taught-  those children whom Christ wished not to have driven away from him because 'theirs is the kingdom of God';- those children whom we must resemble in order to enter the kingdom of God (resemble by not knowing such teaching); those children, in, defense of whom Christ said, 'Woe unto him that causeth one of these little ones to stumble'. And it is these children to whom this is forcibly taught and who are told that this is the only and the sacred law of God.

±×¸®°í ÀÌ·± ³»¿ëÀÌ ¼ö½Ê¸¸ ºÎ¾¿ ÀμâµÇ¾î¼­, ±âµ¶±³ÀÇ ±³¸®·Î °¡ÀåÇÏ¿©, ¸ðµç ·¯½Ã¾Æ »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô, Çù¹Ú°ú ó¹úÀÇ µÎ·Á¿òÀ¸·Î °­Á¦·Î ÁÖÀԵǰí ÀÖ´Ù. À̰ÍÀÌ ·¯½Ã¾Æ ±¹¹Î Àüü°¡ ¹è¿ì´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù; À̰ÍÀÌ ¸ðµç ¾î¸° õ»çµéÀÌ ¹è¿ì´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù- ±×¸®½ºµµ°¡ ¡®Çϳª´ÔÀÇ ³ª¶ó´Â ÀúµéÀÇ °ÍÀÌ´Ù¡¯¶ó°í ¸»Çϸ鼭 ±×¿¡°Ô¼­ ÂѾƹö¸®Áö ¸»¶ó°í Çß´ø ±× ¾î¸°À̵é;- Çϳª´ÔÀÇ ³ª¶ó¿¡ µé¾î°¡±â À§Çؼ­ ¿ì¸®°¡ ¹Ýµå½Ã ´à¾Æ¾ß ÇÏ´Â(±×·¯ÇÑ °¡¸£Ä§À» ¸ð¸§À¸·Î½á ´à¾Æ¾ß ÇÏ´Â) ±× ¾î¸°À̵é; ±×µéÀ» º¸È£Çϱâ À§Çؼ­ ±×¸®½ºµµ°¡ ¸»Çϱ⸦, ¡®Àú ¼ÒÀÚ Çϳª¶óµµ ³Ñ¾îÁö°Ô ÇÏ´Â ÀÚ´Â È­¸¦ ÀÔÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù¡¯¶ó°í ÇÑ ±×·± ¾î¸°À̵é. ±×¸®°í ¹Ù·Î ÀÌ·± ¾î¸°À̵éÀÌ, À̰ÍÀÌ ¹Ù·Î À¯ÀÏÇÏ¸ç ½Å¼ºÇÑ Çϳª´ÔÀÇ À²¹ýÀ̶ó°í, °­¾ÐÀûÀ¸·Î ¹è¿ì¸ç µè°í ÀÖ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù.

This is not a proclamation circulated secretly under fear of imprisonment, but a proclamation disagreement with which is punished by imprison¡©ment. I now write this and I am frightened that I even allow myself to say that one cannot repeal God's chief law, written in all the codes and in all our hearts, by words which explain nothing, 'in the fulfillment of one's duties to King and country', and that people should not be taught so.

À̰ÍÀº Åõ¿ÁÀÌ µÎ·Á¿ö¼­ ºñ¹Ð¸®¿¡ ¹èÆ÷µÇ´Â ¼±¾ð¹®ÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, À̰ÍÀº ÁöŰÁö ¾ÊÀ¸¸é Åõ¿ÁµÇ´Â ¼±¾ð¹®ÀÌ´Ù. ³ª´Â ÀÌÁ¦ ÀÌ ±ÛÀ» ¾²¸é¼­, ¸ðµç Á¶Ç׿¡ ±×¸®°í ¿ì¸® ¸ðµÎÀÇ ¸¶À½¿¡ ±â·ÏµÈ Çϳª´ÔÀÇ Áß¿äÇÑ À²¹ýÀ» ¡®È²Á¦¿Í ±¹°¡¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¿ì¸®ÀÇ Àǹ«¸¦ ÁؼöÇÔ¿¡ À־¡¯¶ó´Â ¾Æ¹« Àǹ̵µ ¾ø´Â ¸»·Î¼­ ¿ì¸®°¡ ÆóÁöÇÒ ¼ö ¾øÀ¸¸ç, »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô ÀÌ·¸°Ô °¡¸£ÃÄÁ®¼­´Â ¾È µÈ´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ½ÉÁö¾î ³ª ½º½º·Î ¸»Çϰí ÀÖÀ½¿¡ ³î¶ó°í ÀÖ´Ù.

Yes, that has come about which Christ foretold (Luke xi. 35, 36; Matt. vi. 23): 'Look therefore whether the light that is in thee be not darkness. If the light that is in thee be darkness, how great is the darkness!'

±×·¸´Ù, ±×¸®½ºµµ°¡ ¿¹¾ðÇß´ø °ÍÀÌ ÀϾ °ÍÀÌ´Ù(´©°¡º¹À½ 12Àå 35,36Àý; ¸¶Åº¹À½ 6Àå 23Àý): ¡®±×·¯¹Ç·Î ³× ¼Ó¿¡ ÀÖ´Â ºûÀÌ ¾îµÓÁö ¾Æ´ÏÇѰ¡ º¸¶ó. ³×°Ô ÀÖ´Â ºûÀÌ ¾îµÎ¿ì¸é ±× ¾îµÎ¿òÀÌ ¾ó¸¶³ª ÇϰڴÀ´¢!¡¯

The light that is within us is become darkness, and the darkness in which we live has become terrible.

¿ì¸®µé ¾È¿¡ ÀÖ´Â ºûÀÌ ¾îµÒÀ¸·Î º¯ÇÏ¿´´Ù, ±×¸®°í ¿ì¸®°¡ »ì°í ÀÖ´Â ¾îµÎ¿òÀº ¹«¼­¿î °ÍÀÌ µÇ¾ú´Ù.

'Woe unto you', says Christ, 'woe unto you, scribes and Pharisees, hypocrites! because ye shut the kingdom of heaven against men: for ye enter not in yourselves, neither suffer ye them that are enter¡©ing in to enter. Woe unto you, scribes and Phari¡©sees, hypocrites! for ye devour widow's houses, even while for a pretence ye make long prayers: therefore ye shall receive greater condemnation. Woe unto you, scribes and Pharisees, hypocrites! for ye com¡©pass sea and land to make one proselyte; and when he is become so, ye make him worse than before. Woe unto you, ye blind guides!

±×¸®½ºµµ´Â ¸»ÇÑ´Ù, ¡®È­ ÀÖÀ»Áö¾î´Ù À§¼±ÀÚ ¹Ù¸®»õÀÎÀÌ¿© ³ÊÈñ´Â »ç¶÷µé ¾Õ¿¡ õ±¹ÀÇ ¹®À» ´Ý°í ½º½º·Î µé¾î°¡Áöµµ ¾Ê°í ¶Ç µé¾î°¡·Á°í ÇÏ´Â ÀÚ°¡ µé¾î°¡·Á°í ÇÏ´Â °Íµµ Çã¶ôÇÏÁö ¾Êµµ´Ù. È­ ÀÖÀ»Áö¾î´Ù À§¼±ÀÚ ¹Ù¸®»õÀÎÀÌ¿© ³ÊÈñµé °úºÎÁýÀ» ޽ÄÇÏ¿© µ¹¾Æ³ªµð¸ç ±ä ±âµµ¸¦ ¿Ã¸®³ª´Ï ÀÌ¿¡ ÀÇÇÏ¿© ³ÊÈñµé ÇÑÃþ ´õ Á˸¦ Áþ°Ô µÇ´À´Ï¶ó. È­ ÀÖÀ»Áö¾î´Ù À§¼±ÀÚ ¹Ù¸®»õÀÎÀÌ¿© ³ÊÈñ´Â °³Á¾ÀÚ¸¦ ¾ò±â À§ÇÏ¿© ÇØ·úÀ» µÎ·ç µ¹¾Æ´Ù´Ï¸ç ÀÌ¹Ì ¾òÀ¸¸é À̸¦ ±×Àüº¸´Ù ÇÑÃþ ³ª»Û °ÍÀ¸·Î ÇÏ´À´Ï¶ó. È­ÀÖÀ»Áö¾î´Ù ´«¸Õ ¾È³»ÀÚ¿©!¡¯

'Woe unto you, scribes and Pharisees, hypocrites! for ye build the sepulchers of the prophets, and garnish the tombs of the righteous, and say. If we had been in those days when the prophets were tortured, we should not have been partakers in their blood. Ye are witnesses against yourselves, that ye are sons of them that slew the prophets. Fill ye up then the measure begun by those who were like yourselves. I will send unto you prophets and wise men; some of them ye will kill and crucify; and some of them ye will scourge in your assemblies, and expel from city to city; that upon you may come all the righteous blood shed on the earth since Abel.' 'Every blasphemy [libel] will be forgiven to men, but the libel against the Holy Spirit cannot be for¡©given.' All this reads as though it had been written yesterday against those who now no longer compass the sea and the land, libeling the Holy Spirit and leading people to a belief which makes them worse, but directly, by violence, oblige them to accept that belief, and persecute and destroy all those prophets and wise men who attempt to expose their fraud.

¡®È­ ÀÖÀ»Áö¾î´Ù À§¼±ÀÚ ¹Ù¸®»õÀÎÀÌ¿© ³ÊÈñ´Â ¼±ÁöÀÚÀÇ ¹«´ýÀ» ¼¼¿ì°í À§ÀÎÀÇ ¹«´ýÀ» Àå½ÄÇÏ´À´Ï¶ó. ±×¸®°í ³ÊÈñ°¡ ¸¸ÀÏ ¼±ÁöÀÚ°¡ °í¹®À» ´çÇÑ ±× ½Ã´ë¿¡ ÀÖ¾ú´Ù¸é ³ÊÈñ´Â ¼±ÁöÀÚ°¡ ÇǸ¦ È긮½Å ±× ÀÏ¿¡ °¡´ãÇÏÁö ¾Ê¾ÒÀ¸¸®¶ó. ÀÌó·³ ³ÊÈñ´Â ¼±ÁöÀÚ¸¦ Á×ÀÎ ÀÚ¿Í °°Àº ÀÚ¶ó´Â °ÍÀ» ÀÚÀÎÇϸ®¶ó ³ÊÈñµé°ú °°Àº Àڵ鿡 ÀÇÇÏ¿© ½ÃÀÛµÈ Ä¡¼ö¸¦ ä¿ö¶ó. ±×·¯¹Ç·Î º¸¶ó, ³ª ³ÊÈñ¿¡°Ô ¾îÁø ¼±ÁöÀÚ¿Í ¿¹¾ðÀÚ¸¦ º¸³¾Áö´Ï ±× Áß ¾î¶² ÀÚ¸¦ Á×ÀÌ°í ½ÊÀÚ°¡¿¡ ¸ø¹Ú¾Æ Á×ÀÌ°í ¾î¶² ÀÚ¸¦ ³ÊÈñ ȸ´ç¿¡¼­ ¶§¸®°í ¸¶À»¿¡¼­ ¸¶À»·Î ÂѾƹö¸®¶ó. À̷νá ÀÇÀÎ ¾Æº§ ÀÌ·¡·Î Áö»ó¿¡ È기 ¿ÇÀº ÇÇ´Â ¸ðµÎ ³ÊÈñ¿¡°Ô º¸´äÇϸ®¶ó.¡¯ ¡®¸ðµç ¸ðµ¶[ºñ¹æ]Àº »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô ¿ë¼­¸¦ ¹ÞÀ» °ÍÀ̳ª ¼º·ÉÀ» ºñ¹æÇÏ´Â ÀÚ´Â ¿ë¼­¸¦ ¹ÞÁö ¸øÇÒ °ÍÀÌ´Ù.¡¯ ÀÌ ¸ðµç °ÍÀº, ÀÌÁ¦ ´õ ÀÌ»ó ¹Ù´Ù¿Í À°Áö¸¦ µ¹¾Æ ´Ù´ÏÁö ¾ÊÁö¸¸, ¼º·ÉÀ» ºñ¹æÇÏ°í »ç¶÷µéÀ» ´õ¿í ¾ÇÇÏ°Ô ÇÏ´Â ¹ÏÀ½À¸·Î ²ø°í °¡¸ç, ¶ÇÇÑ Á÷Á¢ÀûÀ¸·Î Æø·Â¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­ ±×µé¿¡°Ô ±×·¯ÇÑ ¹ÏÀ½À» ¹Þ¾ÆµéÀ̵µ·Ï °­¿äÇÏ¸ç ±×µéÀÇ »ç±â¸¦ Æø·ÎÇÏ·Á´Â ¸ðµç ¼±ÁöÀÚµé°ú ÀǷοî ÀÚµéÀ» ÆÄ±«ÇÏ·Á°í ÇÏ´Â ÀÚµéÀ» ÇâÇØ, ¸¶Ä¡ ¾îÁ¦ ¾²¿©Áø °Íó·³ º¸¿©Áø´Ù.

And I became convinced that the Church's teaching, although it calls itself Christian, is that very darkness against which Christ strove and ordered his disciples to strive.

±×¸®°í ³ª´Â ±³È¸ÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§ÀÌ, ºñ·Ï ±× ÀÚü°¡ ±âµ¶±³ÀÎÀ̶ó°í ºÎ¸£Áö¸¸, ±×¸®½ºµµ°¡ ½Î¿üÀ¸¸ç ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ Á¦Àڵ鿡°Ô ½Î¿ì¶ó°í ¸í·ÉÇÑ ¹Ù·Î ¾îµÒ ±× ÀÚü¶ó°í È®½ÅÇÑ´Ù.

Christ's teaching, like every religious teaching, has two sides: (i) The teaching of conduct- of how we should live, each separately and all together-  the ethical teaching; and (ii) the explanation of why people should live in that way and not other¡©wise- the metaphysical teaching. The one is the result and at the same time the cause of the other. Man should live so, because such is his destiny: or the destiny of man is such, and therefore he should live so- these two sides of Christ's teaching are to be found in all the religions of the world. Such is the religion of the Brahmins, of Confucius, Buddha, and Moses, and such is the religion of Christ. He teaches life, how to live, and he gives the explanation why that is how one should live. But as it was with all other teachings- Brahmanism, Judaism, Buddhism- so was it with the teaching of Christ. People lapse from the teaching of life, and among them some are found who undertake to justify that lapse. These people seating themselves, to use Christ's expression, in the seat of Moses, explain the metaphysical side of the teaching in such a way that the ethical demands cease to be obligatory and are replaced by an external service of God- by ritual. This phenomenon is common to all re¡©ligions, but never, I think, has it been displayed so sharply as in Christianity. It has been displayed with such exceptional sharpness because the teach¡©ing of Christ is the highest teaching; and it is the highest because the metaphysics and ethics of Christ's teaching are so inseparably united and are so denned by one another that to separate them is impossible without depriving the whole teaching of its meaning, and also because Christ's teaching is in itself a Protestantism- that is to say, a denial not merely of the ritual observances of Judaism but of every external worship of God. And therefore of necessity in Christianity this tearing asunder com¡©pletely perverts the teaching and deprives it of any meaning. And so it was. The sundering of the teaching of life from the explanation of life began with the preaching of Paul, who did not know the ethical teaching expressed in the Gospel of Matthew and who preached a metaphysical-cabalistic theory foreign to Christ; and this separation was finally completed at the time of Constantine, when it was found possible to clothe the whole heathen order of life in a Christian dress and therefore to accept it as Christianity without altering it.

±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§Àº, ´Ù¸¥ ¸ðµç Á¾±³Àû °¡¸£Ä§°ú °°ÀÌ, µÎ °¡Áö Ãø¸éµéÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù: (i) ¿ì¸®°¡, °³º°ÀûÀ¸·Î ±×¸®°í ¸ðµÎ°¡ ÇÔ²² ¾î¶»°Ô »ì °ÍÀΰ¡ ÇÏ´Â ÇàÀ§¿¡ ´ëÇÑ °¡¸£Ä§À¸·Î½á, À±¸®Àû °¡¸£Ä§; ±×¸®°í (ii) »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ¿Ö ±×·¸°Ô »ì¾Æ¾ß ÇÏ¸ç ´Ù¸¥ ¹æ¹ýÀ¸·Î´Â ¾È µÇ´Â°¡¸¦ ¼³¸íÇÔÀ¸·Î½á, ÇüÀÌ»óÇÐÀûÀÎ °¡¸£Ä§ÀÌ ±×°ÍµéÀÌ´Ù. ÀüÀÚ´Â ÈÄÀÚÀÇ °á°úÀÌ¸ç µ¿½Ã¿¡ ¿øÀÎÀÌ´Ù. »ç¶÷Àº ¹Ýµå½Ã ±×·¸°Ô »ì¾Æ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù, ¿Ö³ÄÇÏ¸é ±×°ÍÀÌ ±×ÀÇ ¿î¸íÀ̱⠶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù: ¶Ç´Â »ç¶÷ÀÇ ¿î¸íÀ» ±×·¯ÇÏ´Ù, ±×·¯¹Ç·Î ±×´Â ±×·¸°Ô »ì¾Æ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù- ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§ÀÇ ÀÌ °°Àº µÎ °¡Áö Ãø¸éÀº ¼¼»óÀÇ ¸ðµç Á¾±³µé¿¡¼­µµ ¹ß°ßµÈ´Ù. ¹Ù¶ó¹®±³, À¯±³, ºÒ±³, ±×¸®°í ¸ð¼¼ÀÇ Á¾±³°¡ ±×·¯ÇÏ´Ù. ±×´Â »îÀ» °¡¸£Ä£´Ù, ¾î¶»°Ô »ì¾Æ¾ß ÇÏ´ÂÁö, ±×¸®°í ¿ì¸®°¡ ¾î¶»°Ô »ì¾Æ¾ß ÇÏ´ÂÁö¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÀÌÀ¯¸¦ ¼³¸íÇØÁØ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ¸ðµç ´Ù¸¥ °¡¸£Ä§- ¹Ù¶ó¹®±³, À¯´ë±³, ºÒ±³- µé¿¡¼­ ±×·± °Íó·³, ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§µµ ¸¶Âù°¡Áö¿´´Ù. »ç¶÷µéÀº »îÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§¿¡¼­ ÀÌÅ»Çϰí, ±×µé Áß¿¡¼­ ¾î¶² »ç¶÷µéÀº ±×·± ÀÌÅ»À» Á¤´çÈ­Çϱ⠽ÃÀÛÇß´Ù. ÀÌ »ç¶÷µéÀº, ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ Ç¥ÇöÀ» ºô¸®ÀÚ¸é, ½º½º·Î ¸ð¼¼ÀÇ ÀÚ¸®¿¡ ¾É¾Æ¼­, À±¸®ÀûÀÎ ¿ä±¸µéÀÌ Àǹ«ÀûÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¸ç Çϳª´Ô¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¿Ü¸éÀûÀÎ ºÀ»ç- ÀÇ·Ê- ·Î¼­ ´ëüµÇ´Â ¹æÇâÀ¸·Î, °¡¸£Ä§ÀÇ ÇüÀÌ»óÇÐÀûÀÎ Ãø¸éÀ» ÇØ¼®Çϰí ÀÖ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ÀÌ·± Çö»óÀº ¸ðµç Á¾±³¿¡ °øÅëÀûÀÌÁö¸¸, À̰ÍÀÌ ±âµ¶±³¿¡¼­ ¸¸Å­ ÷¿¹ÇÏ°Ô ³ªÅ¸³­ ÀûÀÌ °áÄÚ ¾ø´Ù°í »ý°¢ÇÑ´Ù. ±×°ÍÀÌ ±×Åä·Ï ¿¹¿ÜÀûÀΠ÷¿¹ÇÔÀ¸·Î ³ªÅ¸³­ °ÍÀº ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§ÀÌ ÃÖ°íÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§À̱⠶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù; ±×¸®°í ÃÖ°íÀÎ ÀÌÀ¯´Â ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§ÀÇ ÇüÀÌ»óÇаú À±¸®ÇÐÀº ³Ê¹«³ª ±ä¹ÐÇÏ°Ô °áÇյǾî ÀÖ°í ¼­·Î¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­ ³Ê¹« ¹ÐÂøµÇ¾î À־, ±×°ÍµéÀ» ¶¼¾î³½´Ù´Â °ÍÀº °¡¸£Ä§ÀÇ Àüü Àǹ̸¦ »ó½ÇÇÏÁö ¾Ê°í´Â ºÒ°¡´ÉÇϱ⠶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù, ±×¸®°í ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§Àº ±× ÀÚü·Î¼­ û±³µµÁÖÀÇ- ´Ù½Ã ¸»ÇÏÀÚ¸é, À¯Å±³ÀÇ ÀǽÄÀûÀÎ Áؼö »Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó Çϳª´Ô¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¿Ü¸éÀûÀÎ ¼þ¹èÀÇ ºÎÀÎ- À̱⠶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù. ±×·¯¹Ç·Î ±âµ¶±³¿¡ À־ Çʿ伺À¸·Î º¸¾Æ, ÀÌó·³ ¶¼¾î³»¾î¼­ ºÐ¸®ÇÑ´Ù´Â °ÍÀº ±× Àǹ̸¦ ¿ÏÀüÈ÷ ¿Ö°îÇÏ°Ô µÇ¸ç, ¸ðµç Àǹ̸¦ Á¦°ÅÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ±×¸®°í Á¤¸» ±×·¯Çß´Ù. »îÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§°ú »îÀÇ ¼³¸íÀÇ ºÐ¸®°¡ ¹Ù¿ïÀÇ ¼³±³·ÎºÎÅÍ ½ÃÀ۵Ǿú´Âµ¥, ¹Ù¿ïÀº ¸¶Åº¹À½¿¡ Ç¥ÇöµÇ¾î ÀÖ´Â À±¸®Àû °¡¸£Ä§À» ¸ô¶úÀ¸¸ç ±×¸®½ºµµ¿¡°Ô´Â °ü°è¾ø´Â ÇüÀÌ»óÇÐÀû- ½ÅºñÁÖÀÇÀûÀÎ ÀÌ·ÐÀ» ¼³±³ÇÏ¿´´Ù; ±×¸®°í ÀÌ·± ºÐ¸®´Â ¸¶Ä§³» ÄܽºÅºÆ¼´©½º ½Ã´ë¿¡ ¿Ï¼ºµÇ¾ú´Ù, ±×·¯ÀÚ À̱³Àû »îÀÇ Áú¼­ Àüü¿¡ ±âµ¶±³ÀÇ ¿ÊÀ» ÀÔÈ÷°í, ±×·¯¹Ç·Î À̱³Àû »îÀÇ Áú¼­¸¦ ¹Ù²ÙÁö ¾Ê°í¼­ ±âµ¶±³¸¦ ¹Þ¾Æ µéÀÓÀÌ °¡´ÉÇØÁø °ÍÀÌ´Ù.

From the time of Constantine- a heathen of the heathen whom the Church for all his crimes and vices numbers with the company of the saints-  begin the Ecclesiastical Councils, and the center of gravity of Christianity is transferred completely to the metaphysical side of the teaching. And that metaphysical teaching with the ceremonies that accompany it, diverging even more and more from its fundamental meaning, reaches its present stage - a teaching which explains the most incompre¡©hensible mysteries of life in heaven and gives a most complex ritual of divine service, but supplies no religious teaching concerning our life on earth.

ÄܽºÅºÆ¼´©½º- À̱³µµ Áß¿¡¼­µµ À̱³µµ·Î¼­, ±³È¸¿¡¼­´Â ±×ÀÇ ¸ðµç ¹üÁË¿Í ¾Ç´öµé¿¡ ´ëÇØ¼­ ±×¸¦ ¼ºÀεéÀÇ ¹Ý¿­¿¡ ¿Ã·Á³õ°í ÀÖ´Ù- ½Ã´ë·ÎºÎÅÍ, ÁÖ±³È¸Àǰ¡ ½ÃÀ۵Ǹç, ±âµ¶±³ÀÇ ¹«°Ô Áß½ÉÀÌ °¡¸£Ä§ÀÇ ÇüÀÌ»óÇÐÀûÀÎ Ãø¸éÀ¸·Î ¿ÏÀüÈ÷ ³Ñ¾î°£´Ù. ±×¸®°í ±×·¯ÇÑ ÇüÀÌ»óÇÐÀûÀÎ °¡¸£Ä§°ú À̸¦ µ¿¹ÝÇÏ´Â ÀǽĵéÀº, ±Ùº»ÀûÀÎ Àǹ̷κÎÅÍ ½ÉÁö¾î ´õ¿í´õ ¸Ö¾îÁö¸é¼­, ¿À´Ã³¯ÀÇ ´Ü°è- °¡Àå ÀÌÇØÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø´Â Çϴóª¶ó¿¡¼­ÀÇ »îÀÇ ½Åºñ¸¦ ¼³¸íÇØÁÖ¸ç °¡Àå º¹ÀâÇÑ Çϳª´Ô¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¿¹¹èÀÇ ÀǽÄÀ» ÇàÇÏÁö¸¸, Áö»ó¿¡¼­ÀÇ ¿ì¸®ÀÇ »î¿¡ °üÇÑ ¾Æ¹«·± Á¾±³Àû °¡¸£Ä§À» Á¦°øÇÏÁö ¸øÇÏ´Â °¡¸£Ä§- ±îÁö µµ´ÞÇÑ °ÍÀÌ´Ù.

All religions except Church Christianity demand from their adherents, besides ceremonies, the per¡©formance of certain good actions and abstention from certain bad ones. Judaism demands circum¡©cision, the keeping of the Sabbath, the giving of alms, the observance of the Jubilee year, and much else. Mohammedanism demands circumcision, prayer five times a day, tithes for the poor, worship at the prophet's tomb, and much else. And so with all the other religions. Whether these demands are good or bad, at any rate they demand certain actions. Only pseudo-Christianity demands no¡©thing. There is nothing that it is definitely obliga¡©tory for a Christian to do or from which he must definitely abstain, if one does not count fasts and prayers which the Church itself admits to be non-obligatory. All that is necessary for the pseudo-Christian are the sacraments. But the sacrament is not done by the believer himself, it is performed over him by others. A pseudo-Christian is not bound to do anything, and is not bound to abstain from anything, in order to be saved, but all that is necessary is performed over him by the Church: he is baptized, and anointed, and communion is given him, as well as extreme unction, and absolution is even granted on an inarticulate confession, and he is prayed for- and saved! The Christian Church since the time of Constantine has not demanded any actions from its members. It has not even put for¡©ward any demands of abstinence from anything. The Christian Church recognized and sanctified everything that existed in the heathen world: it recognized and sanctified divorce, and slavery, and courts of justice, and all the state authorities that existed, and wars and executions, and it only de¡©manded, at baptism, a verbal renunciation of evil, and that only at first; afterwards, with the intro¡©duction of infant baptism, it ceased even to demand that.

±³È¸ÀÇ ±âµ¶±³¸¦ Á¦¿ÜÇÑ ¸ðµç Á¾±³µéÀº ±×µéÀÇ ÃßÁ¾ÀڷκÎÅÍ, ÀǽĻӸ¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, ƯÁ¤ÇÑ ¼±ÇàµéÀÇ ½ÇÇà°ú ƯÁ¤ÇÑ ¾ÇÇàÀÇ ±ÝÁö¸¦ ¿ä±¸ÇÑ´Ù. À¯´ë±³´Â ÇÒ·Ê, ¾È½ÄÀÏÀÇ ¾ö¼ö, ÀÚ¼±, ¾È½Ä³âÀÇ Áؼö ¹× ±âŸ ¸¹Àº °ÍÀ» ¿ä±¸ÇÑ´Ù. ȸ±³´Â ÇÒ·Ê, ÇÏ·ç ´Ù¼¸ ¹øÀÇ ±âµµ, °¡³­ÇÑ »ç¶÷µéÀ» À§ÇÑ ½ÊÀÏÁ¶, ¼±ÁöÀÚµéÀÇ ¹«´ý¿¡ ¿¹¹è, ¹× ±âŸ ¸¹À» °ÍÀ» ¿ä±¸ÇÑ´Ù. ±×¸®°í ´Ù¸¥ ¸ðµç Á¾±³µéµµ ±×·¸´Ù. ÀÌ·± ¿ä±¸µéÀÌ ¼±ÇϵçÁö ¾ÇÇϵçÁö ¾î·µç ƯÁ¤ÇÑ ÇàÀ§µéÀ» ¿ä±¸ÇÑ´Ù. ¿ÀÁ÷ »çÀ̺ñ ±âµ¶±³¸¸ÀÌ ¾Æ¹«°Íµµ ¿ä±¸ÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù. ¸¸ÀÏ ±³È¸ ÀÚü¿¡¼­ Àǹ«°¡ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó°í ÀÎÁ¤ÇÏ´Â ´Ü½Äµé°ú ±âµµµéÀ» °è»ê¿¡ ³ÖÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù¸é, ±âµ¶±³Àο¡°Ô´Â Á¤È®È÷ Àǹ«ÀûÀ¸·Î ÇàÇØ¾ß Çϰųª, Á¤È®È÷ ±ÝÇØ¾ß ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ Á¤È®È÷ ¾Æ¹«°Íµµ ¾ø´Ù. »çÀ̺ñ ±âµ¶±³Àε鿡°Ô ÇÊ¿äÇÑ ¸ðµç °ÍÀº ¼º·ÊµéÀÌ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ¼º·Ê´Â ½ÅÀÚ Àڽſ¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­ ÇàÇØÁö´Â °ÍÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷µé¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­ ±×µéÀ» À§ÇØ ÇàÇØÁø´Ù. »çÀ̺ñ ±âµ¶±³ÀεéÀº, ±¸¿øÀ» ¹Þ±â À§Çؼ­, ¾î¶² °Íµµ ÇÒ Àǹ«°¡ ¾ø´Ù, ±×¸®°í ¾î¶² °Íµµ ÇÏÁö ¸»¾Æ¾ß ÇÒ Àǹ«°¡ ¾øÀ¸¸ç, ÇÊ¿äÇÑ ¸ðµç °ÍÀº ±×¸¦ À§ÇØ ±³È¸¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­ ÇàÇØÁø´Ù: ±×´Â ¼¼·Ê ¹Þ°í, ±â¸§ºÎÀ½ ¹ÞÀ¸¸ç, ¼ºÂù, »Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó º´ÀÚ¼º»ç ±×¸®°í ½ÉÁö¾î »ç¸éÁ¶Â÷ Áß¾ó°Å¸®´Â °í¹éÀ» Çϸç ÁÖ¾îÁø´Ù, ±×¸®°í ±âµµ¸¦ ¹Þ´Â´Ù- ±×¸®°í ±¸¿øµÈ °ÍÀÌ´Ù! ±âµ¶±³ ±³È¸´Â À̱³µµ ¼¼»ó¿¡ Á¸ÀçÇÏ´ø ¸ðµç °ÍÀ» ÀÎÁ¤ÇÏ¸ç ½Å¼º½Ã ÇÏ¿´´Ù: ±³È¸´Â ÀÌÈ¥, ³ë¿¹Á¦µµ, ¹ýÁ¤, ±×¸®°í Á¸ÀçÇÏ´Â ¸ðµç ±¹°¡ ±Ç·Âµé, ±×¸®°í ÀüÀï°ú »çÇüµéÀ» ÀÎÁ¤ÇÏ°í ½Å¼º½Ã ÇÏ¿´°í, ±³È¸´Â ¼¼·ÊÇÒ ¶§ ¿ÀÁ÷ ¸»·Î¸¸ ¾ÇÀ» °ÅºÎÇÒ °ÍÀ» ¿ä±¸ÇÏ¿´À¸¸ç, ±×°ÍÀ» ¿ÀÁ÷ óÀ½¿¡¸¸ ¿ä±¸ÇÏ¿´´Ù; ÀÌÈÄ¿¡´Â, À¯¾Æ ¼¼·ÊÀÇ µµÀÔÀ¸·Î, ½ÉÁö¾î´Â ±×°ÍÀ» ¿ä±¸ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ» Áß´ÜÇß´Ù.

The Church, acknowledging Christ's teaching in words, directly rejected it in life.

±³È¸´Â ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§À» ¸»·Î´Â ÀÎÁ¤Çϰí ÀÖÀ¸¸é¼­µµ »î¿¡¼­´Â ºÐ¸íÈ÷ ºÎÀÎÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù.

Instead of guiding the life of the world, the Church, to make itself agreeable to the world, interpreted Christ's metaphysical teaching in such a way that no demands relating to life resulted from it, so that it did not prevent people from living as they had done before. The Church yielded to the world and, having done so once, it followed the world's way. The world did whatever it liked, allowing the Church to shape its explanations of the meaning of life accordingly as best it could. The world in everything arranged its life contrary to Christ's teaching, and the Church devised allegories to show that people while living contrary to Christ's law live in accord with it. And finally the life of the world became worse than heathen life had been, and the Church not merely justified that life but asserted that it was in agreement with Christ's teaching.

¼¼»óÀÇ »îÀ» ÀεµÇÏ´Â ´ë½Å¿¡, ±³È¸´Â ¼¼»ó¿¡ Àß º¸À̱â À§ÇÏ¿©, ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ ÇüÀÌ»óÇÐÀûÀÎ °¡¸£Ä§À¸·ÎºÎÅÍ »î¿¡ °ü·ÃÇÏ¿© ¾Æ¹«·± ¿ä±¸µéµµ ³ª¿Ã ¼ö ¾øµµ·Ï ÇØ¼®ÇÏ¿´À¸¸ç, ±× °á°ú »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ÀÌÀü¿¡ ÇàÇß´ø °Íó·³ »ç´Â °ÍÀ» ¸·Áö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù. ±³È¸´Â ¼¼»ó¿¡ ±¼º¹ÇÏ¿´´Ù, ±×¸®°í ÀÏ´Ü ±×·¸°Ô ÇÏÀÚ, ±³È¸´Â ¼¼»óÀÇ ¹æ½ÄÀ» µû¶ó°¬´Ù. ¼¼»óÀº ±³È¸°¡ ¿øÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº ¹«¾ùÀ̵ç ÇÏ¿´À¸¸ç, ±³È¸°¡ ÃÖ´ëÇÑ ¼¼»ó¿¡ °É¸Â°Ô »îÀÇ Àǹ̸¦ ÇØ¼®Çϵµ·Ï ¸Ã°ÜµÎ¾ú´Ù. ¼¼»óÀº ¸ðµç °Í¿¡¼­ ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§¿¡ ¹Ý´ëµÇµµ·Ï ±× »îÀ» Á¶Á÷ÇÏ¿´´Ù, ±×¸®°í ±³È¸´Â »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ À²¹ý¿¡ ¹Ý´ë·Î »ì¾Æ°¡´Â ÇÑÆí, ±×°Í¿¡ µû¶ó »ç´Â °Íó·³ º¸À̱â À§Çؼ­ ºñÀ¯µéÀ» °í¾ÈÇÏ¿´´Ù. ±×¸®°í ¸¶Ä§³» ¼¼»óÀÇ »îÀº À̱³µµÀÇ »îÀÌ ±×·¨´ø °Íº¸´Ù ´õ ¾ÇÇÏ°Ô µÇ¾ú´Ù, ±×¸®°í ±³È¸´Â ±×·± »îÀ» ÇÕ¸®È­ ÇÏ¿´À» »Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§°ú ÀÏÄ¡ÇÑ´Ù°í ÁÖÀåÇÏ¿´´Ù.

But a time came when the light of Christ's true teaching which was in the Gospels, despite the fact that the Church feeling its own falsity tried to hide it by forbidding translations of the Bible - a time came when this light (through those who were called sectarians and even through worldly free¡©thinkers) made its way among the people and the falsity of the Church's teaching became evident to men and they began to alter their way of life (which the Church had justified) to life on the basis of Christ's teaching which had made its way to them independently of the Church.

±×·¯³ª, ¶§´Â ¿ÔÀ¸´Ï, º¹À½¼­¿¡ µé¾î ÀÖ´Â ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ Áø¸®ÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§ÀÇ ºûÀÌ, ÀÚ±â ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ °ÅÁþÀ» ´À³¤ ±³È¸°¡ ÀÌ ºûÀ» ¼º¼­ÀÇ ¹ø¿ªÀ» ±ÝÁöÇÔÀ¸·Î½á ¼û±â·Á°í ¾Ö½á¿Â »ç½Ç¿¡µµ ºÒ±¸Çϰí - ¶§´Â ¿ÔÀ¸´Ï, ÀÌ ºûÀÌ (ºÐÆÄµéÀ̶ó ºÒ¸®´Â »ç¶÷µéÀ» ÅëÇØ¼­, ±×¸®°í ½ÉÁö¾î ¼¼»óÀÇ ÀÚÀ¯ »ç»ó°¡µéÀ» ÅëÇØ¼­)»ç¶÷µé »çÀÌ¿¡ ±æÀ» ÇìÄ¡°í ³ªÅ¸³µÀ¸¸ç, ±³È¸ÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§ÀÇ °ÅÁþÀº »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô ¸í¹éÇØÁ®¼­, ±×µéÀº (±³È¸°¡ ÇÕ¸®È­½ÃÄÑ ³õ¾Ò´ø)ÀڽŵéÀÇ »îÀÇ ¹æ½ÄÀ» ±³È¸¿Í µ¶¸³ÀûÀ¸·Î ±×µé¿¡°Ô ´Ù°¡¿Â ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§À» ±âÃÊ·Î ÇÏ´Â »îÀ¸·Î ¹Ù²Ù±â ½ÃÀÛÇÏ´Â ¶§°¡ ¿Ô´Ù.

So people themselves, apart from the Church, abolished slavery (which the Church had justified) and religious executions, and abolished the power (sanctified by the Church) of the Emperors and Popes, and have now begun the task which presents itself next in turn: the abolition of property and of the State. And the Church did not defend and cannot defend any of these things, because the abolition of these wrongs in life took place, and is now taking place, on the basis of that same Christian teaching which was preached and is preached by the Church however it tries to pervert it.

±×¸®ÇÏ¿© »ç¶÷µéÀº ½º½º·Î°¡, ±³È¸¿Í´Â º°µµ·Î, (±³È¸°¡ Á¤´çÈ­Çß´ø) ³ë¿¹Á¦µµ¿Í Á¾±³ ÀçÆÇµéÀ» ÆóÁöÇÏ¿´°í, (±³È¸°¡ ÀÎÁ¤ÇÏ¿´´ø) ȲÁ¦¿Í ±³È²ÀÇ ±Ç·ÂÀ» ÆóÁöÇÏ¿´À¸¸ç, ±×¸®°í ´ÙÀ½ Â÷·Ê¿¡ ³ªÅ¸³ª´Â °úÁ¦¸¦ ½ÃÀÛÇß´Ù: Àç»ê°ú ±¹°¡ÀÇ ÆóÁö°¡ ±×°ÍÀÌ´Ù. ±×¸®°í ±³È¸´Â À̰͵é ÁßÀÇ ¾î´À °Íµµ ÀúÇ×ÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀ¸¸ç, ÀúÇ×ÇÒ ¼öµµ ¾ø´Ù, ¿Ö³ÄÇϸé ÀÌ·± »î¿¡ À־ °ú¿ÀµéÀÇ ÆóÁö´Â ±³È¸°¡ ¾Æ¹«¸® ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§À» ¿Ö°îÇÏ·Á°í ¾Ö¸¦ ½áµµ, ±³È¸¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­ ¼³±³µÇ¾úÀ¸¸ç Áö±Ýµµ ¼³±³µÇ°í ÀÖ´Â °Í°ú ¶È °°Àº ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§À» ±âÃÊ·Î ÀϾÀ¸¸ç Áö±Ýµµ ÀϾ°í Àֱ⠶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù.

The guidance of the life of man has emancipated itself from the Church and established itself independently of the Church.

»ç¶÷ÀÇ »î¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÁöħÀº ±³È¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ÇØ¹æµÇ¾úÀ¸¸ç, ±³È¸·ÎºÎÅÍ µ¶¸³ÇÏ¿© ½º½º·Î ¼¼¿öÁ³´Ù.

The Church retains an explanation, but an ex¡©planation of what? The metaphysical explanation of a teaching has significance when the teaching of life which it explains exists. But the Church has no teaching of life left. It had only an explanation of a life it instituted once upon a time and which no longer exists. If the Church still retains an explanation of that life which used to exist (like the explanation in the Catechism that officials ought to kill) no one any longer believes it. And the Church has nothing left but cathedrals, icons, brocaded vestments, and words.

±³È¸´Â ¼³¸íÀ» °¡Áö°í ÀÖ´Ù, ±×·¯³ª ¹«½¼ ¼³¸íÀϱî? °¡¸£Ä§ÀÇ ÇüÀÌ»óÇÐÀûÀÎ ¼³¸íÀº ±×°ÍÀÌ ¼³¸íÇÏ´Â »îÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§ÀÌ Á¸ÀçÇÒ ¶§ Àǹ̸¦ °¡Áø´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ±³È¸´Â »î¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¾Æ¹«·± °¡¸£Ä§ÀÌ ³²¾ÆÀÖÁö ¾Ê´Ù. ±³È¸´Â ¿ÀÁ÷ °ú°Å¿¡ ¸¸µé¾ú´ø »îÀÇ ¼³¸íÀ» °¡Áö°í ÀÖÀ» »ÓÀÌ¸ç ±×°ÍÀº ´õ ÀÌ»ó Á¸ÀçÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù. ¸¸ÀÏ ±³È¸°¡ °ú°Å¿¡ ÀÖ¾ú´ø (¸¶Ä¡ °ü¸®µéÀÌ »ìÀÎÇØ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù´Â ±³¸® ¹®´äÀÇ ¼³¸íó·³) ±×·± »îÀÇ ¼³¸íÀ» ¾ÆÁ÷µµ º¸À¯Çϰí ÀÖ´õ¶óµµ, ¾Æ¹«µµ ´õ ÀÌ»ó ±×°ÍÀ» ¹ÏÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù. ±×¸®°í ±³È¸¿¡´Â, ¼º´ç, ¼º»ó, ±Ý½ÇÀ» ´Ü Á¦º¹°ú ¼³±³ ¿Ü¿¡ ¾Æ¹«°Íµµ ³²¾Æ ÀÖÁö ¾Ê´Ù.

The Church carried the light of Christian teach¡©ing of life through eighteen centuries, and wishing to hide it under its garments has itself been burnt up by that flame. The world, with its arrangements sanctified by the Church, has repudiated the Church in the name of those very principles of Christianity which the Church has reluctantly borne; and the world now lives without the Church. That fact is accomplished and to hide it is impossible. All that is really alive- and does not linger on in angry dejection not really living but merely hindering others from doing so- all that really lives in our European world has rejected the Church, and all churches, and lives its own life independently of the Church. And let it not be said that this is so in 'rotten western Europe'; our Russia, with its millions of rationalist Christians, educated and uneducated, who have rejected Church teaching, proves beyond dispute that Russia, in regard to the repudiation of the Church, is, thank God, far more 'rotten' than the rest of Europe.

±³È¸´Â ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ »îÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§ÀÇ ºûÀ» 18¼¼±â µ¿¾È Áö´Ï°í ÀÖ¾ú´Ù, ±×¸®°í ±×°ÍÀ» ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ¿Ê ¾Æ·¡¿¡ °¨Ãß·Á ÇÏ´Ù°¡ ÀÚ½ÅÀÌ ±× È­¿°À¸·Î Ÿ¹ö¸®°í ¸»¾Ò´Ù. ¼¼»óÀº, ±³È¸°¡ Á¤´çÈ­ÇØÁÖ´ø Á¦µµµéÀ» °¡Áö°í ÀÖÁö¸¸, ±³È¸°¡ ¾ïÁö·Î º¸°üÇϰí ÀÖ´ø ±âµ¶±³ÀÇ ¿ø¸®µé ±× ÀÚüÀÇ À̸§À¸·Î ±³È¸¸¦ ¹ö·È´Ù; ±×¸®°í ¼¼»óÀº ÀÌÁ¦ ±³È¸ ¾øÀÌ »ì¾Æ°¡°í ÀÖ´Ù. ÀÌ·± »ç½ÇÀº ¿Ï¼ºµÇ¾úÀ¸¸ç, À̰ÍÀ» ¼û±â´Â °ÍÀº ºÒ°¡´ÉÇÏ´Ù. Áø½ÇÇÏ°Ô »ì°í ÀÖ´Â ¸ðµç »ç¶÷µéÀº- ±×¸®°í Áø½ÇÇÏ°Ô »ì¾Æ°¨ÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ´Ü¼øÈ÷ ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷À» ±×·¸°Ô ÇàÇÔÀ» ¹æÇØÇϸ鼭, ¼º³­ ½½ÇÄ ¼Ó¿¡¼­ »îÀ» ¿¬¸íÇÏÁö ¾Ê°í- ¿ì¸®ÀÇ À¯·´ ¼¼°è¿¡ Áø½ÇÇÏ°Ô »ì°í ÀÖ´Â ¸ðµç »ç¶÷µéÀº ±³È¸¸¦, ¸ðµç ±³È¸¸¦ ¹ö·ÈÀ¸¸ç, ±³È¸·ÎºÎÅÍ µ¶¸³ÇÏ¿© ÀÚ±â ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ »îÀ» »ì¾Æ°¡°í ÀÖ´Ù. ±×¸®°í ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ÀÏÀº ¡®½â¾îºüÁø ¼­±¸À¯·´¡¯¿¡¸¸ ÇØ´çµÇ´Â °ÍÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï´Ù; ±³À°À» ¹Þ¾Òµç ¸ø ¹Þ¾Òµç, ±³È¸ÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§À» °ÅºÎÇÑ ¼ö¹é¸¸ÀÇ ÇÕ¸®ÁÖÀÇÀûÀÎ ±âµ¶±³ÀεéÀÌ »ì°í ÀÖ´Â ¿ì¸®ÀÇ ·¯½Ã¾Æ´Â, ±³È¸¸¦ °ÅºÎÇÔ¿¡ °ü·ÃÇÏ¿©¼­, ·¯½Ã¾Æ´Â Çϳª´Ô ´öÅÃÀ¸·Î ¼­±¸À¯·´º¸´Ù ÈξÀ ´õ ½â¾ú´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» Áõ¸íÇÑ´Ù.

All that is alive is independent of the Church. The power of Government rests on tradition, on science, on popular election, on brute force, and on what you will, only not on the Church.

»ì¾Æ ÀÖ´Â ¸ðµç °ÍÀº ±³È¸¿¡¼­ µ¶¸³µÇ¾ú´Ù. Á¤ºÎ ±Ç·ÂÀº ÀüÅë, °úÇÐ, ÃѼ±°Å, ¾ß¸¸ÀûÀÎ Æø·Â, ±×¸®°í ´ç½ÅÀÌ ¿øÇÏ´Â °Í À§¿¡ ÀÇÁöÇϰí ÀÖÁö¸¸, ¿ÀÁ÷ ±³È¸¸¸Àº ÀÇÁöÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù.

Wars and the relations of the Powers are arranged on the principle of race, balance of power, or what you will, but not on Church principles.

ÀüÀï°ú °­´ë±¹ °£ÀÇ ¹®Á¦´Â ¹ÎÁ·ÀÇ ¿ø¸®, ÈûÀÇ ±ÕÇü ¶Ç´Â ´ç½ÅÀÌ ¿øÇÏ´Â °Í¿¡ ÀÇÇÏ¿© 󸮵ǰí ÀÖÀ¸³ª, ±³È¸ÀÇ ¿ø¸®µé¿¡ ÀÇÇÏ¿© 󸮵ÇÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù.

The State institutions plainly ignore the Church. The idea that the Church could in our times be the foundation of the law or of property is merely ridiculous.

Á¤ºÎ ±â°üµéÀº ¸í¹éÈ÷ ±³È¸¸¦ ¹«½ÃÇÑ´Ù. ¿ì¸® ½Ã´ë¿¡ ±³È¸°¡ ¹ý·üÀ̳ª »çÀ¯Àç»êÀÇ ±âÃʰ¡ µÉ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù´Â »ý°¢Àº ´Ü¼øÈ÷ ¿ôÀ½°Å¸®ÀÏ »ÓÀÌ´Ù.

Science not only does not co-operate with the Church teaching, but inadvertently, involuntarily, in the course of its development is always hostile to the Church.

°úÇÐÀº ±³È¸ÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§°ú Çù·ÂÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀ» »Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, ¹«½ÉÄÚ, ¹«ÀǽÄÀûÀ¸·Î, ±× ¹ßÀü ´Ü°è¿¡¼­ ¾ðÁ¦³ª ±³È¸¿¡ Àû´ëÀûÀÌ´Ù.

Art, which formerly served the Church exclusively, has now quite departed from it.

¿¹¼úÀº, °ú°Å¿¡ Àý´ëÀûÀ¸·Î ±³È¸¿¡ ºÀ»çÇØ ¿ÔÀ¸³ª, Áö±ÝÀº ±×·ÎºÎÅÍ »ó´çÈ÷ ¸Ö¾îÁ® ÀÖ´Ù.

It is not merely that life has completely emancipated itself from the Church, life has no relation to the Church; it merely feels contempt for her so long as she does not meddle in the affairs of life and nothing but hatred as soon as she tries to remind it of her former rights. If the form which we call the Church still exists, it is only because people fear to smash a vessel which once held precious contents; only so is it possible to explain the existence in our century of the Catholic, the Orthodox, and the various Protestant Churches.

»î ÀÚü°¡ ±³È¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ¿ÏÀüÈ÷ ÇØ¹æµÇ¾úÀ» »Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, »îÀº ±³È¸¿Í ¾Æ¹«·± °ü·ÃÀÌ ¾ø´Ù; ±³È¸°¡ »îÀÇ ¹®Á¦¿¡ °³ÀÔÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â ÇÑ »îÀº ´Ü¼øÈ÷ ±³È¸¿¡ ´ëÇØ °æ¸êÀ» ´À³¢¸ç, ±³È¸°¡ °ú°ÅÀÇ ±Ç¸®µéÀ» »ó±â½ÃŰ·Á´Â ¼ø°£ ¿ÀÁ÷ Áõ¿À¸¸À» ´À³¤´Ù. ¸¸ÀÏ ¿ì¸®°¡ ±³È¸¶ó°í ºÎ¸£´Â Çü½ÄÀÌ ¾ÆÁ÷ Á¸ÀçÇÑ´Ù¸é, ±×°ÍÀº ¿ÀÁ÷ »ç¶÷µéÀÌ °ú°Å¿¡ º¸¹°À» ´ã°í ÀÖ´ø ±×¸©À» ±úÆ®¸®±â¸¦ µÎ·Á¿öÇϱ⠶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù; ¿ÀÁ÷ ÀÌ·¸°Ô ¸¸ÀÌ ¿ì¸® ½Ã´ë¿¡¼­ Ä«Å縯, Á¤±³È¸, ±×¸®°í ´Ù¾çÇÑ °³½Å±³µéÀÇ Á¸À縦 ¼³¸íÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ °¡´ÉÇÏ´Ù.

All the Churches- the Catholic, Orthodox, and Protestant- stand like sentinels laboriously on guard over a prisoner who has long since escaped and is now walking about among the sentinels and even fighting them. Everything that now really ani¡©mates the world- Socialism, Communism, theories of political economy, utilitarianism, the freedom and equality of individuals, of classes, and of women, all man's moral conceptions, the sanctity of labor, the sanctity of reason, of science and of art, all that moves the world and that the Church regards as inimical, all are parts of that teaching which the Church herself has unwittingly handed on together with the teaching of Christ which she sought to conceal. .

¸ðµç ±³È¸´Â- Ä«Å縯, Á¤±³È¸, ±×¸®°í °³½Å±³´Â- ¿À·¡ Àü¿¡ Å»ÃâÇÏ¿© ÀÌÁ¦ °¨½Ãº´ »çÀ̸¦ µ¹¾Æ ´Ù´Ï¸ç ½ÉÁö¾î ±×µé°ú ½Î¿ì°í ÀÖ´Â Á˼ö¸¦, ¾Ö½á¼­ °¨½ÃÇϰí ÀÖ´Â °¨½Ãº´Ã³·³ ¼­ÀÖ´Ù. ÀÌÁ¦ Áø½Ç·Î ¼¼»óÀ» Ȱ±âÂ÷°Ô ÇÏ´Â ¸ðµç °ÍÀº- »çȸÁÖÀÇ, °ø»êÁÖÀÇ, Á¤Ä¡ °æÁ¦ À̷еé, °ø¸®ÁÖÀÇ, °³ÀεéÀÇ, °è±ÞµéÀÇ, ±×¸®°í ¿©¼ºµéÀÇ ÀÚÀ¯¿Í Æòµî, ¸ðµç »ç¶÷ÀÇ µµ´öÀû °ü³äµé, ³ëµ¿ÀÇ ½Å¼ºÇÔ, À̼º, °úÇÐ, ±×¸®°í ¿¹¼úÀÇ ½Å¼ºÇÔ, ¼¼»óÀ» ¿òÁ÷ÀÌ¸ç ±³È¸°¡ ÇØ·Ó´Ù°í ¿©±â´Â ¸ðµç °ÍÀº-  ÀÌ ¸ðµç °ÍÀº ±³È¸°¡ ¼û±â°í ½Í¾îÇÏ´ø ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§°ú ÇÔ²² ±³È¸ Àڽŵµ ¸ð¸£´Â »çÀÌ¿¡ ÀüÇØÁØ °¡¸£Ä§ÀÇ ºÎºÐµéÀÌ´Ù.

In our time the life of the world goes its own way quite independently of the Church's teaching. That teaching has lagged so far behind that the men of the world no longer hear the voices of church teachers. Nor is there anything to hear, for the Church only offers explanations of an arrangement of life which the world has already outgrown and which has already ceased to exist or is now being irresistibly destroyed.

¿ì¸® ½Ã´ë¿¡´Â ¼¼»óÀÇ »îÀº ±³È¸ÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§°ú´Â ¿ÏÀüÈ÷ ¹þ¾î³ª¼­ ÀÚ±â ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ±æÀ» °¡°í ÀÖ´Ù. ±³È¸ÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§Àº ³Ê¹«³ª µÚ¿¡ ÃÄÁ® À־ ¼¼»ó »ç¶÷µéÀº ±³È¸ÀÇ ±³»çµéÀÇ ¸ñ¼Ò¸®µéÀ» µèÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù. µéÀ» °ÍÀº ¾Æ¹«°Íµµ ¾ø´Ù, ¿Ö³ÄÇÏ¸é ±³È¸´Â ¼¼»óÀÌ ÀÌ¹Ì ¾Õ¼­ °¡¹ö¸° µÚÀÇ »îÀÇ ³»¿ëµé¿¡ ´ëÇØ¼­¸¸ ¼³¸íÀ» ÇØ ÁÙ »ÓÀ̸ç, ±×°ÍÀº ÀÌ¹Ì Á¸ÀçÇÏÁö ¾Ê°Å³ª ÀÌÁ¦ ÀúÇ×ÇÒ ¼ö ¾øÀÌ ÆÄ±«µÇ°í Àֱ⠶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù.

People went rowing in a boat, and a helmsman steered them. The people came to believe in their helmsman, and he guided them well; but the time came when the good helmsman was replaced by another who did not steer. Yet the boat glided on quickly and easily. At first it was not noticed that the new helmsman was not steering and the people were only pleased that the boat moved quickly. But afterwards, having realized that the new helmsman was useless, they began to laugh at him, and dis¡©missed him.

»ç¶÷µéÀº ¹è ¾È¿¡¼­ ³ë¸¦ ÀúÀ¸¸ç °¡°í ÀÖ´Ù, ±×¸®°í Á¶Å¸¼ö°¡ ۸¦ Àâ°í ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. »ç¶÷µéÀº ±×µéÀÇ Á¶Å¸¼ö¸¦ ¹Ï°Ô µÇ¾ú´Ù, ±×¸®°í ±×´Â ÈǸ¢ÇÏ°Ô ¹æÇâÀ» Àâ°í ÀÖ¾ú´Ù; ±×·¯³ª ÈǸ¢ÇÑ Á¶Å¸¼ö´Â ۸¦ Àâ¾Æº» ÀûÀÌ ¾ø´Â ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷À¸·Î ±³Ã¼µÇ´Â ¶§°¡ ¿Ô´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ¹è´Â ºü¸£°Ô ±×¸®°í ¼øÅºÇÏ°Ô ¹Ì²ô·¯Á® °¬´Ù. óÀ½¿£ »õ·Î¿î Á¶Å¸¼ö°¡ ۸¦ Àâ°í ÀÖÁö ¾Ê´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ¾Ë¾ÆÂ÷¸®Áö ¸øÇß´Ù ±×¸®°í »ç¶÷µéÀº ¿ÀÁ÷ ¹è°¡ ºü¸£°Ô ³ª¾Æ°£´Ù´Â »ç½Ç¸¸À» Áñ°Å¿ö ÇÏ¿´´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ±× ÈÄ¿¡, »ç¶÷µéÀº »õ·Î¿î Á¶Å¸¼ö°¡ ¾µ¸ð ¾ø´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ±ú´Ý°í¼­, ±×µéÀº ±×¸¦ ºñ¿ô±â ½ÃÀÛÇß´Ù, ±×¸®°í ±×¸¦ ÇØ°í½ÃÄÑ ¹ö·È´Ù.

This would not have mattered, but the trouble was that people, moved by their annoyance with the useless helmsman, forgot that without a helms¡©man one does not know which way one is going. That is what has happened in our Christian society. The Church does not direct, and it is easy to drift, and we have gone far; and all the successes of science that our nineteenth century is so proud of are but the mileage we have gone without a rudder. We advance, but know not whither. We live and get through our life, and positively do not know why. But it does not do to drift and row not know¡©ing one's direction, and one must not live and pass through life not knowing why.

ÀÌ »ç°ÇÀº Áß¿äÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀ»Áöµµ ¸ð¸¥´Ù, ±×·¯³ª ¹®Á¦´Â, ±× ¹«´ÉÇÑ Á¶Å¸¼ö¿¡°Ô È­°¡ ³­ ³ª¸ÓÁö, »ç¶÷µéÀÌ Á¶Å¸¼ö°¡ ¾ø´Ù¸é ±×µéÀÌ ¾î´À ¹æÇâÀ¸·Î °¡°í ÀÖ´ÂÁö ¾ËÁö ¸øÇÑ´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» Àؾî¹ö¸° °ÍÀÌ´Ù. À̰ÍÀÌ ¹Ù·Î ¿À´Ã³¯ ¿ì¸®ÀÇ ±âµ¶±³ »çȸ¿¡ ¹ß»ýÇÑ ÀÏÀÌ´Ù. ±³È¸´Â ¹æÇâÀ» ÀâÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù, ±×¸®°í ¶°³»·Á °¡´Â °ÍÀº ½±´Ù, ±×¸®°í ¿ì¸®´Â ¸Ö¸® ¿Í ¹ö¸° °ÍÀÌ´Ù; ±×¸®°í ¿ì¸®ÀÇ 19¼¼±âÀÇ °úÇÐÀÌ ³Ê¹«³ª »Ë³»°í ÀÖ´Â °úÇÐÀÇ ¸ðµç ¼º°øµéÀº ¿ÀÁ÷ ¿ì¸®°¡ ¹æÇ⟵µ ¾øÀÌ ¿Ô´ø Ç×ÇØ °Å¸®ÀÏ »ÓÀÌ´Ù. ¿ì¸®´Â ÀüÁøÇÑ´Ù, ±×·¯³ª ¾î´À °÷À¸·Î °¡´ÂÁö ¸ð¸¥´Ù. ¿ì¸®´Â ¿ì¸®ÀÇ »îÀ» »ì¸ç ³ª¾Æ°¡Áö¸¸, ¿ì¸®°¡ ¿Ö »ç´ÂÁö È®½ÇÈ÷ ¸ð¸¥´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ¹æÇâµµ ¸ð¸¥ ä Ç¥·ùÇÏ¸ç ³ë¸¦ Á£´Â °ÍÀº ÇÕ´çÄ¡ ¾Ê´Ù, ±×¸®°í ¿ì¸®´Â »ç´Â ÀÌÀ¯¸¦ ¸ð¸£¸é¼­ »îÀ» »ì°Å³ª º¸³»¼­´Â ¾È µÈ´Ù.

If men did nothing themselves but were placed by some external force in the position they occupy, they might in reply to the question, 'Why are you in this position?' quite reasonably reply. We do not know, but we find ourselves placed as we are. But people make their position for themselves, for others, and in particular for their children, and therefore they must reply to the questions: Why do you enroll others, and have been yourselves enrolled, into armies of millions with which you kill and mutilate one another? Why have you spent, and why are you spending, tremendous human energies, expressed in milliards, on the building of towns un¡©necessary and harmful to you? Why do you arrange your absurd law-courts and send people you con¡©sider criminals from France to Cayenne, from Russia to Siberia, and from England to Australia, knowing yourselves that this is unreasonable ? Why do you abandon the field-work you love, for work in factories and workshops which you yourselves dislike? Why do you educate your children so that they should continue this life of which you do not approve? Why do you do all this?

¸¸ÀÏ »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ½º½º·Î ¾Æ¹«°Íµµ ÇÏÁö ¾Ê¾ÒÁö¸¸ ¾î¶² ¿ÜÀûÀÎ Èû¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­ ±×µéÀÌ Â÷ÁöÇϰí ÀÖ´Â À§Ä¡¿¡ ³õ¿© ÀÖ¾ú´Ù¸é, ¡®´ç½ÅÀº ¿Ö ÀÌ ÀÚ¸®¿¡ Àִ°¡?¡¯¶ó´Â Áú¹®¿¡ »ó´çÈ÷ ÇÕ¸®ÀûÀ¸·Î ´ë´äÇÒ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ¿ì¸®´Â ¸ð¸¥´Ù, ±×·¯³ª ¿ì¸®´Â ÀÖ´Â ±×´ë·Î ÀÖ´Â ¿ì¸®¸¦ º»´Ù. ±×·¯³ª »ç¶÷µéÀº ÀÚ±â ÀÚ½ÅÀ» À§Çؼ­, ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷µéÀ» À§Çؼ­, ±×¸®°í Ưº°È÷ ÀÚ±â ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ÀÚ³àµéÀ» À§Çؼ­ ±×µéÀÇ ÀÚ¸®¸¦ ¸¸µç´Ù, ±×·¯¹Ç·Î ±×µéÀº ¹Ýµå½Ã ´ÙÀ½ÀÇ Áú¹®¿¡ ´ë´äÇØ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù: ´ç½ÅµéÀº ¿Ö, ¼­·Î¸¦ Á×ÀÌ°í ºÒ±¸·Î ¸¸µå´Â ¼ö¹é¸¸ÀÇ ±º´ë¿¡, ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷µéÀ» ¡ÁýÇϰí, ÀÚ½ÅÀÌ Â¡ÁýµÇ¾ú´Â°¡? ´ç½ÅµéÀº ¿Ö, ´ç½Åµé¿¡°Ô ºÒÇÊ¿äÇϰí ÇØ·Ó±â±îÁö ÇÑ µµ½ÃµéÀÇ °Ç¼³¿¡ 10¾ïÀ̳ª µÇ´Â ¾öû³­ »ç¶÷µéÀÇ ¿¡³ÊÁö¸¦ »ç¿ëÇØ ¿ÔÀ¸¸ç, »ç¿ëÇϰí Àִ°¡? ´ç½ÅµéÀº ¿Ö, ´ç½ÅµéÀÇ ºÒÇÕ¸®ÇÑ ¹ýÁ¤µéÀ» ÁغñÇϰí, ´ç½ÅµéÀÌ ¹üÁËÀÚµé·Î ¿©±â´Â »ç¶÷µéÀ» ÇÁ¶û½º¿¡¼­ Ä«ÀÌ¿£´À·Î, ·¯½Ã¾Æ¿¡¼­ ½Ãº£¸®¾Æ·Î, ±×¸®°í ¿µ±¹¿¡¼­ ¿À½ºÆ®·¹Àϸ®¾Æ·Î º¸³»´Â°¡, ´ç½Åµé ½º½º·Î°¡ ÀÌ·± ÀÏÀÌ ºÒÇÕ¸®ÇÔÀ» ¾Ë°í ÀÖÁö ¾Ê´Â°¡? ´ç½ÅµéÀº ¿Ö, ÀڽŵéÀÌ ½È¾îÇÏ´Â °øÀåµé°ú ÀÛ¾÷Àå¿¡¼­ ³ëµ¿ÇÏ·Á°í, ´ç½ÅµéÀÌ »ç¶ûÇÏ´Â µéÆÇ¿¡¼­ÀÇ ³ëµ¿À» Æ÷±âÇϴ°¡? ´ç½ÅµéÀº ¿Ö, ´ç½ÅµéÀÌ ÀÎÁ¤ÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â ÀÌ·± »îÀ» °è¼ÓÇϵµ·Ï ´ç½ÅÀÇ ÀÚ³àµéÀ» ±³À°½Ã۴°¡? ´ç½ÅµéÀº ¿Ö, ÀÌ ¸ðµç °ÍÀ» ÇàÇϴ°¡?

These questions cannot be left unanswered. Even had all these things been pleasant things you like doing, you should be able to give a reason for them. But as they are terribly difficult things and you do them only with effort and with murmurs, it is im¡©possible for you not to consider why you do them all. It is necessary either to cease to do all this or else to explain why we do it. Without a reply to that ques¡©tion people never have lived and never can live. And such a reply people have never been without.

ÀÌ Áú¹®µé¿¡´Â ¹Ýµå½Ã ´ë´äÀ» ÇÏ¿©¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. ½ÉÁö¾î ÀÌ ¸ðµç ÀϵéÀÌ ´ç½ÅÀÌ ÇÏ°í ½Í¾î ÇÏ´Â Áñ°Å¿î ÀϵéÀ̾ú´Ù°í ÇÏ´õ¶óµµ, ±×°Íµé¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÀÌÀ¯¸¦ ¸»ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ¾î¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ±×°ÍµéÀº ¹«¼·°Ôµµ ¾î·Á¿î ÀϵéÀÌ¸ç ´ç½ÅÀ» ±×°ÍµéÀ» ¿ÀÁ÷ ¾Ö¾²°í ½ÅÀ½Çϸç ÇàÇϱ⠶§¹®¿¡, ´ç½ÅÀÌ ¿Ö ±× ¸ðµç °ÍÀ» ÇàÇÏ´ÂÁö »ý°¢ÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â °ÍÀº ºÒ°¡´ÉÇÏ´Ù. ÀÌ ¸ðµç °ÍÀ» ÇàÇϱ⸦ Áß´ÜÇϵçÁö ¶Ç´Â ¿ì¸®°¡ ¿Ö ±×°ÍÀ» ÇàÇÏ´Â Áö ¼³¸íÇÒ °ÍÀÌ ¿ä±¸µÈ´Ù. ÀÌ Áú¹®¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ´ë´ä ¾øÀÌ´Â »ç¶÷µéÀº °áÄÚ »ì¾Ò´ø ÀûÀÌ ¾øÀ¸¸ç »ì ¼öµµ ¾ø´Ù. ±×¸®°í ±×·± ´ë´äÀº »ç¶÷µéÀÌ °áÄÚ ¾øÀÌ Áö³»Áö´Â ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù.

The Jews lived as they did- that is to say, fought, executed people, built the temple, and arranged their whole life in one way and not in another, be¡©cause this was all prescribed by their law which according to their conviction had come down to them from God Himself. So it is with a Hindu or a Chinaman, and so it was with a Roman, and is with a Mohammedan; and the same was the case with a Christian till a hundred years ago; and so it is now for the masses of ignorant Christians. To those questions these ignorant Christians now reply that army-service, wars, law-courts, and executions, all exist by God's law, given to us by the Church. This world is a fallen world. All the evil that exists, exists by the will of God as a punishment for the sins of the world, and we therefore cannot remedy this evil. We can only save our souls by faith, sacraments, prayers, and by submission to the will of God, as taught us by the Church. The Church teaches us that every Christian should submit abso¡©lutely to the Tsar, the anointed of God, and to all officials appointed by him, and should defend by violence his own and other people's property, and should fight, execute, and endure execution, at the will of those God-appointed authorities.

À¯ÅÂÀεéÀº ±×µéÀÌ ÇØ¿Ô´ø ´ë·Î »ì¾Ò´Ù- ´Ù½Ã ¸»ÇÏÀÚ¸é, ÀüÀïÀ» Çϰí, »ç¶÷µéÀ» óÇüÇϰí, ¼ºÀüÀ» Áö¾úÀ¸¸ç, ±×µéÀÇ Àüü »îÀ» ¿ÀÁ÷ ÇÑ ¹æÇâÀ¸·Î °èȹÇÏ¿´´Ù, ¿Ö³ÄÇϸé, ±×µéÀÇ ¹ÏÀ½¿¡ µû¸£¸é ÀÌ ¸ðµç °ÍµéÀº Çϳª´Ô ÀÚ½ÅÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ±×µé¿¡°Ô Á̴ּٴ ±×µéÀÇ À²¹ý¿¡¼­ ¸í·ÉÇϰí Àֱ⠶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù. À̰ÍÀº ÀεµÀÎ, Áß±¹Àεµ ¸¶Âù°¡Áö¸ç, ·Î¸¶ÀÎ, ȸ±³µµÀεµ ¸¶Âù°¡Áö´Ù; ±×¸®°í ¹é³â Àü±îÁö¸¸ ÇØµµ ±âµ¶±³Àο¡°Ôµµ °æ¿ì´Â ¸¶Âù°¡Áö¿´´Ù; ±×¸®°í Áö±Ý ¹«ÁöÇÑ ±âµ¶±³ ´ëÁߵ鿡°Ôµµ ¸¶Âù°¡Áö´Ù. ±×·¯ÇÑ Áú¹®µé¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¿À´Ã³¯ ÀÌµé ¹«ÁöÇÑ ±âµ¶±³ÀεéÀÇ ´ë´äÀº ÀÌ·¸´Ù, ÀüÀïµé, ¹ýÁ¤µé, ±×¸®°í óÇüµé, ÀÌ ¸ðµç °ÍÀº Çϳª´ÔÀÇ À²¹ý¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­ Á¸ÀçÇϸç, ±³È¸¸¦ ÅëÇÏ¿© ¿ì¸®¿¡°Ô ÁÖ¾îÁ³´Ù. ÀÌ ¼¼»óÀº Ÿ¶ôÇÑ ¼¼»óÀÌ´Ù. Á¸ÀçÇÏ´Â ¸ðµç ¾ÇµéÀº, ¼¼»óÀÇ ÁË¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Ã³¹ú·Î¼­ Çϳª´ÔÀÇ ¶æ¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­ Á¸ÀçÇÑ´Ù, ±×·¯¹Ç·Î ¿ì¸®´Â, ±³È¸°¡ ¿ì¸®¿¡°Ô °¡¸£ÃÄ ÁØ ´ë·Î, ÀÌ·± ¾ÇÀ» °íÄ¥ ¼ö ¾ø´Ù. ¿ì¸®´Â ¿ÀÁ÷ ¹ÏÀ½, ¼º·Ê, ±×¸®°í Çϳª´ÔÀÇ ¶æ¿¡ º¹Á¾ÇÔÀ¸·Î½á ¿ì¸®ÀÇ ¿µÈ¥À» ±¸ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ±âµ¶±³´Â ¿ì¸®¿¡°Ô ¸ðµç ±âµ¶±³ÀÎÀº Çϳª´ÔÀÌ ±â¸§ ºÎÀº ÀÚÀΠȲÁ¦¿¡°Ô, ±×¸®°í ±×¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­ ÀÓ¸íµÈ ¸ðµç °ü¸®µé¿¡°Ô º¹Á¾ÇÏ¿©¾ß Çϸç, Æø·ÂÀ¸·Î¼­ ÀÚ±â ÀڽŰú ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷µéÀÇ Àç»êÀ» º¸È£ÇØ¾ß Çϸç, Çϳª´ÔÀÌ ÀÓ¸íÇÑ ±×µé ±Ç·ÂµéÀÇ ¶æ¿¡ µû¶ó¼­, ½Î¿ì°í, »çÇüÀ» ÁýÇà, »çÇüÀ» °ßµ® ³»¾î¾ß ÇÑ´Ù°í °¡¸£Ä£´Ù.

Whether such explanations be good or bad, they explained for a believing Christian- as was the case for a Jew, a Buddhist, or a Mohammedan- all the peculiarities of life; and a man did not renounce his reason when living according to the law he accepted as divine. But now a time has come when only the most ignorant people believe in these explanations, and the number of such people diminishes every day and every hour. It is quite impossible to arrest this movement. All men irresistibly follow those who go in advance, and all will reach the place where the advanced people now stand. But the advanced people are standing at the brink of a precipice. Those in front are in a terrible position, they are shaping life for themselves and preparing life for all who follow them and are completely ignorant of why they do what they do. Not one civilized and progressive man is now in a position to reply to the plain question, Why do you live the life you are living? Why are you doing all that you are doing? I have tried to ask about this and have questioned hundreds of people, and have never re¡©ceived a direct reply. Always, instead of a direct reply to the personal question, Why do you live so and do so? I have received an answer not to my question but to one I had not put.

ÀÌ·± ¼³¸íÀÌ ÁÁµç ³ª»Úµç- À¯ÅÂÀÎ, ºÒ±³ÀÎ, ¶Ç´Â ȸ±³Àΰú ¸¶Âù°¡Áö·Î- »îÀÇ ¸ðµç Ư¼ºµé·Î¼­, ±×°ÍµéÀº Ãæ½ÇÇÑ ±âµ¶±³Àο¡°Ô ¼³µæ·ÂÀÌ ÀÖ¾ú´Ù; ±×¸®°í »ç¶÷Àº ±×°¡ ½Å¼ºÇÏ´Ù°í ¹Þ¾ÆµéÀÎ À²¹ý¿¡ µû¶ó »ì ¶§ ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ À̼ºÀ» Æ÷±âÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø¾ú´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ÀÌÁ¦ ¿ÀÁ÷ °¡Àå ¹«ÁöÇÑ »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ÀÌ·± ¼³¸íµéÀ» ¹ÏÀ¸¸ç ±×·¯ÇÑ »ç¶÷µéÀÇ ¼ö´Â ³ª³¯ÀÌ ±×¸®°í ¸Å ½Ã°£¸¶´Ù ÁÙ¾îµé°í ÀÖ´Ù. ÀÌ·± ¿òÁ÷ÀÓÀ» Á¦ÁöÇÑ´Ù´Â °ÍÀº ¸Å¿ì ºÒ°¡´ÉÇÏ´Ù. ¸ðµç »ç¶÷µéÀº ¾î¿ ¼ö ¾øÀÌ ¾Õ¼­ °¡´Â »ç¶÷µéÀ» µû¶ó °£´Ù, ±×¸®°í ¸ðµÎ´Â ¾Õ¼­ °£ »ç¶÷µéÀÌ Áö±Ý ¼­ÀÖ´Â °÷¿¡ µµÂøÇÒ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ¾Õ¼­ °£ »ç¶÷µéÀ» º­¶û ³¡¿¡ ¼­ ÀÖ´Ù. ¾Õ ÁÙ¿¡ ¼­ ÀÖ´Â »ç¶÷µéÀ» µÎ·Á¿î À§Ä¡¿¡ ÀÖ´Ù, ±×µéÀº ÀÚ±â ÀÚ½ÅÀ» À§ÇÏ¿© »îÀ» °¡²Ù°í ±×µéÀ» µû¶ó¿À´Â ¸ðµç »ç¶÷µéÀ» À§ÇÏ¿© »îÀ» ÁغñÇϰí ÀÖÁö¸¸ ±×µéÀÌ ÇàÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ» ¿Ö ÇàÇÏ´ÂÁö ¿ÏÀüÈ÷ ¸ð¸£°í ÀÖ´Ù. ´Ü ÇÑ ¸íÀÇ ±³¾ç ÀÖ°í Áøº¸ÀûÀÎ »ç¶÷µµ ¿À´Ã³¯ ÀÌ·± ¸í¹éÇÑ Áú¹®- ¡¯´ç½ÅÀº ¿Ö ´ç½ÅÀÌ »ì°í ÀÖ´Â »îÀ» »ì°í Àִ°¡? ´ç½ÅÀº ¿Ö ´ç½ÅÀÌ Çϰí ÀÖ´Â ±× ¸ðµç °ÍÀ» ÇàÇϰí Àִ°¡?¡¯- ¿¡ ´ëÇÏ¿© ´ë´äÇÒ À§Ä¡¿¡ ÀÖÁö ¾Ê´Ù. ³ª´Â ÀÌ Áú¹®À» ¹°¾î º¸·Á°í ½ÃµµÇØ º¸¾Ò´Ù ±×¸®°í ¼ö¹é ¸íÀÇ »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô ¹°¾ú´Ù, ±×¸®°í ¼ÖÁ÷ÇÑ ´ë´äÀ» °áÄÚ ¾òÁö ¸øÇß´Ù. ¡®´ç½ÅÀº ¿Ö ±×·¸°í ±×·¸°Ô »ç´Â°¡?ÀÇ °³ÀÎÀûÀÎ Áú¹®¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¼ÖÁ÷ÇÑ ´ë´ä ´ë½Å¿¡, ³ª´Â ¾ðÁ¦³ª ³»°¡ ¹¯Áö ¾ÊÀº Áú¹®¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ´ë´ä¸¸À» ¾ò¾ú´Ù.

A believing Catholic, Protestant, or Orthodox Churchman, in reply to the question why he lives as lie is living- that is to say, in contradiction to that teaching of the Christ-God which he professes, always, instead of a straight answer, begins to speak of the woeful extent of incredulity in the present generation; about the bad people who promote infidelity, and of the significance and the future of the true Church. But why he himself does not do what his faith bids him do he does not say. Instead of replying about himself he speaks about the general condition of humanity and about the Church, just as though his own life was of no im¡©portance to him at all and he was concerned only with the salvation of the whole of humanity and with what he calls the Church,

Ä«Å縯, °³½Å±³, ¶Ç´Â Á¤Åë±³ÀÇ ½ÅÀÚµéÀº, ¿Ö ÇöÀç¿Í °°Àº- ´Ù½Ã ¸»Çϸé, ±×°¡ °í¹éÇÏ´Â Çϳª´ÔÀÌ ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§¿¡ ¹Ý´ëµÇ´Â- »îÀ» »ç´À³Ä´Â Áú¹®¿¡, Á÷Á¢ÀûÀÎ ´ë´ä ´ë½Å¿¡, ÇöÀçÀÇ ¼¼´ë¿¡ À־ÀÇ ÇÑź½º·¯¿î ºÒ½ÅÀÇ Á¤µµ¿¡ ´ëÇØ¼­; ºÒ½Å¾ÓÀ» Á¶ÀåÇÏ´Â ¾ÇÇÑ »ç¶÷µé¿¡ ´ëÇØ¼­, ±×¸®°í ÂüµÈ ±³È¸ÀÇ ÀÇ¹Ì¿Í ¹Ì·¡¿¡ ´ëÇØ¼­ ¸»Çϱ⠽ÃÀÛÇÑ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ¿Ö ±×ÀÇ ½Å¾ÓÀÌ ±×¿¡°Ô ±Ç°íÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ» ½º½º·Î ÇàÇÏÁö ¾Ê´ÂÁö´Â ¸»ÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù. ÀÚ±â Àڽſ¡ °üÇÏ¿© ´ë´äÇÏ´Â ´ë½Å¿¡, ¸¶Ä¡ ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ »îÀÌ ÀÚ±â Àڽſ¡°Ô´Â ÀüÇô ¾Æ¹«·± Àǹ̵µ ¾ø´Â °Íó·³ ±×¸®°í ¿ÀÁ÷ Àüü ÀηùÀÇ ±¸¿ø°ú ±×°¡ ±³È¸¶ó°í ºÎ¸£´Â °Í¿¡ ´ëÇØ °ü½ÉÀÌ ÀÖ´Â °Íó·³, ±×´Â ÀηùÀÇ ÀϹÝÀûÀÎ »óȲ¿¡ ´ëÇØ¼­ ±×¸®°í ±³È¸¿¡ ´ëÇØ¼­ ¸»ÇÑ´Ù.

A philosopher, of whatever denomination- idealist, spiritualist, pessimist, or positivist- in reply to the question why he lives as he does, that is to say, not in accord with his philosophical teaching, will always, instead of replying to that question, speak of the progress of humanity and the historic law of that progress which he has discovered and in accord with which mankind strives towards its welfare. But he never replies directly to the question why he himself in his own life, does not do what he con¡©siders reasonable. The philosopher, like the be¡©liever, seems as though he were not concerned with his own life, but only with observing the general laws of humanity.

öÇÐÀÚ´Â ±×°¡ ¾î¶² ÇÐÆÄ¿¡ ¼ÓÇ졂 ºÒ¹®Çϰí, ÀÌ»óÁÖÀÇÀÚ°Ç, ½É·É·ÐÀÚ°Ç, ¿°¼¼ÁÖÀÇÀÚ°Ç ¶Ç´Â ½ÇÁõÁÖÀÇÀÚ°Ç ¹«¾ù ¶§¹®¿¡ ´ç½ÅÀº ÇöÀç¿Í °°Àº »ýȰÀ» Çϰí ÀÖ´À³Ä°í(Áï ÀÚ±â ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ Ã¶ÇÐ À̷аú ¸ð¼øµÈ »ýȰ)¹°À¸¸é ÀÌ ¹°À½¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Á÷Á¢ÀûÀÎ ´ë´ä´ë½Å¿¡ ÀηùÀÇ Áøº¸¿Í ÀÚ°¡°¡ ¹ß°ßÇÑ Áøº¸ÀÇ ¿ª»çÀûÀÎ ¹ýÄ¢, ±×¸®°í ÀÌ ¹ýÄ¢¿¡ ÀÇÇÏ¿© Àηù°¡ ¼±À» ¸ñÇ¥·Î Çϰí ÀÖ´Ù´Â °Í¸¸ ¸»ÇÑ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ÀڱⰡ ÇÕ¸®ÀûÀ̶ó°í ¹ÏÀº ÀÏÀ» ¿Ö ÇàÇÏÁö ¾Ê´À³Ä´Â Áú¹®¿¡ ´ëÇØ¼­´Â Á÷Á¢ÀûÀÎ ´ë´äÀº Àý´ë·Î ÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù. öÇÐÀÚµµ ±âµ¶±³ÀÎó·³ ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ »îº¸´Ù´Â ÀηùÀÇ º¸ÆíÀûÀÎ ¹ýÄ¢ÀÇ ¿¬±¸¿¡¸¸ °ü½ÉÀ» °¡Áö°í ÀÖ´Â °Í¸¸ °°´Ù.

An average man, one of the immense majority of semi-believing, semi-skeptical civilized people, those who always without exception complain of their life and of the organization of our life and antici¡©pate the ruin of everything, this average man in reply to the question why he himself lives this life he condemns and does nothing to improve it, will always, instead of a direct reply, begin to speak not of himself but on some general question: the law, trade, the State, or civilization. If he is a policeman or a public prosecutor he will say: 'But how will law and order get on if I, to improve my life, cease to take part in them?' 'And how about trade?' says he, if he is a commercial man. 'And how about civilization if I, to improve my own life, do not co¡©operate in it?' He always speaks as though the aim of his life were not to secure the good for which he always yearns, but to serve the State, or trade, or civilization. The average man replies exactly like the believer and the philosopher. For the personal question he substitutes a general question, and, like the believer and the philosopher, the average man makes this substitution because he has no reply to the question concerning his personal life, since he possesses no real philosophy of life. And he feels ashamed.

º¸Åë »ç¶÷µéÀº, ¹Ý½Å¹ÝÀÇÇÏ´Â ¹®¸íÀÎÀÇ ¹æ´ëÇÑ °ú¹Ý¼ö´Â, ¾ðÁ¦³ª ¿¹¿Ü ¾øÀÌ ±×µéÀÌ »î¿¡ ´ëÇØ ¿ì¸®ÀÇ »îÀÇ Á¶Á÷¿¡ ´ëÇØ ºÒÆòÇÏ¸ç ¸ðµç °ÍÀÌ ¸ê¸ÁÇϱ⸦ ¹Ù¶ó´Â »ç¶÷µéÀº, ÀÌ·± º¸Åë »ç¶÷µéÀº ÀÚ±â ÀÚ½ÅÀÌ ¿Ö ÀÌ·± »îÀ» »ç´Â°¡ÀÇ Áú¹®¿¡ ´ë´äÇÏ¿©, ¾ðÁ¦³ª Á÷Á¢ÀûÀÎ ´ë´ä ´ë½Å¿¡, Àڽſ¡ ´ëÇØ¼­°¡ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ¾î¶² ÀϹÝÀûÀÎ ¹®Á¦- ¹ý·ü, »ó¾÷, ±¹°¡, ¶Ç´Â ¹®¸í- ¿¡ ´ëÇØ À̾߱âÇϱ⠽ÃÀÛÇÑ´Ù. ¸¸ÀÏ ±×°¡ Á¤Ä¡°¡³ª °Ë»ç¶ó¸é ±×´Â ÀÌ¿Í °°ÀÌ ¸»ÇÒ °ÍÀÌ´Ù: ¡®±×·¯³ª ¸¸ÀÏ, ³ªÀÇ »îÀ» °³¼±ÇϰíÀÚ, ±×°Íµé¿¡ Âü¿©Çϱ⸦ Áß´ÜÇÑ´Ù¸é, ¹ý°ú Áú¼­´Â ¾î¶»°Ô À¯ÁöµÇ°Ú´Â°¡?¡¯ ±×°¡ »ç¾÷°¡¶ó¸é, ¡®»ç¾÷Àº ¾î¶»°Ô µÉ °ÍÀΰ¡?¡¯¶ó°í ¸»ÇÒ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ¡®±×¸®°í ¸¸ÀÏ, ³ª ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ »îÀ» °³¼±Çϱâ À§Çؼ­, ³»°¡ ÇùÁ¶ÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù¸é, ¿ì¸®ÀÇ ¹®¸íÀ» ¾î¶»°Ô µÉ °ÍÀΰ¡?¡¯ ±×´Â ¾ðÁ¦³ª ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ »îÀÇ ¸ñÀûÀÌ ±×°¡ ¾ðÁ¦³ª µ¿°æÇÏ´ø ¼±À» ÀÌ·ç´Â °ÍÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, ±¹°¡, »ç¾÷ ¶Ç´Â ¹®¸í¿¡ ºÀ»çÇϱâ À§ÇÔÀÎ °Íó·³ ¸»ÇÑ´Ù. º¸Åë »ç¶÷µéÀº ½ÅÀÚ¿Í Ã¶ÇÐÀÚµé°ú ¶È°°ÀÌ ´ë´äÇÑ´Ù. °³ÀÎÀûÀÎ ¹®Á¦¿¡ ´ëÇÏ¿© ±×´Â º¸ÆíÀûÀÎ ¹®Á¦·Î ´ëüÇϸ鼭, ÀÚ±â ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ °³ÀÎÀûÀÎ »î¿¡ ´ëÇØ¼­´Â ¾Æ¹«·± ´ë´äµµ ÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù, ¿Ö³ÄÇÏ¸é ±×´Â ÂüµÈ »îÀÇ Ã¶ÇÐÀ» °¡Áö°í ÀÖÁö ¾Ê±â ¶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù. ±×¸®°í ±×´Â ¼öÄ¡¸¦ ´À³¤´Ù.

He is ashamed because he feels himself to be in the humiliating position of one who has no philosophy of life; whereas man never has lived, and cannot live, without a philosophy of life. Only in our Christian world instead of a philosophy of life and an explanation why life should be such and not other- that is to say, instead of a religion- we have merely an explanation of why life should be what it once used to be, and something is called religion which is of no sort of use to anybody and life itself has become emancipated from any sort of teaching - that is to say, it lacks any definition.

±×°¡ ¼öÄ¡¸¦ ´À³¢´Â ÀÌÀ¯´Â ±×°¡ ¾Æ¹«·± »îÀÇ Ã¶ÇÐÀÌ ¾ø´Â »ç¶÷ °°Àº ±¼¿åÀûÀÎ À§Ä¡¿¡ ÀÖ´Ù°í ´À³¢±â ¶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù; »îÀÇ Ã¶ÇÐÀÌ ¾øÀÌ´Â, »ç¶÷Àº °áÄÚ »ì¾Æ¿Â ÀûÀÌ ¾øÀ¸¸ç, »ì ¼öµµ ¾ø´Ù. ¿ÀÁ÷ ¿ì¸®ÀÇ ±âµ¶±³ ¼¼»ó¸¸ÀÌ, »îÀÇ Ã¶Çаú »îÀº ¿Ö ±×·¸°Ô- ´Ù½Ã ¸»Çϸé, Á¾±³ ´ë½Å¿¡- »ì¾Æ¾ß¸¸ Çϴ°¡ÀÇ ¼³¸í ´ë½Å¿¡, ¿ì¸®´Â ´ÜÁö ¿ì¸®ÀÇ »îÀÌ ¿Ö °ú°Å¿¡ »îÀÌ ±×·¯Çß´ø °Íó·³ µÇ¾î¾ß ÇÏ´ÂÁö ¼³¸í¸¸À» µéÀ» »ÓÀÌ´Ù, ±×¸®°í ¾î´À ´©±¸¿¡°Ôµµ ¾Æ¹«·± °¡Ä¡°¡ ¾ø´Â ¼ÒÀ§ Á¾±³¶ó´Â ¾î¶² °Í°ú »î ÀÚü´Â, ¾î¶² Á¾·ùÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§À¸·ÎºÎÅ͵µ ÇØ¹æµÇ¾ú´Ù- Áï, »îÀº ¾î¶² Á¤È®ÇÑ Àǹ̸¦ °á¿©ÇÏ°Ô µÈ °ÍÀÌ´Ù.

Nor is that all: as always occurs, science has ac¡©cepted this accidental, monstrous position our society is in as a law for all humanity. Tiele, Herbert Spencer, and others treat of religion quite seriously, understanding by it a metaphysical teaching con¡©cerning the origin of all things, and without sus¡©pecting that they are talking not of the whole of religion but of only a part of it.

¾Æ´Ï À̰ÍÀÌ ÀüºÎ°¡ ¾Æ´Ï´Ù: ¾ðÁ¦³ª ±×·¯ÇϵíÀÌ, °úÇÐÀº ¿ì¸® »çȸ°¡ óÇÑ ÀÌ·± ¿ì¿¬ÀûÀÌ°í ±«»óÇÑ Ã³Áö¸¦ ¸ðµç Àηù¸¦ À§ÇÑ ¹ýÄ¢À¸·Î ¹Þ¾ÆµéÀÎ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. Æ¿·¹, Çã¹öÆ® ½ºÆæ¼­, ±×¸®°í ±× ¹ÛÀÇ »ç¶÷µéÀº Á¾±³¸¦ ¸Å¿ì ÁøÁöÇÏ°Ô ´Ù·ç¸ç, Á¾±³¸¦ ¸ðµç °ÍÀÇ ½ÃÃÊ¿¡ °üÇÑ ÇüÀÌ»óÇÐÀûÀÎ °¡¸£Ä§À¸·Î ÀÌÇØÇÑ´Ù, ±×¸®°í ±×µéÀÌ Àüü Á¾±³¿¡ ´ëÇØ¼­ À̾߱âÇϰí ÀÖ´Â °ÍÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ¿ÀÁ÷ ±× ÀϺθ¸À» À̾߱âÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ÀüÇô ÀǽÉÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù.

From this has arisen the amazing phenomenon that in our age we see wise and learned people most naively convinced that they are free from all re¡©ligion merely because they do not acknowledge the metaphysical explanations of the origin of things which at some period and for some people served as an explanation of life. It does not enter their heads that they have got to live somehow and do live somehow, and that whatever it is that induces them to live so and not otherwise is their religion. These people imagine that they have very elevated con¡©victions but no faith. But whatever they may say, they have a faith if they perform any reasonable actions. For reasonable actions are always denned by one's faith. And the actions of these people are defined solely by the faith that one must always do what one is ordered to do. The religion of these people who do not acknowledge religion is the religion of submission to all that is done by the powerful majority, or, more briefly, it is the religion of submission to the existing authorities.

À̷κÎÅÍ ³î¶ó¿î Çö»óÀÌ ÀϾ´Ù, Áï, ¿ì¸®ÀÇ ½Ã´ë¿¡¼­ ¿ì¸®´Â Çö¸íÇϰí ÇнÄÀÖ´Â »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ÀڽŵéÀº ¸ðµç Á¾±³¿¡¼­ ÇØ¹æµÇ¾ú´Ù°í ¼ø¼öÇÏ°Ô È®½ÅÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ¾Ë°Ô µÇ¾ú´Ù, ¿Ö³ÄÇÏ¸é ±×µéÀº, ¾î¶² ½Ã´ë¿¡ ¾î¶² »ç¶÷µéÀ» À§ÇØ »îÀÇ ¼³¸íÀÌ µÇ¾î¿Ô´ø, »ç¹°ÀÇ ±â¿ø¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÇüÀÌ»óÇÐÀûÀÎ ¼³¸íµéÀ» ÀÎÁ¤ÇÏÁö ¾Ê±â ¶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù. ±×µéÀº ¾î·µç »ì¾Æ ¿Ô°í, ¾î·µç »ì°í ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ±×¸®°í ±×µéÀ» ¿ÀÁ÷ ±×ó·³ »ìµµ·Ï À¯µµÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº ¹«¾ùÀ̵çÁö ±×µéÀÇ Á¾±³¶ó´Â °ÍÀÌ ±×µéÀÇ ¸Ó¸®¿¡ µé¾î¿ÀÁö ¾Ê´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ÀÌ·± »ç¶÷µéÀº ÀڽŵéÀÌ ¸Å¿ì °í»óÇÑ ½Å³äµéÀ» °¢Áö°í ÀÖÀ¸³ª ½Å¾ÓÀº °¡Áö°í ÀÖÁö ¾Ê´Ù°í »ó»óÇÑ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ±×µéÀÌ ¹«¾ùÀ̶ó°í ¸»ÇϵçÁö, ¸¸ÀÏ ±×µéÀÌ ¾î¶² ÇÕ¸®ÀûÀÎ ÇàÀ§µéÀ» ¼öÇàÇÑ´Ù¸é, ±×µéÀº Á¾±³¸¦ °¡Áö°í ÀÖ´Ù. ¿Ö³ÄÇϸé ÇÕ¸®ÀûÀÎ ÇàÀ§´Â ¾ðÁ¦³ª ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ½Å¾Ó¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­ °áÁ¤µÇ±â ¶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù. ±×¸®°í ÀÌ »ç¶÷µéÀÇ ÇàÀ§µéÀº, ¿ÀÁ÷ ±×°¡ ÇàÇϵµ·Ï ¸í·É¹ÞÀº °ÍÀ» ¾ðÁ¦³ª ÇàÇØ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù´Â ½Å¾Ó¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­, Á¤ÀǵȴÙ. Á¾±³¸¦ ÀÎÁ¤ÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â ÀÌ »ç¶÷µéÀÇ Á¾±³´Â ±Ç·ÂÀ» °¡Áø ´ë´Ù¼ö¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­ ÇàÇØÁö´Â ¸ðµç °Í¿¡ º¹Á¾ÇÏ´Â Á¾±³ÀÌ´Ù, ¾Æ´Ï, ´õ °£´ÜÈ÷ ¸»Çؼ­, ±×µéÀÇ Á¾±³´Â ±âÁ¸ ±Ç·Âµé¿¡ ´ëÇÑ º¹Á¾ÀÇ Á¾±³ÀÌ´Ù.

One may live according to the world's teaching-  that is to say, live an animal life not acknowledging anything higher and more obligatory than the decrees of the powers that be. But he who lives so cannot assert that he is living rationally. Before asserting that we live rationally, we must answer the question. What teaching about life do we consider rational? And we unfortunates not merely have no such teaching but have even lost the consciousness that any reasonable teaching about life is necessary.

¿ì¸®´Â ¼¼»óÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§´ë·Î »ì¾Æ °¥ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù- Áï, Á¸ÀçÇÏ´Â ±Ç·ÂµéÀÇ ¸í·Éº¸´Ùµµ ´õ °í»óÇϰí Àǹ«ÀûÀÎ °ÍÀ» ÀÎÁ¤ÇÏÁö ¾Ê°í µ¿¹°ÀûÀÎ »îÀ» »ì ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ±×·¸°Ô »ç´Â »ç¶÷Àº ±×°¡ ÇÕ¸®ÀûÀ¸·Î »ê´Ù°í ÁÖÀåÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø´Ù. ¿ì¸®°¡ ÇÕ¸®ÀûÀ¸·Î »ê´Ù°í ÁÖÀåÇϱâ Àü¿¡, ¿ì¸®´Â ¹Ýµå½Ã Áú¹®¿¡ ´äÇØ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. »î¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¾î¶² °¡¸£Ä§À» ¿ì¸®´Â ÇÕ¸®ÀûÀ̶ó°í ¿©±â´Â°¡? ±×¸®°í ¿ì¸® ºÒÇàÇÑ »ç¶÷µéÀº ±×·± °¡¸£Ä§À» °¡Áö°í ÀÖÁö ¾ÊÀ» »Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, ½ÉÁö¾î »î¿¡ °üÇÑ ¾î¶² ÇÕ¸®ÀûÀÎ °¡¸£Ä§ÀÌ ÇÊ¿äÇÏ´Ù´Â Àǽĸ¶Àú ÀÒ¾î ¹ö·È´Ù.

Ask men of our day, believers or skeptics, what teaching they follow in their lives. They will have to confess that they follow only one teaching, the laws which are written by officials in the Judicial Department or in the Legislative Assemblies and which are enforced by the police. That is the only teaching our European people acknowledge. They know that that teaching has not come down from heaven, nor from the prophets, nor from sages; they constantly condemn the regulations made by those officials or Legislative Assemblies, but all the same they acknowledge that teaching and submit to its executors- the police; and they implicitly obey its most terrible demands. If the officials or the Assemblies have written that every young man must be ready to be abused, to be killed, and to murder others- all the fathers and mothers who have reared sons submit to this law written yester¡©day by a venal official and capable of being altered to-morrow.

¿ì¸® ½Ã´ëÀÇ »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô ¹°¾î º¸¶ó, ½Å¾ÓÀεéÀ̵ç, ȸÀÇ·ÐÀÚµéÀ̵ç, ±×µéÀÌ ±×µéÀÇ »î¿¡¼­ ¾î¶² °¡¸£Ä§À» µû¸£°í Àִ°¡? ±×µéÀº ¿ÀÁ÷ ÇÑ °¡Áö °¡¸£Ä§, ¹ý¹«¼ºÀ̳ª, ÀÔ¹ýºÎÀÇ °ü¸®µéÀÌ ÀÛ¼ºÇÏ¿´À¸¸ç °æÂû¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­ ÁýÇàµÇ´Â ¹ý·üÀ» µû¸£°í ÀÖ´Ù°í °í¹éÇØ¾ß¸¸ µÉ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. À̰ÍÀÌ ¿ì¸®ÀÇ À¯·´ »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ÀÎÁ¤ÇÏ´Â À¯ÀÏÇÑ °¡¸£Ä§ÀÌ´Ù. ±×µéÀº ±× °¡¸£Ä§ÀÌ Çϴÿ¡¼­µµ, ¼±ÁöÀÚµé·ÎºÎÅ͵µ, ÇöÀÚµé·ÎºÎÅ͵µ ¿Â °ÍÀÌ ¾Æ´ÔÀ» ¾Ë°í ÀÖ´Ù; ±×µéÀº °ü¸®µéÀ̳ª ÀÔ¹ýºÎ¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­ Á¦Á¤µÈ ±ÔÄ¢µéÀ» ²÷ÀÓ¾øÀÌ ºñ³­ÇÏÁö¸¸, ±×·¡µµ ±×µéÀº ±× °¡¸£Ä§À» ÀÎÁ¤ÇÏ°í ±× ÁýÇàÀÚµé- °æÂû- ¿¡°Ô º¹Á¾ÇÑ´Ù; ±×¸®°í ±×µéÀº ±× °¡¸£Ä§ÀÇ °¡Àå ¹«¼­¿î ¸í·ÉµéÀ» ¹«Á¶°Ç º¹Á¾ÇÑ´Ù. ¸¸ÀÏ °ü¸®µéÀ̳ª ÀÇȸ°¡ ¸ðµç û³âµéÀÌ ¹Ýµå½Ã ÆøÇà´çÇϰí, »ìÇØµÇ¸ç, ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷µéÀ» »ìÇØÇÒ Áغñ¸¦ ÇØ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù°í ¹ýÀ» Á¦Á¤Çϸé, ÀÚ³àµéÀ» ¾çÀ°ÇÑ ¸ðµç ¾Æ¹öÁö¿Í ¾î¸Ó´ÏµéÀº ¾ß¸¸ÀûÀÎ °ü¸®¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­ ¾îÁ¦ Á¦Á¤µÇ¾úÀ¸¸ç ´ÙÀ½³¯ ÆóÁöµÉ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ÀÌ·± ¹ý·ü¿¡ º¹Á¾ÇØ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù.

The conception of law indubitably rational and made obligatory on everyone by his inner conviction has been so lost in our society that the existence among the Jewish people of a law which defines their whole life- a law made obligatory not by com¡©pulsion but by the inner consciousness of everyone - is considered an exceptional characteristic of the Jewish race alone. That the Jews only obeyed what they in the depth of their souls considered to be the undoubted truth received direct from God- that is to say, obeyed only what was accordant with their conscience- is considered to be a Jewish peculiarity. It is considered to be the normal condition natural to an educated man, that he should obey what is notoriously written by contemptible people and put into operation by policemen armed with pistols-  things which each of them, or at least the majority of them, consider to be wrong- that is to say dis¡©cordant with their conscience.

Ʋ¸²¾øÀÌ ÇÕ¸®ÀûÀ̸ç, »ç¶÷ÀÇ ³»ÀûÀÎ È®½Å¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­ ¸ðµç »ç¶÷¿¡°Ô Àǹ«°¡ µÇ´Â ¹ý·üÀÇ °³³äÀº ¿ì¸® »çȸ¿¡¼­ ¿ÏÀüÈ÷ ½ÇÁ¾µÇ¾î ¹ö·ÈÀ¸¸ç, À¯ÅÂÀÎµé »çÀÌ¿¡¼­ ±×µéÀÇ Àüü »îÀ» ±ÔÁ¤ÇÏ´Â ¹ý·ü- °­¾Ð¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­°¡ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ¸ðµç »ç¶÷ÀÇ ³»ÀûÀÎ ÀǽĿ¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­ Àǹ«°¡ µÇ´Â ¹ý·ü- ÀÇ Á¸Àç´Â À¯Å ¹ÎÁ·¸¸ÀÇ ¿¹¿ÜÀûÀΠƯ¡À¸·Î ¿©°ÜÁö°í ÀÖ´Ù. ¿ÀÁ÷ À¯ÅÂÀε鸸ÀÌ ±×µéÀÇ ¿µÈ¥ ±íÀº °÷¿¡¼­ Çϳª´ÔÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ Á÷Á¢ ¹ÞÀº ÁøÁ¤ÇÑ Áø¸®¶ó°í ¿©°ÜÁö´Â °ÍÀ» º¹Á¾ÇÏ¿´´Ù´Â °Í- ´Ù½Ã ¸»Çϸé, ¿ÀÁ÷ ±×µéÀÇ ¾ç½É¿¡ ÀÏÄ¡ÇÏ´Â °Í¸¸À» º¹Á¾ÇÏ¿´´Ù´Â °Í- Àº À¯ÅÂÀεéÀÇ Æ¯¼ºÀ¸·Î ¿©°ÜÁø´Ù. ±³À°¹ÞÀº »ç¶÷ÀÌ °æ¸ê¹Þ´Â »ç¶÷µé¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­ ¾ÇÀÇ·Î Á¦Á¤µÇ¸ç ÃÑÀ¸·Î ¹«ÀåÇÑ °æÂû¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­ ÁýÇàµÇ´Â ¹ýµé- ±×µé °¢ÀÚ°¡, ¾Æ´Ï Àû¾îµµ ±×µé ´ë´Ù¼ö°¡ ¾ÇÇÏ´Ù°í ¿©±â´Â ¹ý·üµé- ´Ù½Ã ¸»Çϸé, ±×µéÀÇ ¾ç½É¿¡ ¾î±ß³ª´Â °Í- À» º¹Á¾ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ ´ç¿¬Çϸç Á¤»óÀûÀÎ »óÅ·Π¿©°ÜÁö°í ÀÖ´Ù.

Vainly have I sought in our civilized world for any clearly expressed moral principles for life. There are none. There is not even a recognition that they are needed. There is even a strange conviction that they are not needed, that religion consists only in certain words about a future life, about God, in certain ceremonies very useful in the opinion of some people for saving one's soul and of no sort of use at all in the opinion of others, and that life goes on of itself and needs no principles or rules; only one must do what is ordered! Of what forms the essence of belief- the teaching about life and the explanation of its meaning- the first is considered as unimportant and as not appertaining to belief; while the second, namely, the explanation of a life that used to be lived, or discussions and guesses at the historic course of life, is considered most im¡©portant and serious. In all that forms the life of man- how to live, whether to go or not to go to kill people, to go or not to go to try people, whether to educate one's children in this way or in that- the people of our world submit absolutely to others who are also in the position of not themselves know¡©ing why they live and why they oblige others to live this way and not that.

ÇêµÇÀ̵µ ³ª´Â ¿ì¸®ÀÇ ¹®¸í ¼¼°è¿¡¼­ »î¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¸í·áÇÏ°Ô Ç¥ÇöµÈ ¾î¶² µµ´öÀû ¿ø¸®µé¿¡ ´ëÇØ¼­ ã¾Æ º¸¾Ò´Ù. ½ÉÁö¾î ±×°ÍµéÀÌ ÇÊ¿äÇÏ´Ù´Â ÀνÄÁ¶Â÷ ¾ø¾ú´Ù. ½ÉÁö¾î´Â ±×°ÍµéÀÌ ÇÊ¿äÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Ù´Â ÀÌ»óÇÑ È®½ÅÀÌ ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. Áï, Á¾±³´Â ¿ÀÁ÷ ¹Ì·¡ÀÇ »î¿¡ ´ëÇÑ, Çϳª´Ô¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Æ¯Á¤ÇÑ ¸»µé¿¡, ¾î¶² »ç¶÷µéÀÇ ÀǰßÀ¸·Î´Â ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ¿µÈ¥ÀÇ ±¸¿ø¿¡ ¸Å¿ì À¯¿ëÇÑ ±×¸®°í ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷µéÀÇ Àǰ߿¡´Â ÀüÇô ¾Æ¹« ¾µ¸ðµµ ¾ø´Â ƯÁ¤ÇÑ Àǽĵ鿡 ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, »îÀº ½º½º·Î ÁøÇàÇÏ¸ç ¾Æ¹«·± ¿ø¸®³ª ¿øÄ¢µéÀÌ ÇÊ¿ä ¾ø´Ù; ¿ì¸®´Â ¿ÀÁ÷ ¸í·É¸¸ µû¸£¸é µÈ´Ù´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ½Å¾Ó- »î¿¡ °üÇÑ °¡¸£Ä§°ú ±× Àǹ̿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¼³¸í- ÀÇ º»ÁúÀ» ±¸¼ºÇÏ´Â °Í¿¡ ´ëÇØ¼­, ÀüÀÚ´Â ½Å¾Ó¿¡ À־ Áß¿äÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀ¸¸ç ¾Æ¹«·± °ü·ÃÀÌ ¾ø´Ù°í ¿©°ÜÁö¸ç, ¹Ý¸é¿¡ ÈÄÀÚ´Â, Áï, °ú°Å¿¡ »ì¾Æ ¿À´ø »î¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¼³¸í, ¶Ç´Â »î¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¿ª»çÀû °úÁ¤¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ³íÀǵé°ú ÃßÃøµéÀº, °¡Àå Áß¿äÇϸç ÁøÁöÇÑ °ÍÀ̶ó°í ¿©°ÜÁø´Ù. »ç¶÷ÀÇ »îÀ» ±¸¼ºÇÏ´Â ¸ðµç °Í- ¾î¶»°Ô »ì °ÍÀΰ¡, »ç¶÷µéÀ» Á×ÀÌ·¯ °¥ °ÍÀΰ¡ ¾Æ´Ï¸é °¡Áö ¾ÊÀ» °ÍÀΰ¡, »ç¶÷µéÀ» ÀçÆÇÇÏ·¯ °¥ °ÍÀΰ¡ °¡Áö ¾ÊÀ» °ÍÀΰ¡, ¿ì¸®ÀÇ ÀÚ³àµéÀ» ÀÌ·¸°Ô ¶Ç´Â Àú·¸°Ô °¡¸£Ä¥ °ÍÀΰ¡- ¿¡¼­, ¿ì¸® ¼¼»óÀÇ »ç¶÷µéÀº, ÀÚ±â Àڽŵ鵵 ¿Ö ±×µéÀÌ »ç´ÂÁö ±×¸®°í ¿Ö ±×µéÀÌ ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô ÀÌ·¸°Ô¸¸ »ì¾Æ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù°í ¸í·ÉÇÏ´ÂÁö ¸ð¸£´Â À§Ä¡¿¡ ÀÖ´Â, ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô Àý´ëÀûÀ¸·Î º¹Á¾ÇÑ´Ù.

And such a life people consider rational and they do not feel ashamed of it.

±×¸®°í ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ »îÀ» »ç¶÷µéÀº ÇÕ¸®ÀûÀ̶ó°í ¿©±ä´Ù ±×¸®°í À̰ÍÀ» ºÎ²ô·¯¿öÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù.

The divergence between the explanation of the thing which we call faith, and faith itself which is called social or political life, has now reached the utmost limit, and all the civilized majority of man¡©kind are left with no guidance for life except a faith in the gendarme and the policeman.

¿ì¸®°¡ ½Å¾ÓÀ̶ó°í ºÎ¸£´Â °Í¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¼³¸í°ú, »çȸÀû Á¤Ä¡Àû »îÀ̶ó°í ºÒ¸®´Â ½Å¾Ó ±× ÀÚü¿ÍÀÇ Â÷ÀÌ´Â ÀÌÁ¦ ±ØÇÑ¿¡ ´Ù´Ù¶úÀ¸¸ç, ´ë´Ù¼ö ¹®¸íÀÎ ¸ðµÎ´Â °æÂû°ú Ä¡¾ÈÆÇ»ç¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ½Å¾Ó ¿Ü¿¡´Â »î¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¾Æ¹«·± Áöħµµ ³²¾Æ ÀÖÁö ¾Ê´Ù.

The position would be terrible if it were quite like that. But fortunately, even in our day, there are men, the best men of our time, who are not satisfied with such a faith and who have a belief of their own as to how men should live.

¸¸ÀÏ »óŰ¡ ÀÌ¿Í °°ÀÌ °è¼ÓµÈ´Ù¸é ÀÌ »óÅ´ ¹«¼­¿ï °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ´ÙÇེ·´°Ôµµ, ½ÉÁö¾î ¿ì¸® ½Ã´ë¿¡µµ, »ç¶÷µéÀº, ¿ì¸® ½Ã´ëÀÇ ÃÖ¼±ÀÇ »ç¶÷µéÀº, ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ½Å¾Ó¿¡ ¸¸Á·ÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀ¸¸ç, »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ¾î¶»°Ô »ì¾Æ¾ß ÇÏ´ÂÁö¿¡ ´ëÇØ ±×µé ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ »ç»óÀ» °¡Áö°í ÀÖ´Ù.

These people are considered the most harmful, dangerous, and, above all, irreligious people; yet they are the only faithful people of our time, and are not only believers in general but believers in the teaching of Christ, or if not in his whole teaching at least in a small part of it.

ÀÌ·± »ç¶÷µéÀº °¡Àå ÇØ·Î¿ì¸ç À§ÇèÇϰí, ¹«¾ù º¸´Ùµµ, ½Å¾Ó½ÉÀÌ ¾ø´Â »ç¶÷µé·Î ¿©°ÜÁø´Ù; ±×·¯³ª ±×µéÀÌ ¿ì¸® ½Ã´ëÀÇ °¡Àå ½Å¾Ó½ÉÀÌ ±íÀº »ç¶÷µéÀ̸ç, º¸ÆíÀûÀÎ ½Å¾ÓÀεéÀÏ »Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ½Å¾ÓÀεéÀÌ´Ù, ¾Æ´Ï ±×ÀÇ Àüü °¡¸£Ä§ ÀüºÎ´Â ¾Æ´Ï´õ¶óµµ Àû¾îµµ ºÎºÐÀûÀ¸·Î´Â ¹Ï°í ÀÖ´Ù.

These people often have no knowledge of Christ's teaching, do not accept it, and often like their opponents, do not accept the chief groundwork of the Christian faith- non-resistance to him that is evil. They often even hate Christ; but their whole belief of what life should be like is drawn from the teaching of Christ. However much these people may be persecuted, however much they may be slandered, they are the only people who do not un-murmuringly submit to all that is decreed, and therefore they are the only people in our world who are living not an animal but a rational life- they are the only believers.

ÀÌ·± »ç¶÷µéÀº °¡²û ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§À» ¸ð¸£¸ç, ±×°ÍÀ» ¹Þ¾Æ µéÀÌÁöµµ ¾Ê´Â´Ù, ±×¸®°í °¡²û ±×µéÀÇ ¹Ý´ëÀÚµéó·³, ±âµ¶±³ ½Å¾ÓÀÇ Áß¿äÇÑ ¿ø¸®- ¾ÇÇÑ ÀÚ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¹«ÀúÇ×- ¸¦ ¹Þ¾Æ µéÀÌÁöµµ ¾Ê´Â´Ù. ±×µéÀº ½ÉÁö¾î °¡²ûÀº ±×¸®½ºµµ¸¦ Áõ¿ÀÇÑ´Ù, ±×·¯³ª »îÀÌ ¹«¾ùó·³ µÇ¾î¾ß Çϴ°¡¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ±×µé Àüü ½Å¾ÓÀº ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§À¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ³ª¿Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ÀÌ »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ¾î¶² ¹ÚÇØ¸¦ ¹Þ´Â´Ù ÇÏ¿©µµ, ±×µéÀÌ ¾î¶² ºñ³­À» ¹Þ´Â´Ù ÇÏ´õ¶óµµ, ¸í·É¹ÞÀº ¸ðµç ÀÏ¿¡ ±º¼Ò¸® ¾øÀÌ º¹Á¾ÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â À¯ÀÏÇÑ »ç¶÷µéÀÌ´Ù, ±×·¯¹Ç·Î ±×µéÀº µ¿¹°ÀûÀÎ »îÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ÇÕ¸®ÀûÀ¸·Î »ì¾Æ°¡´Â À¯ÀÏÇÑ »ç¶÷µéÀÌ´Ù- Áï, ±×µéÀÌ À¯ÀÏÇÑ ½Å¾ÓÀεéÀÌ´Ù.

The thread connecting the world with the Church that used to give the world a meaning has become ever weaker and weaker as the essence, the sap of life, has more and more flowed over to the world. And now, when the sap has all flowed over, the connecting cord has become a mere hindrance.

¼¼»ó¿¡ Àǹ̸¦ ÁÖ¾î¿À´ø ±³È¸¿Í ¼¼°è¸¦ À̾îÁÖ´Â ²öÀº Á¡Á¡ ¾àÇØÁ®¼­ Á¤¼ö´Â, »ý¸íÀÇ È°·ÂÀº, Á¡Á¡ ´õ ¼¼»óÀ¸·Î Èê·¯ µé¾î°¡¹ö·È´Ù. ±×¸®°í ±× »ý±â´Â ¸ðµÎ Èê·¯ °¡¹ö¸®°í, ¿¬°áµÇ¾î ÀÖ´Â ²öÀº ´Ü¼øÇÑ ¹æÇع°ÀÌ µÇ¾î¹ö·È´Ù.

That is the mysterious process of birth which is being performed before our eyes. At one and the same time the last bond with the Church is being dissolved and the independent process of life is being established.

À̰ÍÀÌ ¿ì¸®ÀÇ ´« ¾Õ¿¡ ÀϾ°í ÀÖ´Â ½ÅºñÇÑ Åº»ýÀÇ °úÁ¤ÀÌ´Ù. µ¿½Ã¿¡ ±³È¸¿ÍÀÇ ¸¶Áö¸· À¯´ë´Â »ç¶óÁ® ¹ö¸®°í »îÀÇ µ¶¸³ÀûÀÎ °úÁ¤Àº ¼¼¿öÁö°í ÀÖ´Â ÁßÀÌ´Ù.

Church teaching (with its dogmas, councils, and hierarchy) is undoubtedly connected with Christ's teaching. That connexion is as evident as the connexion of a new-born babe with its mother's womb. But if the navel-cord and the afterbirth become unnecessary bits of flesh, which from respect for what they have preserved must be care¡©fully buried in the earth, so also the Church has become an unnecessary, obsolete organ, which, merely from respect for what it once was, should now be hidden away somewhere far off. Directly the breathing and the circulation of the blood has been established, the bond which was formerly the source of nourishment becomes a hindrance. And efforts to maintain that connexion and compel the babe that has now come into the world to nourish itself through the navel-cord, and not to live by means of its own mouth and lungs, are irrational.

±³¸®µé, °øÈ¸, ±×¸®°í ¼ºÁ÷ °è±ÞÀ» °¡Áø ±³È¸ÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§Àº ÀǽÉÇÒ ¿©Áö ¾øÀÌ ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§°ú ¿¬°áµÇ¾î ÀÖ´Ù. ±×·± ¿¬°áÀº °« ž ¾Æ±â¿Í ±× ¸ðüÀÇ ÀڱðúÀÇ ¿¬°áó·³ ¸í¹éÇÏ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ¸¸ÀÏ ÅÈÁÙ°ú ŹÝÀÌ ½ÅüÀÇ ºÒÇÊ¿äÇÑ ºÎºÐÀÌ µÇ¾î¹ö¸°´Ù¸é, ±×°ÍµéÀº, ±×°ÍµéÀÌ ¹Þ¾Æ¿Ô´ø Á¸°æÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ Á¶½É½º·´°Ô ¶¥¿¡ ¹¯ÇôÁ®¾ß¸¸ ÇÑ´Ù, ÀÌó·³, ±³È¸ ¿ª½Ã ºÒÇÊ¿äÇÏ¸ç ¾µ¸ð¾ø´Â ±â°üÀÌ µÇ¾î¹ö·È´Ù, ±×¸®°í ´Ü¼øÈ÷ ±×°ÍÀÌ °ú°Å¿¡ ¹Þ¾Æ¿Ô´ø Á¸°æÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ, ÀÌÁ¦´Â Àú ¸Ö¸® ¾îµò°¡¿¡ ¼û°ÜÁ®¾ß¸¸ ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. È£Èí°ú ÇÇÀÇ ¼øÈ¯ÀÌ ÀÌ·ç¾îÁöÀÚ¸¶ÀÚ, ÀÌÀü¿¡ ¾çºÐÀÇ Ãâó°¡ µÇ¾ú´ø ²öÀº Àå¾Ö¹°ÀÌ µÇ¾ú´Ù. ±×¸®°í ±×·¯ÇÑ ¿¬°áÀ» À¯ÁöÇÏ·Á´Â ³ë·Âµé°ú ÀÌÁ¦ ¼¼»óÀ¸·Î ³ª¿Â ¾Æ±â¿¡°Ô, ÀÚ±â ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ÀÔ°ú ÇãÆÄ¸¦ ÀÌ¿ëÇÏ¿© »ìµµ·Ï ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, ÅÈÁÙÀ» ÅëÇÏ¿© ¾çºÐÀ» ¾òµµ·Ï °­¿äÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº ºÒÇÕ¸®ÇÏ´Ù.

But the babe's emancipation from its mother's womb is not yet life. The life of the child depends on the setting up of a new connexion with its mother for the supply of nutriment. And the same must be accomplished for our Christian world. Christ's teaching has borne our world and brought it to life. The Church- one of the organs of Christ's teaching - has done its part and has become unnecessary and a hindrance. The world cannot be guided by the Church, but the emancipation of the world from the Church is not yet life. Its life will come when it realizes its impotence and feels the necessity of fresh nourishment. And this must occur with our Christian world: it must cry out with consciousness of its impotence. Only consciousness of its im¡©potence, consciousness of the impossibility of re¡©ceiving nourishment as heretofore and of the impossibility of obtaining any other nourishment than that of its mother's milk (Christ's teaching) will bring it to its mother's breasts, swollen as they are with milk.

±×·¯³ª ¾Æ±âÀÇ ¸ðü·ÎºÎÅÍÀÇ ÇØ¹æÀº ¾ÆÁ÷ »îÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï´Ù. ¾ÆÀÌÀÇ »îÀº ¿µ¾çÀÇ °ø±ÞÀ» À§ÇÑ ¾î¸Ó´Ï¿ÍÀÇ »õ·Î¿î ¿¬°áÀÇ È®¸³¿¡ ´Þ·Á ÀÖ´Ù. ±×¸®°í ¶È °°Àº ÀÏÀÌ ¿ì¸®ÀÇ ±âµ¶±³ ¼¼°è¿¡¼­µµ ¹Ýµå½Ã ¼ºÃëµÇ¾î¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§Àº ¿ì¸®ÀÇ ¼¼»óÀ» ³º¾Ò°í ¼¼»ó¿¡ »îÀ» ÁÖ¾ú´Ù. ±³È¸´Â- ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§ÀÇ ±â°üµé ÁßÀÇ Çϳª·Î¼­- ±× ¿ªÇÒÀ» ¿Ï¼öÇß´Ù ±×¸®°í Çʿ䰡 ¾ø¾îÁ³À¸¸ç Àå¾Ö¹°ÀÌ µÇ¾ú´Ù. ¼¼»óÀº ±³È¸¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­ ÀεµµÉ ¼ö ¾ø´Ù, ±×·¯³ª ±³È¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ¼¼»óÀÇ ÇØ¹æÀº ¾ÆÁ÷ »îÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï´Ù. ¼¼»óÀÇ »îÀº ±×°ÍÀÌ ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ¹«´ÉÀ» ±ú´Ý°í ½Å¼±ÇÑ ¾çºÐÀÇ Çʿ伺À» ´À³¥ ¶§ ¿Ã °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ±×¸®°í À̰ÍÀº ¹Ýµå½Ã ¿ì¸®ÀÇ ±âµ¶±³ ¼¼»ó¿¡ ÀϾ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù: »îÀº ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ¹«´ÉÇÔÀ» ÀǽÄÇÏ°í¼­ ¿ÜÃÄ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. ¿ÀÁ÷ »îÀÇ ¹«´ÉÇÔÀ» ÀνÄÇÔÀ¸·Î½á, ¿©Å±îÁöó·³ ¾çºÐÀ» ¹Þ¾ÆµéÀÓÀÌ ºÒ°¡´ÉÇϸç, ¸ðÀ¯ÀÇ ¿µ¾çÀ» ¾òÁö ¾Ê°í´Â ºÒ°¡´ÉÇÏ´Ù´Â ÀνÄÀÌ, Á¥ÀÌ Â÷¼­ ºÎǬ ¾î¸Ó´ÏÀÇ Á¥°¡½¿À¸·Î, »îÀ» µ¥·Á´Ù ÁÙ °ÍÀÌ´Ù.

In our European world, superficially self-confident, bold and resolute, but in the depth of its consciousness frightened and perplexed, the same thing is occurring as happens with a new-born babe: it flings itself about, fidgets, cries, pushes as though it were angry, and it does not understand what it has to do. It feels that its former source of nourish¡©ment has dried up, but it does not know where to seek fresh nourishment.

¿ì¸®ÀÇ À¯·´ ¼¼°è¿¡¼­µµ, ¿Ü°ü»óÀ¸·Î Àڽſ¡ °¡µæ Â÷°í, ´ë´ãÇϸç ÀÇ¿åÀûÀÌÁö¸¸, »îÀÇ ÀνÄÀÇ ±íÀº °÷¿¡¼­ µÎ·Á¿öÇÏ¸ç ´çȲÇϸ鼭, ½Å»ý¾Æ¿¡°Ô ÀϾ´Â °Í°ú ¶È °°Àº ÀÏÀÌ ÀϾ°í ÀÖ´Ù: »îÀº ½º½º·Î À̸®Àú¸® ³¯¶Ù¸ç, ¾È´ÞÀ» Çϸç, ¼Ò¸®Áö¸£°í, È­°¡ ³­ °Íó·³ ¹Ð¾î Á¦Ä£´Ù, ±×¸®°í ÀÚ½ÅÀÌ ¹«¾ùÀ» ÇØ¾ß ÇÒÁö¸¦ ±ú´ÝÁö ¸øÇÑ´Ù. »îÀº ÀÌÀüÀÇ ¾çºÐÀÇ Ãâó°¡ ¸»¶ó ¹ö·È´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ´À³¤´Ù, ±×·¯³ª ½Å¼±ÇÑ ¾çºÐÀ» ¾îµð¼­ ±¸ÇØ¾ß ÇÒÁö ¾ËÁö ¸øÇÑ´Ù.

A new-born lambkin moves his eyes and his ears, shakes his tail, jumps, and kicks. To judge by his assurance it seems as though he knew everything, but he, poor little thing, knows nothing. All this confidence and energy is the result of his mother's juices, the transfer of which has now ceased and cannot be renewed. He is in a happy but at the same time a desperate condition. He is full of freshness and strength; but he is lost unless he takes to his mother's teats.

°« ž ¾î¸° ¾çÀº ´«°ú ±Í¸¦ ÂбßÇϸç, ²¿¸®¸¦ Èçµé°í, ¶Ù¾î´Ù´Ï¸ç ¹ß±æÁúÀ» ÇÑ´Ù. ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ È®½ÅÀ¸·Î ÆÇ´ÜÇϸ鼭, ¸¶Ä¡ ±×°¡ ¸ðµç °ÍÀ» ¾Ë°í ÀÖ´Â °Íó·³ º¸ÀδÙ, ±×·¯³ª, °¡·ÃÇÑ ¾î¸° °ÍÀº ¾Æ¹«°Íµµ ¸ð¸¥´Ù. ÀÌ ¸ðµç È®½Å°ú Á¤·ÂÀº ±×ÀÇ ¸ðüÀÇ ÈûÀÇ °á°úÀÌ´Ù, ÀÌÁ¦ ±× ÈûÀÇ Àü´ÞÀº ¸ØÃß¾ú´Ù ±×¸®°í µÇ»ì¾Æ ³¯ ¼ö ¾ø´Ù. ±×´Â ÇູÇÏÁö¸¸ µ¿½Ã¿¡ Àý¸ÁÀûÀÎ »óÅ¿¡ ÀÖ´Ù. ±×´Â ½Å¼±ÇÔ°ú ÈûÀ¸·Î °¡µæ Â÷ÀÖÁö¸¸, ±×ÀÇ ¾î¸Ó´ÏÀÇ Á¥²ÀÁö¿¡ ¸Å´Þ¸®Áö ¾ÊÀ¸¸é ¼Ò¸êµÉ °ÍÀÌ´Ù.

The same is occurring with our European world. See what a complex, seemingly reasonable, energetic life is seething in the world. It is as if all these people knew what they were doing and why they were doing it all. See how resolutely, confidently, and briskly the men of our world undertake all that they do. Art, science, industry, social and state activities- all is full of life. But it lives only because it has been till recently nourished by its mother's juices through its navel-cord. There used to be a Church which transmitted Christ's reasonable teaching to the life of the world. All the energies of the world were nourished by it and grew and developed. But the Church has played its part and dried up. All the organs of the world are alive, the source of their former nourishment is exhausted and they have not yet found a fresh one. They seek it everywhere except from the mother from whom they have been released. They, like the lambkin, still live by the former nourishment and have not yet come to understand that only from their mother can food be had, but that it must be got in a different way than formerly.

¶È °°Àº ÀÏÀÌ ¿ì¸®ÀÇ À¯·´ ¼¼°è¿¡ ÀϾ°í ÀÖ´Ù. º¸¶ó, ¾ó¸¶³ª º¹ÀâÇϰí, ¾ð¶æ º¸±â¿¡ ÇÕ¸®ÀûÀ̸ç, ¿Õ¼ºÇÑ »îÀÌ ¼¼»ó¿¡¼­ µé²ú°í Àִ°¡! ±×°ÍÀº ¸¶Ä¡ ÀÌ ¸ðµç »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ÀڽŵéÀÌ ¹«¾ùÀ» Çϰí ÀÖÀ¸¸ç ¿Ö ±× ¸ðµç °ÍÀ» ÇàÇϰí ÀÖ´ÂÁö ¾Ë°í ÀÖ´Â °Íó·³ º¸ÀδÙ. º¸¶ó, ¾ó¸¶³ª ÀÇ¿åÀûÀ̸ç, È®½Å¿¡ Â÷ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, Ȱ¹ßÇÏ°Ô ¿ì¸®ÀÇ ¼¼»ó »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ÀڽŵéÀÌ ÇàÇÏ´Â ¸ðµç °ÍµéÀ» °¨´çÇϰí ÀÖ´ÂÁö! ¿¹¼ú, °úÇÐ, »ê¾÷, »çȸ ¹× ±¹°¡Àû Ȱµ¿µé- ¸ðµç °ÍÀÌ »îÀ¸·Î °¡µæ Â÷ÀÖ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ±×µéÀÇ »îÀº ¿ÀÁ÷ ±×°ÍÀÌ ÃÖ±Ù±îÁö ÅÈÁÙÀ» ÅëÇØ¼­ ¸ðüÀÇ ¾çºÐÀ» °ø±Þ¹Þ¾Æ ¿Ô±â ¶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù. ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ ÇÕ¸®ÀûÀÎ °¡¸£Ä§À» ¼¼»ó »ç¶÷µéÀÇ »î¿¡ ÀüÇØÁÖ´ø ±³È¸°¡ ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. ¼¼»óÀÇ ¸ðµç Ȱ·ÂµéÀº ±³È¸¿¡¼­ °ø±Þ ¹Þ°í ÀÚ¶ó¼­ ¼ºÀåÇÏ¿´´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ±³È¸´Â ±× ¿ªÇÒÀ» ¸¶ÃÆÀ¸¸ç ¸»¶ó¹ö·È´Ù. ¼¼»óÀÇ ¸ðµç ±â°üµéÀº »ì¾Æ ÀÖÀ¸³ª, °ú°Å¿¡ ±×µéÀÇ ¾çºÐÀÇ ¿øÃµÀº °í°¥µÇ°í ±×µéÀº ¾ÆÁ÷ »õ·Î¿î °ÍÀ» ãÁö ¸øÇß´Ù. ±×µéÀº ÀڽŵéÀÌ ÇØ¹æµÈ ¸ðü¸¦ Á¦¿ÜÇÏ°í ¸ðµç °÷¿¡¼­ ±×°ÍÀ» ã°í ÀÕ´Ù. ±×µéÀº, ¾î¸° ¾çó·³, ¾ÆÁ÷µµ ÀÌÀüÀÇ ¾çºÐÀ¸·Î »ì¾Æ ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ¿ÀÁ÷ ±×µéÀÇ ¾î¸Ó´Ï°¡ ¾Æ´Ï¸é ¸ÔÀ» °ÍÀº ãÀ» ¼ö ¾ø´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ±ú´ÝÁö ¸øÇϰí ÀÖÀ¸³ª, ÀÌÀü°ú´Â ´Ù¸£°Ô ÀÌ·ç¾îÁ®¾ß ÇÑ´Ù´Â °ÍÀº ±ú´Ý°í ÀÖ´Ù.

The business that now awaits the world consists in understanding that the former process of un¡©conscious feeding is done with and that a new, conscious process is necessary.

¿À´Ã³¯ ¼¼»óÀ» ±â´Ù¸®°í ÀÖ´Â °úÁ¦´Â °ú°ÅÀÇ ¹«ÀǽÄÀûÀÎ ¿µ¾ç ¼·Ãë´Â ³¡ÀÌ ³µÀ¸¸ç, »õ·Ó°í ÀǽÄÀûÀÎ °úÁ¤ÀÌ ÇÊ¿äÇÏ´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ±ú´Ý´Â ÀÏÀÌ´Ù.

That new process consists in conscious acceptance of those truths of the Christian teaching which were formerly unconsciously imbibed by humanity through the instrumentality of the Church, and by which humanity still lives. Men must raise once more that light by which they lived but which was hidden from them, and they must lift it high before themselves and before others, and must consciously live by that light.

ÀÌ·± »õ·Î¿î °úÁ¤Àº, °ú°Å¿¡ ±³È¸¶ó´Â µµ±¸¸¦ ÅëÇÏ¿© Àηù¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­ ¹«ÀǽÄÀûÀ¸·Î Èí¼öµÇ¾úÀ¸¸ç, ÀÌ¿¡ ÀÇÁ¸ÇÏ¿© Áö±Ýµµ Àηù°¡ »ì¾Æ°¡°í ÀÖ´Â, ±âµ¶±³ÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§ÀÇ Áø¸®µéÀ» ÀǽÄÀûÀ¸·Î ¹Þ¾ÆµéÀÓ¿¡ ÀÖ´Ù. »ç¶÷µéÀº, ±×µéÀÌ »ì¾Ò¾úÁö¸¸ Áö±ÝÀº ±×µé¿¡°Ô ¼û°ÜÁ® ÀÖ´Â ±×·± ºûÀ» ´Ù½Ã Çѹø ³ô¿©¾ß¸¸ ÇÑ´Ù, ±×¸®°í ±×µéÀº ÀÚ½Åµé ¾Õ¿¡ ±×¸®°í ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷µé ¾Õ¿¡¼­ ±×°ÍÀ» ³ôÀÌ µé¾î¾ß ÇÑ´Ù, ±×¸®°í ¹Ýµå½Ã ±× ºûÀ» µû¶ó¼­ ÀǽÄÀûÀ¸·Î »ì¾Æ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù.

The teaching of Christ, as a religion defining life and explaining the life of man, stands now, as it stood 1800 years ago, before the world. But for¡©merly the world had the Church's explanations, which though they hid the teaching nevertheless seemed to suffice for the world's former life; now however a time has come when the Church has been outlived and the world lacks explanation of its new life and cannot but feel its impotence and therefore can no longer avoid accepting Christ's teaching.

±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§Àº, »îÀ» Á¤ÀÇÇÏ¸ç »ç¶÷ÀÇ »îÀ» ¼³¸íÇÏ´Â Á¾±³·Î¼­, 1800³â Àü¿¡ ¼­ ÀÖ´ø °Íó·³, Áö±Ýµµ ¼¼»ó ¾Õ¿¡ ¼­ÀÖ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª °ú°Å¿¡ ¼¼»óÀº ±³È¸ÀÇ ÇØ¼®µéÀ» ¹Þ¾Æµé¿´À¸¸ç, ±× ÇØ¼®Àº, ºñ·Ï ±×µéÀÌ °¡¸£Ä§À» ¼û°åÁö¸¸, ±×·³¿¡µµ ¼¼»óÀÇ ÀÌÀü »î¿¡ ÃæºÐÇÏ´Ù°í ´À²¸Á³Áö¸¸, ±×·¯³ª ÀÌÁ¦ ±³È¸°¡ ¼ö¸íÀ» ´ÙÇØ¹ö¸®°í, ¼¼»óÀº »õ·Î¿î »îÀÇ ÇØ¼®À» °®Áö ¸øÇϰí, ½º½º·ÎÀÇ ¹«´ÉÇÔÀ» ´À³¥ ¼ö ¹Û¿¡ ¾øÀ¸¸ç, ±×·¯¹Ç·Î ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§À» ¹Þ¾Æ µéÀÓÀ» ´õ ÀÌ»ó ÇÇÇÒ ¼ö°¡ ¾ø´Â ½Ã´ë°¡ µµ·¡ÇÏ¿´´Ù.

Christ teaches, first of all, that men should believe in the light while the light is yet in them. Christ teaches that men should set that light of reason above all else and should live in accord with it, not doing things they themselves consider irrational. If you consider it irrational to go to kill Turks or Germans- do not go; if you consider it unreason¡©able forcibly to take the labor of the poor in order to wear a silk hat or to tie yourself up in a corset, or to arrange a drawing-room that will incommode you- do not do it; if you consider it unreasonable to put men corrupted by idleness and bad company into prison, that is, into the very worst company and the completest idleness- do not do it; if you consider it irrational to live in an infected town atmosphere when it is possible to live in pure air; or if you con¡©sider it unreasonable to teach your children dead languages first of all and most of all, do not do it. Only do not do what is done now by the whole of our European world, namely, live a life you consider unreasonable, act while considering your actions unreasonable, disbelieve in your reason and live in discord with it.

±×¸®½ºµµ´Â °¡¸£Ä£´Ù, ¹«¾ùº¸´Ùµµ »ç¶÷µéÀº ºûÀÌ ±×µé ¾È¿¡ ÀÖ´Â µ¿¾È ±× ºûÀ» ¹Ï¾î¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. ±×¸®½ºµµ´Â °¡¸£Ä£´Ù, »ç¶÷µéÀº ±× À̼ºÀÇ ºûÀ» ´Ù¸¥ ¹«¾ùº¸´Ùµµ À§¿¡ ³õ°í¼­, ±× ºû¿¡ µû¶ó »ì¾Æ¾ß Çϸç, ÀڽŵéÀÌ ºñÇÕ¸®ÀûÀ̶ó°í ¿©±â´Â °ÍµéÀº ÇÏÁö ¸»¾Æ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. ¸¸ÀÏ ´ç½ÅÀÌ Å;îŰÀεéÀ̳ª µ¶ÀÏÀεéÀ» Á×ÀÌ·¯ °¡´Â °ÍÀÌ ºñÀ̼ºÀûÀ̶ó°í ¿©±ä´Ù¸é- °¡Áö ¸»¶ó; ¸¸ÀÏ ´ç½ÅÀÌ ºñ´Ü ¸ðÀÚ¸¦ ¾²°Å³ª ¿ÜÅõ¸¦ µÎ¸£·Á Çϰí, ´ç½Å¿¡°Ô ¸¶À½¿¡ µéÁö ¾Ê´Â ÀÀÁ¢½ÇÀ» ´ÜÀåÇϱâ À§Çؼ­ °¡³­ÇÑ »ç¶÷µéÀÇ ³ëµ¿À» °­¾ÐÀûÀ¸·Î ÂøÃëÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ» ºÒÇÕ¸®ÇÏ´Ù°í ¿©±ä´Ù¸é- ±×·± ÀÏÀ» ÇÏÁö ¸»¶ó; ¸¸ÀÏ ´ç½ÅÀÌ °ÔÀ¸¸§À¸·Î Ÿ¶ôÇÑ »ç¶÷µé°ú ¾ÇÇÑ »ç¶÷µéÀ» °¨¿Á¿¡ ³Ö´Â °Í, Áï, °¡Àå ÃÖ¾ÇÀ¸·Î ±×¸®°í Áöµ¶ÇÑ °ÔÀ¸¸§À¸·Î ¹Ð¾î ³Ö´Â °ÍÀÌ ºÒÇÕ¸®ÇÏ´Ù°í ¿©±ä´Ù¸é- ±×·± ÀÏÀ» ÇÏÁö ¸»¶ó; ¸¸ÀÏ ´ç½ÅÀÌ ½Å¼±ÇÑ °ø±â¸¦ ¸¶½Ã¸ç »ì ¼ö ÀÖÀ» ¶§¿¡µµ ¿À¿°µÈ µµ½ÃÀÇ ´ë±â ¼Ó¿¡¼­ »ç´Â °ÍÀÌ ºÒÇÕ¸®ÇÏ´Ù°í ¿©±ä´Ù¸é; ¾Æ´Ï ¸¸ÀÏ ´ç½ÅÀÌ ¹«¾ùº¸´Ù ¸ÕÀú ±×¸®°í °¡Àå ¸ÕÀú ´ç½ÅÀÇ ÀÚ³àµé¿¡°Ô Á×Àº ¾ð¾îµéÀ» °¡¸£Ä¡´Â °ÍÀÌ ºÒÇÕ¸®ÇÏ´Ù°í ¿©±ä´Ù¸é, ±×·± ÀÏÀ» ÇÏÁö ¸»¶ó. ¿ÀÁ÷ ¿ì¸®ÀÇ À¯·´ ¼¼»ó Àüü¿¡¼­ Áö±Ý ÇàÇØÁö´Â °Í, Áï, ´ç½ÅÀÌ ºÒÇÕ¸®ÇÏ´Ù°í ¿©±â´Â »îÀ» »ç´Â °Í- ´ç½ÅÀÇ ÇൿµéÀÌ ºÒÇÕ¸®ÇÏ´Ù°í ¿©±â¸é¼­ ÇൿÇÏ´Â °Í, ´ç½ÅÀÇ À̼ºÀ» ºÒ½ÅÇϸ鼭µµ À̼º¿¡ ¾î±ß³ª°Ô »ç´Â °Í- À» ÇàÇÏÁö ¸»¶ó.

Christ's teaching is light. The light shines and the darkness comprehendeth it not. One cannot refuse to accept the light when it shines. One cannot dis¡©pute with it, it is impossible to dispute with it. With Christ's teaching one cannot dispute, because it envelops all the errors in which people live and does not collide with them, but like the ether about which the physicists talk it permeates them all. The teaching of Christ is equally unavoidable for every¡©one in our world whatever his circumstances may be. Christ's teaching cannot but be accepted by men, not because it is impossible to deny the meta¡©physical explanation of life it gives (it is possible to deny it), but because it alone supplies those rules of life without which humanity has not lived and cannot live, and without which no man has lived or can live if he wishes to live as a man- that is to say, to live a reasonable life.

±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§Àº ºûÀÌ´Ù. ºûÀº ºñÃß¸ç ¾îµÒÀº ºûÀ» °¨½ÎÁö ¸øÇÑ´Ù. ºûÀÌ ºñÃâ ¶§ ¿ì¸®´Â ±×°ÍÀ» °ÅºÎÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø´Ù. ¿ì¸®´Â ºû°ú ´ÙÅø ¼ö ¾ø´Ù. ¿ì¸®´Â ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§°ú ´ÙÅø ¼ö ¾ø´Ù, ¿Ö³ÄÇÏ¸é ±×°ÍÀº »ç¶÷µéÀÌ »ì°í ÀÖ´Â ¸ðµç ¿À·ù¸¦ °¨½Î¸ç ±×°Íµé°ú ¸¶ÂûÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀ¸¸ç, ¸¶Ä¡ ¹°¸®ÇÐÀÚµéÀÌ ¸»ÇÏ´Â ¿¡Å׸£Ã³·³ ¸ðµç °ÍÀ» ¶Õ°í µé¾î¿À±â ¶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù. ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§Àº ¶È°°ÀÌ ¿ì¸® ¼¼»óÀÇ ´©±¸³ª ±×°¡ ¾î¶² »óȲ¿¡ ÀÖµçÁö ÇÇÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø´Ù. ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§Àº »ç¶÷µé¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­ ¹Þ¾Æµé¿©ÁöÁö ¾ÊÀ» ¼ö°¡ ¾ø´Ù, ¿Ö³ÄÇÏ¸é ±×°ÍÀÌ ÁÖ´Â »îÀÇ ÇüÀÌ»óÇÐÀûÀÎ ¼³¸íÀ» ºÎÀÎÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ ºÒ°¡´ÉÇϱ⠶§¹®ÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó(±×°ÍÀ» ºÎÀÎÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº °¡´ÉÇÏ´Ù), ¿ÀÁ÷ ±×°Í ¸¸ÀÌ »îÀÇ ±ÔÄ¢µéÀ» Á¦°øÇϸç, ±× ±ÔÄ¢ÀÌ ¾ø´Ù¸é Àηù´Â »ì¾Æ¿ÀÁö ¸øÇßÀ» °ÍÀÌ°í »ì¼öµµ ¾øÀ¸¸ç, ±× ±ÔÄ¢ÀÌ ¾ø´Ù¸é, ¾î¶² »ç¶÷µµ- ±×°¡ »ç¶÷À¸·Î¼­ »ì°í ½Í¾îÇÏ´õ¶óµµ, ´Ù½Ã ¸»Çϸé, À̼ºÀûÀÎ »îÀ» »ì°í ½Í¾îÇÏ¿©µµ- »ìÁö ¸øÇßÀ» °ÍÀÌ¸ç »ì¼öµµ ¾øÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù.

The strength of Christ's teaching lies not in its- explanation of the meaning of life, but in what flows therefrom- the teaching of life. Christ's meta¡©physical teaching is not new. It is still the same teaching of humanity which is written in the hearts of men and which has been taught by all the true sages of the world. But the strength of Christ's teaching lies in the application of that metaphysical teaching of life.

±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§ÀÇ ÈûÀº »îÀÇ Àǹ̿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¼³¸í¿¡ ÀÖ´Â °ÍÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, ±× °¡¸£Ä§¿¡¼­ Èê·¯³ª¿À´Â °Í- »î¿¡ ´ëÇÑ °¡¸£Ä§- ¿¡ ÀÖ´Ù. ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ ÇüÀÌ»óÇÐÀûÀÎ °¡¸£Ä§Àº »õ·Î¿î °ÍÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï´Ù. ±×°ÍÀº »ç¶÷µéÀÇ ¸¶À½ ¼Ó¿¡ ¾²¿©Á® ÀÖ°í ¼¼»óÀÇ ¸ðµç ÂüµÈ ¼ºÇöµéÀÌ °¡¸£ÃÄ ¿Â °Í°ú µ¿ÀÏÇÑ Àηù¿¡ ´ëÇÑ °¡¸£Ä§ÀÌ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§ÀÇ ÈûÀº ÀÌ °°Àº »î¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÇüÀÌ»óÇÐÀûÀÎ °¡¸£Ä§À» Çö½Ç¿¡ Àû¿ëÇÔ¿¡ ÀÖ´Ù.

The metaphysical basis of the ancient teaching of the Jews and of Christ is one and the same: love of God and of one's neighbor. But for the appli¡©cation of that teaching of life according to Moses, as the Jews understood it, the fulfillment of 613 commandments was necessary, many of them sense¡©less and cruel and all resting on the authority of the Scriptures. According to Christ's law the teaching of life which flows from that same metaphysical basis is expressed in five commandments, which are reasonable, beneficent, carry in themselves their meaning and justification, and embrace the whole life of man.

À¯ÅÂÀεéÀÇ °í´ëÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§°ú ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ ÇüÀÌ»óÇÐÀûÀÎ ±âÃÊ´Â ÇϳªÀÌ¸ç ¶È°°´Ù: Çϳª´Ô°ú ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ÀÌ¿ô¿¡ ´ëÇÑ »ç¶ûÀÌ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ¸ð¼¼¿¡ ÀÇÇϸé ÀÌ °°Àº »îÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§ÀÇ Àû¿ë¿¡ ´ëÇØ¼­, À¯ÅÂÀεéÀÌ ÀÌÇØÇÏ´ø ¹Ù¿¡ ÀÇÇϸé, 613°³ÀÇ °è¸íµéÀ» ½ÇõÇÒ °ÍÀÌ ¿ä±¸µÇ¾úÀ¸¸ç, ±×°Íµé ÁßÀÇ ¸¹Àº °ÍµéÀº ¹«ÀǹÌÇϸç ÀÜÀÎÇÏ¿´À¸¸ç ¸ðµÎ°¡ ¼º¼­ÀÇ ±ÇÀ§¿¡ ÀÇÁ¸Çϰí ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ À²¹ý¿¡ ÀÇÇϸé, ¶È °°Àº ÇüÀÌ»óÇÐÀûÀÎ ±âÃʷκÎÅÍ Èê·¯ ³ª¿À´Â »îÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§ÀÌ, ¿ÀÁ÷ ´Ù¼¸ °¡ÁöÀÇ °è¸íµé ¾È¿¡ Ç¥ÇöµÇ¸ç, ±×°ÍµéÀº ÇÕ¸®ÀûÀ̰í, ÀÚºñ·Î¿ì¸ç, °è¸íµé ÀÚü¿¡¼­ ½º½º·ÎÀÇ ÀÇ¹Ì¿Í Å¸´ç¼ºÀ» Áö´Ï¸ç, »ç¶÷ÀÇ Àüü »îÀ» Æ÷ÇÔÇÑ´Ù.

Christ's teaching cannot but be accepted by those believing Jews, Buddhists, Mohammedans, and others who have begun to doubt the validity of their own law. Still less can it be rejected by those of our Christian world who now lack any moral law whatever.

±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§Àº, ¹ÏÀ½À» °¡Áø À¯ÅÂÀεé, ºÒ±³Àεé, ȸ±³Àεé, ±×¸®°í ÀÚ±â ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ À²¹ýÀÇ Á¤´ç¼ºÀ» ÀǽÉÇϱ⠽ÃÀÛÇÑ ±âŸ »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ¹Þ¾Æ µéÀÏ ¼ö ¹Û¿¡ ¾ø´Ù. ¿À´Ã³¯ µµ¹«Áö ¾î¶°ÇÑ µµ´öÀû À²¹ýµµ °¡Áö°í ÀÖÁö ¾ÊÀº ¿ì¸®ÀÇ ±âµ¶±³ ¼¼»óÀÇ »ç¶÷µé¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­µµ °ÅºÎµÉ °¡´É¼ºÀÌ Àû´Ù.

Christ's teaching does not dispute with the men of our world about their conception of the world; it agrees with it in advance and, including this in itself, gives them what they lack, what is in¡©dispensable to them, and what they are searching for; it gives them a way of life, and one not novel to them but long familiar and akin to them all.

±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§Àº ¿ì¸® ¼¼»óÀÇ »ç¶÷µé°ú ±×µéÀÇ ¼¼°è°ü¿¡ ´ëÇÏ¿© ¸¶ÂûÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù; ³ª¾Æ°¡¼­ ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§Àº ¼¼°è°ü°ú ÀÏÄ¡ÇÑ´Ù ±×¸®°í, ¼¼°è°üÀ» °¡¸£Ä§ ¾È¿¡ Æ÷ÇÔÇϸ鼭, ±×µéÀÌ ºÎÁ·ÇÑ °Í, ±×µé¿¡°Ô ¾ø¾î¼­´Â ¾ÈµÉ °Í, ±×¸®°í ±×µéÀÌ Ãß±¸Çϰí ÀÖ´Â °ÍÀ» ÁØ´Ù; ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§Àº ±×µé¿¡°Ô »îÀÇ ¹æ¹ýÀ» ÁÖÁö¸¸, ±×µé¿¡°Ô »õ·Î¿î °ÍÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ±×µé ¸ðµÎ¿¡°Ô ¿À·§µ¿¾È Ä£¼÷ÇÏ´ø °ÍÀÌ´Ù.

You are a believing Christian of whatever sect or confession. You believe in the creation of the world, in the Trinity, in the fall and redemption of man, in the sacraments, in prayers, and in the Church. Christ's teaching not only does not argue with you, but fully agrees with your outlook on the world; it merely adds something you have not got. Retaining your present belief you feel that the life of the world and your own life is filled with evil and you do not know how to avoid it. Christ's teaching (obligatory for you because it is the teach¡©ing of your God) gives you simple, practicable rules of life which will free you and other people fro