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What I Believe

(³ª´Â ¹«¾ùÀ» ¹Ï´Â°¡)


by Leo Tolstoy

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VI. The Five Commandments

VI. ´Ù¼¸ °¡Áö °è¸í

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1. Do not be angry, but live at peace with all men.
2. Do not indulge yourself in sexual gratification.
3. Do not promise anything on oath to anyone. 
4. Do not resist evil, do not judge and do not go to law.
 5. Make no distinction of nationality, but love foreigners as your own people.

1. È­¸¦ ³»Áö ¸»¶ó, ±×·¯³ª ¸ðµç »ç¶÷µé°ú ÆòÈ­·Ó°Ô »ì¾Æ¶ó. 
2. ¼ºÀûÀÎ ¸¸Á·¿¡ ÁýÂøÇÏÁö ¸»¶ó. 
3. ´©±¸¿¡°Ô ¸Í¼¼·Î¼­ ¹«¾ùÀÌµç ¾à¼ÓÇÏÁö ¸»¶ó. 
4. ¾Ç¿¡ ÀúÇ×ÇÏÁö ¸»¶ó, ½ÉÆÇÇÏÁö ¸»°í °í¼ÒÇÏÁö ¸»¶ó. 
5. ±¹°¡ÀÇ ±¸ºÐÀ» ÇÏÁö ¸» °ÍÀ̸ç, ¿Ü±¹ÀÎÀ» ´ç½Å ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ µ¿Æ÷ó·³ »ç¶ûÇ϶ó.

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And so when I understood Christ's law to be the law of Christ and not the law of Moses and Christ, and understood the statement of that law which directly disavows the law of Moses, the Gospels as a whole, instead of their former obscurity, disunion, and contradictoriness, disclosed themselves as one indivisible whole, and amid them the essence of the whole teaching became clear, expressed in the five simple, clear commandments of Christ, accessible to everyone (Matt. v. 21-48), but about which I had till then known nothing. Throughout the Gospels Christ's commandments and their fulfillment are spoken of.

±×·¡¼­ ³»°¡ ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ À²¹ýÀÌ, ¸ð¼¼¿Í ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ À²¹ýÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ À²¹ýÀ¸·Î ÀÌÇØÇÏ¿´À» ¶§, ±×¸®°í ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ À²¹ýÀÇ ¸»¾¸ÀÌ ¸ð¼¼ÀÇ À²¹ýÀ» Á÷Á¢ÀûÀ¸·Î ºÎÀÎÇÑ´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ±ú´Þ¾ÒÀ» ¶§, º¹À½¼­´Â ±×°Íµé¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÀÌÀüÀÇ ¾Ö¸ÅÇÔ, ºÒÀÏÄ¡, ±×¸®°í ¸ð¼ø¼º ´ë½Å¿¡, ±× ÀÚü·Î¼­ ³ª´©¾î Áú ¼ö ¾ø´Â ÇϳªÀÇ Àüü·Î ³ªÅ¸³µ°í, ±×¸®°í ±×°Íµé ¾È¿¡¼­ Àüü °¡¸£Ä§ÀÇ º»ÁúÀÌ ¸í¹éÇØÁ³À¸¸ç, ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ ´Ü¼øÇÏ°í ¸í·áÇÑ ´Ù¼¸ °¡ÁöÀÇ °è¸íµé·Î Ç¥ÇöµÇ¾î¼­ ¸ðµç »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô Á¢±ÙÀÌ °¡´ÉÇØÁ³´Ù, ±×·¯³ª ³ª´Â ±×¶§±îÁö ÀÌ 5°è¸í(¸¶Å 5Àå 21-48Àý)¿¡ ´ëÇØ¼­ ¾Æ¹«°Íµµ ¾ËÁö ¸øÇß´Ù. º¹À½¼­ Àüü¸¦ ÅëÇÏ¿© ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ °è¸íµé°ú ±×°ÍµéÀÇ Áؼö°¡ ±â·ÏµÇ¾î ÀÖ´Ù.

All the theologians speak of Christ's command¡©ments, but what those commandments were I formerly did not know. It seemed to me that the commands of Christ consisted in this: to love God, and my neighbor as myself. But I did not see that this could not be Christ's commandment, because it is a commandment of 'them of old time' (Deut. and Lev.). The words (Matt. v. 19) 'Whosoever shall break one of these least commandments, and shall teach men so, shall be called least in the kingdom of heaven', I attributed to the laws of Moses. And the fact that the new commandments of Christ are clearly and definitely expressed in verses 21-48 of Matt. v never entered my head. I did not see that where Christ says, 'It was said to you; but I say unto you', new and definite commands of Christ are given, namely, according to the number of refer¡©ences to the ancient law (and counting two refer¡©ences to adultery as one), five new, clear, and definite commandments of Christ.

¸ðµç ½ÅÇÐÀÚµéÀÌ ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ °è¸íµé¿¡ ´ëÇØ¼­ ¸»ÇÏÁö¸¸, ±× °è¸íµéÀÌ ¹«¾ùÀÎÁö ³ª´Â ÀÌÀü¿¡ ¾ËÁö ¸øÇß´Ù. ³»°Ô ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ °è¸íµéÀº ÀÌ °Í¿¡ ÀÖ´Â °Íó·³ º¸¿´´Ù: Çϳª´ÔÀ» »ç¶ûÇϰí, ³ªÀÇ ÀÌ¿ôÀ» ³ª ÀÚ½Åó·³ »ç¶ûÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª À̰ÍÀº ¡®¿¾ »ç¶÷µéÀÇ¡¯(½Å¸í±â ¹× ·¹À§±â) °è¸íÀ̱⠶§¹®¿¡ ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ °è¸íÀÏ ¼ö ¾ø´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ³ª´Â ±ú´ÝÁö ¸øÇß´Ù. ³ª´Â ¡®±×·¯¹Ç·Î ´©±¸µçÁö ÀÌ °è¸í Áß¿¡ Áö±ØÈ÷ ÀÛÀº °Í Çϳª¶óµµ ¹ö¸®°í ¶Ç ±×°°ÀÌ »ç¶÷À» °¡¸£Ä¡´Â Àڴ õ±¹¿¡¼­ Áö±ØÈ÷ ÀÛ´Ù ÀÏÄÃÀ½À» ¹ÞÀ» °ÍÀÌ¿ä, ´©±¸µçÁö À̸¦ ÇàÇÏ¿© °¡¸£Ä¡´Â Àڴ ģ±¹¿¡¼­ Å©´Ù ÀÏÄÃÀ½À» ¹ÞÀ¸¸®¶ó¡¯ (¸¶Å 5Àå-l9Àý)ÀÇ ¸»¾¸ÀÌ ¸ð¼¼ÀÇ À²¹ýÀ» ÀÏÄ´ °ÍÀ¸·Î ¿©°å´Ù. ±×¸®°í ¸¶Åº¹À½ 5Àå 21-48Àý¿¡ ¸í·áÇϰí È®½ÇÈ÷ Ç¥ÇöµÇ¾î ÀÖ´Â ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ »õ·Î¿î °è¸íµéÀº °áÄÚ ³ª¿¡°Ô ¶°¿À¸£Áö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù. ³ª´Â ¡®³ÊÈñ°¡ µé¾úÀ¸³ª ³ª´Â ³ÊÈñ¿¡°Ô À̸£³ë´Ï¡¯¶ó°í ±×¸®½ºµµ°¡ ¸»ÇÏ´Â °÷¿¡¼­, »õ·Ó°í È®½ÇÇÑ ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ ¸í·ÉµéÀÌ, Áï, ¿¾ À²¹ýÀ» ÂüÁ¶Çϴ ȸ¼ö¿¡ µû¶ó¼­(±×¸®°í °£À½¿¡ ´ëÇÑ µÎ ¹øÀÇ ÂüÁ¶¸¦ Çϳª·Î °è»êÇÏ¿©), ´Ù¼¸ °¡ÁöÀÇ »õ·Ó°í, ¸í·áÇϸç, Á¤È®ÇÑ ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ °è¸íµéÀÌ ÁÖ¾îÁø´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ±ú´ÝÁö ¸øÇß´Ù.

About the Beatitudes and their number I had heard and had met with enumerations and explana¡©tions in Scripture lessons, but of Christ's commands I had never heard anything. To my surprise I had to discover them.

Áøº¹ÆÈ´Ü(òØÜØø¢Ó®)°ú ±× ¼ýÀÚ¿¡ °üÇØ¼­´Â µé¾úÀ¸¸ç ¼º¼­ °­ÀÇ¿¡¼­ ¸ñ·Ïµé°ú ¼³¸íµéÀ» Á¢Çß¾ú´Ù, ±×·¯³ª ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ °è¸íµé¿¡ ´ëÇØ¼± ¾Æ¹«°Íµµ µéÀº ÀûÀÌ ¾ø¾ú´Ù. ³î¶ó¿î °ÍÀº ³»°¡ ±×°ÍµéÀ» ¹ß°ßÇØ¾ß Çß´Ù.

This is how I did so. In Matt. v. 21-6, it is said: '[21]Ye have heard that it was said by them of old time, Thou shalt not kill [Exod. xx. 13], and whosoever shall kill shall be in danger of the judgment. [22]But I say unto you, that whosoever is angry with his brother without a cause shall be in danger of the judgment: and whosoever shall say to his brother, Raca, shall be in danger of the council; and who¡©soever shall say, Thou fool, shall be in danger of hell fire. [23]If therefore thou art offering thy gift at the altar, and there rememberest that thy brother hath aught against thee; [24]leave there thy gift before the altar and go thy way, first be reconciled to thy brother, and then come and offer thy gift. [25]Agree with thine adversary quickly, whiles thou art in the way with him; lest haply the adversary deliver thee to the judge and the judge deliver thee to the officer, and thou be cast into prison. [26]Verily I say unto thee, Thou shalt by no means come out thence, till thou hast paid the uttermost farthing.'

À̰ÍÀÌ ³»°¡ ±×·¯ÇÑ ¹ß°ßÀ» ÇÑ °úÁ¤ÀÌ´Ù. ¸¶Åº¹À½ 5Àå 21-26Àý±îÁö ÀÌ·¸°Ô ±â·ÏµÇ¾î ÀÖ´Ù: ¡®[21]¿¾»ç¶÷¿¡°Ô ¸»ÇÑ ¹Ù »ìÀÎÄ¡ ¸»¶ó. ´©±¸µçÁö »ìÀÎÇÏ¸é ½ÉÆÇÀ» ¹Þ°Ô µÇ¸®¶ó ÇÏ¿´´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ³ÊÈñ°¡ µé¾úÀ¸³ª [22]³ª´Â ³ÊÈñ¿¡°Ô À̸£³ë´Ï ÇüÁ¦¿¡°Ô (ÀÌÀ¯¾øÀÌ)³ëÇÏ´Â ÀÚ¸¶´Ù ½ÉÆÇÀ» ¹Þ°Ô µÇ°í, ÇüÁ¦¸¦ ´ëÇÏ¿© ¶ó°¡¶ó ÇÏ´Â ÀÚ´Â °øÈ¸¿¡ ÀâÈ÷°Ô µÇ°í ¹Ì·ÃÇÑ ³ðÀ̶ó ÇÏ´Â ÀÚ´Â Áö¿Á ºÒ¿¡ µé¾î°¡°Ô µÇ¸®¶ó. [23]±×·¯¹Ç·Î ¿¹¹°À» Á¦´Ü¿¡ µå¸®´Ù°¡ °Å±â¼­ ³× ÇüÁ¦¿¡°Ô ¿ø¸ÁµéÀ» ¸¸ÇÑ ÀÏÀÌ ÀÖ´Â ÁÙ »ý°¢³ª°Åµç [24]¿¹¹°À» Á¦´Ü ¾Õ¿¡ µÎ°í ¸ÕÀú °¡¼­ ÇüÁ¦¿Í È­¸ñÇÏ°í ±× ÈÄ¿¡ ¿Í¼­ ¿¹¹°À» µå¸®¶ó [25]³Ê¸¦ ¼Û»çÇÏ´Â ÀÚ¿Í ÇÔ²² ±æ¿¡ ÀÖÀ» ¶§¿¡ ±ÞÈ÷ »çÈ­Ç϶ó. ±× ¼Û»çÇÏ´Â ÀÚ°¡ ³Ê¸¦ ÀçÆÇ°ü¿¡ ³»¾îÁÖ°í ÀçÆÇ°üÀÌ °ü¿¡°Ô ³»¾îÁÖ¾î ¿Á¿¡ °¡µÑ±î ¿°·ÁÇ϶ó. [26]Áø½Ç·Î ³×°Ô À̸£³ë´Ï ³×°¡ È£¸®¶óµµ ³²±è¾øÀÌ ´Ù °±±â Àü¿¡´Â °á´ÜÄÚ °Å±â¼­ ³ª¿ÀÁö ¸øÇϸ®¶ó.¡¯

When I understood the commandment of non-resistance to him that is evil it seemed to me that these verses about anger ought to have as clear a meaning, and one as applicable to life, as the commandment about resisting him that is evil. The meaning I had formerly attributed to those words was that everyone should always avoid anger against others and should never use words of abuse, but should live at peace with all men without excep¡©tion; but there were words in the text which ex¡©cluded that meaning. It was said: Do not be angry 'without a cause', so that no unconditional injunc¡©tion to be peaceable is found in the words. Those words 'without a cause' perplexed me: and to solve my doubts I consulted the interpretations of the theologians, and to my amazement I found that the interpretations of the Fathers of the Church are chiefly directed to explaining when anger is excusable and when it is not excusable. All the Church interpretations lay particular stress on the meaning of the words without a cause, and explain the passage in the sense that one must not insult innocent people and one must not employ words of abuse, but that anger is not always unjustifiable; in confirmation of which view they quote the anger of saints and Apostles.

³»°¡ ¾ÇÇÑ ÀÚ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¹«ÀúÇ×ÀÇ °è¸íÀ» ±ú´Þ¾ÒÀ» ¶§, ³»°Ô´Â ºÐ³ë¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÀÌ ±¸Àýµéµµ ¾ÇÇÑ ÀÚ¿¡ ´ëÇØ ÀúÇ×ÇÏ´Â °è¸í¸¸Å­ ¸í·áÇÑ ÀÇ¹Ì¿Í »î¿¡ Àû¿ë °¡´ÉÇÑ °ÍÀ» °¡Áö°í ÀÖ¾î¾ß¸¸ ÇÏ´Â °Íó·³ ´À²¸Á³´Ù. ³»°¡ ÀÌÀü¿¡ ÀÌ ±¸Àý¿¡ ºÎ¿©Çß´ø Àǹ̴ ¸ðµç »ç¶÷µéÀº ¾ðÁ¦³ª ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷µé¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ºÐ³ë¸¦ ÇÇÇØ¾ß ÇÏ¸ç °áÄÚ Æø¾ðÀ» ÇØ¼­´Â ¾ÈµÇ¸ç, ¿¹¿Ü ¾øÀÌ ¸ðµç »ç¶÷µé°ú ÆòÈ­·Ó°Ô »ì¾Æ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù´Â °ÍÀ̾ú´Ù; ±×·¯³ª ¿øÀü¿¡´Â ±×·¯ÇÑ Àǹ̸¦ ¹èÁ¦ÇÏ´Â ¸»µéÀÌ ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. ¡®ÀÌÀ¯¾øÀÌ ³ëÇÏÁö ¸»¶ó¡¯´Â ¸»ÀÌ ±â·ÏµÇ¾î À־, ÀÌ ¸»µé¿¡¼­ ¹«Á¶°ÇÀûÀÎ ÆòÈ­ À¯Áö¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¸í·ÉÀº ãÀ» ¼ö ¾ø´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ¡®ÀÌÀ¯¾øÀÌ¡¯¶ó´Â ¸»ÀÌ ³ª¸¦ È¥¶õ½º·´°Ô Çß´Ù: ±×·¡¼­ ³ª´Â ÀǽÉÀ» Ç®±âÀ§ÇØ ½ÅÇÐÀÚµéÀÇ ÇØ¼®µéÀ» ã¾Æ º¸¾Ò´Ù, ³î¶ø°Ôµµ ±³ºÎµéÀÇ ÇØ¼®µéÀº ÁÖ·Î ºÐ³ë°¡ ¿ë¼­µÉ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â °æ¿ì¿Í ¿ë¼­µÉ ¼ö ¾ø´Â °æ¿ì¸¦ ¼³¸íÇÔ¿¡ ÁýÁßÀÌ µÇ¾î ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. ±³È¸ÀÇ ¸ðµç ÇØ¼®µéÀº ¡®ÀÌÀ¯¾øÀÌ¡¯¶ó´Â ¸»¿¡ Ưº°ÇÑ °­Á¶¸¦ µÎ°í¼­, ±× ±¸ÀýÀ» ¹«°íÇÑ »ç¶÷µéÀ» ¿åÇØ¼­´Â ¾ÈµÇ¸ç Æø¾ðÀ» ÇØ¼­µµ ¾ÈµÇÁö¸¸, ºÐ³ë°¡ ¾ðÁ¦³ª ºÎ´çÇÑ °ÍÀº ¾Æ´Ï¶ó´Â Àǹ̷Π¼³¸íÇÑ´Ù; ±×·¯ÇÑ ½Ã°¢À» È®ÁõÇϱâ À§ÇÏ¿© ±×µéÀº ¼ºÀÚµé°ú »çµµµéÀÇ ºÐ³ë¸¦ ÀοëÇÑ´Ù.

I could not but admit that, though it contradicts the whole sense of the Gospels, this explanation that anger, as they say, is not forbidden by the word of God, follows from and finds support in the words without a cause- which occur in verse 22. These words change the meaning of the whole utterance.

³ª´Â, ºñ·Ï ±×°ÍÀÌ º¹À½¼­ÀÇ Àüü ÀÇ¹Ì¿Í ¸ð¼øµÇÁö¸¸, ±×µéÀÌ ¸»ÇÏ´Â °Íó·³, ºÐ³ë´Â, ¡®ÀÌÀ¯¾øÀÌ¡¯¶ó´Â ¸»¿¡ µû¶ó¼­ ±×¸®°í À̸¦ ±Ù°Å·Î ÇÏ¿©, Çϳª´ÔÀÇ ¸»¾¸¿¡ ÀÇÇÏ¿© ±ÝÁöµÇÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù´Â ¼³¸íÀ» ÀÎÁ¤ÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀ» ¼ö ¾ø¾ú´Ù- À̰ÍÀº 22Àý¿¡ ÀÖ´Ù. ÀÌ ¸»µéÀÌ Àüü ¸»¾¸ÀÇ Àǹ̸¦ ¹Ù²Ù¾î ³õÀº °ÍÀÌ´Ù.

Be not angry without a cause. Christ bids us forgive all, forgive endlessly. He himself forgives, and for¡©bids Peter to be angry with Malchus when Peter, not without cause it would seem, defended his Master who was being led to crucifixion. And this same Christ, for the instruction of all men, says: Do not be angry without a cause, and thereby sanctions anger with a cause- anger which is deserved. Christ preaches peace to all the plain folk and suddenly, as though explaining that this does not refer to all cases but that there are cases when one may be angry with one's brother, he inserts the words without a cause. In the interpretations it is explained that there is timely anger. But who, asked I, is to be judge of when anger is timely? I have never seen angry people who considered their anger untimely. They all consider their anger just and useful. Those words destroy the whole meaning of the verse. But the words stood in Holy Writ and I could not cancel them. Yet those words were as though to the saying, Love thy neighbor were added, Love thy good neighbor, or, Love the neighbor whom thou approvest of.

ÀÌÀ¯¾øÀÌ ³ëÇÏÁö ¸»¶ó. ±×¸®½ºµµ´Â ¿ì¸®¿¡°Ô ¸ðµÎ¸¦ ¿ë¼­Çϰí, ³¡¾øÀÌ ¿ë¼­Ç϶ó°í ¸»ÇÑ´Ù. ±×´Â ½º½º·Î ¿ë¼­Çϸç, º£µå·Î°¡, ÀÌÀ¯°¡ ¾ø¾î º¸ÀÌÁö ¾Ê¾ÒÁö¸¸, ½ÊÀÚ°¡·Î ²ø·Á°¡´Â ±×ÀÇ ÁÖÀÎÀ» ¹æ¾îÇÏ·Á°í ÇÒ ¶§, º£µå·Î¿¡°Ô ºÐ³ëÇÏÁö ¸» °ÍÀ» ¸í·ÉÇß´Ù. ±×¸®°í ¹Ù·Î ¶È °°Àº ±×¸®½ºµµ°¡, ¸ðµç »ç¶÷µé¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¼³±³·Î¼­, ¸»ÇÑ´Ù: ÀÌÀ¯¾øÀÌ ºÐ³ëÇÏÁö ¸»¶ó, ±×¸®°í ±×·³À¸·Î½á, ÀÌÀ¯ÀÖ´Â ºÐ³ë- °¡Ä¡ÀÖ´Â ºÐ³ë- ¸¦ ¿ëÀÎÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù. ±×¸®½ºµµ´Â ¸ðµç Æò¹üÇÑ »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô ÆòÈ­¸¦ ¼³±³ÇÑ´Ù, ±×¸®°í °©ÀÚ±â À̰ÍÀÌ ¸ðµç °æ¿ìµé¿¡ ÇØ´çµÇ´Â °ÍÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ÇüÁ¦¿¡°Ô ºÐ³ëÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â °æ¿ìµéÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ¼³¸íÀÌ¶óµµ ÇϵíÀÌ, ±×´Â ¡®ÀÌÀ¯¾øÀÌ¡¯¶ó´Â ¸»À» »ðÀÔÇÑ´Ù. ¾î¶² ÇØ¼®µé¿¡´Â ÀûÀýÇÑ ºÐ³ëµµ ÀÖ´Ù°í ¼³¸íµÇ¾îÁø´Ù. ±×·¯³ª, ³ª´Â ¹¯´Â´Ù, ºÐ³ë°¡ ÀûÀýÇѰ¡¸¦ ½ÉÆÇÇÒ ¼ö Àִ°¡? ³ª´Â ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ºÐ³ë°¡ Á¤´çÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Ù°í ¿©±â´Â ºÐ³ëÇÑ »ç¶÷À» °áÄÚ º¸Áö ¸øÇß´Ù. ±×µéÀº ¸ðµÎ ±×µéÀÇ ºÐ³ë°¡ Á¤´çÇϸç À¯ÀÍÇÏ´Ù°í ¿©±ä´Ù. ÀÌ ¸»µéÀÌ ±¸ÀýÀÇ Àüü Àǹ̸¦ ÆÄ±«ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù.±×·¯³ª ±× ¸»µéÀº ¼º¼­¿¡ ÀÖÀ¸¹Ç·Î ³ª´Â ±×°ÍµéÀ» Ãë¼ÒÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ÀÌ ¸»µéÀº ¸¶Ä¡, ¡®³× ÀÌ¿ôÀ» »ç¶ûÇ϶󡯴 ¸»¿¡, ¡®³ÊÀÇ ¼±ÇÑ ÀÌ¿ôÀ» »ç¶ûÇ϶ó¡¯, ¶Ç´Â ¡®³× ¸¶À½¿¡ µå´Â ÀÌ¿ôÀ» »ç¶ûÇ϶󡯴 ¸»À» µ¡ºÙÀÓ°ú °°¾Ò´Ù.

The whole meaning of the passage was destroyed for me by the words without a cause. The verses that said that before praying one must be reconciled to those who are angry with one, which without the words 'without a cause' would have had a plain and obligatory meaning, also acquired this conditional meaning.

ÀÌ ±¸ÀýÀÇ Àüü Àǹ̴ ³ª¿¡°Ô À־ ¡®ÀÌÀ¯¾øÀÌ¡¯¶ó´Â ¸»·Î¼­ ÆÄ±«µÇ¾ú´Ù. ±âµµÇϱâ Àü¿¡ ³ÊÈñ¿¡°Ô ºÐ³ëÇÏ´Â ÀÚµé°ú È­ÇØÇ϶ó°í ¸»ÇÑ ±¸Àýµéµµ, ¡®ÀÌÀ¯¾øÀÌ¡¯¶ó´Â ¸»ÀÌ ¾ø´Ù¸é ¸í¹éÈ÷ °­Á¦ÀûÀÎ Àǹ̰¡ µÇ¾úÀ» °ÍÀÌÁö¸¸, ¶ÇÇÑ ÀÌ·± Á¶°ÇÀûÀÎ Àǹ̸¦ °®°Ô µÇ¾ú´Ù.

It seemed to me that Christ should have for¡©bidden all anger, all ill will, and for its elimination bidden everyone, before he brings his sacrifice- that is to say, before entering into communion with God - to remember whether there is not someone who is angry with him. And if there is anyone who right¡©fully or wrongfully is angry with you, you must first go and be reconciled, and only then bring your offering or your prayer. So it seemed to me; but according to the commentaries the passage must be understood conditionally.

±×¸®½ºµµ´Â ¸ðµç ºÐ³ë, ¸ðµç ¾ÇÀǸ¦ ±ÝÁöÇϼ̰í, ±× Á¦°Å¸¦ À§Çؼ­ ¸ðµç »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô, ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ Á¦¹°À» ¹ÙÄ¡±â Àü¿¡- Áï, Çϳª´Ô°ú ±³ÅëÇÔ¿¡ µé±â Àü¿¡- Àڽſ¡°Ô ºÐ³ëÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷ÀÌ ¾ø´ÂÁö ±â¾ïÇ϶ó°í ¸í·ÉÇÏ¼Ì´Ù°í ´À²¸Á³´Ù. ±×¸®°í ¸¸ÀÏ ¼±ÀÇµç ¾ÇÀÇµç ¿ì¸®¿¡°Ô ºÐ³ëÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷ÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù¸é, ¿ì¸®´Â ¸ÕÀú °¡¼­ È­ÇØÇÑ ´ÙÀ½ ±×¶§¼­¾ß ¿ì¸®ÀÇ Á¦¹°À̳ª ±âµµ¸¦ ¹ÙÄ¡¶ó´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ³ª¿¡°Ô´Â ±×·¸°Ô ´À²¸Á³´Ù; ±×·¯³ª ÁÖÇØ¼­µé¿¡ µû¸£¸é ±× ±¸ÀýÀº ¹Ýµå½Ã Á¶°ÇÀûÀ¸·Î ÀÌÇØµÇ¾î¾ß ÇÑ´Ù.

In all the commentaries it is explained that one must try to be at peace with all, but if that is impossible owing to the depravity of those who are at strife with you, you must be at peace in your soul, in your thoughts, and then the enmity of the others against you need not prevent your praying. Be¡©sides this, the words that declare that whoso says 'Raca' and 'Thou fool' is terribly guilty always seemed to me strange and obscure. If one is for¡©bidden to scold, why are such weak almost unabusive words selected as examples ? And also why is so terrible a threat directed against him who lets fall such a weak word of abuse as 'Raca', which means 'a nobody'? This too is obscure.

¸ðµç ÁÖÇØ¼­µé¿¡¼­, ¿ì¸®´Â ¸ðµç »ç¶÷µé°ú ÆòÈ­¸¦ À¯ÁöÇϵµ·Ï ÇØ¾ß ÇÏÁö¸¸, ¸¸ÀÏ ¿ì¸®¿Í ¹Ý¸ñÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷ÀÇ Å¸¶ôÀ¸·Î ÀÎÇØ¼­ ±×°ÍÀÌ ºÒ°¡´ÉÇÏ´Ù¸é, ¿ì¸®´Â ¹Ýµå½Ã ¿ì¸®ÀÇ »ý°¢ ¾È¿¡¼­ È­ÇØÇØ¾ß Çϸç, ±×¸®ÇÏ¸é ¿ì¸®¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷µéÀÇ Àû´ë°¨ÀÌ ¿ì¸®ÀÇ ±âµµ¸¦ ¹æÇØÇÒ Çʿ䰡 ¾ø°Ô µÈ´Ù°í ¼³¸íµÈ´Ù. ÀÌ°Í »Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, ¡®¶ó°¡¡¯ ±×¸®°í ¡®³Ê´Â ¾î¸®¼®´Ù¡¯¶ó°í ¸»ÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷Àº ´©±¸³ª ¹«¼­¿î Á˸¦ Áþ°Ô µÈ´Ù°í ¼±¾ðÇÏ´Â ¸»µéÀÌ ¾ðÁ¦³ª ³»°Ô´Â ÀÌ»óÇÏ°í ¸ðÈ£ÇÏ°Ô ´À²¸Á³´Ù. ¸¸ÀÏ ¿ì¸®°¡ ¿åÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ ±ÝÁöµÈ´Ù¸é, ¿Ö ±×·¸°Ô ³ª¾àÇÏ¸ç °ÅÀÇ ¿å¼³À̶ó°í ÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø´Â ¸»µéÀÌ »ç·Êµé·Î¼­ ¼±ÅõǾú´Â°¡? ±×¸®°í ¶ÇÇÑ ¿Ö ±×·¸°Ô ¡®ÇÏÂúÀº »ç¶÷¡¯À» ÀǹÌÇÏ´Â, ¡®¶ó°¡¡¯°°ÀÌ ºñ³­À¸·Î¼­´Â ¹Ì¾àÇÑ ¸»À» ³»¹ñÀº »ç¶÷¿¡°Ô ±×Åä·Ï ¹«¼­¿î À§ÇùÀÌ °¡ÇØÁö´Â °ÍÀΰ¡?

I felt that there was a misunderstanding similar to that which occurred with reference to the words, 'judge not'. I felt that as in that interpretation so in this, what is simple, important, definite, and practicable is all changed into what is obscure and indefinite. I felt that Christ could not understand the words, 'Go, be reconciled to thine adversary', in the way they are explained to us, as meaning, 'Be reconciled in your thoughts'. What does being reconciled in one's thoughts mean? It seemed to me that Christ was demanding what he elsewhere expressed in the words of the prophets: 'I will have mercy and not sacrifice'- that is to say, love to man. And therefore if you wish to please God, before praying at morning and evening, at matins and evensong, remember whether anyone is angry with you and go and arrange matters so that he may not be angry with you, and after that pray if you please. And then we are told that this is only 'in thought'. I felt that the whole interpretation which destroyed for me the direct and clear mean¡©ing of the passage was based on the words 'without a cause'. If they were struck out the meaning would be clear; but against my interpretation all the expositors were ranged, as well as the canonical Gospel with the words, 'without a cause'. If I yield on this point I may as well yield on others at my fancy, and other people may do the same. The whole matter lay in those words. If they were not there all would be clear. And I tried to find some philological explanation of the words which would not infringe the whole meaning. I looked up the Greek word interpreted 'without a cause' in the dictionaries; and I saw that this word, in Greek , means 'without purpose', 'inconsiderately'. I tried to give it a meaning which would not infringe the sense of the passage, but evidently the addition of that word has the meaning which is given it. I consulted other dictionaries, but the meaning given of the word was the same. I consulted the context and found that the word is employed only once in the Gospel, namely, in this passage. In the Epistles it is employed several times. In the First Epistle to the Corinthians, xv. 2, it is used just in this sense. Therefore it is impossible to explain it otherwise, and one has to admit that Christ said: Do not be angry unnecessarily! I must confess that for me to admit that Christ could in this passage use such obscure words, which can be understood so that nothing remains of their meaning, was tantamount to rejecting the whole Gospel. There remained one last hope: Is the word found in all the manuscripts? I looked up the manuscripts. I referred to Griesbach, who shows all the variations- that is to say, he shows in what manuscripts and by what Fathers of the Church an expression is used. I looked, and was at once thrown into an ecstasy by observing that to this passage there are remarks- there are variations. I went on and found that the variations all refer to the word 'without a cause'. Most of the manuscripts of the Gospel and the quotations of the passage in the Fathers of the Church do not contain the word at all! Therefore most of them understood the matter as I do. I then referred to Tischendorf- to the oldest text- and the word was not there at all! I looked at Luther's translations, where I might have got at the matter most quickly, and the word was not there either.

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The very word which infringes the whole meaning of Christ's teaching was added to the Gospels in the fifth century and is not to be found in the best manuscripts.

±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§ÀÇ Àüü Àǹ̸¦ ÆÄ±«ÇÏ´Â ¹Ù·Î ÀÌ ¸»Àº ¿À ¼¼±â¿¡ º¹À½¼­¿¡ »ðÀԵǾú°í, °¡Àå ½Åºù¼ºÀÖ´Â »çº»µé¿¡¼­´Â ¹ß°ßµÇÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù.

Someone inserted the word, and there were others who approved of it and wrote commentaries upon it.

´©±º°¡°¡ ÀÌ ¸»À» ÷°¡½ÃÄ×°í, ±×°ÍÀ» ½ÂÀÎÇÏ°í ±×°Í¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÁÖ¼®À» ±â·ÏÇÑ ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ÀÖ¾ú´Ù.

Christ could not and did not utter that dreadful word; and the first, simple, direct meaning of the whole passage, which occurred to me and occurs to everyone, is the true meaning.

±×¸®½ºµµ´Â ±×Åä·Ï ¹«¼­¿î ¸»À» Ç¥ÇöÇÒ ¼öµµ ¾ø¾ú°í, Ç¥ÇöÇÏÁöµµ ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù; ±×¸®°í ù¹øÂ°ÀÇ, ´Ü¼øÇϰí Á÷Á¢ÀûÀÎ Àüü ±¸ÀýÀÇ Àǹ̰¡, ³ª¿¡°Ô ³ªÅ¸³µÀ¸¸ç ¸ðµç »ç¶÷¿¡°Ô ³µÀ¸¸ç, ±×°ÍÀÌ ¹Ù·Î Áø½ÇÇÑ ÀǹÌÀÌ´Ù.

But more than this, I had only to understand that Christ's words always forbid all anger against any¡©one whatever, for the injunction not to say to any¡©one, 'Raca', or 'Thou fool', which had formerly perplexed me, to receive another meaning than that Christ forbids the use of abusive words. The strange, untranslated Hebrew word, Raca, supplied me with the clue. Raca means trampled on, destroyed, non-existing; and the word rak, a very usual word, has the sense of exclusion, only not. Raca means a man who should not be accounted a man. In the plural the word rekim is used in the Book of Judges (ix. 4) where it means 'lost persons'. And that is the word Christ bids us not to use of any man. As he bids us not use another word, fool, so also he bids us not use raca, which professes to free us from our human obligations to our neighbor. We get angry and do evil to men, and to justify ourselves we say that he with whom we are angry is a lost or insane man. And just those two words Christ bids us not to use of men or to men. Christ bids us not be angry with anyone and not justify our anger by declaring a man to be lost or insane.

±×·¯³ª ÀÌ°Í ÀÌ»óÀ¸·Î, ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ ¸»¾¸µéÀº ¾ðÁ¦³ª ¸ðµç »ç¶÷¿¡°Ô ¸ðµç ºÐ³ë¸¦ ±ÝÁöÇÑ´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ³ª´Â ¿ÀÁ÷ ±ú´Þ¾Æ¾ß¸¸ Çß´Ù, ¿Ö³ÄÇϸé, ¾î´À ´©±¸¿¡°Ôµµ ¡®¶ó°¡¡¯, ¶Ç´Â ¡®¹Ùº¸¡¯¶ó°í ¸»ÇÏÁö ¸»¶ó´Â ¸í·ÉÀº, °ú°Å¿£ ³ª¸¦ È¥¶õ½º·´°Ô ÇÏ¿´Áö¸¸, ±×¸®½ºµµ°¡ ¿å¼³ÀÇ »ç¿ëÀ» ±ÝÁöÇϰí ÀÖÀ½ ÀÌ»óÀ¸·Î ´Ù¸¥ Àǹ̸¦ °¡Áö°í Àֱ⠶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù. ¹ø¿ªµÇÁö ¾ÊÀº ÀÌ»óÇÑ ¸» ¡®¶ó°¡(raca)¡¯¶ó´Â ¸»ÀÌ ³»°Ô ´Ü¼­¸¦ Á¦°øÇÏ¿´´Ù. raca´Â Áþ¹âÈ÷´Ù, ÆÄ±«µÇ´Ù, Á¸ÀçÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Ù¸¦ ÀǹÌÇÑ´Ù; ±×¸®°í ¸Å¿ì ÈçÈ÷ »ç¿ëµÇ´Â rak´Â Á¦¿ÜÀÇ Àǹ̷μ­, ¡®¿ÀÁ÷¡¦ÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï´Ù¡¯ÀÌ´Ù. raca´Â »ç¶÷À¸·Î ¿©°ÜÁú ¼ö ¾ø´Â »ç¶÷À» ÀǹÌÇÑ´Ù. º¹¼ö·Î¼­ ·¹±è(rekim)Àº »ç»ç±â(9Àå 4Àý)¿¡¼­ »ç¿ëµÇ´Âµ¥ Àǹ̴ ¡®Å¸¶ôÇÑ »ç¶÷µé¡¯À» ÀǹÌÇÑ´Ù. ±×·¡¼­ ±×¸®½ºµµ°¡ ¾î¶² »ç¶÷¿¡ ´ëÇØ¼­µµ »ç¿ëÇÏÁö ¾Êµµ·Ï ¸í·ÉÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ±×°¡ ´Ù¸¥ ¸»ÀÎ ¡®¹Ùº¸¡¯¸¦ »ç¿ëÇÏÁö ¸øÇϵµ·Ï ¸í·ÉÇÏ´Â °Íó·³, ¶ÇÇÑ ¿ì¸®ÀÇ ÀÌ¿ô¿¡ ´ëÇÑ »ç¶÷À¸·Î¼­ÀÇ Àǹ«µéÀ» ÇØ¹æ½Ã۱â À§Çؼ­ ¸»ÇÏ´Â racaµµ »ç¿ëÇÏÁö ¸øÇϵµ·Ï ¸í·ÉÇÑ´Ù. ¿ì¸®´Â »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô ºÐ³ëÇϰí ÇØ¸¦ °¡ÇÑ´Ù, ±×¸®°í ¿ì¸® ÀڽŵéÀ» Á¤´çÈ­Çϱâ À§ÇÏ¿© ¿ì¸®°¡ ºÐ³ëÇÏ´Â ´ë»óÀÌ Å¸¶ôÇÏ¿´°Å³ª ¹ÌÃÆ´Ù°í ¸»ÇÑ´Ù. ±×¸®°í ¹Ù·Î ÀÌ µÎ ¸»À» ¿ì¸®°¡ »ç¶÷µé¿¡ ´ëÇØ¼­³ª »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô »ç¿ëÇØ¼­´Â ¾ÈµÈ´Ù°í ¸í·ÉÇÑ´Ù. ±×¸®½ºµµ´Â ¿ì¸®°¡ ¾î´À ´©±¸¿¡°Ôµµ ºÐ³ëÇÏ¿©¼­´Â ¾ÈµÇ¸ç, »ç¶÷À» Ÿ¶ôÇÏ¿´´Ù°Å³ª ¹ÌÃÆ´Ù°í ÁÖÀåÇÏ¿© ¿ì¸®ÀÇ ºÐ³ë¸¦ Á¤´çÈ­ÇÏÁö ¸»¶ó°í ¸í·ÉÇÑ´Ù.

And so instead of a cloudy, indefinite expression admitting of arbitrary interpretation, in Matt. v. 21-8, I found Christ's first clear and definite com¡©mandment: Live at peace with all men and never consider your anger against any man justified. Do not consider anyone, or call anyone, lost or a fool (v. 22). And not only must you not consider your anger against another justifiable, but you must not consider another's anger against yourself causeless; and therefore if anyone is angry with you, though he be in the wrong, yet before saying your prayers go and remove his hostile feeling (v. 23, 24). Try in advance to destroy any enmity between yourself and others that it may not flame up and destroy you (v. 25, 26).

±×¸®ÇÏ¿© ÀÓÀÇÀûÀÎ ÇØ¼®À» Çã¿ëÇÏ°í ¾Ö¸ÅÇÏ¸ç ºÎÁ¤È®ÇÑ Ç¥Çö´ë½Å¿¡, ¸¶Åº¹À½ 5Àå 21-28Àý¿¡¼­, ³ª´Â ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ ¸í·áÇϰí Á¤È®ÇÑ Á¦ 1 °è¸íÀ» ¹ß°ßÇÏ¿´´Ù: ¸ðµç »ç¶÷µé°ú ÆòÈ­·Ó°Ô »ì¶ó ±×¸®°í ¾î¶² »ç¶÷¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ³ÊÈñÀÇ ºÐ³ëµµ Á¤´çÇÏ´Ù°í ¿©±âÁö ¸»¶ó. ¾î¶² »ç¶÷À» Ÿ¶ôÇÏ¿´´Ù°í ¿©±âÁöµµ ºÎ¸£Áöµµ, ¹Ùº¸¶ó°í ¿©±âÁöµµ ºÎ¸£Áöµµ ¸»¶ó(22Àý). ±×¸®°í ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ³ÊÈñÀÇ ºÐ³ë¸¦ Á¤´çÇÏ´Ù°í ¿©°Ü¼­´Â ¾ÈµÉ »Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, ³ÊÈñ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷ÀÇ ºÐ³ëµµ ÀÌÀ¯¾ø´Ù°í ¿©°Ü¼­´Â ¾ÈµÈ´Ù; ±×·¯¹Ç·Î ¸¸ÀÏ ¾î¶² »ç¶÷ÀÌ ³ÊÈñ¿¡°Ô ºÐ³ëÇÑ´Ù¸é, ºñ·Ï ±×°¡ À߸øÇÏ¿´´õ¶óµµ, ³ÊÈñÀÇ ±âµµ¸¦ ¿Ã¸®±â Àü¿¡ °¡Àú ±×ÀÇ Àû´ëÀûÀÎ °¨Á¤À» ¾ø¾Öµµ·ÏÇ϶ó(23,24Àý). ³ÊÈñ ÀڽŰú ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷µé »çÀÌÀÇ ¹Ý¸ñÀ» ¹Ì¸® Á¦°ÅÇϵµ·Ï Ç϶ó ±×¸®ÇÏ¿© ±×°ÍÀÌ È°È° Ÿ¿Ã¶ó¼­ ³ÊÈñ¸¦ ÆÄ±«ÇÏÁö ¾Êµµ·Ï Ç϶ó(25,26Àý).

After the first commandment the second revealed itself to me with equal clearness. It also begins with a reference to the ancient law. In Matt. v. 27-30 it is said: 'You have heard that it was said by them of old time, Thou shalt not commit adultery [Exod. xx. 14]. But I say unto you, that whosoever looketh on a woman to lust after her hath committed adultery with her already in his heart. And if thy right eye causeth thee to stumble, pluck it out, and cast it from thee; for it is profitable for thee that one of thy members should perish, and not thy whole body be cast into hell. But if thy right hand causeth thee to stumble, cut it off and cast it from thee: for it is profitable for thee that one of thy members should perish, and not thy whole body go into hell.'

Á¦ 2ÀÇ °è¸íÀÌ ¶ÇÇÑ µ¿ÀÏÇÑ ¸í·á¼ºÀ» °¡Áö°í ³ª¿¡°Ô ³ªÅ¸³µ´Ù. ¸¶Åº¹À½ Á¦5Àå 7Àý¿¡¼­ 30Àý±îÁö¿¡ ¿¾ À²¹ý¿¡ ´ëÇØ¼­ ¾ð±ÞÇß´Ù. ¡®¶Ç °£À½Ä¡ ¸»¶ó ÇÏ¿´´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ³ÊÈñ°¡ µé¾úÀ¸³ª[Ãâ¾Ö±Þ±â 20Àå 14Àý] ³ª´Â ³ÊÈñ¿¡°Ô À̸£³ë´Ï ¿©ÀÚ¸¦ º¸°í À½¿åÀ» ǰ´Â ÀÚ¸¶´Ù ¸¶À½¿¡ ÀÌ¹Ì °£À½ÇÏ¿´´À´Ï¶ó ¸¸ÀÏ ³× ¿À¸¥ ´«ÀÌ ½ÇÁ·ÄÉ ÇÏ°Åµç »©¾î ¹ö¸®¶ó ³× ¹éü Áß¿¡ Çϳª°¡ ¾ø¾îÁö°í ¿Â ¸öÀÌ Áö¿Á¿¡ ´øÁö¿ìÁö ¾Ê´Â °ÍÀÌ À¯ÀÍÇÏ¸ç ¶ÇÇÑ ¸¸ÀÏ ³× ¿À¸¥¼ÕÀÌ ³Ê·Î ½ÇÁ·ÄÉ Çϰŵç Âï¾î ³»¹ö¸®¶ó ³× ¹éü Áß¿¡ Çϳª°¡ ¾ø¾îÁö°í ¿Â ¸öÀÌ Áö¿Á¿¡ ´øÁö¿ìÁö ¾Ê´Â °ÍÀÌ À¯ÀÍÇϴ϶ó.¡¯

Matt. v. 31-2: 'It was said also, Whosoever shall put away his wife, let him give her a writing of divorcement [Deut. xxiv. i]. But I say unto you, everyone that putteth away his wife [besides the sin of adultery, gives her cause to commit adultery], and whosoever shall marry her that is put away committeth adultery.'

¸¶Åº¹À½ 5Àå 31Àý¿¡ ¡®¶ÇÇÑ ±â·ÏµÇ¾úÀ¸´Ï, ´©±¸µçÁö ¾Æ³»¸¦ ¹ö¸®°Åµç ÀÌÈ¥ Áõ¼­¸¦ ÁÙ °ÍÀ̶ó ÇÏ¿´À¸³ª[½Å¸í±â 24Àå 1Àý], ³ª´Â ³ÊÈñ¿¡°Ô À̸£³ë´Ï ´©±¸µçÁö [À½ÇàÇÑ ¿¬°í¾øÀÌ ¾Æ³»¸¦ ¹ö¸®¸é ÀÌ´Â Àúµµ °£À½ÇÏ°Ô ÇÔÀÌ¿ä], ¶Ç ´©±¸µçÁö ¹ö¸° ¿©ÀÚ¿¡°Ô Àå°¡µå´Â ÀÚµµ °£À½ÇÔÀ̴϶ó.¡¯

The meaning of these words appeared to me to be this: a man should not admit even the thought that he can have connexion with any woman but the one with whom he first has sexual relations, and must never change her for another as was per¡©mitted by the Mosaic law.

ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ¸»µéÀÇ Àǹ̴ ³»°Ô ÀÌ·¸°Ô º¸¿´´Ù: ³²ÀÚ´Â ±×°¡ Á¦ÀÏ Ã³À½ ¼º °ü°è¸¦ °¡Áø ¿©¼º ¿Ü¿¡ ´Ù¸¥ ¿©ÀÚ¿Í °áÇÕÇÒ »ý°¢Á¶Â÷ ÀÎÁ¤Çؼ­´Â ¾ÈµÈ´Ù, ±×¸®°í ¸ð¼¼ÀÇ À²¹ý¿¡¼­ Çã¿ëµÇ´ø °Íó·³ ¼±ÅÃÇÑ ¿©¼ºÀ» ´Ù¸¥ ¿©¼º°ú ¹Ù²Ü ¼ö ¾ø´Ù.

As in the First Commandment against anger we are advised to extinguish anger at its commence¡©ment, advice that is illustrated by the comparison with a man brought before a court of justice, so here Christ says that adultery arises from the fact that women and men regard each other as objects of desire. That this may not be so it is necessary to remove all that might arouse lust. One must avoid all that evokes lust, and having once united oneself with a woman must under no circumstances aban¡©don her, for the abandonment of wives causes de¡©pravity. The abandoned wives tempt other men and spread depravity abroad in the world.

ºÐ³ë¸¦ ±ÝÁöÇÏ´Â Á¦ 1 °è¸í¿¡¼­, ¹ýÁ¤¿¡ ¼¼¿öÁö´Â »ç¶÷°úÀÇ ºñ±³¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ ¿¹°¡ ÁÖ´Â Ãæ°í¿Í °°ÀÌ, ¿ì¸®°¡ ºÐ³ë°¡ ½ÃÀÛµÉ ¶§ºÎÅÍ ºÐ³ë¸¦ ²ô¶ó´Â ±Ç°í¸¦ ¹Þ´Â °Íó·³, ¿©±â¿¡¼­ ±×¸®½ºµµ´Â ¿©ÀÚµé°ú ³²ÀÚµéÀÌ ¼­·Î¸¦ ¿å¸ÁÀÇ ´ë»óÀ¸·Î ¿©±ä´Ù´Â »ç½Ç¿¡¼­ °£À½ÀÌ »ý±ä´Ù°í ¸»ÇÑ´Ù. ÀÌ·± ÀÏÀÌ »ý±âÁö ¾ÊÀ¸·Á¸é Á¤¿åÀ» ÀÚ±ØÇÏ´Â ¸ðµç °ÍÀ» Á¦°ÅÇÏ¿©¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. ¿ì¸®´Â Á¤¿åÀ» ºÒ·¯¿À´Â ¸ðµç °ÍÀ» ÇÇÇØ¾ß Çϸç, ÀÏ´Ü ÇÑ ¿©ÀÚ¿Í °áÇÕÇÑ ÀÌ»ó ¾î¶² »óȲ¿¡¼­µµ ±×³à¸¦ ¹ö·Á¼­´Â ¾È µÈ´Ù, ¿Ö³ÄÇÏ¸é ¾Æ³»¸¦ ¹ö¸²Àº Ÿ¶ôÀÇ ¿øÀÎÀÌ µÇ±â ¶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù. ¹ö·ÁÁø ¾Æ³»´Â ´Ù¸¥ ³²ÀÚ¸¦ À¯È¤ÇÏ°í ³Î¸® ¼¼»ó¿¡ Ÿ¶ôÀ» ÆÛ¶ß¸°´Ù.

The wisdom of this commandment impressed me. It removes all the evil that flows from sexual rela¡©tions. Men and women, knowing indulgence in sexual relations to lead to strife, should avoid all that evokes desire; and, knowing it to be the law of man's nature to live in couples, should unite with one another in couples and never under any cir¡©cumstances infringe these alliances; so that the whole evil of strife caused by sexual relations is removed by the fact that there are no solitary men or women left deprived of married life.

ÀÌ °è¸íÀÇ ÁöÇý´Â ³ª¸¦ °¨µ¿½ÃÄ×´Ù. ±×°ÍÀº ¼º °ü°è¿¡¼­ Èê·¯ ³ª¿À´Â ¸ðµç ¾ÇµéÀ» Á¦°ÅÇÑ´Ù. ³²ÀÚµé°ú ¿©ÀÚµéÀº, ¼º °ü°è¿¡ Ž´ÐÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ ºÒÈ­¸¦ ºÒ·¯¿À´Â °ÍÀ» ¾Ë°í ÀÖÀ¸¹Ç·Î, Á¤¿åÀ» ºÒ·¯ ÀÏÀ¸Å°´Â ¸ðµç °ÍÀ» ÇÇÇØ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù; ±×¸®°í, ÇÑ ½ÖÀ¸·Î »ç´Â °ÍÀÌ »ç¶÷ÀÇ º»´ÉÀÇ ¹ýÄ¢ÀÎ °ÍÀ» ¾Ë°í ÀÖÀ¸¹Ç·Î, ¹Ýµå½Ã ¼­·Î°¡ ÇÑ ½ÖÀÌ µÇ¾î¾ß ÇÏ¸ç ¾î¶² »óȲ¿¡¼­µµ ÀÌ·± °áÇÕµéÀ» ħ¹üÇØ¼­´Â ¾È µÈ´Ù; ±×·¡¼­ ¼º °ü°è¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­ ¹ß»ýÇÏ´Â ºÒÈ­¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ ¸ðµç ¾ÇÀº, °áÈ¥ »ýȰÀ» ¹ÚÅ»´çÇÑ Ã¼ »ì¾Æ°¡´Â °íµ¶ÇÑ ³²ÀÚµéÀ̳ª ¿©ÀÚµéÀÌ ÇÑ »ç¶÷µµ ¾ø´Ù´Â »ç½Ç¿¡¼­ Á¦°ÅµÈ´Ù.

But the words which had always surprised me when reading the Sermon on the Mount, except for the sin of adultery, understood in the sense that a man may divorce his wife if she has committed adultery, now struck me yet more forcibly.

±×·±µ¥ ³»°¡ »ê»ó¼öÈÆÀ» ÀÐÀ» ¶§¸é ¾ðÁ¦³ª ³ª¸¦ ³î¶ó°Ô ÇÏ´ø ¸»ÀÎ, ¡®À½ÇàÇÑ ¿¬°í ¾øÀÌ¡¯¶ó´Â ¸»Àº, ¸¸ÀÏ ±×³à°¡ °£À½À» ÇÏ¿´´Ù¸é ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ¾Æ³»¿Í ÀÌÈ¥ÇØµµ ÁÁ´Ù´Â Àǹ̷ΠÀÌÇØµÇ¾î¼­, Áö±Ý ³ª¿¡°Ô ÈξÀ ´õ °­ÇÏ°Ô Ãæ°ÝÀ» ÁÖ¾ú´Ù.

In addition to the fact that there is something undignified in the way of expressing this thought, putting this strange exception to the general rule (which is introduced like a note to a paragraph of a code of laws) beside profoundly important truths, the exception itself contradicts the fundamental thought.

ÀÌ·± »ç»óÀ» Ç¥ÇöÇÏ´Â ¹æ¹ý¿¡¼­ ¹«°Ô¾ø´Â ¾î¶² °ÍÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù´Â »ç½Ç¿¡ µ¡ºÙ¿©¼­, °¡Àå ½É¿ÀÇÑ Áø¸®µé ¿·¿¡ ÀϹÝÀûÀÎ ±ÔÄ¢¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÀÌ·± ÀÌ»óÇÑ(¹ý·ü Á¶Ç×ÀÇ ´Ü¶ô¿¡ ´Ü¼­Ã³·³ »ðÀÔµÈ) ¿¹¿Ü¸¦ µÎ´Â °Í, Áï ¿¹¿Ü ±× ÀÚü°¡ ±Ùº»ÀûÀÎ »ç»ó¿¡ ¸ð¼øµÇ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù.

I turned to the commentators, and they all (St. John Chrysostom and the others), and even the learned theological critics such as Reuss, admitted that these words meant that Christ sanctions divorce in case of a wife's adultery, and that in Matt. xix in Christ's remarks forbidding divorce, the words 'except for fornication' mean the same thing. I read and re-read chapter v. 32, and it seemed to me that it could not mean an approval of divorce. To verify this I referred to the contexts, and found in the Gospels of Matt. xix, Mark x, and Luke xvi, and in the First Epistle of Paul to the Corinthians, an explanation of the teaching of marriage inviola¡©bility without any exceptions.

³ª´Â ÁÖ¼®°¡µéÀ» ÂüÁ¶ÇÏ¿´´Ù, ±×¸®°í ±×µé ¸ðµÎ(¼º Å©¸®¼­½ºÅè°ú ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷µé), ±×¸®°í ½ÉÁö¾î ·ÎÀ̽º °°Àº ÇнÄÀÖ´Â ½ÅÇÐ ºñÆò°¡µéµµ, ÀÌ ¸»Àº ±×¸®½ºµµ°¡ ¾Æ³»°¡ °£À½ÇÑ °æ¿ì¿¡ ÀÌÈ¥À» Çã¶ôÇϰí ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ¸¶Åº¹À½ 19Àå 9ÀýÀÇ ÀÌÈ¥À» ±ÝÁöÇÏ´Â ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ ¸»¾¸ÀÎ, ¡®À½ÇàÇÑ ¿¬°í¿Ü¿¡¡¯µµ ¶È °°Àº Àǹ̶ó°í ÀÎÁ¤Çß´Ù. ³ª´Â 5Àå 32ÀýÀ» ÀÐ°í ¶Ç Àоú´Ù, ±×·¯ÀÚ ±×°ÍÀº ÀÌÈ¥À» ½ÂÀÎÇÔÀ» ÀǹÌÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø´Ù°í ´À²¸Á³´Ù. À̰ÍÀ» È®ÀÎÇϱâ À§Çؼ­ ³ª´Â ¹®¸ÆµéÀ» ÂüÁ¶ÇÏ¿´À¸¸ç, ¸¶Åº¹À½ 19Àå, ¸¶°¡º¹À½ 10Àå, ±×¸®°í ´©°¡º¹À½ 16Àå µîÀÇ º¹À½¼­¿¡¼­ ±×¸®°í °í¸°µµÀü¼­¿¡¼­, ¾î¶² ¿¹¿Üµµ ¾øÀÌ °áÈ¥ÆÄ±â´Â ºÒ°¡´ÉÇÏ´Ù´Â °¡¸£Ä§¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¼³¸íÀ» ¹ß°ßÇÏ¿´´Ù.

In Luke xvi. 18 it is said: 'Every one that putteth away his wife, and marrieth another, committeth adultery: and he that marrieth one that is put away from a husband committeth adultery.'

´©°¡º¹À½ 16Àå 18Àý¿¡¼­ ÀÌ·¸°Ô ¸»ÇÏ¿´´Ù. ¡®¹«¸© ±× ¾Æ³»¸¦ ¹ö¸®°í ´Ù¸¥ µ¥ Àå°¡µå´Â ÀÚµµ °£À½ÇÔÀÌ¿ä ¹«¸© ¹ö¸®¿î ÀÚ¿¡°Ô Àå°¡µå´Â ÀÚµµ °£À½ÇÔÀ̴϶ó.¡¯

In Mark x. 5-12 it is also said, without any ex¡©ception: 'For your hardness of heart Moses wrote this commandment. But from the beginning of the creation, male and female made he them. For this cause shall a man leave his father and mother, and cleave unto his wife; and the twain shall become one flesh: so that they are no more twain, but one flesh. What therefore God hath joined together let no man put asunder. And in the house his disciples asked him again of this matter. And he said unto them, Whosoever shall put away his wife, and marry another, committeth adultery against her. And if she herself shall put away her husband, and be married to another, she committeth adultery.' The same is repeated in Matt. xix. 4-9.

¸¶°¡º¹À½10Àå 5~12Àý¿¡µµ ¾î¶°ÇÑ ¿¹¿Üµµ ¾øÀÌ Ç¥ÇöµÇ¾î ÀÖ´Ù. ¡®±×¸®½ºµµ²²¼­ ÀúÈñ¿¡°Ô À̸£½ÃµÇ ³ÊÈñ ¸¶À½ÀÇ ¿Ï¾ÇÇÔÀ» ÀÎÇÏ¿© ÀÌ ¸í·ÉÀ» ±â·ÏÇÏ¿´°Å´Ï¿Í âÁ¶½Ã·ÎºÎÅÍ ÀúÈñ¸¦ ³²ÀÚ¿Í ¿©ÀÚ·Î ¸¸µå¼ÌÀ¸¸ç ÀÌ·¯¹Ç·Î »ç¶÷ÀÌ ±× ºÎ¸ð¸¦ ¶°³ª¼­ ±× µÑÀÌ ÇÑ ¸öÀÌ µÉÁö´Ï¶ó. ÀÌ·¯ÇÑÁï ÀÌÁ¦ µÑÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¿ä ÇÑ ¸öÀÌ´Ï ±×·¯¹Ç·Î Çϳª´ÔÀÌ Â¦Áö¾î ÁֽаÍÀ» »ç¶÷ÀÌ ³ª´©Áö ¸øÇÒÂî´Ï¶ó ÇϽôõ¶ó Áý¿¡¼­ Á¦ÀÚµéÀÌ ´Ù½Ã ÀÌ ÀÏÀ» ¹¯Àڴµ¥ À̸£½ÃµÇ ´©±¸µçÁö ±× ¾Æ³»¸¦ ³»¾î ¹ö¸®°í ´Ù¸¥µ¥ Àå°¡µå´Â ÀÚ´Â º»Ã³¿¡°Ô °£À½À» ÇàÇÔÀÌ¿ä ¶Ç ¾Æ³»°¡ ³²ÆíÀ» ¹ö¸®°í ´Ù¸¥µ¥·Î ½ÃÁý°¡¸é °£À½À» ÇàÇÔÀ̴϶ó.¡¯ ¸¶Å¸ñÀ½19Àå 9Àýµµ ÀÌ¿Í µ¿ÀÏÇÑ ³»¿ëÀÌ ±â·ÏµÇ¾î ÀÖ´Ù.

In the First Epistle of Paul to the Corinthians, vii. 1-12, the idea of forestalling depravity by each husband and wife, when once they have united, not abandoning one another, but satisfying one another in sexual relations is developed. It is also plainly said that neither of them must on any account desert the other to have relations with someone else.

°í¸°µµ »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô º¸³»´Â ¹Ù¿ïÀÇ Ã¹¹øÂ° ¼­ÇÑ, 7Àå 1~12Àý¿¡¼­, ³²Æí°ú ¾Æ³»·Î¼­ ÇÑ ¹ø °áÇÕÇÏ¸é ¼­·Î¸¦ ¹ö¸®Áö ¾Ê°í, ¼º °ü°è¿¡¼­ ¼­·Î¸¦ ¸¸Á·½ÃÅ´À¸·Î½á, °¢±â ³²Æí°ú ¾Æ³»¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ Å¸¶ôÀ» ¹Ì¿¬¿¡ ¹æÁöÇÏ´Â °³³äÀÌ Àü°³µÇ¾î ÀÖ´Ù. ±×µé ÁßÀÇ ¾î´À Æíµµ ¾î¶² ÀÌÀ¯¿¡¼­µçÁö ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷°ú °ü°èµéÀ» °¡Áö±â À§Çؼ­ »ó´ë¹æÀ» ¹ö·Á¼­´Â ¾ÈµÈ´Ù°í ¸í¹éÈ÷ ±â·ÏµÇ¾î ÀÖ´Ù.

By Mark, Luke, and Paul's Epistle divorce is not sanctioned. The sense of the explanation that a husband and a wife are one flesh, united by God- an explanation repeated in two of the Gospels- does not sanction divorce. By Christ's whole teaching which bids us forgive all and makes no exception in the case of an unfaithful wife, divorce is not sanctioned. The meaning of the whole passage, which explains that the dismissal of a wife is the cause of depravity, gives it no sanction.

¸¶°¡º¹À½, ´©°¡º¹À½, ±×¸®°í ¹Ù¿ïÀÇ ¼­ÇÑ¿¡ ÀÇÇϸé ÀÌÈ¥Àº Àý´ë·Î ¿ë³³µÇÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù. ³²Æí°ú ¾Æ³»´Â ÇÑ ¸öÀ̸ç, Çϳª´Ô¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­ °áÇյǾú´Ù´Â ¼³¸íÀÇ ÀǹÌ- µÎ º¹À½¼­¿¡¼­ µÇÇ®ÀÌ µÇ´Â ¼³¸í- ´Â ÀÌÈ¥À» ÀÎÁ¤ÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù. ¿ì¸®¿¡°Ô ¸ðµç °ÍÀ» ¿ë¼­Ç϶ó°í Çϸç Ÿ¶ôÇÑ ¾Æ³»ÀÇ °æ¿ì¿¡¼­µµ ¿¹¿Ü¸¦ µÎÁö ¾Ê´Â ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ Àüü °¡¸£Ä§¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­, ÀÌÈ¥Àº Çã¿ëµÇÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù. Àüü ±¸ÀýÀÇ Àǹ̴Â, ¾Æ³»¸¦ ¹ö¸²ÀÌ Å¸¶ôÀÇ ¿øÀÎÀ̶ó°í ¼³¸íÇϰí ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ÀÌÈ¥À» °áÄÚ Çã¿ëÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù.

On what is the interpretation based which sanc¡©tions divorce from an adulterous wife? Only on the words in Matt. v. 32, which seemed to me so strange. They are interpreted by everyone to mean that Christ sanctions divorce if a wife commits adultery, and these same words are repeated in many of the copies of the Gospels and by many Fathers of the Church instead of the words except for fornication (Matt. xix. 5-9).

°£À½ÇÑ ¾Æ³»¿ÍÀÇ ÀÌÈ¥À» Çã¿ëÇÑ´Ù´Â ÇØ¼®Àº ¹«¾ùÀ» ±Ù°Å·Î Çϰí Àִ°¡? ¿ÀÁ÷ ¸¶Åº¹À½ 5Àå 32ÀýÀÇ ¸»µéÀ̸ç, ±× ¸»Àº ³»°Ô ³Ê¹«³ª ÀÌ»óÇÏ°Ô ´À²¸Á³´Ù. ±×°ÍµéÀº ¸ðµç »ç¶÷µé¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­ ¸¸ÀÏ ¾Æ³»°¡ °£À½Á˸¦ ¹üÇÏ¸é ±×¸®½ºµµ°¡ ÀÌÈ¥À» Çã¿ëÇÔÀ» ÀǹÌÇÑ´Ù°í ÇØ¼®µÇ¸ç, ¡®À½ÇàÇÑ ¿¬°í ¶§¹®¿¡¡¯¶ó´Â ¸» ´ë½Å¿¡, ÀÌ¿Í ¶È °°Àº ¸»µéÀÌ ¸¹Àº ¼º¼­ »çº»µé°ú ¸¹Àº ±³ºÎµé¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­ ¹Ýº¹µÈ´Ù.

Again I began to consider these words, but it was long before I could understand them. I saw that there must be a mistake in translation and inter¡©pretation, but where the mistake lay I was long unable to discover. The mistake was evident. Con¡©trasting his commandment with the law of Moses under which any man, as is there said, who hates his wife, can dismiss her and give her a writing of divorcement, Christ says: 'But I say unto you, that everyone that putteth away his wife, saving for the cause of fornication [or, besides the cause of fornication], causeth her to commit adultery.' These words present no antithesis to the Mosaic law, nor even any decision as to whether one may, or may not, divorce. It is only said that putting away a wife gives her occasion to commit adultery.

³ª´Â ´Ù½Ã ÀÌ ¸»µéÀ» °ËÅäÇϱ⠽ÃÀÛÇß´Ù, ±×·¯³ª ³»°¡ ±×°ÍµéÀ» ÀÌÇØÇϱâ±îÁö´Â ¿À·£ ½Ã°£ÀÌ °É·È´Ù. ³ª´Â ¹ø¿ª°ú ÇØ¼®¿¡¼­ Ʋ¸²¾øÀÌ ¿À·ù°¡ ÀÖÀ½À» ¾Ë¾ÒÀ¸³ª, ¾îµð¿¡ ¿À·ù°¡ ÀÖ´ÂÁö ¿À·§µ¿¾È ¹ß°ßÇÏÁö ¸øÇß´Ù. ¿À·ù´Â ºÐ¸íÈ÷ ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ °è¸í°ú, ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ¾Æ³»¸¦ ¹Ì¿öÇÏ´Â ´©±¸¶óµµ, ±â·ÏµÈ °Íó·³, ¾Æ³»¸¦ ¹ö¸®°í ÀÌÈ¥ Áõ¼­¸¦ ÁÖ´Â ¸ð¼¼ÀÇ À²¹ýÀ» ´ëºñÇϸ鼭, ±×¸®½ºµµ´Â ¸»ÇÑ´Ù: ¡®³ª´Â ³ÊÈñ¿¡°Ô À̸£³ë´Ï À½ÇàÇÑ ¿¬°í ¾øÀÌ ¾Æ³»¸¦ ¹ö¸®´Â ÀÚ´Â ÀÌ´Â Àúµµ °£À½ÇÏ°Ô ÇÔÀÌ¿ä.¡¯ ÀÌ ¸»µéÀº ¸ð¼¼ÀÇ À²¹ý°ú ¾Æ¹«·± ´ëÁ¶°¡ µÇÁö ¾ÊÀ¸¸ç, ½ÉÁö¾î ÀÌÈ¥À» ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´ÂÁö ¾ø´ÂÁö¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÇØ´äÀÌ ¾ø´Ù. ¿ÀÁ÷ ¾Æ³»¸¦ ¹ö¸²Àº ±×³à¿¡°Ô °£À½ÇÒ ±âȸ¸¦ ÁØ´Ù°í ¸»Çϰí ÀÖ´Ù.

And then suddenly an exception is made in the case of a wife guilty of adultery. This exception concerning a wife guilty of adultery when the matter in hand related to the husband, would in any case be strange and unexpected, and occurring where it does it is simply stupid, for it destroys even such doubtful meaning as the verse otherwise had. It is said that putting away a wife occasions her to commit adultery, and it then allows you to put away a wife guilty of adultery; as though a wife guilty of adultery will then no longer commit adultery.

±×·±µ¥ °©Àڱ⠰£À½ÇÑ ¾Æ³»ÀÇ °æ¿ì¿¡ ¿¹¿Ü¸¦ µÎ¾ú´Ù. ´« ¾ÕÀÇ ¹®Á¦°¡ ³²Æí°ú °ü·ÃµÈ °æ¿ì ¾Æ³»ÀÇ °£À½¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÀÌ·± ¿¹¿Ü´Â ¾î·µç ÀÌ»óÇϰí ÀÇ¿ÜÀÏ °ÍÀ̸ç, ±×°ÍÀÌ ³ªÅ¸³ª´Â °÷¿¡¼­´Â ´Ü¼øÈ÷ ¾î¸®¼®¾î º¸ÀδÙ, ¿Ö³ÄÇÏ¸é ±× ¿¹¿Ü´Â ½ÉÁö¾î ±× ±¸ÀýÀÌ ¹Ý´ëÀÇ °æ¿ì¿¡ °¡Áö°í ÀÖ´ø Àǽɽº·¯¿î ÀǹÌÁ¶Â÷ ÆÄ±«Çϱ⠶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù. ¾Æ³»¸¦ ¹ö¸®´Â °ÍÀº ±×³à¿¡°Ô °£À½ÇÒ ±âȸ¸¦ ÁØ´Ù, ±×¸®°í ±×°ÍÀº ´Ù½Ã °£À½ÇÑ ¾Æ³»¸¦ ¹ö¸®´Â °ÍÀ» Çã¿ëÇÑ´Ù; À̰ÍÀº ¸¶Ä¡ °£À½ÇÑ ¾Æ³»´Â ÀÌÁ¦ ´õ ÀÌ»ó °£À½ÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù´Â °Í°ú °°´Ù.

But, more than that, when I examined this passage more carefully I noticed that it does not even make sense grammatically. It is said that everyone that putteth away his wife, saving for the cause of fornication, causeth her to commit adultery, and the sentence ends! It refers to a man, and says that if he puts away his wife he gives her occasion to commit adultery. Why is it said, saving for the cause of the wife's adultery? If it were said that a man divorcing his wife for any cause except her com¡©mission of adultery, commits adultery, then the sentence would be correct. As it is, to the gram¡©matical subject everyone that putteth away, there is no predicate except causeth. How can that predicate relate to the words saving for the cause of fornication? It is impossible to 'cause, saving for the wife's fornication'! Even if with the words 'saving for the cause of fornication' were included the words 'the wife's', or 'her' (which is not done), even then those words could not relate to the predicate 'causeth'. These words in the accepted interpretation are related to the predicate, putteth away, but putteth away is not the chief predicate: the chief predicate is causeth. Why is 'except for the cause of fornication' wanted? With adultery or without it a husband who puts away his wife equally causeth. The ex¡©pression reads as though someone were to say: 'Whoso depriveth his son of food, except for [or besides] the sin of cruelty, causeth him to be cruel.' Such an expression evidently cannot imply that the father may deprive his son of food if the son is cruel. If it has any meaning it can only be that the father who deprives his son of food, besides the sin of being cruel himself, causes the son too to be cruel. So the Gospel expression would have a meaning if, instead of the words the sin of fornication, it read 'the sin of voluptuousness, dissoluteness, or anything of that kind, expressing not an action but a quality.

±×·¯³ª ±×°Í ÀÌ»óÀ¸·Î, ³ª°¡ ÀÌ ±¸ÀýÀ» Á»´õ ¼¼¹ÐÇÏ°Ô Á¶»çÇÏ¿´À» ¶§ ±×°ÍÀº ½ÉÁö¾î ¹®¹ýÀûÀ¸·Îµµ Á¤È®ÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ¾Ë¾ÆÂ÷·È´Ù. ¡®À½ÇàÇÑ ¿¬°í ¾øÀÌ ±× ¾Æ³»¸¦ ¹ö¸®´Â ÀÚ´Â ÀÌ´Â Àú·Î °£À½ÇÏ°Ô ÇÔÀ̿䡯¶ó°í µÇ¾î ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ¿©±â¼­ ¹®ÀåÀº ³¡³­´Ù. À̰ÍÀº ³²ÆíÀ» °¡¸®Å²´Ù, ±×¸®°í ±×°¡ ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ¾Æ³»¸¦ ¹ö¸°´Ù¸é ³²ÆíÀº ¾Æ³»¿¡°Ô °£À½À» ¹üÇÒ ±âȸ¸¦ ÁØ´Ù°í ¸»ÇÑ´Ù. ¿Ö ¡®À½ÇàÇÑ ¿¬°í ¿Ü¿¡¡¯¶ó°í ¸»ÇßÀ»±î? ¸¸ÀÏ ¾Æ³»°¡ °£À½ÇÔÀ» Á¦¿ÜÇÑ ¾î¶² ÀÌÀ¯·Îµç ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ¾Æ³»¿Í ÀÌÈ¥ÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷Àº, °£À½À» ÀúÁö¸£´Â ÀÚÀÌ´Ù¶ó°í ¸»ÇÏ¿´´Ù¸é, ¹®ÀåÀº Á¤È®ÇÒ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ±×·±µ¥, ¡®¹ö¸®´Â Àڴ¡¯ÀÇ ¹®¹ýÀû Á־ ´ëÇØ¼­, ¡®¿øÀÎÀ» ÁÖ´Ù¡¯¿Ü¿¡´Â ¼ú¾î°¡ ¾ø´Ù. ¾î¶»°Ô ÀÌ ¼ú¾î°¡ ¡®°£À½ÇÑ ¿¬°í ¿Ü¿¡¡¯¶ó´Â ¸»¿¡ ¿¬°áµÉ ¼ö Àְڴ°¡? ¡®¾Æ³»ÀÇ °£À½ÇÑ ¿¬°í ¿Ü¿¡, ¿øÀÎÀ» ÁÖ´Ù¡¯¶ó°í ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº ºÒ°¡´ÉÇÏ´Ù! ½ÉÁö¾î ¡®°£À½ÇÑ ¿¬°í ¿Ü¿¡¡¯¶ó´Â ¸»¿¡, ¡®¾Æ³»ÀÇ¡¯, ¶Ç´Â ¡®±×³àÀÇ¡¯ (±×·¸°Ô µÇÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù)¶ó´Â ¸»µéÀÌ Æ÷ÇԵǴõ¶óµµ, ±× ¸»µéÀº ¼ú¾î ¡®¿øÀÎÀ» ÁÖ´Ù¡¯¿Í °ü°èµÉ ¼ö ¾ø´Ù. ÀÎÁ¤µÇ´Â ÇØ¼®¿¡¼­ ÀÌ ¸»µéÀº ¼ú¾îÀÎ ¡®¹ö¸®´Ù¡¯¿Í °ü°èµÇÁö¸¸, ¡®¹ö¸®´Ù¡¯´Â ÁÖµÈ ¼ú¾î°¡ ¾Æ´Ï´Ù: ÁÖµÈ ¼ú¾î´Â ¡®¿øÀÎÀ» ÁÖ´Ù¡¯ÀÌ´Ù. ¡®°£À½ÇÑ ¿¬°í ¿Ü¿¡¡¯´Â ¿Ö ÇÊ¿äÇÑ °ÍÀϱî? °£À½À» ÇÏ¿´µç ¾Æ´ÏÇÏ¿´µç ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ¾Æ³»¸¦ ¹ö¸®´Â ³²ÆíÀº ¶È°°ÀÌ °£À½¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¿øÀÎÀ» ÁØ´Ù. À§ÀÇ Ç¥ÇöÀº ¸¶Ä¡ ´©±º°¡°¡ ´ÙÀ½Ã³·³ ¸»ÇÏ´Â °Í°ú °°´Ù: ¡®ÀÜÀÎÇÏ´Ù´Â ÁË ¿Ü¿¡ ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ¾Æµé¿¡°Ô ¸ÔÀ» °ÍÀ» ÁÖÁö ¾Ê´Â ÀÚ´Â ±×¸¦ ÀÜÀÎÇÏ°Ô ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù¡¯ ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ Ç¥ÇöÀº ºÐ¸íÈ÷ ¸¸ÀÏ ¾ÆµéÀÌ ÀÜÀÎÇÏ´Ù¸é ¾Æ¹öÁö°¡ ±×ÀÇ ¾Æµé¿¡°Ô ¸ÔÀ» °ÍÀ» ÁÖÁö ¾ÊÀ½À» ÀǹÌÇÒ ¼ö°¡ ¾ø´Ù. ±×°ÍÀÌ ¾î¶² Àǹ̸¦ °¡Áø´Ù¸é, ±×°ÍÀº ¿ÀÁ÷ ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ¾Æµé¿¡°Ô ¸ÔÀ» °ÍÀ» ÁÖÁö ¾Ê´Â ¾Æ¹öÁö´Â, ÀÚ½ÅÀÌ ÀÜÀÎÇÔÀÇ ÁË ¿Ü¿¡µµ, ¾Æµé ¿ª½Ã ÀÜÀÎÇÏ°Ô ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ´ÙÀÏ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ±×·¡¼­ ¸¸ÀÏ, ¡®°£À½ÀÇ ÁË¡¯¶ó´Â ¸» ´ë½Å¿¡, Á¤¿åÀÇ ÁË, ¹æÅÁÀÇ ÁË, ¶Ç´Â ±×·± Á¾·ùÀÇ ¸», Áï ÇàÀ§°¡ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ¼ºÁúÀ» ³ªÅ¸³»´Â ¸»·Î¼­ ÀÐ´Â´Ù¸é º¹À½¼­ÀÇ Ç¥ÇöÀº Àǹ̸¦ °¡Áú °ÍÀÌ´Ù.

And I asked myself: Is it not simply said that he who puts away his wife, besides being himself guilty of dissoluteness (since people divorce one wife in order to take another), causes his wife also to com¡©mit adultery? If the word 'fornication' in the text is expressed by a word that may also mean dis¡©soluteness, the meaning is clear.

±×¸®°í ³ª´Â ½º½º·Î¿¡°Ô ¹°¾ú´Ù: ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ¾Æ³»¸¦ ¹ö¸®´Â »ç¶÷Àº, ÀÚ½ÅÀÌ ¹æÅÁÇÏ´Ù´Â(¿Ö³ÄÇÏ¸é »ç¶÷µéÀº ´Ù¸¥ ¿©ÀÚ¿Í °áÈ¥Çϱâ À§Çؼ­ ¾Æ³»¸¦ ¹ö¸®±â ¶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù) ÁË ¿Ü¿¡µµ, ±×ÀÇ ¾Æ³»¿¡°Ôµµ °£À½Çϵµ·Ï ¸¸µå´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù¶ó°í ´Ü¼øÈ÷ ¸»°í ÀÖ´Â °ÍÀÌ ¾Æ´Ñ°¡? ¸¸ÀÏ ¿øÀü¿¡¼­ ¡®°£À½¡¯À̶õ ¸»ÀÌ ¶ÇÇÑ ¹æÅÁÇÔÀ» ÀǹÌÇÏ´Â ¸»·Î¼­ Ç¥ÇöµÈ´Ù¸é, ±× Àǹ̴ ºÐ¸íÇØÁø´Ù.

What has so often happened in such cases occurred again this time. The text confirmed my supposition so that no further doubt about it was possible.

ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ °æ¿ì¿¡ ÈçÈ÷ ÀÏ¾î ³ª´ø ÀÏÀÌ À̹ø¿¡µµ ´Ù½Ã ÀϾ´Ù. ¿øÀüÀÌ ³ªÀÇ ÃßÁ¤À» È®½ÅÇÏ¿© ÁÖ¾úÀ¸¹Ç·Î ±×·± ÃßÁ¤ ´ëÇÑ ¾î¶² ´õ ÀÌ»óÀÇ Àǽɵµ ºÒ°¡´ÉÇß´Ù.

The first thing that caught my eye on looking at the Greek text was that the word is translated by the same word 'fornication' that is used to translate the word, , which is quite a different word. But perhaps these words are synonymous, or are used in the Gospels alterna¡©tively? I looked up all the dictionaries, both the general dictionary and the Gospel dictionary, and I saw that the word which corresponds to the Hebrew zono, and to the Latin fornicatio, the Ger¡©man Hurerei, French libertinage, and the English 'incontinence', has a most definite meaning, and never in any dictionary has meant or can mean the act of fornication, adultere, Ehebruch, as it is trans¡©lated. It means a sinful condition or quality, and never an action, and should not be translated by 'fornication'. Moreover, I see that the word 'adultery', and 'to commit adultery', is everywhere in the Gospels, and even in these verses, represented by the word . And I only had to correct this evidently intentional error in translation for the meaning given by the commentators on this passage and on the passage in chap. xix to become quite impossible, and for it to become indubitable that relates to the husband.

±×¸®½º¾î ¿øÀüÀ» ÃÄ´Ùº¸¾ÒÀ» ¶§ ³ªÀÇ ½Ã¼±À» ²ö ù¹øÂ°ÀÇ °ÍÀº, °¡, »ó´çÈ÷ ´Ù¸¥ ¸»ÀÎ ¸¦ ¹ø¿ªÇÒ ¶§ »ç¿ëµÇ´Â, ¡®°£À½¡¯°ú ¶È °°Àº ¸»¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­ ¹ø¿ªµÈ´Ù´Â °ÍÀ̾ú´Ù. ±×·¸´Ù¸é ÀÌ ¸»µéÀº µ¿ÀǾîÀ̰ųª, º¹À½¼­¿¡¼­ ´ëü¾î·Î¼­ »ç¿ëµÇ´Â °ÍÀϱî? ³ª´Â ÀÏ¹Ý »çÀüÀº ¹°·Ð º¹À½ »çÀü±îÁö ¸ðµç »çÀüµéÀ» ã¾Æ º¸¾Ò´Ù, ±×¸®ÇÏ¿©, ´Â, È÷ºê¸®¾î·Î zono, ±×¸®°í ¶óƾ¾î·Î fornicatio, µ¶ÀϾî·Î Hurerei, ºÒ¾î·Î libertinage, ¹× ¿µ¾î·Î incontinence¿Í ÀÏÄ¡ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ¸·Î, ¸Å¿ì ¸íÈ®ÇÑ Àǹ̸¦ °¡Áö°í ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ¹ø¿ªµÇ¾î ÀÖ´Â °Íó·³, °áÄÚ ¾î¶² »çÀü¿¡¼­µµ °£À½ ÇàÀ§, adultere, Ehebruch¸¦ ÀǹÌÇ߰ųª ÀǹÌÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ¾Ë¾Ò´Ù. ±×°ÍÀº Á˸¦ ÁöÀº »óųª ¼ºÁúÀ» ÀǹÌÇϸç, °áÄÚ ÇàÀ§¸¦ ÀǹÌÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀ¸¸ç, ¡®°£À½¡¯À¸·Î ¹ø¿ªµÉ ¼ö ¾ø´Ù. ¶ÇÇÑ, ¡®°£À½¡¯, ±×¸®°í ¡®°£À½À» ÇÏ´Ù¡¯´Â ¸»Àº º¹À½¼­ ¾î´À °÷¿¡³ª ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ½ÉÁö¾î ÀÌ·± ±¸Àý µé¿¡¼­ ¶ó´Â ¸»·Î ³ªÅ¸³»¾ú´Ù. ±×·¡¼­ ³ª´Â ÀÌ ±¸Àý°ú 19ÀåÀÇ ±¸Àý¿¡ °üÇÏ¿© ÁÖ¼®°¡¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­ ÁÖ¾îÁø Àǹ̰¡ ºÒ°¡´ÉÇϵµ·Ï, ±×¸®°í ±×°ÍÀÌ ÀÇȤÀÌ ¾ø¾îÁ®¼­ °¡ ³²Æí¿¡°Ô °ü·Ã µÇµµ·Ï, ¹ø¿ª¿¡ À־ ÀÌ·± ¸í¹éÇÑ ÀǵµÀûÀÎ ¿À·ù¸¦ ¹Ù·ÎÀâ¾Æ¾ß¸¸ Çß´Ù.

The translation anyone knowing Greek would make is this: -besides, - the guilt, - of dissoluteness, - causes, her, - to commit adultery; and the result is, word for word: 'he who puts away his wife, be¡©sides the sin of dissoluteness, causes her to commit adultery.'

´ÙÀ½Àº ±×¸®½º¾î¸¦ ¾Æ´Â ´©±¸¶óµµ ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ¹ø¿ªÀÌ´Ù: - À̿ܿ¡, - Á˾Ç, ¹æÁ¾ÀÇ, - ¡¦ÇϰÔÇÏ´Ù, - ±×³àÀÇ, - °£À½ÇÏ´Ù; °á°ú´Â ´ÙÀ½°ú °°´Ù: ¡®¹æÅÁÀÇ ÁË À̿ܿ¡ ¾Æ³»¿Í ÀÌÈ¥ÇÏ´Â ÀÚ´Â ¾Æ³»¿¡°Ô °£À½ÇÏ°Ô ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ̴϶ó.¡¯

The same sense is found in ch. xix. One need but correct the erroneous translation of the word , and replace the word 'fornication' by the word 'dissoluteness', for it to become plain that the words: cannot refer to the wife. And as the words can only mean 'besides the husband's sin of dissoluteness', so the   in ch. xix can only refer to the husband's dissoluteness. The words are- , word for word: 'if not from dissolute¡©ness.' And this meaning appears: that Christ, replying in this passage to the belief of the Pharisees, who supposed that if a man left his wife, not to live dissolutely but in order to marry another woman, he was not committing adultery- Christ says that the leaving of one's wife, i.e. the cessation of marital relations with her, even if not occasioned by dis¡©soluteness, but done for the sake of marriage- union with another, is also adultery. And a plain meaning results which accords with the whole teaching, with the context, with the grammar, and with logic.

¶È °°Àº Àǹ̰¡ 19Àå¿¡¼­µµ ¹ß°ßµÈ´Ù. ¿ì¸®´Â ¿ÀÁ÷ À߸øµÈ ¸»ÀÎ ÀÇ À߸øµÈ ¹ø¿ªÀ» ±³Á¤Çϰí, ¡®°£À½¡¯À̶õ ¸»À» ¡®¹æÁ¾¡¯À¸·Î ¹Ù²Ù¸é, ´Â ¾Æ³»¿¡°Ô Àû¿ëÇÒ ¼ö ¾øÀ½ÀÌ ºÐ¸íÇØÁø´Ù. ±×¸®°í ´Â ¿ÀÁ÷ ¡®³²ÆíÀÇ ¹æÅÁÇÑ ÁË¡¯¸¦ ÀǹÌÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù, ±×·¡¼­ 19ÀåÀÇ ´Â ¿ÀÁ÷ ³²ÆíÀÇ ¹æÁ¾ÇÔÀ» °¡¸®Å³ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ÀÌ ¸»Àº- À̰í, ÇѸ¶µð·Î: ¡®¸¸ÀÏ ¹æÁ¾ÇÔ¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­°¡ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó¸é¡¯À̶õ ¶æÀÌ´Ù. ±×¸®°í ÀÌ ±¸ÀýÀÇ Àǹ̴ ´ÙÀ½°ú °°À» °ÍÀÌ´Ù: ±×¸®½ºµµ´Â ÀÌ ±¸Àý¿¡¼­, ¸¸ÀÏ ¹æÁ¾½º·´°Ô »ì·Á°í ÇÔÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ´Ù¸¥ ¿©ÀÚ¿Í °áÈ¥ÇÏ·Á°í, ³²ÆíÀÌ ¾Æ³»¸¦ ¶°³­´Ù¸é, ±×´Â °£À½ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó´Â ¹Ù¸®»õÀεéÀÇ ¹ÏÀ½¿¡ ´ë´äÇÑ °ÍÀ¸·Î- ±×¸®½ºµµ´Â Àڱ⠾Ƴ»¸¦ ¹ö¸®´Â °Í, Áï, ±×³à¿ÍÀÇ ºÎºÎ°ü°è¸¦ Áß´ÜÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº, ½ÉÁö¾î ¹æÁ¾ÇÔÀÌ ¿øÀÎÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷°úÀÇ °áÈ¥À» ¸ñÀûÀ¸·Î ÇàÇØÁø´Ù ÇÏ´õ¶óµµ, ¿ª½Ã °£À½ÇÔÀ̶ó°í ¸»ÇÑ´Ù. ±×¸®ÇÏ¿© Àüü ÀǹÌ, ¹®¸Æ, ¹®¹ý, ±×¸®°í ³í¸®¿Í ÀÏÄ¡µÇ´Â °£´ÜÇÑ Àǹ̷Π±Í°áµÈ´Ù.

And this clear and simple meaning, flowing from the words themselves and from the whole teaching, I had to discover with the greatest difficulty. In¡©deed, read the verse in German or in French, where it is plainly said pour cause d'infidelite, and, a mains que cela ne soit pour cause d'infidelite, and can you guess that it means something quite different? The word parektov", which in all the dictionaries means excepte, ausgenommen, besides, is translated by a whole sentence- a mains que cela ne soit; the word porneiva" is translated infidelite, Ehebruch, fornication. And on this intentional perversion of the text rests an inter¡©pretation which infringes the moral, religious, grammatical, and logical sense of Christ's words.

±×·¯¹Ç·Î ¸» ÀÚü·ÎºÎÅÍ ±×¸®°í Àüü Àǹ̷κÎÅÍ Èê·¯ ³ª¿À´Â, ÀÌÅä·Ï ¸í·áÇÏ°í ´Ü¼øÇÑ Àǹ̸¦, ³ª´Â ¾öû³­ ¾î·Á¿ò ³¡¿¡ ¹ß°ßÇØ¾ß¸¸ Çß´Ù. Á¤¸», µ¶ÀϾ ºÒ¾î·Î ¹ø¿ªµÈ ±¸ÀýÀ» Àо¶ó, ±×°÷¿¡´Â ´Ü¼øÈ÷ pour cause d¡¯infidelite, ±×¸®°í, a mains que cela ne soit pour cause d¡¯infidelite¶ó°í ¸»ÇÑ´Ù, ±×·¯¸é ±×°ÍÀÌ ÀüÇô ´Ù¸¥ °ÍÀ» ÀǹÌÇÑ´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ÁüÀÛÇÒ ¼ö Àְڴ°¡? ¶ó´Â ¸»Àº, ¸ðµç »çÀü¿¡¼­ excepte, ausgenommen, besides¸¦ ÀǹÌÇϴµ¥, Àüü ¹®Àåa moins que cela ne soitÀ¸·Î ¹ø¿ªµÇ¸ç; ´Â infidelite, Ehebruch, °£À½À¸·Î ¹ø¿ªµÈ´Ù. ±×¸®°í ÀÌ·± °íÀÇÀûÀÎ ¿ø¹®ÀÇ ¿Ö°î À§¿¡ ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ ¸»¾¸ÀÇ µµ´öÀû, Á¾±³Àû, ¹®¹ýÀû, ±×¸®°í ³í¸®Àû Àǹ̰¡ ³õ¿©ÀÖ´Ù.

Again I was confirmed in the terrible but joyful truth that the meaning of Christ's teaching is plain and simple and its statements are important, but that interpretations of it, based on a wish to justify existing evil, have so obscured it that it has to be rediscovered with difficulty. It became plain to me that if the Gospels had been discovered half burnt or obliterated it would have been easier to recover their meaning than it is now, when dishonest interpretations have been applied to them with the direct purpose of perverting and hiding the meaning of the teaching. In this case it was still plainer than in the former that some private aim of justifying the divorce of some Ivan the Terrible had been the reason for obscuring the whole doctrine of marriage.

³ª´Â ´Ù½Ã, ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§Àº ¸íÈ®ÇÏ°í ´Ü¼øÇÏ¸ç ±×ÀÇ ¸íÁ¦´Â Áß¿äÇÏÁö¸¸, ±×°ÍÀÇ ÇØ¼®µéÀº, ±âÁ¸ÀÇ ¾ÇÀ» Á¤´çÈ­ÇÏ·Á´Â Èñ¸Á À§¿¡ ¹ÙÅÁÀ» µÎ°í¼­, °¡¸£Ä§À» ³Ê¹«³ª ¸ðÈ£ÇÏ°Ô ¸¸µé¾î¼­ ¾î·Á¿ò ³¡¿¡ Àç¹ß°ßµÇ¾î¾ß Çß´Ù´Â, ¹«¼·°íµµ ±â»Û Áø¸®¸¦ È®ÀÎÇÏ¿´´Ù. ¸¸ÀÏ º¹À½¼­µéÀÌ Àý¹ÝÀÌ ºÒŸ°Å³ª Á¦°ÅµÇ¾ú´Ù¸é ±×°ÍµéÀÇ Àǹ̸¦ µÇãÀ½ÀÌ, ºñ¾ç½ÉÀûÀÎ ÇØ¼®µéÀÌ °¡¸£Ä§ÀÇ Àǹ̸¦ ¿Ö°îÇÏ°í ¼û±â·Á´Â ³ë°ñÀûÀÎ ¸ñÀûÀ¸·Î Àû¿ëµÇ°í ÀÖ´Â, Áö±Ýº¸´Ù´Â ½¬¿üÀ» °ÍÀÓÀÌ ³»°Ô ¸í¹éÇØÁ³´Ù. Æø±º À̹ݰú °°Àº ÀÚµéÀÌ ÀÌÈ¥À» Á¤´çÈ­ÇÏ·Á´Â ¾î¶² °³ÀÎÀûÀÎ ¸ñÀûÀÌ °áÈ¥¿¡ °üÇÑ Àüü ±³¸®¸¦ È帮°Ô ÇÑ ÀÌÀ¯°¡ µÇ¾î¿Ô´ø °ú°Åº¸´Ù´Â, ÀÌ °æ¿ì°¡ ÈξÀ ½¬¿ü´Ù.

As soon as one rejects the commentaries, in place of what was obscure and indefinite the definite and clear second commandment of Christ reveals itself.

¿ì¸®°¡ ÁÖ¼®µéÀ» °ÅºÎÇÏÀÚ ¸¶ÀÚ, ¸ðÈ£ÇÏ°í ¸·¿¬ÇÏ´ø ±¸Àý ´ë½Å¿¡ ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ Á¤È®ÇÏ°í ¸í·áÇÑ Á¦ 2ÀÇ °è¸íÀÌ ³ªÅ¸³­´Ù.

Do not make the desire for sexual relations into an amusement; let every man, if he is not a eunuch- that is, if he needs sexual relations- have a wife, and each wife a husband, and let the husband have only one wife and the wife only one husband, and under no pretext infringe the sexual union of one with the other.

¼º °ü°è¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¿å±¸¸¦ Äè¶ôÀ¸·Î »ïÁö ¸»¶ó; ¸ðµç ³²ÀÚ°¡, ¸¸ÀÏ ¼ººÒ±¸°¡ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó¸é- Áï, ±×°¡ ¼º °ü°èµéÀ» ÇÊ¿ä·Î ÇÑ´Ù¸é- ¾Æ³»¸¦, °¢°¢ÀÇ ¾Æ³»´Â ³²ÆíÀ» °¡Áö°Ô Ç϶ó, ±×¸®°í ³²ÆíµéÀº ¿ÀÁ÷ ÇÑ ¾Æ³»¸¦ ±×¸®°í ¾Æ³»´Â ¿ÀÁ÷ ÇÑ ³²ÆíÀ» °¡Áö°Ô Ç϶ó, ±×¸®°í ¾î¶² ±¸½Ç·Îµµ ÀüÀÚ¿Í ÈÄÀÚÀÇ ¼ºÀûÀÎ °áÇÕÀ» ÆÄ±«Çؼ­´Â ¾È µÈ´Ù.

Immediately after the second commandment comes again a reference to the ancient law, and the third commandment is set forth (Matt. v. 33-7): 'Again, ye have heard that it hath been said by them of old time, Thou shalt not forswear thyself, but shalt perform unto the Lord thine oaths [Lev. xix. 12; Deut. xxiii. 21]: but I say unto you, Swear not at all; neither by heaven, for it is God's throne: nor by the earth; for it is his footstool: neither by Jerusalem; for it is the city of the great King. Neither shalt thou swear by thy head, because thou canst not make one hair white or black. But your speech shall be. Yea, yea; Nay, nay: for whatsoever is more than these is of the evil one.'

Á¦ 2 °è¸í¿¡ ¹Ù·Î µÚ À̾ ´Ù½Ã ¿¾ À²¹ý¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÂüÁ¶°¡ ³ªÅ¸³­´Ù, ±×¸®°í Á¦ 3ÀÇ °è¸íÀÌ Á¦½ÃµÈ´Ù (¸¶Åº¹À½ 5Àå 33-7Àý): ¡®¶Ç ¿¾»ç¶÷¿¡°Ô ¸»ÇÑ ¹Ù Çê¸Í¼¼¸¦ ÇÏÁö ¸»°í ³× ¸Í¼¼ÇÑ °ÍÀ» ÁÖ²² Áö۶ó ÇÏ¿´´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ³ÊÈñ°¡ µé¾úÀ¸³ª[·¹À§±â19Àå 12Àý, ½Å¸í±â 23Àå 21Àý] ³ª´Â ³ÊÈñ¿¡°Ô À̸£³ë´Ï µµ¹«Áö ¸Í¼¼ÇÏÁö ¸»Âî´Ï Çϴ÷εµ ¸»¶ó ÀÌ´Â Çϳª´ÔÀÇ º¸ÁÂÀÓÀÌ¿ä ¶¥À¸·Îµµ ¸»¶ó ÀÌ´Â Çϳª´ÔÀÇ ¹ßµî»óÀÓÀÌ¿ä ¿¹·ç»ì·½À¸·Îµµ ¸»¶ó ÀÌ´Â Å« ÀÓ±ÝÀÇ ¼ºÀÓÀÌ¿ä ³× ¸Ó¸®·Îµµ ¸»¶ó ÀÌ´Â ³×°¡ ÇÑ ÅÍ·°µµ Èñ°í °Ë°Ô ÇÒ ¼ö ¾øÀ½À̴϶ó. ¿ÀÁ÷ ³ÊÈñ ¸»Àº ¿Ç´Ù ¿Ç´Ù ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ¾Æ´Ï¶ó Ç϶ó ÀÌ¿¡¼­ Áö³ª´Â °ÍÀº ¾ÇÀ¸·Î ÂѾƳª´À´Ï¶ó.¡¯

This passage when I had read it before had always perplexed me. It did so, not by its obscurity (as did the passage about divorce), nor by contra¡©dicting other passages (as did the sanction of anger with a cause), nor by the difficulty of fulfilling it (as with the passage about offering the other cheek); on the contrary, it perplexed me by its clearness, simplicity, and ease. Side by side with rules the profundity and importance of which terrified and touched me, one suddenly found such an un¡©necessary, empty, easy rule, which was of no conse¡©quence to me or to others. As it was, I swore neither by Jerusalem, nor by God, nor by anything else, and it cost me no effort to abstain: besides which it seemed to me that whether I swore or not could have no importance to anyone. And wishing to find an explanation of this rule which perplexed me by its ease, I turned to the interpreters; and this time the interpreters really helped me.

ÀÌ ±¸ÀýÀº ÀÌ Àü¿¡ ³»°¡ ±×°ÍÀ» ÀÐÀ» ¶§¸é ¾ðÁ¦³ª ³ª¸¦ ´çȤÇÏ°Ô ÇÏ¿´´Ù. ±×·¸Áö¸¸, ±×°ÍÀÇ ¸ðÈ£ÇÔµµ(ÀÌÈ¥¿¡ °üÇÑ ±¸ÀýÀÌ ±×·¨µíÀÌ), ´Ù¸¥ ±¸Àýµé°úÀÇ ¸ð¼øµµ(ÀÌÀ¯ÀÖ´Â ºÐ³ëÀÇ Çã¶ô¿¡¼­ ±×·¨µíÀÌ), ±×°ÍÀ» ÀÌÇàÇÔÀÇ ¾î·Á¿òµµ(´Ù¸¥ »´À» ³»¹Ì´Â ±¸Àýó·³) ¾Æ´Ï¾ú´Ù; ¹Ý´ë·Î, ±×°ÍÀº ±× ¸í·áÇÔ, ´Ü¼øÇÔ, ±×¸®°í Æí¾ÈÇÔÀ¸·Î ³ª¸¦ ´çȤÇÏ°Ô ÇÏ¿´´Ù. ½É¿ÀÇÔ°ú Áß¿äÇÔÀ¸·Î ³ª¸¦ ³î¶ó°Ô ÇÏ°í °¨µ¿À» ÁÖ´Â ±ÔÄ¢µé°ú ³ª¶õÈ÷ ÀÖ´Â, ¿ì¸®°¡ °©Àڱ⠱×Åä·Ï ºÒÇÊ¿äÇϸç, °øÇãÇϰí, ½¬¿î ±ÔÄ¢À» ¹ß°ßÇß´Ù, ±×¸®°í ±×°ÍÀº ³ª¿¡°Ô³ª ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô ¾Æ¹«·± Àǹ̰¡ ¾ø´Ù. »ç½ÇÀº, ³ª´Â ¿¹·ç»ì·½À̳ª, Çϳª´Ô À̸§À̳ª, ´Ù¸¥ ¾î¶² °ÍÀ¸·Îµµ ¸Í¼¼ÇÏÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù, ±×¸®°í ³»°¡ »ï°¡´Âµ¥ ¾Æ¹«·± ³ë·Âµµ µéÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù: ±× »Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, ³»°¡ ´À³¢±â·Î´Â ³»°¡ ¸Í¼¼ÇϵçÁö ¸»µçÁö ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô´Â ¾Æ¹«·± Àǹ̵µ ¾ø´Â °Íó·³ º¸¿´´Ù. ±×¸®°í ³Ê¹« ½¬¿î ¹Ù¶÷¿¡ ³ª¸¦ ´çȤÇÏ°Ô ÇÏ´Â ÀÌ ±ÔÄ¢¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¼³¸íÀ» ã°íÀÚ, ³ª´Â ÁÖ¼®°¡µé¿¡°Ô µµ¿òÀ» ûÇß´Ù; ±×¸®°í ÀÌ ¹ø¿¡´Â Á¤¸»·Î ÁÖ¼®°¡µéÀÌ ³ª¿¡°Ô µµ¿òÀÌ µÇ¾ú´Ù.

They all see in these words a confirmation of the third commandment of Moses- not to swear by the name of God. They explain these words to mean that Christ, like Moses, forbids us to pronounce God's name in vain. But besides this the interpreters also explain that this law of Christ's- not to swear-  is not always obligatory and does not relate at all to an oath of loyalty which each citizen gives to those who hold authority; and texts are selected from Holy Writ not to confirm the direct meaning of Christ's injunction, but to prove that it may and should be disobeyed.

±×µéÀº ¸ðµÎ ÀÌ ¸»¿¡¼­ ¸ð¼¼ÀÇ Á¦ 3 °è¸í- Çϳª´ÔÀÇ À̸§À¸·Î ¸Í¼¼ÇÏÁö ¸»¶ó- À» È®ÀÎÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù°í ÀÌÇØÇß´Ù. ±×µéÀº ÀÌ ¸»µéÀÌ ±×¸®½ºµµ°¡, ¸ð¼¼Ã³·³, ¿ì¸®¿¡°Ô Çϳª´ÔÀÇ À̸§À» ÇêµÇÀÌ ºÎ¸£Áö ¸»¶ó°í ÇÔÀ» ÀǹÌÇÑ´Ù°í ¼³¸íÇÑ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ¿©±â¿¡ µ¡ºÙ¿©¼­ ÁÖ¼®°¡µéÀº ¶ÇÇÑ ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ ÀÌ À²¹ý- ¸Í¼¼ÇÏÁö ¸»¶ó- Àº ¾ðÁ¦³ª Àǹ«ÀûÀÎ °ÍÀº ¾Æ´Ï¸ç, ±Ç·ÂÀ» Áö´Ñ »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô °¢°¢ÀÇ ½Ã¹ÎÀÌ ÇàÇÏ´Â Ãæ¼ºÀÇ ¼­¾à°ú´Â ÀüÇô °ü°è ¾øÀ¸¸ç, ¿ø¹®µéÀº ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ ¸í·ÉÀÇ ¸í¹éÇÑ Àǹ̸¦ È®ÀÎÇϱâ À§Çؼ­°¡ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, ÀÌÇàÇÒ ¼ö µµ ÀÖ°í ÀÌÇàÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀ» ¼öµµ ÀÖÀ½À» Áõ¸íÇϱâ À§Çؼ­ ¼±ÅÃµÈ´Ù°í ¼³¸íÇÑ´Ù.

It is said that Christ himself confirmed an oath in a court of law when in reply to the High Priest's words, 'I adjure thee by the living God', he replied, 'Thou hast said'. It is said that the apostle Paul called God to witness the truth of his words, which is evidently the same as an oath; it is said that oaths were enjoined by the law of Moses and that God did not abolish these oaths; it is said that it is only vain, pharisaical, hypocritical oaths that are abolished.

±×¸®½ºµµ Àڽŵµ ¹ýÁ¤¿¡¼­ ¡®³ª´Â »ì¾ÆÀÖ´Â Çϳª´ÔÀÇ À̸§À¸·Î ¸Í¼¼ÄÚ ³Ê¿¡°Ô ¸íÇÑ´Ù¡¯´Â ´ëÁ¦»çÀåÀÇ ¸»¿¡, ¡®³ÊÈñ´Â ¸»ÇÏ¿´´Ù¡¯¶ó°í ´ë´äÇß´Ù°í ¸»ÇÑ´Ù. »çµµ ¹Ù¿ïµµ ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ¸»ÀÇ Áø¸®¸¦ Áõ°ÅÇϱâ À§ÇØ Çϳª´ÔÀ» ºÒ·¶À¸¸ç, ±×°ÍÀº ¸í¹éÈ÷ ¸Í¼¼¿Í µ¿ÀÏÇÏ´Ù°í ¸»ÇÑ´Ù; ¸Í¼¼´Â ¸ð¼¼°¡ ¸í·ÉÇÏ¿´À¸¸ç, Çϳª´ÔÀº ÀÌ ¸Í¼¼µéÀ» ÆóÁöÇÏÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù°í ÇÑ´Ù; ¿ÀÁ÷ ÇêµÇ¸ç, ¹Ù¸®»õÀεé°ú °°Àº, À§¼±ÀûÀÎ ¸Í¼¼µéÀÌ ÆóÁöµÈ´Ù°í ¸»ÇÑ´Ù.

And on understanding the meaning and aim of these explanations I understood that Christ's in¡©junction concerning oaths is not at all so insignifi¡©cant, easy, and unimportant as it had seemed to me when, among the oaths prohibited by Christ, I had not included oaths demanded by the State.

±×¸®°í ÀÌ·± ¼³¸íµéÀÇ ÀÇ¹Ì¿Í ¸ñÀûÀ» ±ú´Þ¾ÒÀ» ¶§, ±¹°¡°¡ ¿ä±¸ÇÏ´Â ¸Í¼¼µéÀ» ³»°¡ Æ÷ÇÔÇÏÁö ¾Ê¾ÒÀ» ¶§ ³ª¿¡°Ô ´À²¸Á³´ø °Íº¸´Ù, ¸Í¼¼¿¡ °üÇÑ ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ ±ÝÁö°¡ °áÄÚ »ç¼Ò Çϰųª Áß¿äÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀº °ÍÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ±ú´Þ¾Ò´Ù.

And I asked myself: Is it not said here that the oath is also forbidden for which the Church com¡©mentators are so anxious to make an exception? Is not the oath here forbidden, that very oath without which the separation of men into nations is im¡©possible and without which a military class is im¡©possible? Soldiers are those who do all the violence, and they call themselves 'the sworn'. Were I to ask the Grenadier how he solves the contradiction between the Gospels and the military code he would tell me that he has been sworn in: that is to say, has taken an oath on the Gospels. Such replies have always been given me by military men. So necessary is an oath for the organization of the terrible evil which is produced by violence and war, that in France, where Christianity is officially re¡©jected, the oath is nevertheless retained. Indeed if Christ had not said 'Swear not at all', he ought to have said it. He came to destroy evil, and had he not abolished the oath this enormous evil would have remained in the world. Perhaps it will be said that in the time of Christ that evil was not noticeable. But this is untrue: Epictetus and Seneca spoke about not taking an oath to anyone; in the laws of Manu that rule is found. Why should I say that Christ did not see this evil? And especially when he said this so directly, clearly, and even minutely.

±×¸®°í ³ª´Â Àڽſ¡°Ô ¹°¾ú´Ù: ¿©±â¿¡¼­µµ ±³È¸ÀÇ ÁÖ¼®°¡µéÀÌ ±×Åä·Ï ¾Ö½á¼­ ¿¹¿Ü¸¦ µÎ°í ÀÖ´Â ¸Í¼¼µµ ¶ÇÇÑ ±ÝÁöÇÑ´Ù°í ¸»ÇÑ °ÍÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï°Ú´Â°¡? ¿©±â¼­µµ ¸Í¼¼´Â ±ÝÁöµÇÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´Â°¡, ±×¸®°í ¹Ù·Î ±× ¸Í¼¼°¡ ¾ø´Ù¸é »ç¶÷µéÀ» ±¹°¡µé·Î ³ª´­ ¼öµµ ¾ø°í, ±×°ÍÀÌ ¾ø´Ù¸é ±ºÀÎ °è±Þµµ ºÒ°¡´ÉÇÑ °ÍÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï°Ú´Â°¡? ±ºÀεéÀº Æø·ÂÀ» Çà»çÇÏ´Â ÀÚµéÀÌ´Ù, ±×¸®°í ±×µéÀº ½º½º·Î¸¦ ¡®¸Í¼¼ÇÑ ÀÚ¡¯¶ó°í ºÎ¸¥´Ù. ¸¸ÀÏ ³»°¡ ±ÙÀ§º´¿¡°Ô º¹À½¼­¿Í ±º¹ý »çÀÌÀÇ ¸ð¼øÀ» ¾î¶»°Ô ÇØ°áÇÏ´À³Ä°í ¹¯´Â´Ù¸é, ±×´Â ¸Í¼¼¸¦ ÇÏ¿´´Ù°í, Áï, º¹À½¼­¿¡ ¼ÕÀ» ¾ñ°í ¸Í¼¼¸¦ ÇÏ¿´´Ù°í ¸»ÇÒ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. Æø·Â°ú ÀüÀï¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­ »ý»êµÇ´Â ¹«¼­¿î ¾ÇÀÇ Á¶Á÷À» À§Çؼ­ ¸Í¼¼°¡ ³Ê¹«³ª ÇÊ¿äÇϹǷÎ, ÇÁ¶û½º¿¡¼­´Â ºñ·Ï ±âµ¶±³°¡ °ø½ÄÀûÀ¸·Î ±ÝÁöµÇ¾î ÀÖÀ½¿¡µµ, ¸Í¼¼°¡ °­¿äµÇ°í ÀÖ´Ù. ºñ·Ï ±×¸®½ºµµ°¡ ¡®µµ¹«Áö ¸Í¼¼ÇÏÁö ¸»¶ó¡¯°í ¸»ÇÏÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´õ¶óµµ, ±×´Â ±×·¸°Ô ¸»ÇØ¾ß ÇßÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ±×´Â ¾ÇÀ» ¸ê¸Á½ÃŰ·¯ ¼¼»ó¿¡ ¿Ô´Ù, ±×·±µ¥µµ ±×°¡ ¸Í¼¼¸¦ ÆóÁöÇÏÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù¸é, ÀÌ ¾öû³­ ¾ÇÀº ¼¼»ó¿¡ °è¼Ó Á¸ÀçÇÒ ¼ö ¹Û¿¡ ¾øÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ¾Æ¸¶ ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ ½ÃÀý¿¡´Â ±×·± ¾ÇÀÌ µÎµå·¯ÁöÁö ¾Ê¾ÒÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù¶ó°í ¸»ÇÒ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª »ç½ÇÀº ±×·¸Áö ¾Ê´Ù: ¿¡ÇÈÅ×Å佺¿Í ¼¼³×Ä«´Â ¾î´À ´©±¸¿¡°Ôµµ ¸Í¼¼ÇÏÁö ¸» °Í¿¡ ´ëÇØ ¸»Çß´Ù; ¸¶´© ¹ýÀü¿¡µµ ÀÌ °°Àº ¸í·ÉÀÌ º¸ÀδÙ. ³»°¡ ¾îÂîÇÏ¿© ±×¸®½ºµµ°¡ ÀÌ·± ¾ÇÀ» ±ú´ÝÁö ¸øÇß´Ù°í ¸»ÇÒ ¼ö°¡ Àְڴ°¡? ±×¸®°í ƯÈ÷ ±×°¡ ÀÌ·± ¸í·ÉÀ» ±×Åä·Ï Á÷Á¢ÀûÀ̰í, ¸í·áÇϸç, ½ÉÁö¾î´Â ¼¼¹ÐÇÏ°Ô ¸»ÇßÀ½¿¡µµ ±×·¸°Ô ¸»ÇÒ ¼ö Àְڴ°¡?

He said: Swear not at all. That expression is as simple, clear, and indubitable as the words 'Judge not and condemn not' and as little susceptible of misinterpretation, especially as it is added in con¡©clusion, that anything demanded of you beyond yes and no comes from the source of evil.

±×°¡ ¸»Çß´Ù: ¡®µµ¹«Áö ¸Í¼¼ÇÏÁö ¸»¶ó¡¯. ÀÌ Ç¥ÇöÀº ¡®½ÉÆÇÇÏÁö ¸»¶ó ±×¸®°í Á¤ÁËÇÏÁö ¸»¶ó¡¯´Â ¸»Ã³·³ ´Ü¼øÇϰí, ¸í·áÇϸç, È®½ÇÇÒ »Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, ƯÈ÷ °á·ÐÀûÀ¸·Î, ¡®¿¹¡¯ ±×¸®°í ¡®¾Æ´Ï¿À¡¯ ÀÌ»óÀ¸·Î ¿ì¸®¿¡°Ô¼­ ¿ä±¸ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº ¾ÇÀÇ ±Ù¿øÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ³ª¿Â´Ù°í µ¡ºÙÀÌ´Â °Í°ú °°ÀÌ, ¿ÀÇØÀÇ ¿©Áö°¡ ¾ø´Ù.

Really, if Christ's teaching is that one should always obey the will of God, how can a man swear to obey the will of man? The will of God may not coincide with the will of man. Indeed, in this very passage Christ says that very thing. He says, Swear not by thy head, for not only thy head but every hair of it, is in God's power. The same is said in the Epistle of James.

»ç½Ç, ¸¸ÀÏ ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§ÀÌ »ç¶÷Àº Ç×»ó Çϳª´ÔÀÇ ¶æÀ» ½ÇÇàÇØ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù´Â °ÍÀ̶ó¸é, ¾îÂî »ç¶÷ÀÇ ÀÇÁö¿¡ º¹Á¾ÇÏ°Ú´Ù°í ¸Í¼¼ÇÒ ¼ö Àְڴ°¡? Çϳª´ÔÀÇ ¶æÀº Àΰ£ÀÇ ÀÇÁö¿Í ÀÏÄ¡µÇÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù. ½ÇÁ¦ ÀÌ ±¸Àý¿¡¼­ ±×¸®½ºµµ Àڽŵµ ¹Ù·Î ±×¿Í °°Àº °ÍÀ» ¸»ÇÑ´Ù. ¡®³× ¸Ó¸®·Îµµ ¸»¶ó, ÀÌ´Â ³×°¡ ÇÑ ÅÍ·°µµ Èñ°í °Ë°Ô ÇÒ ¼ö ¾øÀ½ÀÌ¶ó¡¯°í ±×´Â ¸»Çϰí ÀÖ´Ù.

At the end of his Epistle, in conclusion, the Apostle James says (ch. v. 12): But above all things, my brethren, swear not, neither by the heaven, nor by the earth, nor by any other oath: but let your yea be yea, and your nay, nay; that ye fall not under judgment. The Apostle says plainly why one should not swear: the oath by itself appears innocent, but from it people fall under judgment, and therefore swear not at all. How could what is said both by Christ and by the Apostle be said more plainly?

°á·ÐÀûÀ¸·Î, »çµµ ¾ß°íº¸´Â ±×ÀÇ ¼­ÇÑÀÇ ¸¶Áö¸·¿¡¼­ ´ÙÀ½°ú °°ÀÌ ¸»ÇÑ´Ù(¾ß°íº¸¼­ 5Àå 12Àý): ¡®³» ÇüÁ¦µé¾Æ ¹«¾ùº¸´Ùµµ ¸Í¼¼ÇÏÁö ¸»Âî´Ï Çϴ÷γª ¶¥À¸·Î³ª ¾Æ¹« ´Ù¸¥ °ÍÀ¸·Îµµ ¸Í¼¼ÇÏÁö ¸»°í ¿ÀÁ÷ ³ÊÈñÀÇ ±×·¸´Ù ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº ±×·¸´Ù ÇÏ°í ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ÇÏ¿© ÁËÁ¤ÇÔÀ» ¸éÇ϶ó.¡¯ »çµµ ¾ß°íº¸´Â ¿ì¸®°¡ ¿Ö ¸Í¼¼¸¦ ÇÏÁö ¸»¾Æ¾ß ÇÏ´ÂÁö ºÐ¸íÇÏ°Ô ¸»ÇÑ´Ù: ¸Í¼¼ ±× ÀÚü´Â Á˰¡ ¾Æ´ÒÁö ¸ð¸£³ª ¸Í¼¼¸¦ ÅëÇØ¼­ ¿ì¸®´Â ½ÉÆÇÀ» ¹Þ´Â´Ù. ±×·¯¹Ç·Î µµ¹«Áö ¸Í¼¼¸¦ ÇÏÁö ¸»¶ó. ±×¸®½ºµµ¿Í »çµµ°¡ ¸»ÇÑ °Í ÀÌ»óÀ¸·Î ´õ ºÐ¸íÇÑ °ÍÀÌ ÀÖÀ» ¼ö Àְڴ°¡?

But I had been so entangled that I long asked myself in astonishment: Can it be that it means what it does mean? How is it that we are all made to swear on the Gospels? It is impossible!

±×·¯³ª ³ª´Â ³Ê¹«³ª ´çÈ²ÇØ¼­ ¿À·§µ¿¾È ³î¶ó¿ò ¼Ó¿¡¼­ ½º½º·Î ¹°¾ú´Ù: ±×°ÍÀÌ ÀǹÌÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ ÁøÁ¤ÇÑ ¶æÀÏ ¼ö ÀÖÀ»±î? ¾îÂîÇÏ¿© ¿ì¸® ¸ðµÎ°¡ º¹À½¼­¿¡ ¼ÕÀ» ¾ñ°í ¸Í¼¼¸¦ ÇØ¾ß¸¸ Çϴ°¡? ±×°ÍÀº ºÒ°¡´ÉÇÑ ÀÏÀÌ´Ù!

But I had already read the commentators and had seen how this impossibility was accomplished. As with the explanations of the words, Judge not, do not be angry with anybody, do not break the bond of husband and wife, so also here. We have established our ways of life, we like them and wish to consider them sacred. Then comes Christ, whom we consider to be God, but we do not wish to aban¡©don our ways of life. What are we to do? Where possible, slip in the words without a cause, and reduce the rule against anger to nothing; where possible, like the most unscrupulous of unjust judges, inter¡©pret the meaning of the articles of the law so as to make it mean the very reverse, and that instead of a command never to divorce one's wife it should mean that one may divorce her. And where, as in the case of the words Judge not, and condemn not, and swear not at all, it is quite impossible to misinterpret, act boldly and directly contrary to the teaching, affirming that we are obeying it. Indeed the chief obstacle to understanding that the Gospels forbid every vow, and especially every oath of allegiance, is that pseudo- Christian teachers with extraordinary effrontery oblige men, on the Gospels themselves, to swear by the Gospels- that is to say, oblige them to do what is contrary to the Gospels.

±×·¯³ª ³ª´Â ÀÌ¹Ì ÁÖÇØ¼­µéÀ» ÀоúÀ¸¸ç ÀÌ·± ºÒ°¡´ÉÇÔÀÌ ÀÌ·ç¾îÁø ¹æ¹ýÀ» ¾Ë¾Ò´Ù. ¡®½ÉÆÇÇÏÁö ¸»¶ó, ´©±¸¿¡°Ôµµ ºÐ³ëÇÏÁö ¸»¶ó, ³²Æí°ú ¾Æ³»ÀÇ °áÇÕÀ» ÆÄ±«ÇÏÁö ¸»¶ó¡¯ÀÇ ÇØ¼®µéó·³, ±×·¯ÇÑ ¿©±âµµ ¿ª½Ã ¸¶Âù°¡Áö ¿´´Ù. ¿ì¸®´Â ¿ì¸®ÀÇ »îÀÇ ¹æ¹ýµéÀ» È®¸³ÇÏ¿´´Ù, ¿ì¸®´Â ±×°Íµé¿¡ ¾ÖÂøÀ» ´À³¢¸ç ½Å¼ºÇÏ´Ù°í ¿©±â·Á ÇÑ´Ù. ±×·±µ¥ ±×¸®½ºµµ°¡ ¿Â´Ù, ±×´Â ¿ì¸®°¡ ¾Ë±â·Î Çϳª´ÔÀÌ´Ù, ±×·¯³ª ¿ì¸®´Â ¿ì¸®ÀÇ »îÀÇ ¹æ½ÄµéÀ» ¹ö¸®°í ½ÍÁö ¾Ê´Ù. ¿ì¸®´Â ¹«¾ùÀ» ÇØ¾ß Çϴ°¡? °¡´ÉÇÑ °÷¿¡ ¡®ÀÌÀ¯ ¾øÀÌ¡¯¶ó´Â ¸»À» »ðÀÔÇÏ¿© ºÐ³ë¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ±ÔÄ¢À» ¹«»ê½ÃÄѶó; °¡´ÉÇÑ °÷¿¡, ¸¶Ä¡ ÆíÆÄÀûÀÎ ¹ý°üµé °°ÀÌ °¡Àå ºñ¾ç½ÉÀûÀÎ »ç¶÷µéó·³, À²¹ýÀÇ Á¶Ç×µéÀÇ Àǹ̰¡ Á¤¹Ý´ë¸¦ ÀǹÌÇϵµ·Ï ÇØ¼®ÇÏ¿©¼­ ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ¾Æ³»¿Í °áÄÚ ÀÌÈ¥ÇÏÁö ¸»¶ó´Â ¸í·É ´ë½Å¿¡ ÀÌÈ¥ÇØµµ ÁÁ´Ù°í Ç϶ó. ±×¸®°í, ¡®½ÉÆÇÇÏÁö ¸»¶ó, Á¤ÁËÇÏÁö ¸»¶ó, ±×¸®°í °áÄÚ ¸Í¼¼ÇÏÁö ¸»¶ó¡¯ÀÇ °æ¿ìó·³, ¿Ö°îÇϱⰡ °ÅÀÇ ºÒ°¡´ÉÇÑ °÷¿¡¼­´Â, ¿ì¸®°¡ ±×°ÍÀ» ÁؼöÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù°í ÁÖÀåÇϸ鼭, ´ë´ãÇÏ°Ô ±×¸®°í Á¤¸éÀ¸·Î °¡¸£Ä§°ú ¹Ý´ë·Î ÇൿÇ϶ó. Áø½Ç·Î º¹À½¼­°¡ ¸ðµç ¸Í¼¼¸¦, ƯÈ÷ ¸ðµç Ãæ¼ºÀÇ ¸Í¼¼¸¦ ±ÝÁöÇÑ´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ÀÌÇØÇÔ¿¡ À־ ÁÖµÈ Àå¾Ö´Â, °ÅÁþ ±âµ¶±³ ±³»çµéÀÌ ´ë´ÜÇÑ »·»·½º·¯¿òÀ¸·Î, º¹À½¼­¿¡ ¼ÕÀ» ¾ñ°í¼­, º¹À½¼­¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­ ¸Í¼¼Çϵµ·Ï °­¿äÇÑ´Ù´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù- ´Ù½Ã ¸»Çϸé, ±×µé·Î ÇÏ¿©±Ý º¹À½¼­¿¡ ¹Ý´ëµÇ´Â °ÍÀ» ÇàÇϵµ·Ï °­¿äÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù.

How can it occur to a man who is obliged to swear on a cross, or on the Gospels, that the cross is sacred because on it he was crucified who forbade us to swear, and that when taking an oath one perhaps kisses, as what is sacred, the very place in the book where it clearly and definitely says: Swear not at all.

½ÊÀÚ°¡³ª º¹À½¼­¿¡ ¼ÕÀ» ¾ñ°í ¸Í¼¼ÇØ¾ß ÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷¿¡°Ô, ¸Í¼¼¸¦ ±ÝÁöÇÑ »ç¶÷ÀÌ ½ÊÀÚ°¡¿¡ ¸ø ¹ÚÇû±â ¶§¹®¿¡ ½ÊÀÚ°¡°¡ ½Å¼ºÇÏ´Ù´Â »ý°¢ÀÌ ¾îÂî µé ¼ö ÀÖ°ÚÀ¸¸ç, ¸Í¼¼¸¦ ÇÒ ¶§ ¾Æ¸¶µµ ½Å¼ºÇÏ´Ù°í Ű½ºÇÏ´Â ¹Ù·Î º¹À½¼­ÀÇ ¹Ù·Î ±× °÷¿¡¼­, ¡®µµ¹«Áö ¸Í¼¼ÇÏÁö ¸»¶ó¡¯°í ¸í·áÇÏ°í ¸íÈ®ÇÏ°Ô ¸»Çϰí ÀÖ´Ù´Â »ý°¢ÀÌ ¾îÂî µé ¼ö Àְڴ°¡?

But this effrontery no longer disconcerted me. I saw clearly that in Matt. v, verses 33 to 37, a definite and practicable third commandment is clearly expressed: Never take an oath to anyone, anywhere, about anything. Every oath is extorted for evil ends. Following this third commandment comes a fourth reference and a fourth command¡©ment (Matt. v. 38-42; Luke vi. 29, 30): 'Ye have heard that it was said, An eye for an eye, and a tooth for a tooth: but I say unto you. Resist not him that is evil: but whosoever smiteth thee on thy right cheek, turn to him the other also. And if any man would go to law with thee, and take away thy coat, let him have thy cloak also. And whosoever shall compel thee to go one mile, go with him twain. Give to him that asketh thee, and from him that would borrow of thee turn not thou away.'

±×·¯³ª ÀÌ·± »·»·½º·¯¿òÀº ´õ ÀÌ»ó ³ª¸¦ ³î¶ó°Ô ÇÏÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù. ³ª´Â ¸¶Åº¹À½ 5Àå 33~37¿¡¼­, ¸íÈ®ÇÏ°í ½ÇÇà °¡´ÉÇÑ Á¦ 3ÀÇ °è¸íÀÌ ¸í¹éÇÏ°Ô Ç¥ÇöµÈ´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ±ú´Þ¾Ò´Ù: ¾î´À ´©±¸¿¡°Ô³ª, ¾î´À °÷¿¡¼­³ª, ¾î´À °Í¿¡ ´ëÇØ¼­µµ ¸Í¼¼ÇÏÁö ¸»¶ó. ¸ðµç ¸Í¼¼´Â ¾ÇÇÑ ¸ñÀûÀ¸·Î °­Á¦µÈ´Ù. ÀÌ¿Í °°Àº 3ÀÇ °è¸í¿¡ µÚÀ̾ ³× ¹øÂ° ÂüÁ¶¿Í Á¦ 4 °è¸íÀÌ ³ª¿Â´Ù(¸¶Åº¹À½ 5Àå 38-42Àý; ´©°¡º¹À½ 6Àå 29,30Àý): ¡®´«Àº ´«À¸·Î, ÀÌ´Â ÀÌ·Î °±À¸¶ó ÇÏ¿´´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ³ÊÈñ°¡ µé¾úÀ¸³ª ³ª´Â ³ÊÈñ¿¡°Ô À̸£³ë´Ï ¾ÇÇÑÀÚ¸¦ ´ëÀûÄ¡ ¸»¶ó. ´©±¸µçÁö ³× ¿À¸¥Æí »´À» Ä¡°Åµç ¿ÞÆíµµ µ¹·Á´ë¸ç, ¶Ç ³Ê¸¦ ¼Û»çÇÏ¿© ¼Ó¿ÊÀ» °¡Áö°íÀÚ ÇÏ´Â ÀÚ¿¡°Ô °Ñ¿Ê±îÁöµµ °¡Áö°Ô ÇÏ¸ç ¶Ç ´©±¸µçÁö ³Ê·Î ¾ïÁö·Î ¿À¸®¸¦ °¡°Ô ÇÏ°Åµç ±× »ç¶÷°ú ½Ê¸®¸¦ µ¿ÇàÇÏ°í ³×°Ô ±¸ÇÏ´Â ÀÚ¿¡°Ô °ÅÀýÇÏÁö ¸»¶ó.¡¯

I have already spoken of the direct and definite meaning of these words and of the fact that we have no right to give them an allegorical interpretation. The commentaries on these words, from St. John Chrysostom till today, are truly amazing. These words please everybody, and in references to them they make all kinds of profound conjectures, ex¡©cepting one only, namely, that the words have their plain meaning. The Church commentators, not at all embarrassed by the authority of him whom they call God, most calmly restrict the meaning of his words. They say: 'It is, of course, understood that all these commandments about enduring wrongs, about renouncing revenge, are in fact directed against the Jewish spirit of relentlessness, and do not prohibit either public measures for restricting evil and punishing evil-doers, or the private, personal exertions and efforts of each individual to maintain the inviolability of his rights, to correct wrong¡©doers, and to deprive ill-intentioned men of the possibility of harming others; for otherwise the spiritual laws of the Saviour would themselves in the Jewish way become mere words, and might serve to promote the success of evil and the sup¡©pression of virtue. A Christian's love should be like God's love; but the divine love refrains from limiting and punishing evil only so long as it remains within limits more or less innocuous to God's glory and to the safety of one's neighbors; in the contrary case evil should be limited and punished, a duty which is specially incumbent on the Government.' (The Annotated Gospel of the Archimandrite Michael, which is all based on the commentaries of the Fathers of the Church.) The learned and free-thinking Christians are also not embarrassed by the meaning of Christ's words and correct him. They say that this is a very lofty saying, but one lacking in any possible application to life; for an application to life of the law of non-resistance to evil destroys the whole order of life which we have so admirably arranged: so say Renan, Strauss, and all the free-thinking commentators.

³ª´Â ÀÌ¹Ì ÀÌ·± ¸»µéÀÇ Á÷Á¢ÀûÀÌ¸ç ¸íÈ®ÇÑ ÀÇ¹Ì¿Í ¿ì¸®´Â ±×°Íµé¿¡ ¾î¶² ºñÀ¯ÀûÀÎ ÇØ¼®À» ºÎ¿©ÇÒ ¾Æ¹«·± ±Ç¸®µµ ¾øÀ½À» ¸»Çß´Ù. Å©¸®¼­½ºÅèºÎÅÍ ¿À´Ã³¯¿¡ À̸£±â±îÁö, ÀÌ ¸»µé¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÁÖÇØµéÀº Áø½Ç·Î ³î¶ó¿î °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ÀÌ ¸»µéÀº ¸ðµç »ç¶÷À» Áñ°Ì°Ô ÇØÁØ´Ù, ±×¸®°í ´Ü ÇѰ¡Áö, Áï ÀÌ ¸»µéÀÌ °¡Áø ¸í¹éÇÑ Àǹ̸¦ Á¦¿ÜÇϰí´Â, ÀÌ ¸»µéÀ» ÂüÁ¶ÇÏ¿©, ¿Â°® ½É¿ÀÇÑ ¾ïÃøµéÀ» ¸¸µé¾î ³½´Ù. ±³È¸ÀÇ ÁÖ¼®°¡µéÀº, ±×µéÀÌ Çϳª´ÔÀ̶ó°í ÀÏÄ´ ºÐÀÇ ±Ç´É¿¡ ÀüÇô ±¸¾Ö¹ÞÁö ¾Ê°í, ¾ÆÁÖ Å¿¬ÇÏ°Ô ±×ÀÇ ¸»¾¸ÀÇ Àǹ̸¦ Á¦ÇÑÇÑ´Ù. ±×µéÀº ¸»ÇÑ´Ù: ¡®¹°·Ð, ¸ð¿åÀ» Âü°í, º¹¼ö¸¦ Æ÷±âÇÏ´Â °Í¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÀÌ ¸ðµç °è¸íµéÀº »ç½Ç À¯ÅÂÀεéÀÇ ¹«ÀÚºñÇÑ »ý°¢µéÀ» ¹Ý´ëÇÔ¿¡ ÁßÁ¡À» µÐ °ÍÀ̸ç, ¾Ç¿¡ Á¦ÇÑÇϰí, ¹üÁËÀÚµéÀ» ó¹úÇϱâ À§ÇÑ °øÀûÀÎ ¼ö´Üµé°ú, ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ºÒ°¡Ä§ÀÇ ±Ç¸®µéÀ» À¯ÁöÇϱâ À§ÇÑ »çÀûÀÌ¸ç °³ÀÎÀûÀΠȰµ¿µé°ú ³ë·Âµé, ¾ÇÀεéÀ» ±³Á¤ÇÏ´Â °Í ±×¸®°í ¾ÇÇÑ Àǵµ¸¦ °¡Áø »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷µéÀ» ÇØÄ¥ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â °¡´É¼ºÀ» ¹ÚÅ»ÇÔÀ» ±ÝÁöÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó°í ÀÌÇØµÇ¾î¾ß ÇÑ´Ù; ¸¸ÀÏ ±×·¸Áö ¾Ê´Ù¸é, ±¸¼¼ÁÖÀÇ Á¤½ÅÀûÀÎ À²¹ýµé ÀÚüµµ À¯ÅÂÀεéÀÇ ¹æ½Äó·³ Æò¹üÇÑ ¸»µé·Î º¯ÇÒ °ÍÀ̸ç, ¾ÇÀÇ ¼º°ø°ú ¼±ÀÇ ¾ïÁ¦¸¦ Á¶ÀåÇÔ¿¡ µµ¿òÀ» ÁÙ °ÍÀ̱⠶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù. ±âµ¶±³ÀÇ »ç¶ûÀº Çϳª´ÔÀÇ »ç¶ûÀÌ µÇ¾î¾ß ÇÑ´Ù; ±×·¯³ª Çϳª´ÔÀÇ »ç¶ûÀº ¿ÀÁ÷ Çϳª´ÔÀÇ ¿µ±¤°ú ÀÌ¿ôÀÇ ¾ÈÀü¿¡ ¾î´À Á¤µµ ÇØ·Î¿òÀÌ ¾ø´Â ÇÑ¿¡¼­¸¸ ¾ÇÀ» Á¦ÇÑÇϰí ó¹úÇÔÀ» »ï°¡ÇÑ´Ù; ¹Ý´ëÀÇ °æ¿ì¿¡´Â ¾ÇÀº ¹Ýµå½Ã Á¦Çѵǰí ó¹úµÇ¾î¾ß Çϸç, ±×°ÍÀº Ưº°È÷ Á¤ºÎÀÇ ¸Ã°í ÀÖ´Â Àǹ«ÀÌ´Ù. (´ë ¼öµµ¿øÀå ¹ÌÄ«¿¤ÀÇ ÁÖÇØ º¹À½¼­¿¡¼­ ÀοëÇÏ¿´À¸¸ç, ÀÌ ÁÖÇØ¼­´Â ¸ðµÎ ±³ºÎµéÀÇ ÁÖÇØ¼­¿¡ ±âÃʸ¦ µÎ¾ú´Ù.) ÇÐ½Ä ÀÖÀ¸¸ç ÀÚÀ¯ »ç»óÀ» °¡Áø ±âµ¶±³Àε鵵 ¿ª½Ã ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ ¸»¾¸µé¿¡ ´çȲÇÔÀÌ ¾øÀÌ ¶â¾î °íÄ¡°í ÀÖ´Ù. ÀÌ ¸»µéÀº ¸Å¿ì ¼þ°íÇÑ ¸»ÀÌÁö¸¸ ½Ç»ýȰ¿¡ Àû¿ë °¡´É¼ºÀ» °á¿©ÇÑ °ÍÀÌ´Ù; ¿Ö³ÄÇÏ¸é ¾Ç¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¹«ÀúÇ×ÀÇ À²¹ýÀ» »î¿¡ Àû¿ëÇÑ´Ù¸é ¿ì¸®°¡ ±×Åä·Ï ÁغñÇÑ »îÀÇ Àüü Áú¼­¸¦ ÆÄ±«Çϱ⠶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù; À̰ÍÀº ¸£³¶, ½ºÆ®¶ó¿ì½º, ±×¸®°í ¸ðµç ÀÚÀ¯»ç»óÀûÀÎ ÁÖ¼®°¡µéÀÇ ¸»ÀÌ´Ù.

But one need only take the words of Christ as we take those of the first man we meet and who speaks to us-  that is to say, assume that he means what he says- to do away with the necessity for any profound conjectures. Christ says: I consider that your method of securing your life is stupid and bad. I propose to you quite another method, as follows. And he speaks the words given in Matt. v. 38-42. It would seem that before correcting those words one should understand them. But that is just what no one wishes to do, having decided in advance that the order of our life which is infringed by those words is a sacred law of humanity.

±×·¯³ª, ¿ì¸®´Â ¾î¶°ÇÑ ½É¿ÀÇÑ ¾ïÃø¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Çʿ並 ¹þ¾î ³ª±â À§Çؼ­, ¿ÀÁ÷ ¿ì¸®°¡ óÀ½ ¸¸³ª´Â »ç¶÷ÀÌ ¿ì¸®¿¡°Ô ¸»ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ» ¿ì¸®°¡ ¹Þ¾Æ µéÀ̵íÀÌ, ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ ¸»¾¸µéÀ» ¹Þ¾Æ µéÀ̱⸸ ÇÏ¸é µÉ »ÓÀÌ´Ù- ´Ù½Ã ¸»Çϸé, ±×´Â ÀÚ½ÅÀÌ ¸»ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ» ÀǹÌÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù°í ¿©±â¸é µÇ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ±×¸®½ºµµ´Â ¸»ÇÑ´Ù: ³ª´Â ³ÊÈñÀÇ »îÀÇ ¾ÈÀüÀ» º¸ÀåÇϱâ À§ÇÑ ¹æ¹ýÀÌ ¾î¸®¼®°í ³ª»Ú´Ù°í »ý°¢ÇÑ´Ù. ³ª´Â ³ÊÈñ¿¡°Ô, ´ÙÀ½°ú °°ÀÌ, ÀüÇô ´Ù¸¥ ¹æ¹ýÀ» Á¦¾ÈÇÑ´Ù. ±×¸®°í ±×´Â ¸¶Åº¹À½ 5Àå 38-42Àý¿¡ ÁÖ¾îÁø ¸»µéÀ» À̾߱â ÇÑ´Ù. ¿ì¸®´Â ÀÌ ¸»¾¸µéÀ» ½ÃÁ¤Çϱâ Àü¿¡ ¹Ýµå½Ã ±×°ÍµéÀ» ÀÌÇØÇÏ¿©¾ß ÇÑ´Ù°í »ý°¢µÈ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ±×°ÍÀº Á¤¸» ¾Æ¹«µµ ÇàÇÏ°í ½Í¾îÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù, ±×¸®°í ±× ¸»¾¸µé¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­ ÆÄ±«µÇ´Â ¿ì¸®ÀÇ »îÀÇ Áú¼­°¡ ÀηùÀÇ ½Å¼ºÇÑ À²¹ýÀ̶ó°í ¹Ì¸® °áÁ¤Çϱ⠶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù.

I did not consider our life either good or sacred, and therefore understood that commandment sooner than other people. And when I had understood the words as they are spoken, I was amazed by their truth, exactitude and clarity. Christ says: 'You wish to destroy evil by evil. That is un¡©reasonable. That there should be no evil, do none.' And then he enumerates the cases in which we are accustomed to do evil, and says that in these cases it should not be done.

³ª´Â ¿ì¸®ÀÇ »îÀ» ¼±Çϰųª ½Å¼ºÇÏ´Ù°í ¿©±âÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù ±×·¯¹Ç·Î ±× °è¸íµéÀ» ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷µé º¸´Ù »¡¸® ±ú´Þ¾Ò´Ù. ±×¸®°í ³»°¡ ¸»ÇÏ¿©Áø ±×´ë·ÎÀÇ ¸»¾¸µéÀ» ±ú´Ý°Ô µÇ¾úÀ» ¶§, ³ª´Â ¸»¾¸ÀÇ Áø¸®, Á¤È®ÇÔ ±×¸®°í ¸í·áÇÔ¿¡ ³î¶ó¿Í Çß´Ù. ±×¸®½ºµµ´Â ¸»ÇÑ´Ù: ¡®³ÊÈñ´Â ¾ÇÀ» ¾ÇÀ¸·Î ÆÄ±«ÇÏ·Á°í ÇÑ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ±×°ÍÀº ºÒÇÕ¸®ÇÏ´Ù. ¾ÇÀ» ¸ê¸Á½ÃŰ·Á°Åµç, ¾ÇÀ» ÇàÇÏÁö ¸»¶ó.¡¯ ±×¸®°í ³ª¼­ ±×´Â ¿ì¸®°¡ ¾ÇÀ» ÇàÇÔ¿¡ ½À°üÈ­µÈ °æ¿ìµéÀ» ¿­°ÅÇϰí, ÀÌ·± °æ¿ìµé¿¡¼­ ¾ÇÀ» ÇàÇØ¼­´Â ¾È µÈ´Ù°í ¸»ÇÑ´Ù.

This fourth commandment of Christ was the first I understood, and it was the one which disclosed to me the meaning of all the others. This fourth, simple, clear, practicable commandment says: Never resist the evil-doer by force, do not meet violence with violence. If they beat you, endure it; if they take your possessions, yield them up; if they compel you to work, work; and if they wish to take from you what you consider to be yours, give it up.

¿¹¼öÀÇ ÀÌ Á¦ 4 °è¸íÀº ³»°¡ Á¦ÀÏ Ã³À½ ±ú´ÞÀº °ÍÀÌ´Ù, ±×¸®°í ±×°ÍÀº ´Ù¸¥ ¸ðµç °è¸íµéÀÇ Àǹ̸¦ ³»°Ô ¹àÇô ÁØ °ÍÀ̾ú´Ù. À̹øÀÇ ´Ü¼øÇϰí, ¸í·áÇϸç, ½ÇÇà °¡´ÉÇÑ Á¦ 4 °è¸íÀÌ ¸»ÇÑ´Ù: ¾ÇÀ» ÇàÇÏ´Â ÀÚ¿¡°Ô °áÄÚ Æø·ÂÀ¸·Î½á ´ëÇ×ÇÏÁö ¸»¶ó, Æø·ÂÀ¸·Î½á Æø·Â¿¡ ´ëóÇÏÁö ¸»¶ó. ¸¸ÀÏ ±×µéÀÌ ³ÊÈñ¸¦ ¶§¸°´Ù¸é, ±×°ÍÀ» ÂüÀ¸¶ó, ¸¸ÀÏ ±×µéÀÌ ³ÊÀÇ Àç»êÀ» »©¾Ñ´Â´Ù¸é, ±×°ÍµéÀ» ³»¾î ÁÖ¶ó; ¸¸ÀÏ ±×µéÀÌ ³ÊÈñ¿¡°Ô ÀÏÀ» °­¿äÇÑ´Ù¸é, ÀÏÀ» Ç϶ó; ±×¸®°í ¸¸ÀÏ ±×µéÀÌ ³ÊÈñ°¡ ³ÊÈñ °ÍÀ̶ó°í ¿©±â´Â °ÍÀ» °¡Áö°íÀÚ ÇÑ´Ù¸é, ±×°ÍÀ» Æ÷±âÇ϶ó.

And following that fourth commandment comes a fifth reference to the old law, and the fifth com¡©mandment (Matt. v. 43-8): 'Ye have heard that it was said, Thou shalt love thy neighbor, and hate thine enemy [Lev. xix. 17, 18]: but I say unto you, Love your enemies, bless them that curse you, do good to them that hate you, and pray for them which despitefully use you, and persecute you; that ye may be sons of your Father which is in heaven: for he maketh his sun to rise on the evil and the good, and sendeth rain on the just and the unjust. For if ye love them that love you, what reward have ye? do not even the publicans the same? And if ye salute your brethren only, what do ye more than others? do not even the Gentiles the same? Ye therefore shall be perfect, as your heavenly Father is perfect.'

±×¸®°í ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ Á¦ 4 °è¸í ´ÙÀ½¿¡ ¿¾ À²¹ý¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ´Ù¼¸¹øÂ°ÀÇ ¾ð±ÞÀÌ ³ª¿À°í, Á¦ 5 °è¸íÀÌ ³ª¿Â´Ù (¸¶Åº¹À½ 5Àå 43-8Àý): ¡®¶Ç ³× ÀÌ¿ôÀ» »ç¶ûÇÏ°í ³× ¿ø¼ö¸¦ ¹Ì¿öÇ϶ó ÇÏ¿´´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ³ÊÈñ°¡ µé¾úÀ¸´Ï[·¹À§±â 19Àå 17,18Àý]: ³ª´Â ³ÊÈñ¿¡°Ô À̸£³ë´Ï ³ÊÈñ´Â ¿ø¼ö¸¦ »ç¶ûÇÏ¸ç ³ÊÈñ¸¦ Ç̹ÚÇÏ´Â ÀÚ¸¦ À§ÇØ ±âµµÇ϶ó. À̰°ÀÌ ÇÑÁï Çϴÿ¡ °è½Å ³ÊÈñ ¾Æ¹öÁöÀÇ ¾ÆµéÀÌ µÇ¸®´Ï ÀÌ´Â Çϳª´ÔÀÌ ±× ÇØ¸¦ ¾ÇÀΰú ¼±Àο¡°Ô ºñÃë°Ô ÇÏ½Ã¸ç ºñ¸¦ ÀǷοî ÀÚ¿Í ºÒÀÇÇÑ ÀÚ¿¡°Ô ³»¸®¿ì½ÉÀ̴϶ó ³ÊÈñ°¡ ³ÊÈñ¸¦ »ç¶ûÇÏ´Â ÀÚ¸¦ »ç¶ûÇÏ¸é ¹«½¼ »óÀÌ ÀÖÀ¸¸®¿ä ¼¼¸®µµ À̰°ÀÌ ¾Æ´ÏÇÏ´À³Ä ¶Ç ³ÊÈñ°¡ ³ÊÈñ ÇüÁ¦¿¡°Ô ¹®¾ÈÇÏ¸é ³²º¸´Ù ´õ ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ ¹«¾ùÀ̳ª À̹æÀε鵵 À̰°ÀÌ ¾Æ´ÏÇÏ´À³Ä ±×·¯¹Ç·Î Çϴÿ¡ °è½Å ³ÊÈñ ¾Æ¹öÁöÀÇ ¿ÂÀüÇϽɰú °°ÀÌ ³ÊÈñµµ ¿ÂÀüÇ϶ó.¡¯

Those verses formerly seemed to me to be an explanation, completion, and enforcement- I would even say an exaggeration- of the precept about not resisting the evil-doer. But having found a simple, applicable, and definite meaning in each passage that began with a reference to the ancient law, I anticipated that the same would be the case here. After each quotation a law was announced, and each verse of the commandment had a meaning and could not be omitted, and so it should be here also. The concluding words, repeated by Luke, that God does not make distinctions between people but sends His blessings upon all, and that you therefore should be like God, not making distinctions be¡©tween people, and should not do as the Gentiles do, but should love all men and do good to all alike-  those words were clear, and they appeared to me to be like a confirmation and explanation of some definite rule; but what that rule was it was long before I could discern.

±×µé ±¸ÀýµéÀº ³»°Ô À־ ÀÌÀü¿¡´Â ¾ÇÇÑ ÀÚ¿¡°Ô ÀúÇ×ÇÏÁö ¸»¶ó´Â ±³ÈÆ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¼³¸íÀ̸ç, ¿Ï¼ºÀ̰í, °­Çà- ³ª´Â ½ÉÁö¾î °úÀåµÈ °ÍÀ̶ó°í ¸»ÇßÀ» Á¤µµ´Ù- ÀÎ °Íó·³ ´À²¸Á³¾ú´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ¿¾ À²¹ý¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÂüÁ¶·Î¼­ ½ÃÀ۵Ǵ °¢°¢ÀÇ ±¸Àý¿¡ µé¾î ÀÖ´Â ´Ü¼øÇϰí, ½ÇÇà°¡´ÉÇϸç, ±×¸®°í ¸íÈ®ÇÑ Àǹ̸¦ ±ú´Ý°í¼­, ³ª´Â ¿©±â¿¡¼­µµ ¶È °°Àº °æ¿ì¿¡ ÇØ´çµÉ °ÍÀ̶ó°í ¿¹»óÇß´Ù. °¢°¢ ¿¾ À²¹ý¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÀοëÀÌ ÀÖÀº µÚ¿¡ »õ·Î¿î À²¹ýÀÌ ¼±Æ÷µÇ¾úÀ¸¹Ç·Î, °è¸íÀÇ Á¦°¢±â ±¸ÀýÀº Àǹ̰¡ ÀÖ¾ú°í »ý·«µÉ ¼ö ¾ø¾ú´Ù, ±×·¯¹Ç·Î ±×°ÍÀº ¿©±â¼­µµ ¿ª½Ã ±×¿Í °°¾Æ¾ß ÇÒ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ´©°¡°¡ ¹Ýº¹Çϸ鼭 °á·ÐÀûÀÎ ¸», Áï Çϳª´ÔÀº »ç¶÷µé »çÀÌ¿¡ Â÷º°À» µÎÁö ¾ÊÀ¸¸ç ±×ÀÇ ÃູÀ» ¸ðµç »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô º¸³»½Å´Ù, ±×·¯¹Ç·Î ³ÊÈñ´Â Çϳª´Ôó·³, »ç¶÷µé »çÀÌ¿¡ Â÷º°À» µÎÁö ¸»¾Æ¾ß Çϰí, À̹æÀεéó·³ Çàµ¿ÇØ¼­µµ ¾ÈµÇ¸ç, ¸ðµç »ç¶÷µéÀ» »ç¶ûÇØ¾ß Çϰí, ±×µé ¸ðµÎ¿¡°Ô ¼±À» ÇàÇØ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù´Â °Í- ±× ¸»µéÀº ¸í·áÇß´Ù, ±×¸®°í ±×°ÍµéÀº ³»°Ô ¾î¶² ¸íÈ®ÇÑ ±ÔÄ¢¿¡ ´ëÇÑ È®Àΰú ¼³¸íÀÎ °Íó·³ º¸¿´´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ±× ±ÔÄ¢ÀÌ ¹«¾ùÀ̾ú´ÂÁö¸¦ ³»°¡ ¾Ë±â±îÁö´Â ¿À·£ ½Ã°£ÀÌ °É·È´Ù.

To love one's enemies. That seemed impossible. It was one of those beautiful phrases which can only be regarded as indications of an unattainable moral ideal. It was either too much, or nothing at all. One could abstain from injuring an enemy, but to love him was impossible. Christ could not prescribe an impossibility. Besides that, the very first words, the reference to the ancient law, 'Ye have heard that it was said: Thou shall hate thine enemy', were questionable. In previous passages Christ quotes the actual, precise words of the Mosaic law, but here he uses words which had never been uttered. He appears to misrepresent the law.

¿ø¼ö¸¦ »ç¶ûÇ϶ó! À̰ÍÀº ºÒ°¡´ÉÇÑ ÀÏÀÎ °Í °°¾Ò´Ù. ±×°ÍÀº ¿À·ÎÁö µµ´ÞÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø´Â µµ´öÀûÀÎ ÀÌ»óÀÇ »ó¡µé·Î¸¸ ¿©°ÜÁú ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ¹Ì»ç¿©±¸ÀÇ Çϳª¿´À» »ÓÀ̾ú´Ù. ±×°ÍÀº ³Ê¹« ¸¹Àº °ÍÀ» ±¸ÇϵçÁö ±×·¸Áö ¾ÊÀ¸¸é ÀüÇô ¾Æ¹«°Íµµ ±¸ÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â °ÍÀ̾ú´Ù. ¿ì¸®´Â Àû¿¡°Ô ÇØ¸¦ ÀÔÈ÷Áö ¾ÊÀ» ¼ö´Â ÀÖÁö¸¸ ±×¸¦ »ç¶ûÇÑ´Ù´Â °ÍÀº ºÒ°¡´ÉÇÏ´Ù. ±×¸®½ºµµ´Â ºÒ°¡´ÉÇÑ °ÍÀ» ¸í·ÉÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø´Ù. ±×°Í »Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, ¿¾ À²¹ý¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¾ð±Þ, Áï ¹Ù·Î Ã¹¹øÂ° ¸»µéÀÎ, ¡®³ÊÈñÀÇ ¿ø¼öÀ» ¹Ì¿öÇ϶ó´Â °ÍÀ» ³ÊÈñ´Â µé¾úÀ¸³ª¡¯¶ó´Â ¸»Àº Àǽɽº·¯¿ü´Ù. ÀÌÀüÀÇ ±¸Àýµé¿¡¼­ ±×¸®½ºµµ´Â ¿¾ À²¹ý ±×´ë·Î¸¦ ÀοëÇÏ¿´À¸³ª, ¿©±â¼­ ±×´Â ¸»ÇØÁø ÀûÀÌ ¾ø´Â ¸»µéÀ» »ç¿ëÇϰí ÀÖ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ±×´Â ºÎÁ¤È®ÇÏ°Ô ¸»Çϰí ÀÖ´Â °Í °°¾Æ º¸ÀδÙ.

As in the case of my former perplexities, the com¡©mentaries on the Gospels explained nothing to me. They all admit that the words, 'Thou shalt hate thine enemy', do not occur in the Mosaic law, but no explanation of this incorrect citation is given. They speak of the difficulty of loving enemies and bad people; and in most cases they correct Christ's words and say it is impossible to love one's enemies, but possible not to wish them evil or to do them harm; incidentally it is suggested that one may and should expose, that is to say oppose, one's enemies; mention is made of various degrees of attainability of this virtue, so that the ultimate deduction to be made from the Church commentaries is that Christ, for some unknown reason, made an incorrect citation of the Mosaic law and uttered many beautiful, but really empty and inapplicable, words.

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