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What I Believe

(³ª´Â ¹«¾ùÀ» ¹Ï´Â°¡)


by Leo Tolstoy

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IV. MISUNDERSTANDING OF CHRIST'S TEACHING

IV. ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¿ÀÇØ

I NOW understand what Christ meant when he uttered the words: 'It was said to you: an eye for an eye, and a tooth for a tooth. But I say unto you: resist not him that is evil, but bear with him.' Christ said: It has been instilled into you and you are accustomed to think that it is good and reason¡©able to resist evil by force and to tear out an eye for an eye, to institute criminal courts, police, an army, and to defend yourselves from foes; but I say, Do not use violence, do not take part in violence, do no harm to anyone, not even to those whom you call 'enemies'.

³ª´Â ÀÌÁ¦¾ß ±×¸®½ºµµ°¡ ´ÙÀ½°ú °°Àº ¸»¾¸À» ÇÏ¿´À» ¶§ ¹«¾ùÀ» ÀǹÌÇÏ´ÂÁö ±ú´Þ¾Ò´Ù: ¡®¶Ç ´«Àº ´«À¸·Î, ÀÌ´Â ÀÌ·Î °±À¸¶ó ÇÏ¿´´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ³ÊÈñ°¡ µé¾úÀ¸³ª ³ª´Â ³ÊÈñ¿¡°Ô À̸£³ë´Ï ¾ÇÇÑ ÀÚ¸¦ ´ëÀûÄ¡ ¸»¶ó.¡¯ ±×¸®½ºµµ´Â ¸»Çß´Ù: ³ÊÈñ´Â Æø·ÂÀ¸·Î ¾Ç¿¡ ÀúÇ×Çϰí, ´«¿¡´Â ´«À» »Ì¾Æ ³»°í, Çü»ç ¹ýÁ¤, °æÂû, ±º´ë¸¦ ¼³¸³Çϰí, ÀûÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ÀڽŵéÀ» ¹æ¾îÇÒ °ÍÀ» ÁÖÀÔ¹Þ¾ÒÀ¸¸ç, ±×°ÍÀÌ ¼±Çϸç Á¤´çÇÏ´Ù°í »ý°¢Çϴµ¥ Àͼ÷ÇØÁ® ÀÖ´Ù; ±×·¯³ª ³ª´Â ¸»ÇÑ´Ù, Æø·ÂÀ» »ç¿ëÇÏÁö ¸»¶ó, Æø·Â¿¡ °¡´ãÇÏÁö ¸»¶ó, ´©±¸¿¡°Ôµµ, ½ÉÁö¾î ³ÊÈñµéÀÌ ¡®¿ø¼ö¡¯¶ó°í ºÎ¸£´Â Àڵ鿡°Ôµµ ÇØ¸¦ ³¢Ä¡Áö ¸»¶ó¡¯.

I now understand that Christ, in the position he takes up of non-resistance to the evil man, is speaking not only of what will result directly for each man from non-resistance to him that is evil but, in contradiction to the principle under which mankind lived in his time under the law of Moses and under the Roman law, and now lives under various legal codes, he sets up the principle of non-resistance to the evil man, which principle according to his teaching should be the basis of man's social life and should free mankind from an evil they inflict on them¡©selves. He says: 'You think that your laws correct evil- they only increase it. There is but one way to end evil- by rendering good for evil to all men without distinction. For thousands of years you have tried your principle; now try my contrary one.

³ª´Â ÀÌÁ¦ ´ÙÀ½°ú °°ÀÌ ±ú´Ý´Â´Ù: ±×¸®½ºµµ´Â, ±×°¡ Á¦½ÃÇÏ´Â ¾ÇÇÑ ÀÚ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¹«ÀúÇ׿¡ °üÇÑ ÀÔÀåÀ¸·Î¼­, ¾ÇÇÑ ÀÚ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¹«ÀúÇ×À¸·ÎºÎÅÍ °¢°¢ÀÇ °³Àε鿡°Ô ÃÊ·¡µÉ °á°ú¿¡ ´ëÇØ¼­ ¸»Çϰí ÀÖÀ» »Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, Àηù°¡ ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ½Ã´ë¿¡, ¸ð¼¼ÀÇ À²¹ý ¾Æ·¡¼­, ·Î¸¶ Á¦±¹ÀÇ ¹ý ¾Æ·¡¼­, ±×¸®°í ÇöÀç ´Ù¾çÇÑ ¹ýÀüµé ¾Æ·¡¼­ »ì¾Ò´ø ¿ø¸®µéÀ» ¹Ý´ëÇϸ鼭, ±×¸®½ºµµ´Â ¾ÇÇÑ ÀÚ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¹«ÀúÇ×ÀÇ ¿ø¸®¸¦ Á¦½ÃÇÑ´Ù, ±×¸®°í ±×ÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§¿¡ ÀÇÇÏ¸é ±× ¿ø¸®´Â ¹Ýµå½Ã »ç¶÷ÀÇ »çȸÀû »îÀÇ Åä´ë°¡ µÉ °ÍÀ̸ç Àηù¸¦ ±×µéÀÌ ½º½º·Î¿¡°Ô °¡Çϰí ÀÖ´Â ¾ÇÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ÀÚÀ¯·Ó°Ô ÇÒ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ±×´Â ¸»ÇÑ´Ù: ¡®³ÊÈñµéÀº ³ÊÈñµéÀÇ ¹ý·üÀÌ ¾ÇÀ» °íÄ£´Ù°í »ý°¢Çϰí ÀÖ´Ù- ±×°ÍµéÀº ¿ÀÁ÷ ¾ÇÀ» Áõ°¡½ÃŲ´Ù. ¾ÇÀ» ³¡³»´Â ¹æ¹ýÀº ¿ÀÁ÷ Çϳª»ÓÀÌ´Ù- ¸ðµç »ç¶÷¿¡°Ô Â÷º° ¾øÀÌ ¾ÇÀ» ¼±À¸·Î °±´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ¼öõ ³â µ¿¾È ³ÊÈñµéÀº ³ÊÈñÀÇ ¿ø¸®¸¦ ½ÃµµÇÏ¿´´Ù; ÀÌÁ¦ »ó¹ÝµÇ´Â ³ªÀÇ ¿ø¸®¸¦ ½ÃµµÇ϶ó.

I have recently spoken to people of most diver¡©gent opinions about this law of Christ's- non-resistance to the evil man. It did occur, though rarely, that I met some who agreed with me. But, strange to say, two kinds of people never, even in principle, tolerated a straightforward understanding of the law, but always warmly defended the justice of resistance to the evil-doer. These are people who belong to the two extreme poles: patriotic Conservative Christians, who consider their Church to be the only true one, and Revolu¡©tionary Atheists. Neither these nor those wish to abandon the right to resist by violence what they consider evil. And the wisest and most learned of them are quite unwilling to see the simple and obvious truth that if one admits that one man may use violence to oppose what he considers evil, another may do the same to resist what he, in turn, considers evil.

³ª´Â ÃÖ±Ù¿¡ ¸Å¿ì ´Ù¾çÇÑ ÀǰߵéÀ» Áö´Ñ »ç¶÷µé°ú ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ À²¹ý- ¾ÇÇÑ ÀÚ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¹«ÀúÇ×- ¿¡ ´ëÇØ¼­ °­¿¬ÇÏ¿´´Ù. ºñ·Ï µå¹°¾úÁö¸¸, ¿ì¿¬È÷ ³ªÀÇ °ßÇØ¿¡ ÀÏÄ¡ÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷µµ ¸î ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. ±×·¯³ª, ÀÌ»óÇÑ ÀÏÀÌÁö¸¸, µÎ Á¾·ùÀÇ »ç¶÷µéÀº, ½ÉÁö¾î ¿ø¸®¿¡ À־µµ, °áÄÚ À²¹ýÀÇ ÂüµÈ ÇØ¼®À» ¿ë³³ÇÏÁö ¾Ê¾ÒÀ¸¸ç, ¾ðÁ¦³ª ¾ÇÇÑ ÀÚ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÀúÇ×ÀÇ Á¤ÀǸ¦ ¿­·ÄÈ÷ ¿ËÈ£ÇÏ¿´´Ù. ÀÌ »ç¶÷µéÀº ¾ç±Ø´Ü¿¡ ¼ÓÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷µéÀÌ´Ù: ¿­¼ºÀûÀÎ º¸¼öÀû ±âµ¶±³Àεé·Î¼­, ±×µéÀÇ ±³È¸°¡ À¯ÀÏÇÑ ÂüµÈ ±³È¸¶ó°í ¿©±â´Â »ç¶÷µé°ú, Çõ¸íÀû ¹«½Å·ÐÀÚµéÀÌ´Ù. ÀüÀÚÀÇ »ç¶÷µéÀ̵ç, ÈÄÀÚÀÇ »ç¶÷µéÀÌµç ±×µéÀÌ ¾ÇÀ̶ó°í ¿©±â´Â °ÍÀ» Æø·Â¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­ ´ëÇ×ÇÒ ±Ç¸®¸¦ Æ÷±âÇϱ⸦ ¿øÄ¡ ¾Ê´Â´Ù. ±×¸®°í ±×µé Áß¿¡¼­ °¡Àå Çö¸íÇϰí ÇнÄÀÖ´Â »ç¶÷µéµµ, ¸¸ÀÏ ÇÑ »ç¶÷ÀÌ ¾ÇÀ̶ó°í ¿©±â´Â °Í¿¡ ¸Â¼­±â À§Çؼ­ Æø·ÂÀ» »ç¿ëÇÒ °ÍÀ» ÀÎÁ¤ÇÑ´Ù¸é, ±³´ë·Î, ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷µµ ¾ÇÀ̶ó°í ¿©±â´Â °Í¿¡ ÀúÇ×Çϱâ À§ÇØ ¶È °°ÀÌ ÇàÇÒ °ÍÀÌ´Ù´Â ´Ü¼øÇÏ°í ¸í¹éÇÑ Áø¸®¸¦ ±ú´Ý±â¸¦ ³Ê¹«³ª ²¨·ÁÇϰí ÀÖ¾ú´Ù.

A correspondence lately passed through my hands between an Orthodox Slavophil and a Christian-Revolutionary, which was instructive in this respect. The one advocated the violence of war on behalf of our oppressed brother-Slavs; the other, a revolutionary violence on behalf of our oppressed brethren, the Russian peasants. Both demanded violence, and both relied on the teaching of Christ.

¾ó¸¶ Àü¿¡ Á¤Åë ½½¶óºêÁÖÀÇÀÚ¿Í ÇÑ ±âµ¶±³ Çõ¸í°¡ »çÀÌ¿¡ ¿Õ·¡ÇÑ ¼­½Å ÇÑÅëÀÌ ³ªÀÇ ¼ÕÀ» °ÅÃݬ´Âµ¥, ±× ¼­½ÅÀº ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ¸é¿¡¼­ ¸Å¿ì À¯ÀÍÇÏ¿´´Ù. ÇÑ ÆíÀº ¿ì¸®ÀÇ ¾ï¾Ð¹Þ´Â ½½¶óºê ÇüÁ¦µéÀ» ´ë½ÅÇÏ¿© ÀüÀïÀÇ Æø·Â¼ºÀ» ¿ËÈ£ÇÏ¿´À¸¸ç; ´Ù¸¥ ÇÑ ÆíÀº ¿ì¸®ÀÇ ¾ï¾Ð¹Þ´Â µ¿Æ÷µéÀÎ ·¯½Ã¾Æ ³ó¹ÎµéÀ» ´ë½ÅÇÏ¿© Çõ¸íÀûÀÎ Æø·ÂÀ» ¿ËÈ£ÇÏ¿´´Ù. ½Ö¹æÀÌ Æø·ÂÀ» ¿ä±¸ÇÏ¿´À¸¸ç, ¾çÂÊ ¸ðµÎ ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§¿¡ ÀÇÁöÇϰí ÀÖ¾ú´Ù.

People in general understand Christ's teaching in very various ways, but not in the direct, simple meaning which inevitably flows from his words.

±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§Àº ¿©·¯°¡Áö ¹æ¹ýÀ¸·Î ÀÌÇØµÇ°í ÀÖÀ¸³ª ½ÇÁ¦·Î ±×ÀÇ ¸»¿¡¼­ ¾òÀ» ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ´Ü¼øÇÑ Àǹ̸¸Àº ÀÌÇØµÇ°í ÀÖÁö ¾Ê´Ù.

We have arranged our whole life on the very foundations he denies. We do not wish to under¡©stand his teaching in its simple, direct meaning, and we assure ourselves and others either that we do not acknowledge his teaching or that it is unsuited to us. The so-called believers believe that Christ is God, the Second Person of the Trinity who descended to earth to show us how to live, and they arrange most elaborate ceremonies necessary for the administration of the sacraments, for erecting churches, for sending out missionaries, for ordaining priests, for the direction of their flocks, for amending the creeds, but one little thing they forget- namely, to do what he told us to do. The unbelievers try to arrange their lives in all sorts of ways, only not according to the law of Christ, having decided in advance that that law will not do. But no one wishes to try doing as Christ bids us. Moreover, before even trying to do it, both the believers and the non-believers decide in advance that it is impossible.

¿ì¸®´Â ¿ì¸®µéÀÇ »î Àüü¸¦ ±×¸®½ºµµ°¡ ºÎÀÎÇÑ ¹Ù·Î ±× ¿ø¸® À§¿¡¼­ »ì¾Æ°¡°í ÀÖ´Ù ÀÖ´Ù. ¿ì¸®´Â ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§À» ´Ü¼øÇÏ°íµµ Á÷Á¢ÀûÀÎ Àǹ̷μ­ ÀÌÇØÇϱ⸦ ¿øÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù, ±×¸®°í ¿ì¸®´Â ¿ì¸®µéÀÌ ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§À» ÀÎÁ¤ÇÏÁö ¾Ê°Å³ª À̰ÍÀÌ ¿ì¸®¿¡°Ô ÀûÇÕÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ¿ì¸® ÀڽŰú ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷¿¡°Ôµµ È®½Å ½ÃŰ·Á°í ÇÑ´Ù. ¼ÒÀ§ ¹Ï´Â »ç¶÷µéÀº ±×¸®½ºµµ°¡ ½Å(ãê)À̸ç, »ïÀ§ÀÏü¿¡¼­ Á¦ 2À§(ð¯ì£êÈ)À̸ç, ±×°¡ Àΰ£¿¡°Ô »ç´Â ¹æ¹ýÀ» º¸¿©Áֽñâ À§Çؼ­ Áö»ó¿¡ ¿À½Å °ÍÀ» ¹ÏÀ¸¸ç, ±×µéÀº ¼º»ç(á¡ÞÀ)ÀÇ ÁýÇà, ±³È¸ ¼³¸³, ¼±±³»ç ÆÄ°ß, ¸ñ»çÀÇ ÀÓ¸í, ½ÅÀÚµéÀÇ Áö¹è ±×¸®°í ±³¸®ÀÇ ¼öÁ¤ µî¿¡ ÇÊ¿äÇÑ º¹ÀâÇÑ ÀǽĽÇÀ» ÁغñÇÑ´Ù, ±×·¯³ª ´Ü Çϳª ÀÛÀº °ÍÀ» ±×µéÀº Àذí ÀÖ´Ù- Áï ±×¸®½ºµµ°¡ ¿ì¸®¿¡°Ô ÇàÇϵµ·Ï ¸»ÇÑ °ÍÀ» ÇàÇÏ´Â °Í. ¹ÏÁö ¾Ê´Â »ç¶÷µéÀº ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ ¹ýÀÌ ¸ÂÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù°í ¹Ì¸® °áÁ¤ÇØ ¹ö¸®°í, ¿ÀÁ÷ ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ ¹ý¸¸Àº µû¸£Áö ¾ÊÀ¸¸é¼­, ±×µéÀÇ »îÀ» °®°¡Áö ¹æ¹ýµé·Î¼­ »ì¾Æ°¡·Á°í ¾Ö¸¦ ¾´´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ¾î´À ´©±¸µµ ±×¸®½ºµµ°¡ ¿ì¸®¿¡°Ô ÀÏ·¯ÁØ ´ë·Î ÇàÇÔÀ» ½ÃµµÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù. ´õ±¸³ª, ½ÉÁö¾î´Â ±×°ÍÀ» ÇàÇÏ·Á°í ½ÃµµÇϱ⵵ Àü¿¡, ½ÅÀÚµéÀ̳ª ºÒ½ÅÀÚµé ¸ðµÎ°¡ ¹Ì¸® ±×°ÍÀº ºÒ°¡´ÉÇÏ´Ù°í °áÁ¤ÇØ ¹ö¸°´Ù.

He says simply and clearly: the law of resistance by violence to him that is evil which you have made the basis of your lives, is false and unnatural; and he gives another basis- non-resistance- which in his opinion can alone deliver mankind from evil. He says: You think your laws of violence correct evil; they only increase it. You have tried for thousands of years to destroy evil by evil, but instead of destroying it you have increased it. Do what I do, and you will know whether it is true.

±×¸®½ºµµ´Â ´Ü¼ø ¸í·áÇÏ°Ô ¸»ÇÑ´Ù: ³ÊÈñ°¡ »îÀÇ Åä´ë·Î ¸¸µç ¾ÇÇÑ ÀÚ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Æø·Â¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ ÀúÇ×ÀÇ ¹ýÀº, °ÅÁþÀÌ¸ç ºÎÀÚ¿¬½º·´´Ù; ±×¸®°í ±×´Â ´Ù¸¥ Åä´ë- ¹«ÀúÇ×- ¸¦ ÁÖ¸ç, ±×ÀÇ »ý°¢¿¡ ±×°Í¸¸ÀÌ Àηù¸¦ ¾ÇÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ±¸¿øÇØ ÁÙ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ±×´Â ¸»ÇÑ´Ù: ³ÊÈñ´Â Æø·ÂÀÇ ¹ýµéÀÌ ¾ÇÀ» ±³Á¤ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù°í »ý°¢ÇÑ´Ù; ±×°ÍµéÀº ¿ÀÁ÷ ±×°ÍÀ» Áõ°¡½Ãų »ÓÀÌ´Ù. ³ÊÈñ´Â ¼öõ ³â µ¿¾È ¾ÇÀ» ¾ÇÀ¸·Î ÆÄ±«ÇÏ·Á°í ¾Ö¸¦ ½è´Ù, ±×·¯³ª ±×°ÍÀ» ÆÄ±«Çϱâ´ÂÄ¿³ç ³ÊÈñ´Â ±×°ÍÀ» Áõ°¡½ÃÄ×´Ù. ³»°¡ ¸»ÇÑ´ë·Î ÇàÇ϶ó, ±×·¯¸é ³ÊÈñ´Â ±×°ÍÀÌ Áø¸®ÀÎÁÙ ¾Ë¸®¶ó.

He not only says this but in his whole life, and by his death, he carries out his teaching of non-resistance to the evil man.

±×´Â À̰ÍÀ» ¼³±³ÇßÀ» »Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ÀÏ»ýÀ» ÅëÇÏ¿© Á×±â±îÁö ¾Ç¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¹«ÀúÇ×ÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§À» ½ÇÇàÇß´Ù.

Believers hear all this, they read it in their churches, they say the words are divine and that he who spoke them was God, but they say: It is all very well, but it is impossible with our arrangement of life- it would upset the whole way of life to which we are accustomed and which we like. Therefore we believe all this only as being an ideal towards which humanity must strive- an ideal to be attained by prayer and by faith in the sacra¡©ments and the redemption and in the resurrection from the dead. Others, the unbelievers, the free-thinking investigators of Christ's teaching- Strauss, Renan, and others- who follow the historic method, having thoroughly imbibed the Church's ex¡©planation that Christ's teaching has no direct reference to life but is a visionary doctrine con¡©soling to feeble-minded people, say most seriously that Christ's teaching was only fit to be preached to the savage inhabitants of the wilds of Galilee, but that for us, with our culture, it appears merely a sweet dream- 'du charmant docteur', as Renan says. In their opinion Christ could not rise high enough to understand all the wisdom of our civilization and culture. Had he stood on the height of education on which these learned people stand he would not have talked such charming rubbish about the birds of the air, about turning one's cheek, and about not being troubled for to¡©morrow. These learned historians judge of Chris¡©tianity by the Christianity they see in our society. The Christianity of our society and day regards our present life as true and sacred, with its organizations, prisons, solitary confinements, Ciros, factories, news¡©papers, brothels, and parliaments, and from the teaching of Christ it selects only what does not infringe that life. But as Christ's teaching is the negation of all that life, nothing is accepted of it except mere words. The learned historians see this, and, as they are under no necessity to hide it as it is hidden by the pseudo-believers, this version of Christ's teaching deprived of all substance is sub¡©jected to profound criticism and very rightly repudiated. The deduction is clear that there never was anything In Christianity except dreamy ideals.

½Å¾ÓÀ» °¡Áø »ç¶÷µéÀº ÀÌ ¸ðµç °ÍÀ» µè´Â´Ù, ±×µéÀº ±×µéÀÇ ±³È¸µé¿¡¼­ ±×°ÍÀ» µè´Â´Ù, ±×µéÀº ±× ¸»¾¸µéÀÌ ½Å¼ºÇÏ¸ç ±×°ÍµéÀ» ¸»¾¸ÇϽŠºÐÀº Çϳª´ÔÀ̾ú´Ù°í ¸»ÇÑ´Ù, ±×·¯³ª ±×µéÀº ¸»ÇÑ´Ù: ±×°ÍÀº ¸ðµÎ ÁÁÀº ¸»¾¸µéÀÌ´Ù, ±×·¯³ª ±×°ÍÀº ¿ì¸®ÀÇ »îÀÇ °èȹÀ¸·Î´Â ºÒ°¡´ÉÇÏ´Ù- ±×°ÍÀº ¿ì¸®°¡ ÀûÀÀÇÏ¿´À¸¸ç ¿ì¸®°¡ ÁÁ¾ÆÇÏ´Â Àüü »îÀÇ ¹æ½ÄÀ» µÚÁý¾î ¹ö¸± °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ±×·¯¹Ç·Î ¿ì¸®´Â ÀÌ ¸ðµç °ÍÀ» ¿ÀÁ÷ Àηù°¡ ¹Ýµå½Ã Ãß±¸ÇØ¾ß ÇÏ´Â- ±âµµ¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­ ±×¸®°í ¼ºÂù½Ä(á¡óÉãÒ), ¼ÓÁË(áÛñª)¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ½Å¾Ó°ú ±×¸®°í Á×Àº ÈÄÀÇ ºÎȰ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ½Å¾ÓÀ¸·Î½á ´Þ¼ºµÇ´Â- ÀÌ»óÀ¸·Î »ý°¢ÇÑ´Ù. ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷µé, ½Å¾ÓÀÌ ¾ø´Â »ç¶÷µé, ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÀÚÀ¯ »ç»ó ¿¬±¸°¡µé- ½ºÆ®¶ó¿ì½º, ¸£³¶ ¹× ±× ¹ÛÀÇ »ç¶÷µé- Àº, ¿ª»çÀû ¹æ¹ýÀ» µû¸£¸ç, ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§Àº »î¿¡ ¾Æ¹«·± Á÷Á¢ÀûÀÎ °ü·ÃÀ̰¡ ¾øÀ¸¸ç ´ÜÁö ¸¶À½ÀÌ ¿¬¾àÇÑ »ç¶÷µéÀ» À§¾ÈÇϴ ȯ»óÀûÀÎ ±³¸®ÀÏ »ÓÀ̶ó´Â ±³È¸ÀÇ ÇØ¼®À» ÃæºÐÈ÷ Èí¼öÇÏ°í¼­, ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§Àº ¿ÀÁ÷ °¥¸±¸® Ȳ¾ßÀÇ ¹Ì°³ÇÑ Áֹε鿡°Ô³ª ¼³±³Çϱ⿡ ÀûÇÕÇÏÁö¸¸, ¹®¸íÀ» °¡Áø ¿ì¸®¿¡°Ô´Â, ±×°ÍÀº, ´ÜÁö ´ÞÄÞÇÑ ²Þ- ¸£³¶ÀÌ ¸»ÇϵíÀÌ, ¡®À¯ÄèÇÑ ÇÐÀÚÀÇ¡¯- ¿¡ Áö³ªÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù°í ¸»ÇÑ´Ù. À̵éÀÇ °ßÇØ¿¡ ÀÇÇÏ¸é ±×¸®½ºµµ´Â ¿ì¸®ÀÇ ¹®¸í°ú ¹®È­ÀÇ ¸ðµç ÁöÇý¸¦ ÀÌÇØÇÒ ¸¸Å­ ³ôÀÌ µµ´ÞÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø¾ú´Ù°í ¸»ÇÑ´Ù. ±×¸®½ºµµ°¡ ÀÌ·± ÇнÄÀÖ´Â »ç¶÷µéÀÌ µµ´ÞÇÑ ³ôÀ̱îÁö ¼­ ÀÖ´Ù¸é ±×´Â °øÁß¿¡ ³ª´Â »õ¿¡ ´ëÇØ¼­, ÇÑ »´À» µ¹·Á´ë¶ó´Â °Í¿¡ ´ëÇØ¼­, ³»ÀÏ ÀÏÀº ¿°·ÁÇÏÁö ¸»¶ó´Â °Í¿¡ ´ëÇØ¼­ µîÀÇ ¸Å·ÂÀûÀÎ ¾²·¹±â °°Àº ¼Ò¸®´Â ÇÏÁö ¾Ê¾ÒÀ» °ÍÀ̶ó°í ÇÑ´Ù. ÀÌ·± À¯½ÄÇÑ ¿ª»ç°¡µéÀº ±âµ¶±³¸¦ ¿ì¸® »çȸ ¾È¿¡¼­ ±×µéÀÌ º¸´Â ±âµ¶±³¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­ ÆÇ´ÜÇÑ´Ù. ¿ì¸® »çȸ¿Í ¿ì¸® ½Ã´ëÀÇ ±âµ¶±³´Â ±×µéÀÇ Á¶Á÷µé, °¨¿Áµé, µ¶¹æ °¨±Ýµé, °øÀåµé, ½Å¹®µé, ¸ÅÃá±¼, ÀÇȸµéÀ» °¡Áø ¿ì¸®ÀÇ ÇöÀçÀÇ »îÀ» Áø½ÇÇÏ°í °Å·èÇÏ´Ù°í ¿©±ä´Ù, ±×¸®°í ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§À¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ±×·¯ÇÑ »îÀ» ħ¹üÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â °Í¸¸À» °ñ¶ó³½´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§Àº ±×·¯ÇÑ ¸ðµç »îÀÇ ºÎÁ¤À̹ǷÎ, °øÇãÇÑ ¸» ¸»°í´Â ¾Æ¹«°Íµµ ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§À¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ¹Þ¾ÆµéÀÌÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù. À¯½ÄÇÑ ¿ª»ç°¡µéÀº À̰ÍÀ» ¾È´Ù, ±×¸®°í ¾ûÅ͸® ½ÅÀÚµéó·³ À̰ÍÀ» ¼û±æ Çʿ䰡 ¾øÀ¸¹Ç·Î, ¸ðµç ÇÙ½ÉÀ» Á¦°ÅÇÑ ÀÌ·Ð Á¾·ùÀÇ ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§Àº ½É¿ÀÇÑ ºñÆò¿¡ ¸Ã±â°í ¸Å¿ì Á¤´çÇÏ°Ô ºÎÁ¤ÇÏ¿© ¹ö¸°´Ù. ±âµ¶±³´Â ¿ÀÁ÷ ²Þ °°Àº ÀÌ»óµé¿¡ Áö³ªÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù°í ¸í¹éÈ÷ °á·ÐÀ» ³»·Á ¹ö¸°´Ù.

It would seem as though before judging Christ's teaching one should understand what it consists of, and to decide whether his teaching is reasonable or not one should first of all admit that he said what he said; but that is just what is not done either by the Church or by the free-thinking expositors. And we know very well why they do not do it.

±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§À» ÆÇ´ÜÇϱâ Àü¿¡ ¿ì¸®´Â ±×°ÍÀÌ ¹«¾ùÀ¸·Î ±¸¼ºµÇ¾î ÀÖ´ÂÁö ÀÌÇØÇÏ¿©¾ß ÇÑ´Ù, ±×¸®°í ±×ÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§ÀÌ À̼ºÀûÀÎÁö ¾Æ´ÑÁö °áÁ¤Çϱâ Àü¿¡ ¿ì¸®´Â ¹«¾ùº¸´Ùµµ ±×°¡ ÀÚ½ÅÀÌ ¸»ÇϰíÀÚ ÇÑ °ÍÀ» ¸»Çß´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ÀÎÁ¤ÇØ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù; À̰ÍÀº ±×°ÍÀº ±³È¸¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­µç ÀÚÀ¯ »ç»ó ÁÖ¼®°¡¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­µç ÇàÇØÁö°í ÀÖÁö ¾Ê´Ù. ±×¸®°í ¿ì¸®´Â ±×µéÀÌ ±×°ÍÀ» ÇàÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â ÀÌÀ¯¸¦ Àß ¾Ë°í ÀÖ´Ù.

We know very well that Christ's teaching always included and includes the denial of all those human illusions, those 'vain things', empty idols, which we, by calling them Church, State, culture, science, art, and civilization, think we can separate from the ranks of delusions. But it is just against them that Christ speaks, without excluding any 'empty idols'.

¿ì¸®´Â ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§ÀÌ ¾ðÁ¦³ª ±× ¸ðµç »ç¶÷ÀÇ È¯»óµé, ±× ¡®ÇêµÈ °Íµé¡¯, °øÇãÇÑ ¿ì»óµéÀ» ºÎÁ¤ÇÔÀ» Æ÷ÇÔÇÏ¿´À¸¸ç Æ÷ÇÔÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ³Ê¹«³ª Àß ¾Ë°í ÀÖ´Ù, ±×¸®°í ¿ì¸®´Â, ±×·± °ÍµéÀ» ±³È¸, ±¹°¡, ¹®È­, Çй®, ¿¹¼ú, ±×¸®°í ¹®¸íÀ̶ó°í ºÎ¸£¸é¼­, ±×°ÍµéÀ» ¿ì¸®°¡ ¸Á»óÀÇ ´ë¿­¿¡¼­ ºÐ¸®ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù°í »ý°¢ÇÑ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ±×¸®½ºµµ°¡ ¸»ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº ¹Ù·Î ±× ¸ðµç °ÍÀ» ºÎÀÎÇÑ´Ù, ¹°·Ð ¡®°øÇãÇÑ ¿ì»óµé¡¯µµ ¿¹¿Ü´Â ¾Æ´Ï´Ù.

Not Christ only, but all the Hebrew prophets, John the Baptist, and all the world's true sages, have spoken of that same State, culture and civilization, as an evil, ruinous to mankind.

±×¸®½ºµµ »Ó¸¸ÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ¸ðµç È÷ºê¸®ÀÇ ¿¹¾ðÀÚµé, ¼¼·Ê ¿äÇÑ, ±×¸®°í ¼¼»óÀÇ ¸ðµç ÂüµÈ ÇöÀÚ(úçíº)µéµµ, ±×¿Í ¶È °°Àº ±¹°¡, ¹®È­ ±×¸®°í ¹®¸íÀ», ¾ÇÀ̸ç Àηù¸¦ ÆÄ±«ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ¸·Î¼­ ¸»Çϰí ÀÖ´Ù.

Not finding a better comparison, I made use of the above. And then I remembered that Christ when preaching his doctrine used that same com¡©parison. He said: I will destroy your temple and in three days will build a new one. For that he was crucified; and it is for that very thing that his teach¡©ing is now crucified.

´õ ÁÁÀº ºñÀ¯¸¦ ãÁö ¸øÇÏ¿©, ³ª´Â À§ÀÇ ¿¹¸¦ µé¾ú´Ù. ±×¸®°í ³ª´Â ±×¸®½ºµµ°¡ ±×ÀÇ ±³¸®¸¦ ¼³±³ÇÒ ¶§ ¶È °°Àº ºñÀ¯¸¦ »ç¿ëÇß´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ±â¾ïÇß´Ù. ±×°¡ ¸»Çß´Ù: ³ª´Â ³ÊÈñµéÀ» ¼ºÀüÀ» ÆÄ±«ÇÒ °ÍÀÌ´Ù ±×¸®°í 3ÀÏ ¾È¿¡ »õ·Î¿î ¼ºÀüÀ» ÁöÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ÀÌ°Í ¶§¹®¿¡ ±×¸®½ºµµ´Â ½ÊÀÚ°¡¿¡ ¸ø ¹ÚÇû´Ù; ±×¸®°í ¶È °°Àº ÀÌÀ¯ ¶§¹®¿¡ ¿À´Ã³¯ ±×ÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§ÀÌ ½ÊÀÚ°¡¿¡ ¸ø ¹ÚÈ÷°í ÀÖ´Ù.

The least one can demand of people who judge any doctrine is that they should judge of it in the sense in which the teacher himself understood it. And he understood his teaching not as a distant ideal for humanity, obedience to which is impossible, nor as a mystical poetic fantasy wherewith he captivated the simple-minded inhabitants of Galilee. He understood his teaching as a real thing, and a thing which would save mankind. And he did not dream on the cross but died for his teaching, and many others are dying and will yet die. Of such a teaching one cannot say that it is a dream!

¾î¶² ±³¸®¸¦ ÆÇ´ÜÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô¼­ ¿ä±¸µÇ´Â ÃÖ¼ÒÇÑÀÇ °ÍÀº, ±×µéÀÌ ¹Ýµå½Ã ±³»ç ÀÚ½ÅÀÌ ÀÌÇØÇÑ °Í°ú ¶È °°Àº Àǹ̿¡¼­ ±×°ÍÀ» ÆÇ´ÜÇØ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ±×¸®°í ±×¸®½ºµµ´Â ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§À» Àηù¿¡°Ô ¸Õ ÀÌ»ó, ºÒ°¡´ÉÇÑ º¹Á¾À¸·Î¼­, ±×¸®°í °¥¸±¸®ÀÇ ¼Ò¹ÚÇÑ ÁֹεéÀ» »ç·ÎÀâÀº ½ÅºñÇÑ ½ÃÀûÀΠȯ»óÀ¸·Î¼­ ÀÌÇØÇÏÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù. ±×´Â ±×ÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§À» Çö½ÇÀûÀÎ °Í, Àηù¸¦ ±¸¿øÇØ¾ß ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ¸·Î ±ú´Þ¾Ò´Ù. ±×¸®°í ±×´Â ½ÊÀÚ°¡ À§¿¡¼­ ²Þ²Û °ÍÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§À» À§Çؼ­ Á×¾ú´Ù, ±×¸®°í ´Ù¸¥ ¸¹Àº »ç¶÷µéµµ Á׾°í ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, °è¼ÓÇØ¼­ Á×À» °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ °¡¸£Ä§À» ¿ì¸®´Â ¸ù»óÀ̶ó°í ¸»ÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø´Ù.

Every true doctrine is a dream to those in error. We have come to this, that there are many people (of whom I was one) who say that this teaching is visionary because it is not natural to man. It is not in accord, they say, with man's nature to turn the other cheek when one cheek is struck; it is not natural to give what is one's own to another; it is unnatural to work for others instead of for oneself. It is natural to man, they say, to defend his safety and the safety of his family and his property: in other words, it is natural for man to struggle for his own existence. The learned jurists prove scientific¡©ally that man's most sacred duty is to defend his rights, that is- to struggle.

¸ðµç Áø¸®ÀÇ ±³¸®´Â ¿À·ù¿¡ ¼ÓÇÑ »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô´Â °ø»ó¿¡ Áö³ªÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù. ¿ì¸®´Â ¹Ù·Î ÀÌ·± À§Ä¡¿¡ ¿Í À־, ±×ÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§Àº »ç¶÷ÀÇ º»¼º¿¡ ÀûÇÕÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀ¸¹Ç·Î ȯ»óÀÏ »ÓÀÌ´Ù°í ¸»ÇÏ´Â ¸¹Àº »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù(³ªµµ ÀÌ·± »ç¶÷µé ÁßÀÇ Çϳª¿´´Ù). ±×µéÀº ¸»ÇÑ´Ù, ÇÑ ÂÊ »´À» ¸Â°í¼­ ´Ù¸¥ »´À» µ¹·Á´ë´Â °ÍÀº »ç¶÷ÀÇ º»¼º°ú ¸ÂÁö ¾Ê´Ù; ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ °ÍÀ» ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷¿¡°Ô ÁÖ´Â °Íµµ ÀÚ¿¬½º·´Áö ¾Ê´Ù; ÀڽŸ¸À» À§Çؼ­°¡ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷µéÀ» À§Çؼ­ ³ëµ¿ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº ºÎÀÚ¿¬½º·´´Ù. ±×µéÀº ¸»ÇÑ´Ù, ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ¾ÈÀü ±×¸®°í Àڱ⠰¡Á·°ú ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ Àç»êÀÇ ¾ÈÀüÀ» ¼öÈ£ÇÔÀÌ ´ç¿¬ÇÏ´Ù: ´Ù¸¥ ¸»·Î Ç¥ÇöÇÏÀÚ¸é, ÀÚ±â ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ »ýÁ¸À» À§Çؼ­ ÅõÀïÇÔÀÌ »ç¶÷¿¡°Ô´Â ´ç¿¬ÇÏ´Ù. ÇнÄÀÖ´Â ¹ýÇÐÀÚµéÀº »ç¶÷ÀÇ °¡Àå ½Å¼ºÇÑ Àǹ«´Â ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ±Ç¸®µéÀ» ¼öÈ£ÇÏ´Â °Í, Áï- ÅõÀïÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ̶ó°í °úÇÐÀûÀ¸·Î Áõ¸íÇÑ´Ù.

But it is sufficient to free oneself for a moment from the thought that the order which exists and has been arranged by men is the best and is sacro¡©sanct, for the objection that Christ's teaching is not accordant with man's nature to turn against the objector. Who will deny that to murder or torture, I will not say a man, but to torture a dog or kill a hen or calf is contrary and distressing to man's nature? (I know people who live by tilling the land, and who have given up eating meat merely because they had themselves to kill their own animals.) Yet the whole structure of our lives is such that each man's personal advantage is obtained by inflicting suffering on others, which is contrary to human nature. The whole order of our life and the whole complex mechanism of our institutions de¡©signed for the infliction of violence, witness to the extent to which violence is contrary to human nature. Not a single judge would decide to strangle with a rope the man he condemns to death from the bench. Not a single magistrate would make up his mind himself to take a peasant from his weeping family and shut him up in prison. None of our generals or soldiers, were it not for discipline, oaths of allegiance, and declarations of war, would, I will not say kill hundreds of Turks and Germans and destroy their villages, but would even decide to wound a single man. All this is only done thanks to a very complex state and social machinery the purpose of which is so to distribute the responsibility for the evil deeds that are done that no one should feel the unnaturalness of those deeds. Some men write the laws; others apply them; a third set drill men and habituate them to discipline, that is to say, to senseless and implicit obedience; a fourth set- the people who are disciplined- commit all sorts of deeds of violence, even killing people, with¡©out knowing why or wherefore. But a man need only, even for a moment, free himself mentally from this net of worldly organization in which he is involved to understand what is really unnatural to him.

±×·¯³ª ÇöÁ¸ÇÏ´Â ±×¸®°í »ç¶÷µé¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­ üÁ¦°¡ °¡Àå ÈǸ¢ÇÏ¸ç °¡Àå ½Å¼ºÇÏ´Ù´Â »ý°¢À¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ÀÚ½ÅÀ» Àá½Ã µ¿¾È¸¸ ÇØ¹æ½ÃŲ´Ù¸é, ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§Àº »ç¶÷ÀÇ º»¼º°ú ÀÏÄ¡ÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù´Â Àå¾Ö¹°ÀÌ ¹Ý´ëÀڷκÎÅÍ »ç¶óÁú °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ¾î´À ´©°¡ »ìÀÎÇϰųª °í¹®ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ», »ç¶÷Àº ¸»ÇÒ °Íµµ ¾ø°í, °³¸¦ °í¹®Çϰųª ´ßÀ̳ª ¼Û¾ÆÁö¸¦ »ìÇØÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ »ç¶÷ÀÇ º»¼º¿¡ À§¹èµÇ°í °íÅ뽺·´´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ºÎÁ¤ÇÒ °ÍÀΰ¡? (³ª´Â ¶¥À» °æÀÛÇϸ鼭 »ì¾Æ°¡¸é¼­, ´Ü¼øÈ÷ ÀÚ½ÅÀÌ ±â¸¥ µ¿¹°µéÀ» Á׿©¾ß Çϱ⠶§¹®¿¡ °í±â¸¦ ¸Ô´Â °ÍÀ» Æ÷±âÇÑ »ç¶÷µéÀ» ¾Ë°í ÀÖ´Ù.) ±×·¯³ª ¿ì¸® »îµéÀÇ Àüü ±¸Á¶´Â °¢°¢ÀÇ »ç¶÷ÀÇ °³ÀÎÀû ÀÌÀÍÀº ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô °íÅëÀ» °¡ÇÔÀ¸·Î½á ¾ò¾î Áö¸ç, ±×°ÍÀº Àΰ£ÀÇ º»¼º¿¡ À§¹èµÇµµ·Ï µÇ¾î ÀÖ´Ù. Æø·ÂÀ» °¡Çϵµ·Ï ¼³°èµÈ ¿ì¸®ÀÇ »îÀÇ Àüü Áú¼­¿Í ¿ì¸®ÀÇ Á¦µµµéÀÇ ÀüüÀûÀÎ º¹ÇÕÀû ÀåÄ¡´Â, Æø·ÂÀÌ »ç¶÷ÀÇ º»¼º¿¡ ¹Ý´ëµÇ´Â °ÍÀÓÀ» Áõ°ÅÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù. ¾î¶² ÆÇ»çµµ ±×°¡ ¹ýÁ¤¿¡¼­ »çÇü¼±°í¸¦ ³»¸° »ç¶÷À» ¹åÁÙ·Î ¸ñÀ» ¸Å¾î Á×ÀÌ´Â °áÁ¤À» ³»¸®Áö ¾ÊÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ¾î¶² ÇàÁ¤°üµµ ÇÑ ³óºÎ¸¦ ±×ÀÇ ¿ï°íÀÖ´Â °¡Á·À¸·ÎºÎÅÍ Ã¼Æ÷ÇÏ¿© Åõ¿ÁÇϵµ·Ï °áÁ¤ÇÏÁö´Â ¾ÊÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ¾î¶² À屺À̳ª º´»çµµ, ÈÆ·Ã, Ãæ¼ºÀÇ ¸Í¼¼, ±×¸®°í ÀüÀïÀÇ ¼±¾ðÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó¸é, ¼ö¹é¸íÀÇ Å;îŰÀεéÀ̳ª µ¶ÀÏÀεéÀ» »ìÇØÇϰųª ±×µéÀÇ ¸¶À»À» ÆÄ±«ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº ¹°·ÐÀ̸ç, ½ÉÁö¾î ´Ü ÇÑ »ç¶÷ÀÌ¶óµµ »óó¸¦ ÀÔÈ÷±â¸¦ ¿øÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ÀÌ ¸ðµç °ÍÀº ¿ÀÁ÷ ¸Å¿ì º¹ÀâÇÑ ±¹°¡ ¹× »çȸ Á¶Á÷À¸·Î ÀÎÇØ¼­ ÀÌ·ç¾îÁö¸ç, ±× Á¶Á÷ÀÇ ¸ñÀûÀº ¾ÇÇÑ ÇàÀ§µéÀÇ Ã¥ÀÓÀ» ºÐ¹èÇÏ¿© ¾î´À »ç¶÷µµ ÀڽŵéÀÇ ÇàÀ§µé¿¡ ´ëÇØ ºÎÀÚ¿¬½º·¯¿òÀ» ´À³¢Áö ¾Ê°Ô ÇàÇØÁöµµ·Ï ÇÔ¿¡ ÀÖ´Ù. ¾î¶² »ç¶÷µéÀº ¹ýµéÀ» ¸¸µç´Ù; ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷µéÀº ±×°ÍµéÀ» Àû¿ëÇÑ´Ù; ¼¼ ¹øÂ°ÀÇ »ç¶÷µéÀº »ç¶÷µéÀ» ÈÆ·Ã½ÃŰ°í ±×µéÀ» ±ÔÀ²¿¡ ÀûÀÀÇϵµ·Ï, Áï, ¹«°¨°¢ÇÏ°í ¹«Á¶°ÇÀûÀÎ º¹Á¾Çϵµ·Ï ¸¸µç´Ù; ³× ¹øÂ° ¹«¸®´Â- ÈÆ·Ã ¹ÞÀº »ç¶÷µé-  ÀÌÀ¯¿Í Àå¼Ò¸¦ ºÒ¹®Çϰí, ¸ðµç Á¾·ùÀÇ Æø·Â ÇàÀ§µéÀ» ÀúÁö¸£°í, ½ÉÁö¾î »ç¶÷µéÀ» »ìÇØÇÑ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª »ç¶÷Àº ¿ÀÁ÷, ½ÉÁö¾î Àá½Ãµ¿¾È ¸¸À̶óµµ, ÀÚ½ÅÀÌ °ü·ÃµÇ¾î ÀÖ´Â ÀÌ·± ¼¼»óÀÇ Á¶Á÷ÀÇ ±×¹°¿¡¼­, ÀÚ½ÅÀ» Á¤½ÅÀûÀ¸·Î Ç®¾î ³õÀ¸¸é, ¹«¾ùÀÌ ÁøÁ¤À¸·Î Àڽſ¡°Ô ºÎÀÚ¿¬½º·¯¿îÁö ±ú´Ý°Ô µÉ °ÍÀÌ´Ù.

As soon as we cease to affirm that the customary evil we employ is an immutable divine truth, it becomes obvious which of the two is natural and accordant to man: violence, or the law of Christ. Is it to know that my tranquility and safety and that of my family, and all my pleasures, are purchased by the destitution, corruption, and misery of millions, by hangings every year, by hundreds of thousands of suffering prisoners, by millions torn from their homes and stupefied by discipline- soldiers, policemen, and gendarmes who, armed with pistols against hungry people, safeguard my amusements- to purchase every sweet morsel I put into my mouth or into the mouths of my children, by the sufferings of humanity that are unavoidable for the procuring of these morsels? Or to know that, be the morsel what it may, it is mine only when no one else needs it and when no one has to suffer on account of it?

¿ì¸®°¡ äÅÃÇÏ´Â ÀÏ»óÈ­µÈ ¾ÇÀÌ ºÒº¯ÀÇ ½Å¼ºÇÑ Áø¸®¶ó°í ÁÖÀåÇÔÀ» ¸ØÃßÀÚ¸¶ÀÚ, µÑ ÁßÀÇ ¾î´À °ÍÀÌ ÀÚ¿¬½º·´°í ÀûÇÕÇÑÁö ºÐ¸íÇØÁø´Ù: Æø·ÂÀΰ¡ ¾Æ´Ï¸é ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ ¹ýÀΰ¡. ³ª¿Í ³ªÀÇ °¡Á·ÀÇ ÆòÈ­¿Í ¾ÈÀü, ±×¸®°í ³ªÀÇ ¸ðµç ÇູµéÀº, ¼ö¹é¸¸ ¸íÀÇ ºó°ï, ºÎÆÐ, ±×¸®°í ºÒÇà¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­, ÇØ¸¶´ÙÀÇ ±³¼öÇü¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­, ¼ö½Ê¸¸ÀÇ °íÅë¹Þ´Â Á˼öµé¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­, ÈÆ·Ã ¶§¹®¿¡ ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ °¡Á¤À¸·ÎºÎÅÍ °Ý¸®µÇ¾î ¸¶ºñµÈ ¼ö¹é¸¸ ¸í- ³ªÀÇ Äè¶ôµéÀ» º¸ÀåÇϱâ À§ÇØ ¹è°íÇ »ç¶÷µé¿¡ ¸Â¼­±â À§Çؼ­ ÃÑÀ¸·Î ¹«ÀåÇÑ º´»çµé, °æÂûµé, ±×¸®°í Ç庴µé- ¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­ »çµé¿© Áø´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ¾Ë¾Æ¾ß ÇÏÁö ¾Ê°Ú´Â°¡? ³ªÀÇ ÀÔ ¼Ó¿¡ ¶Ç´Â ³» ÀڽĵéÀÇ ÀÔ ¼Ó¿¡ ³Ö±â À§ÇØ »çµéÀÌ´Â ¸ÀÀÖ´Â À½½Ä¸¶´Ù, ÀÌ·± À½½ÄµéÀ» ¾òÀ½¿¡ À־ ÇÇÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø´Â ÀηùÀÇ °íÅëµé¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ °ÍÀÓÀ» ¾Ë¾Æ¾ß ÇÏÁö ¾Ê°Ú´Â°¡? ¾Æ´Ï ±×°ÍÀÌ ¾î¶² À½½ÄÀ̵çÁö, ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷¿¡°Õ Çʿ䰡 ¾øÀ¸¸ç ±×°ÍÀ¸·Î ÀÎÇØ¼­ ¾Æ¹«µµ °íÅë ´çÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀ» ¶§, ³» °ÍÀÓÀ» ¾Ë¾Æ¾ß ÇÏÁö ¾Ê°Ú´Â°¡?

It is only necessary once to understand that this is so, and that every pleasure of mine, every mo¡©ment of tranquility under our organization of life, is purchased by the deprivations and sufferings of thousands who are restrained by violence; one need but once understand that fact, to understand what is natural to man's entire nature- that is to say, not merely to his animal nature, but to his reasonable nature as well. One need only understand the law of Christ in its full meaning, with all its conse¡©quences, in order to understand that Christ's teaching is not contrary to man's nature, but that it really consists in rejecting what is contrary to man's nature, namely, the visionary human doctrine of resistance to evil which now makes life unhappy.

ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ÀÏÀÌ »ç½ÇÀ̸ç, ³ª ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ¸ðµç ±â»Ý, ¿ì¸®ÀÇ »îÀÇ Á¶Á÷ ¾Æ·¡¼­ÀÇ ¸Å ¼ø°£ÀÇ Æò¾ÈÀº, Æø·Â¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­ Èñ»ýµÇ´Â ¼ö ¸¹Àº »ç¶÷µéÀÇ ºó°ï°ú °íÅë¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­ ¾ò¾î Áø´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ¿ÀÁ÷ ÇÑ ¹ø¸¸ÀÌ¶óµµ ±ú´Ý´Â °ÍÀÌ ÇÊ¿äÇÏ´Ù; »ç¶÷ÀÇ Àü¹ÝÀû º»¼º¿¡ ¹«¾ùÀÌ ÀÚ¿¬½º·¯¿îÁö ÀÌÇØÇϱâ À§Çؼ­- ´Ù½Ã ¸»Çϸé, ±×ÀÇ µ¿¹°Àû º»¼º »Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, ±×ÀÇ À̼ºÀûÀÎ º»¼º±îÁö- ¿ì¸®´Â ÀÌ·± »ç½ÇÀ» ´Ü ÇÑ ¹ø¸¸ÀÌ¶óµµ ±ú´ÞÀ» Çʿ䰡 ÀÖ´Ù. ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§ÀÌ Àΰ£ÀÇ º»¼º¿¡ ¹Ý´ëµÇÁö ¾ÊÀ¸¸ç, ±×°ÍÀº Àΰ£ÀÇ º»¼º¿¡ ¹Ý´ëµÇ´Â °ÍÀ», Áï, ¿À´Ã³¯ »îÀ» ºÒÇàÇÏ°Ô ¸¸µå´Â ÇãȲµÈ Àΰ£ÀÇ ±³¸®¸¦ ÁøÁ¤À¸·Î °ÅºÎÇÔ¿¡ ÀÖ´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ±ú´Ý±â À§Çؼ­, ¿ì¸®´Â ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ ¹ýÀ» ±× ¿ÏÀüÇÑ Àǹ̷μ­, ±× ¸ðµç Á߿伺À» °¡Áö°í, ´Ü ÇÑ ¹ø¸¸À̶óµµ, ÀÌÇØÇÒ Çʿ䰡 ÀÖ´Ù.

Christ's doctrine of non-resistance to him that is evil is a dream! But that the life of men in whose souls pity and love for one another is implanted, has been passed, and is now being passed, by some in organizing executions at the stake, knouts, and breakings on the wheel, lashes, the splitting of nostrils, tortures, handcuffs, penal servitude, gal¡©lows, shootings, solitary confinements, prisons for women and children, in arranging the slaughter of tens of thousands in wars, in organizing periodic revolutions and Pugachev revolts, and the life of others in carrying out all these horrors, and the life of a third set in evading these sufferings and aveng¡©ing themselves for them- is this not a dreadful dream?

¾ÇÇÑ ÀÚ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¹«ÀúÇ×ÀÇ ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ ±³¸®´Â ȯ»óÀÌ´Ù! ±×·¯³ª ¿µÈ¥ ¼Ó¿¡ ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷µé¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¿¬¹Î°ú »ç¶ûÀÌ ½É¾îÁ® ÀÖ´Â »ç¶÷µéÀÇ »îÀÌ, ´©±º°¡¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­ È­Çü(ûýúý), °¡Á× Ã¤Âï, ÇüÂ÷(úýó³), ÅÂÇü, ÄÚ¸¦ ÂõÀ½, °í¹®, Á·¼â, Á߳뵿, ±³¼ö´ë, ÃÑ»ì, µ¶¹æ°¨±Ý, ºÎ³àÀÚ¿ë °¨¿Áµé°ú °°Àº óÇüµéÀ» Á¶Á÷ÇÔ¿¡¼­, ÀüÀï¿¡¼­ ¼ö¸¸ ¸íÀ» µµ»ìÇÒ Áغñ¸¦ ÇÔ¿¡¼­, ÁÖ±âÀûÀÎ Çõ¸íµé°ú ºÀ±âµéÀ» Á¶Á÷ÇÔ¿¡¼­, ±×¸®°í, ÀÌ ¸ðµç °øÆ÷¸¦ ½ÇÇàÇÔ¿¡¼­ ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷µéÀÇ »îµµ, ±×¸®°í Á¦ »ïÀÇ ¹«¸®µéÀÇ »îµµ, ÀÌ·± °íÅëµéÀ» ÇÇÇϰųª ±×°Íµé¿¡ ´ëÇØ º¹¼öÇÔ¿¡¼­ »ç¶óÁ® °¬À¸¸ç, Áö±Ýµµ »ç¶óÁö°í ÀÖ´Ù- À̰ÍÀÌ ¹«¼­¿î ȯ»óÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶õ ¸»Àΰ¡?

One has but to understand Christ's teaching to understand that the world, not that which God gave for man's delight but the world men have devised for their own destruction, is a dream, and a very wild and terrible dream- the raving of a maniac from which one need but awake in order never to return to that terrible nightmare.

Çϳª´ÔÀÌ »ç¶÷ÀÇ ÇູÀ» À§ÇÏ¿© ÁֽаÍÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ½º½º·ÎÀÇ ÆÄ¸êÀ» À§ÇØ ¸¸µé¾î ³½ ¼¼»óÀº, ²ÞÀÌ¸ç °¡Àå ³­ÆøÇÏ°í ¹«¼­¿î ²Þ- ¿ì¸®°¡ ¿ÀÁ÷ ±ú¾î ³¯ Çʿ䰡 ÀÖÀ¸¸ç ´Ù½Ã´Â ±×Åä·Ï ¹«¼­¿î ¾Ç¸ùÀ¸·Î µ¹¾Æ°¡Áö ¸»¾Æ¾ß ÇÏ´Â ¹ÌÄ£ ÀÚµéÀÇ ±¤¶õ- À̶õ °ÍÀ» ¿ì¸®´Â ±ú´Ý±â¸¸ ÇÏ¸é µÈ´Ù.

God descended to earth; the Son of God- one of the Persons of the Trinity- became flesh and redeemed Adam's sin; this God, we were taught to think, must have said something secret, mystical, difficult to understand, and only to be understood by the aid of faith and the sacraments; and suddenly it appears that the word of God is so simple, so clear, so reasonable. God says simply: Do not do evil to one another- and there will be no evil. Is it possible that God's revelation is so simple? Can it be that God only said that? It seems to us that we all knew that: it is so simple.

Çϳª´ÔÀº Áö»ó¿¡ ¿À¼Ì´Ù; Çϳª´ÔÀÇ ¾Æµé- »ïÀ§ÀÏü ÁßÀÇ ÇÑ ºÐ- ÀÌ À°½ÅÀÌ µÇ¾î¼­ ¾Æ´ãÀÇ Á˸¦ ±¸¼ÓÇϼ̴Ù; ÀÌ Çϳª´ÔÀº Ʋ¸²¾øÀÌ ¹«¾ùÀΰ¡ ºñ¹Ð½º·´°í, ½Åºñ½º·¯¿ì¸ç, ÀÌÇØÇϱ⠾î·Á¿î °ÍÀ» ¸»¾¸ÇϼÌÀ¸¸ç, ¿ÀÁ÷ ½Å¾Ó°ú ¼º»ç(á¡ÞÀ)µé·Î¼­ ±ú´ÞÀ» ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù°í »ý°¢Çϵµ·Ï ±³À°¹Þ¾Ò´Ù; ±×¸®°í °©ÀÚ±â Çϳª´ÔÀÇ ¸»¾¸ÀÌ ³Ê¹«³ª ´Ü¼øÇϰí, ³Ê¹«³ª ¸í·áÇϸç, ³Ê¹«³ª À̼ºÀûÀÎ °ÍÀ¸·Î ³ªÅ¸³µ´Ù. Çϳª´ÔÀº ´Ü¼øÈ÷ ¸»¾¸ÇϽŴÙ: ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷¿¡°Ô ¾ÇÀ» ÇàÇÏÁö ¸»¶ó- ±×·¯¸é ¾ÇÀº ¾øÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù. Çϳª´ÔÀÇ °è½Ã°¡ ±×Åä·Ï ´Ü¼øÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖÀ»±î? Çϳª´ÔÀÌ ¿ÀÁ÷ ±×°Í¸¸À» ¸»¾¸ÇϼÌÀ»±î? ¿ì¸® ¸ðµÎ´Â ±×°ÍÀ» ¾Ë°í ÀÖ´Â °Íó·³ º¸ÀδÙ: ±×°ÍÀº ³Ê¹«³ª ´Ü¼øÇÏ´Ù.

Elijah the prophet, fleeing from men, hid in a cave, and it was revealed to him that God would appear to him at the entrance to the cave. A storm arose that broke the trees. Elijah thought this was God, and looked; but God was not there. Then came thunder; the thunder and lightning were terrible. Elijah went out to look whether God was not there; but God was not there either. Then there came an earthquake; fire arose from the earth, the rocks were rent, and the mountains quaked. Elijah looked, but God was still not there. Then a light, quiet breeze arose, bringing the refreshing scent of the fields. Elijah looked- and God was there! Such, too, are these simple words of God: 'Resist not him that is evil.'

¼±ÁöÀÚ ¿¤¸®¾ß´Â »ç¶÷µéÀ» ÇÇÇÏ¿© µ¿±¼¿¡ ¼û¾î µé¾ú´Ù, ±×¸®°í µ¿±¼ÀÇ ÀÔ±¸¿¡¼­ ±×¿¡°Ô Çϳª´ÔÀÌ ³ªÅ¸³ª½Ç °ÍÀ̶ó´Â °è½Ã¸¦ ¹Þ¾Ò´Ù. ÆøÇ³ÀÌ ÀϾ¼­ ³ª¹«µéÀÌ ºÎ·¯Á³´Ù. ¿¤¸®¾ß´Â À̰ÍÀÌ Çϳª´ÔÀ̶ó°í »ý°¢ÇÏ°í ¹Ù¶óº¸¾Ò´Ù; ±×·¯³ª Çϳª´ÔÀº °Å±â¿¡ ¾ø¾ú´Ù. ±×¸®°í ³ª¼­ õµÕ¼Ò¸®°¡ ³µ´Ù; õµÕ°ú ¹ø°³´Â ¹«¼­¿ü´Ù. ¿¤¸®¾ß´Â Çϳª´ÔÀÌ ±×°÷¿¡ ÀÖ´ÂÁö ³ª°¡¼­ ã¾Æ º¸¾Ò´Ù; ±×·¯³ª Çϳª´ÔÀº ±×°÷¿¡µµ ¾ø¾ú´Ù. ±× ¶§ ÁöÁøÀÌ ÀϾ´Ù; ¶¥¿¡¼­ ºÒÀÌ ¼Ú¾Æ³ª¿À°í, ¹ÙÀ§°¡ °¥¶óÁ³´Ù, ±×¸®°í »êµéÀÌ Áøµ¿ÇÏ¿´´Ù. ¿¤¸®¾ß´Â ¹Ù¶óº¸¾Ò´Ù, ±×·¯³ª Çϳª´ÔÀº ¿©ÀüÈ÷ ±×°÷¿¡ ¾ø¾ú´Ù. ¸¶Ä§³» °¡º±°í Á¶¿ëÇÑ ¹ÌdzÀÌ ºÒ¸é¼­, µéÆÇÀÇ ½Å¼±ÇÑ ³»À½À» ¸ô°í ¿Ô´Ù. ¿¤¸®¾ß´Â ¹Ù¶óº¸¾Ò´Ù- ±×·¯ÀÚ Çϳª´ÔÀº ±×°÷¿¡ °è¼Ì´Ù! Çϳª´ÔÀÇ ÀÌÅäÅå ´Ü¼øÇÑ ¸»¾¸µéµµ ±×·¸°Ô ¿Â´Ù: ¡®¾ÇÇÑ ÀÚ¿¡°Ô ´ëÇ×ÇÏÁö ¸»¶ó.¡¯

They are very simple, but in them is expressed the law of God and man, one and eternal. The law is to such an extent eternal that if there is in history a movement forward towards the elimination of evil, it is thanks only to those men who have so understood Christ's teaching and have endured evil and not resisted it by violence. Progress to¡©wards the welfare of mankind is made not by the persecutors but by the persecuted. As fire does not extinguish fire, so evil cannot extinguish evil. Only goodness, meeting evil and not infected by it, con¡©quers evil. That this is so is in man's spiritual world an immutable law comparable to the law of Galileo, but even more immutable, clearer and more complete. People may deviate from it and hide it from others, but nevertheless the progress of humanity towards what is good can only be accomplished by that path. Every step forward is made solely in the path of non-resistance to evil. And in the face of all possible temptations and threats the disciples of Christ may, with more assurance than Galileo, de¡©clare: 'And yet, not by violence, but by goodness alone can you destroy evil.' If that advance is slow, this is thanks solely to the fact that the clearness, simplicity, reasonableness, inevitability, and ne¡©cessity of Christ's teaching is hidden from the majority of men in the most cunning and dangerous way, hidden under a different doctrine falsely called his.

±×°ÍµéÀº ³Ê¹«³ª ´Ü¼øÇÏ´Ù, ±×·¯³ª ±× ¼Ó¿¡´Â Çϳª´Ô°ú »ç¶÷ÀÇ À²¹ýÀÌ Ç¥ÇöµÇ¾î ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ÇϳªÀÌ¸ç ¿µ¿øÇÏ´Ù. ±× À²¹ýÀº ±×Åä·Ï ¿µ¿øÇÏ¿©¼­, ¸¸ÀÏ ¿ª»ç»ó¿¡ ¾ÇÀÇ Á¦°Å¸¦ ÇâÇÑ ÀüÁøÀÇ ¿òÁ÷ÀÓÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù¸é, ±×°ÍÀº ¿ÀÁ÷ ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§À» ±×·¸°Ô ±ú´Ý°í ¾ÇÀ» Âü¾Æ ³»¾úÀ¸¸ç Æø·ÂÀ¸·Î¼­ ÀúÇ×ÇÏÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´ø Å¿ÀÌ´Ù. ÀηùÀÇ º¹Áö¸¦ ÇâÇÑ Áøº¸´Â ¹ÚÇØÇÏ´Â Àڵ鿡 ÀÇÇØ¼­°¡ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ¹ÚÇØ¹Þ´Â Àڵ鿡 ÀÇÇØ¼­ ÀÌ·ç¾î Á³´Ù. ºÒÀÌ ºÒÀ» ²ø ¼ö ¾øµíÀÌ, ¾Çµµ ¾ÇÀ» ¼Ò¸ê½Ãų ¼ö ¾ø´Ù. ¿ÀÁ÷ ¼±¸¸ÀÌ, ¾ÇÀ» ¸¸³ª¼­ ¹°µéÁö ¾ÊÀ½À¸·Î½á, ¾ÇÀ» ±¼º¹½ÃŲ´Ù. À̰ÍÀÌ ±×·¯ÇÑ °ÍÀº »ç¶÷ÀÇ ¿µÈ¥ÀÇ ¼¼»ó¿¡¼­ °¥¸±·¹¿ÀÀÇ ¹ýÄ¢¿¡ ºñ±³ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ºÒº¯ÀÇ ¹ýÄ¢ÀÌ´Ù, ±×·¯³ª ½ÉÁö¾î ´õ¿í ºÒº¯Çϸç, ´õ¿í ¸í·áÇÏ°í ¿ÏÀüÇÏ´Ù. »ç¶÷µéÀº ÀÌ ±æ¿¡¼­ ÀÌÅ»ÇÒÁöµµ ¸ð¸£¸ç ±×°ÍÀ» ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷¿¡°Ô¼­ ¼û±æÁöµµ ¸ð¸¥´Ù, ±×·¯³ª ±×·³¿¡µµ ºÒ±¸ÇÏ°í ¼±À» ÇâÇÑ ÀηùÀÇ ÀüÁøÀº ¿ÀÁ÷ ±×·¯ÇÑ ±æÀ» ÅëÇØ¼­¸¸ÀÌ ¼ºÃëµÉ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ÀüÁøÀ» ÇâÇÑ °¢°¢ÀÇ °ÉÀ½Àº ¿ÀÁ÷ ¾Ç¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¹«ÀúÇ×ÀÇ ±æ¿¡¼­¸¸ ¿Å±æ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ±×¸®°í ¸ðµç °¡´ÉÇÑ À¯È¤µé°ú À§ÇùµéÀ» ´«¾Õ¿¡ µÎ°í¼­µµ, ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ Á¦ÀÚµéÀº, °¥¸±·¹¿Àº¸´Ù ´õ Å« È®½ÅÀ» °¡Áö°í¼­, ¼±¾ðÇÑ´Ù: ¡®±×·¸Áö¸¸, Æø·Â¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­°¡ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, ¿ÀÁ÷ ¼±¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­¸¸ ¾ÇÀ» ÆÄ±«ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.¡¯ ¸¸ÀÏ ±×·± ÀüÁøÀÌ ´õµð´Ù¸é, À̰ÍÀº ¿À·ÎÁö ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§ÀÇ ¸í·áÇÔ, ´Ü¼ø¼º, Çմ缺, ºÒ°¡ÇǼº, ±×¸®°í Çʿ伺ÀÌ °¡Àå ±³¹¦Çϸç À§Ç轺·± ¹æ¹ýÀ¸·Î ´ëºÎºÐÀÇ »ç¶÷µé·ÎºÎÅÍ ¼û°ÜÁ® ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, °ÅÁþµÇÀÌ ±×ÀÇ °ÍÀ̶ó°í ÀÏÄþî Áö´Â ´Ù¸¥ ±³¸® ¹Ø¿¡ ¼û°ÜÁ® Àֱ⠶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù.

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Ȩ ] À§·Î ] ¼­¹® ] I. º¹À½ ±³ÈÆÀÇ ¿­¼è ] II. ¹«ÀúÇ×ÀÇ ¸í·É ] III. Çϳª´ÔÀÇ ¹ý°ú »ç¶÷ÀÇ ¹ý ] [ IV. ±×¸®½ºµµ °¡¸£Ä§ÀÇ ¿ÀÇØ ] V. ¿¹¼ö¿Í ¸ð¼¼ÀÇ À²¹ý ] VI. ´Ù¼¸ °¡Áö °è¸í ] VII. °ÅÁþ ±³¸® ] VIII. »îÀÇ ±æ ] IX. ½Å¾Ó°ú ÇàÀ§ ] X. ³ªÀÇ ¸Û¿¡´Â °¡º±´Ù ] XI. Á×Àº ±³È¸ ] XII. ½Å¾ÓÀ̶õ ¹«¾ùÀΰ¡? ] Notes ] MaudeÀÇ ¼­¹® ]


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