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What I Believe

(³ª´Â ¹«¾ùÀ» ¹Ï´Â°¡)


by Leo Tolstoy

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III. THE LAW OF GOD AND THE LAW OF MAN

III. Çϳª´ÔÀÇ ¹ý ±×¸®°í »ç¶÷ÀÇ ¹ý

It is wrongly said that the Christian teaching relate only to personal salvation and not to public, political questions. That is merely an audacious and barefaced assertion which is most obviously false and collapses as soon as it is seriously considered. 'Very well, I will not resist the evil doer, I will turn my cheek as a private individual', say I to myself; but if an enemy comes, or the people are oppressed, and I am called on to take part in the struggle against the evil men and to go and kill them, then it is imperative for me to decide wherein lies the service of God, and wherein the service of 'the vain thing'. Am I to go to the war or not? I am a peasant, and am chosen to serve as a village elder, a judge, or a juryman, and I am told to take an oath to judge and to inflict punishment. What am I to do? Again I have to choose between the law of God and the law of man. Or I am a monk living in a monastery, and some peasants have taken our hay and I am sent to participate in the struggle against the evil men and to take legal proceedings against the peasants. Again I have to choose. No one can escape from the question. I speak not merely of our class whose activity consists almost entirely in resisting evil men: in the army, in the courts of justice, or in civil offices, there is not a single private person, however humble, who has not to choose between serving God by obeying His command, or serving the 'vain thing'- state institu¡©tions. My private life is interwoven with the general life of the state which demands of me an un-Christian activity directly contrary to the law of Christ. Now with universal military service and the liability of all to serve on a jury this dilemma is sharply presented to us all in a very striking manner. Every man must take the weapons of murder- a sword and a bayonet- and must either kill, or at least load the rifle and sharpen the sword, that is, prepare to kill. Every citizen must appear at the law-courts and participate in trial and punishment, that is to say, must repudiate Christ's law about not resisting him that is evil, and must do it not merely in words but in deeds.

±âµ¶±³ÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§ÀÌ ¿ÀÁ÷ °³ÀÎÀûÀÎ ±¸¿ø¿¡¸¸ °ü°èÇÏ°í ±¹°¡³ª,Á¤Ä¡ÀûÀÎ ¹®Á¦´Â °ü°è ¾ø´Ù°í ¸»ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº À߸øÀÌ´Ù. ±×°ÍÀº, ³Ê¹«³ª ¸í¹éÇÑ °ÅÁþÀ̸ç ÁøÁöÇÏ°Ô ´Ù·ç¾î ÁöÀÚ¸¶ÀÚ ¹«³ÊÁö´Â, ¿ÀÁ÷ ´ë´ãÇÏ°í »·»·½º·¯¿î ÁÖÀåÀÏ »ÓÀÌ´Ù. ¡®ÁÁ´Ù, ³ª´Â ¾ÇÀ» ÇàÇÏ´Â ÀÚ¿¡°Ô ´ëÇ×ÇÏÁö ¾Ê°Ú´Ù, ³ª´Â °³ÀÎÀûÀÎ ÇÑ »ç¶÷À¸·Î½á ³ªÀÇ »´À» µ¹·Á´ë°Ú´Ù¡¯, ³ª´Â Àڽſ¡°Ô ¸»ÇÑ´Ù; ±×·¯³ª ¸¸ÀÏ ÀûÀÌ Ãĵé¾î ¿À°Å³ª »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ¾ï¾Ð´çÇϰí, ±×¸®°í ³»°¡ ¾ÇÇÑ »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô ´ëÇ×ÇÏ¿© ÅõÀïÇÏ°í ³ª¾Æ°¡¼­ ±×µéÀ» Á×À̵µ·Ï ¼ÒÁýµÈ´Ù¸é, ±×·² °æ¿ì, ¾î´À °÷¿¡ Çϳª´Ô¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ºÀ»ç¸¦, ±×¸®°í ¾î´À °÷¿¡ ¡®ÇêµÈ °Í¡¯¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ºÀ»ç¸¦ ÇàÇÒ °ÍÀÎÁö¸¦ ³»°¡ °áÁ¤ÇØ¾ß ÇÔÀº ÇÇÇÒ ¼ö°¡ ¾ø´Ù. ³ª´Â ÀüÀï¿¡ ³ª°¡¾ß Çϴ°¡ ¸»¾Æ¾ß Çϴ°¡? ³ª´Â ³óºÎÀÌ´Ù, ±×¸®°í ¸¶À»ÀÇ Àå·Î·Î, ¹ý°üÀ¸·Î, ¶Ç´Â ¹è½É¿øÀ¸·Î ºÀ»çÇϵµ·Ï ¼±ÃâµÇ¸ç, ½ÉÆÇÀ» ³»¸®°Å³ª ó¹úÀ» °¡Çϱâ À§Çؼ­ ¼±¼­¸¦ Çϵµ·Ï ¸í·ÉÀ» ¹Þ´Â´Ù. ³ª´Â ¾î¶»°Ô ÇÏ¿©¾ß Çϴ°¡? ³ª´Â ´Ù½Ã Çϳª´ÔÀÇ ¹ý°ú »ç¶÷ÀÇ ¹ý »çÀÌ¿¡¼­ ¼±ÅÃÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀ¸¸é ¾È µÈ´Ù. ¾Æ´Ï ³ª´Â ¼öµµ¿ø¿¡ »ç´Â ¼öµµ»çÀÌ´Ù, ±×·±µ¥ ¾î¶² ³óºÎµéÀÌ ¿ì¸®ÀÇ °ÇÃʸ¦ °¡Á®°¬´Ù ±×¸®°í ³ª´Â ±× ¾ÇÇÑ »ç¶÷µé°úÀÇ ½Î¿ò¿¡ Âü¿©ÇÏ°í ³óºÎµé¿¡ ´ëÇ×ÇÏ´Â ¹ýÀû ÀýÂ÷¸¦ ¹âµµ·Ï ÆÄ°ßµÈ´Ù. ³ª´Â ´Ù½Ã ¼±ÅÃÇØ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. ±× ¹®Á¦·ÎºÎÅÍ ¾î´À ´©±¸µµ ÇÇÇØ°¥ ¼ö ¾ø´Ù. ³ª´Â ´Ü¼øÈ÷ ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ È°µ¿ÀÌ °ÅÀÇ ÀüÀûÀ¸·Î ¾ÇÇÑ »ç¶÷µé¿¡ ´ëÇ×ÇÔ¿¡ ÀÖ´Â ³ª ÀÚ½ÅÀÌ ¼ÓÇÑ °è±ÞÀ» À̾߱âÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï´Ù: ±º´ë¿¡¼­, ÀçÆÇ¼Ò¿¡¼­, ¶Ç´Â ½Ãû¿¡¼­, ÀÚ½ÅÀÌ ¾Æ¹«¸® ÃʶóÇÒ Áö¶óµµ, Çϳª´ÔÀÇ ¸í·É¿¡ º¹Á¾ÇÔÀ¸·Î½á ±×¿¡°Ô ºÀ»çÇϰųª, ¡®ÇêµÈ °Í¡¯- ±¹°¡ Á¦µµµé- ¿¡ ºÀ»çÇÒ °ÍÀ» ¼±ÅÃÇÏÁö ¾Ê¾Æµµ µÇ´Â ´Ü ÇÑ ¸íÀÇ °³Àεµ ¾ø´Ù. ³ªÀÇ °³ÀÎÀûÀÎ »îÀº ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ ¹ý¿¡ Á¤¸éÀ¸·Î ´ëÄ¡µÇ´Â ºñ±âµ¶±³ÀûÀÎ ÇàÀ§¸¦ ³ª·ÎºÎÅÍ ¿ä±¸ÇÏ´Â ±¹°¡ÀÇ ÀϹÝÀûÀÎ »î°ú ¾ôÇôÀÖ´Ù. ÀÌÁ¦ º¸ÆíÀû º´¿ªÀǹ«¿Í ¸ðµç »ç¶÷ÀÌ ¹è½É¿øÀ¸·Î ºÀ»çÇØ¾ß ÇÏ´Â Àǹ«¸¦ Áö°í ÀÖÀ¸¹Ç·Î, ÀÌ·± µô·¹¸¶´Â ¸Å¿ì ÇöÀúÇÑ ¹æ¹ýÀ¸·Î ¿ì¸®µé ¸ðµÎ¿¡°Ô ³¯Ä«·Ó°Ô Á¦½ÃµÈ´Ù. ¸ðµç »ç¶÷ÀÌ ¹Ýµå½Ã »ìÀÎ¿ë ¹«±â- Ä®À̳ª ÃѰË- ¸¦ Àâ¾Æ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù ±×¸®°í ¹Ýµå½Ã »ìÀÎÇØ¾ß Çϰųª, ¶Ç´Â Àû¾îµµ ¼ÒÃÑÀ» ÀåÀüÇϰí Ä®À» °¥¾Æ¾ß, Áï, »ìÀÎÀ» ÁغñÇØ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. ¸ðµç ½Ã¹ÎµéÀº ¹ýÁ¤¿¡ ³ª°¡¼­ ÀçÆÇÀ̳ª ó¹ú¿¡ Âü¿©ÇØ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù, ´Ù½Ã ¸»Çϸé, ¾ÇÇÑ ÀÚ¿¡°Ô ´ëÀûÇÏÁö ¸»¶ó´Â ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ ¹ýÀ» ¹Ýµå½Ã Àú¹ö·Á¾ß Çϰí, ±×°ÍÀ» ¸»·Î¼­ »Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ÇàÀ§·Î¼­ ÇàÇÏ¿©¾ß ÇÑ´Ù.

The grenadier's question- The Gospel or the military code ? The law of God or man's law?- now presents itself to humanity as it did in the days of Samuel. It presented itself to Christ himself, and to his disciples. It stands before those who now wish to be Christians in deed, and it stood before me.

±ÙÀ§º´ÀÇ ¹®Á¦- º¹À½Àΰ¡ ¾Æ´Ï¸é ±º´ëÀÇ ±ÔÁ¤Àΰ¡? Çϳª´ÔÀÇ ¹ýÀΰ¡ ¾Æ´Ï¸é »ç¶÷ÀÇ ¹ýÀΰ¡?- °¡ »ç¹«¿¤ÀÇ ½Ã´ë¿¡ ±×·¨´ø °Íó·³ ÀÌÁ¦ Àηù¿¡°Ô Á¦±âµÈ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ±×°ÍÀº ±×¸®½ºµµ Àڽſ¡°Ô ±×¸®°í ±×ÀÇ Á¦Àڵ鿡°Ôµµ Á¦±âµÇ¾ú´Ù. ±×°ÍÀº ÀÌÁ¦ ÁøÁ¤À¸·Î ±âµ¶±³ÀÎÀ̱⸦ ¿øÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷µé ¾Õ¿¡ ³õ¿© ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ³ªÀÇ ¾Õ¿¡µµ ³õ¿© ÀÖ´Ù.

The law of Christ, and his teachings of love, humility, and self-repudiation had previously always touched my heart and attracted me. But from all sides, both in history and around me at the present day and in my own life, I saw a contrary law, repugnant to my heart and conscience and reason, but harmonizing with my animal instincts. I felt if I accepted the law of Christ I should be isolated and it would go ill with me, I should be one of the persecuted and suffering, as Christ predicted. While if I accepted man's law everyone would approve of it, and I should be at peace, secure, and have at my service all manner of theological subtleties to set my conscience at rest. I should laugh and be merry as Christ said. I felt this, and therefore did not penetrate into the meaning of Christ's law, but tried to understand it so that it should not prevent my living my accustomed animal life. But to under¡©stand it so was impossible, and therefore I did not understand it at all.

±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ ¹ý, ±×¸®°í ±×ÀÇ »ç¶û, °ø¼Õ, ¹× ÀÚ±â Èñ»ýÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§µéÀº °ú°Å¿¡ Ç×»ó ³ªÀÇ ¸¶À½¿¡ °¨µ¿À» ÁÖ¾úÀ¸¸ç, ³ª¿¡°Ô´Â ¸Å·ÂÀ̾ú´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ¸ðµç ºÎºÐÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ, ¿ª»ç»ó¿¡¼­ ±×¸®°í Çö ½Ã´ë¿Í ³ª ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ Àλý¿¡¼­ ³ªÀÇ ÁÖº¯¿¡¼­, ³ª´Â »ó¹ÝÀûÀÎ ¹ýÀ» ¾Ë¾Ò´Ù, ±×·¯³ª ±×°ÍÀº ³ªÀÇ ¸¶À½, ¾ç½É, ±×¸®°í À̼º¿¡ ¹è¹ÝµÇÁö¸¸, ³ªÀÇ µ¿¹°ÀûÀÎ º»´Éµé°ú´Â ¾î¿ï¸®´Â °ÍÀ̾ú´Ù. ³ª´Â ¸¸ÀÏ ³»°¡ ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ ¹ýÀ» ¹Þ¾Æ µéÀδٸé, ³ª´Â Ʋ¸²¾øÀÌ °Ý¸®µÉ °ÍÀÌ¸ç ±×°ÍÀº ³ª¿¡°Ô ÇØ·Ó°Ô µÉ °ÍÀ̰í, ³ª´Â ±×¸®½ºµµ°¡ ¿¹°ßÇÑ ´ë·Î, ¹ÚÇØ¹Þ°í °íÅë¹Þ´Â »ç¶÷µé ÁßÀÇ Çϳª°¡ µÉ °ÍÀ̶ó°í ´À²¼´Ù. ¹Ý¸é¿¡ ¸¸ÀÏ ³»°¡ »ç¶÷ÀÇ ¹ýÀ» ¹Þ¾Æ µéÀδٸé, ¸ðµç »ç¶÷ÀÌ ±×°ÍÀ» ÀÎÁ¤ÇÒ °ÍÀ̰í, ³ª´Â Ʋ¸²¾øÀÌ Æò¾ÈÇϰí, ¾ÈÀüÇϸç, ³ªÀÇ ¾ç½ÉÀ» ÀáÀç¿ì±â À§ÇÑ ¸ðµç Á¾·ùÀÇ ½ÅÇÐÀûÀÎ Ä¡¹ÐÇÑ ¹æ¹ýµéÀ» ³» ¸¶À½´ë·Î µ¿¿øÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ³ª´Â À̰ÍÀ» ´À²¼´Ù, ±×·¯¹Ç·Î ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ ¹ýÀÇ ÀÇ¹Ì ¾È¿¡ ±íÀÌ µé¾î°¡Áö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù, ±×·¯³ª ³»°¡ ÀûÀÀÇØ ÀÖ´Â µ¿¹°ÀûÀÎ »îÀ¸·Î ³»°¡ »ì¾Æ °¡´Â °ÍÀ» ¹æÇØÇÏÁö ¾Êµµ·Ï ±×°ÍÀ» ÀÌÇØÇÏ·Á°í ½ÃµµÇß´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ±×°ÍÀ» ±×·¸°Ô ÀÌÇØÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ» ºÒ°¡´ÉÇß´Ù, ±×·¯¹Ç·Î ³ª´Â ±×°ÍÀ» ÀüÇô ÀÌÇØÇÏÁö ¸øÇß´Ù.

In this non-comprehension I reached a state of perplexity which now astonishes me, and as an example of that perplexity I will give my former understanding of the words, 'Judge not, that ye be not judged' (Matt. vii. 1), 'Judge not and ye shall not be judged: condemn not, and ye shall not be condemned' (Luke vi. 37). The institution of law-courts in which I took part and which defended the safety of my property, appeared to me so indubitably sacred and accordant with the law of God that it never occurred to me that these sayings could mean anything but that one must not speak ill of one's neighbor. It never entered my head that in those words Christ could have spoken of the law-courts, of the Zemstvo, of the Criminal Court, of the District Courts and magistrates, and of all the Senates and departments. Only when I understood in the direct sense the words about not resisting him that is evil, only then did the question occur to me of Christ's attitude to all those courts and departments. And seeing that he must have dis¡©approved of them, I asked myself: Does it not mean that one must not merely refrain from condemning one's neighbor verbally, but must not judge him in the courts- must not condemn one's neighbor by means of our law-courts?

ÀÌ·± ¿ÀÇØ ¼Ó¿¡¼­ ³ª´Â Áö±Ý ³»°¡ ³î¶ó°í Àִ ȥ¶õÀÇ »óÅ¿¡ µµÂøÇß´Ù, ±×¸®°í ±×·± È¥¶õÀÇ ¿¹·Î¼­, ¡®ºñÆÇÀ» ¹ÞÁö ¾Æ´ÏÇÏ·Á°Åµç ºñÆÇÇÏÁö ¸»¶ó¡¯(¸¶Åº¹À½ 7Àå1Àý), ¡®ºñÆÇÄ¡ ¸»¶ó. ±×¸®ÇÏ¸é ³ÊÈñ°¡ ºñÆÇÀ» ¹ÞÁö ¾Æ´ÏÇÒ °ÍÀ̿䡯(´©°¡º¹À½ 6Àå37Àý)¶ó´Â ¸»¾¸À» ³»°¡ °ú°Å¿¡ ÀÌÇØÇÏ´ø °ÍÀ» ¸»ÇØ º¸°Ú´Ù. ³»°¡ Âü¿©ÇÏ°í ³ªÀÇ Àç»êÀÇ ¾ÈÀüÀ» º¸ÀåÇØÁÖ´Â ÀçÆÇ Á¦µµ´Â ³»°Ô ³Ê¹«µµ ÀǽÉÇÒ ¿©Áöµµ ¾øÀÌ ½Å¼ºÇϰí Çϳª´ÔÀÇ ¹ý°ú ÀÏÄ¡ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ¸·Î º¸¿´À¸¹Ç·Î, ÀÌ·± ±¸ÀýµéÀÌ ¿ÀÁ÷ ¡®¿ì¸®ÀÇ ÀÌ¿ôÀ» ¿åÇØ¼­´Â ¾È µÈ´Ù¡¯´Â ÀÌ¿ÜÀÇ °ÍÀ» ÀǹÌÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖÀ¸¸®¶ó°í´Â °áÄÚ ¶°¿À¸£Áö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù. ±× ¸»¾¸µé ¾È¿¡ ±×¸®½ºµµ°¡ ÀçÆÇ¼Ò, Áö¹æ ÀÚġȸ, Çü»ç ÀçÆÇ¼Ò, Áö¹æ ÀçÆÇ¼Ò ¹× ¼øÈ¸ ÀçÆÇ¼Ò, ±×¸®°í ÀÔ¹ý¿ø°ú ±¹°¡ÀÇ °¢±â ºÎóµé¿¡ ´ëÇØ¼­ ¸»Çß¾úÀ» °ÍÀ̶ó°í´Â °áÄÚ ³ªÀÇ ¸Ó¸® ¼Ó¿¡ µé¾î¿ÀÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù. ¿ÀÁ÷ ³»°¡ ¡®¾ÇÇÑ ÀÚ¿¡°Ô ´ëÀûÇÏÁö ¸»¶ó¡¯´Â ¸»¾¸ÀÇ Á÷Á¢ÀûÀÎ Àǹ̸¦ ±ú´Þ¾ÒÀ» ¶§, ¿ÀÁ÷ ±×¶§¼­¾ß ±× ¸ðµç ¹ýÁ¤°ú ºÎóµé¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ ÀÚ¼¼¿¡ °üÇÑ Àǹ®ÀÌ ³ª¿¡°Ô ¶°¿Ã¶ú´Ù. ±×¸®°í ±×°¡ Ʋ¸²¾øÀÌ ±×°ÍµéÀ» ¿ëÀÎÇÏÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ¾Ë°í¼­, ³ª´Â Àڽſ¡°Ô ¹°¾ú´Ù: ±×°ÍÀº ¸»·Î¼­ ¿ì¸®°¡ ÀÌ¿ôÀ» ºñ³­ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ» »ï°¡¾ß ÇÒ »Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, ¹ýÁ¤¿¡¼­ ±×¸¦ ÀçÆÇÇÏÁö ¸» °Í- ¿ì¸®ÀÇ ¹ýÁ¤µéÀ» ÀÌ¿ëÇÏ¿© ¿ì¸®ÀÇ ÀÌ¿ôÀ» Á¤ÁËÇØ¼­´Â ¾È µÈ´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ÀǹÌÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ ¾Æ´Ñ°¡?

In Luke vi. 37-49, these words are spoken immediately after the teaching of non-resistance to evil and of returning good for evil. Following the words, 'Be merciful as your Father in heaven is merciful', come the words, 'Judge not, and ye shall not be judged: condemn not, and ye shall not be condemned'. Does not this mean that besides not blaming one's neighbor one must not set up law-courts, nor judge one's neighbor in them? said I. And I only had to formulate that question, and my heart and my common sense at once replied affirmatively.

´©°¡º¹À½(6Àå 37Àý~49Àý)¿¡¼­´Â ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ±¸ÀýÀº ¾ÇÇÑ ÀÚ¿¡°Ô ÀúÇ×ÇÏÁö ¸»°í ¾ÇÀ» ¼±À¸·Î °±À¸¶ó´Â ¸»¾¸ ¹Ù·Î µÚ¿¡ ³ª¿Â´Ù. ¡®³ÊÈñ ¾Æ¹öÁöÀÇ ÀÚºñÇÏ½É °°ÀÌ ³ÊÈñµµ ÀÚºñÇ϶󡯶ó´Â ¸»¾¸ µÚ¿¡ ¡®ºñÆÇÄ¡ ¸»¶ó ±×¸®ÇÏ¸é ³ÊÈñ°¡ ºñÆÇÀ» ¹ÞÁö ¾ÊÀ» °ÍÀ̿䡯¶ó´Â ¸»¾¸ÀÌ ³ª¿Â´Ù. À̰ÍÀº ¿ì¸®°¡ ¿ì¸® ÀÌ¿ô¿¡ ´ëÇØ¼­ ¸»·Î ºñ³­ÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀ» »Ó´õ·¯ ¿ì¸®´Â ÀçÆÇ¼Ò¸¦ ¼³Ä¡Çؼ­´Â ¾ÈµÇ¸ç ¿ì¸® ÀÌ¿ôÀ» ½ÉÆÇÇØ¼­µµ ¾È µÈ´Ù´Â ¶æÀÌ ¾Æ´Ò±î? ÇÏ°í ³ª Àڽſ¡°Ô ¸»Çß´Ù. ±×¸®°í ³»°¡ Àڽſ¡°Ô ÀÌ·± Àǹ®À» Á¦±âÇÏÀÚ, Áï½Ã ³ªÀÇ ¸¶À½°ú »ó½ÄÀÌ ´çÀå ±àÁ¤ÀûÀÎ ´ë´äÀ» ÇÏ¿´´Ù.

I know how this understanding of the words startles one at first. It startled me too. To show how far I was from such an understanding of the words I will confess to a shameful stupidity. When I had already become a believer and read the Gospels as a divine book, I used as a joke to say to my friends, on meeting any of them who were public prosecutors or judges: 'And you go on judging, though it is written, "Judge not that ye be not judged".' So sure was I that those words could mean nothing more than a prohibition of evil-speaking, that I did not understand the terrible mockery of holy things my words contained. I had gone so far that, being convinced that these plain words did not mean what they do mean, I used them jokingly in their true sense.

ÀÌ ¸»¾¸¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ÇØ¼®ÀÌ ÃÖÃÊ¿¡´Â »ç¶÷µéÀ» ¾ó¸¶³ª ³î¶ó°Ô ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÎÁö ³ª´Â ¾Ë°í ÀÖ´Ù. ±×°ÍÀº ³ª ¿ª½Ãµµ ³î¶ó°Ô Çß´Ù. ³»°¡ ¸»¾¸¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ±×·± ±ú´ÞÀ½¿¡¼­ ¾ó¸¶³ª ¸Ö¸® ¶³¾îÁ® ÀÖ¾ú´Â°¡¸¦ º¸À̱â À§Çؼ­ ºÎ²ô·´±â ±×Áö¾ø´Â ³ªÀÇ ¾î¸®¼®À½À» °í¹éÇϰڴÙ. ³»°¡ ÀÌ¹Ì ½ÅÀÚ°¡ µÇ¾î¼­ ¼º°æÀ» Çϳª´ÔÀÇ Ã¥À¸·Î ÀÐÀº ÈÄ¿¡µµ °Ë»ç¿Í ÆÇ»ç¸¦ ÇÏ´Â ³ªÀÇ Ä£±¸µéÀ» ¸¸³ª¸é ³ó´ãÁ¶·Î ¸»Çϰï Çß´Ù: ¡®ÀÚ³×µéÀº ¼º°æ¿¡ ¡°ºñÆÇÄ¡ ¸»¶ó ±×¸®ÇÏ¸é ³ÊÈñ°¡ ºñÆÇÀ» ¹ÞÁö ¾ÊÀ» °ÍÀ̿䡱¶ó°í ¾²¿© ÀÖÀ½¿¡µµ °è¼ÓÇØ¼­ ÀçÆÇÀ» Çϰí Àִ°¡?¡¯ ³ª´Â ±× ¸»¾¸ÀÌ ¿À·ÎÁö ºñ¹æÀ» ±ÝÁöÇÔÀ» ÀǹÌÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ¸·Î ³Ê¹«µµ È®½ÅÇÏ¿´±â ¶§¹®¿¡, ³ªÀÇ ¸»ÀÌ ´ã°í ÀÖ´Â ½Å¼ºÇÑ °Í¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¹«¼­¿î ºñ¿ôÀ½À» ±ú´ÝÁö ¸øÇß´Ù. ³ª´Â ±× Áö°æ±îÁö À̸£·¯¼­, ÀÌ·± ÆòÀÌÇÑ ¸»¾¸µéÀÌ ±×°ÍµéÀÌ ÀǹÌÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ» ÀǹÌÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» È®½ÅÇÏ°í¼­, ³ª´Â ³ó´ã »ï¾Æ¼­ ±×°ÍµéÀ» ÁøÁ¤ÇÑ Àǹ̷μ­ »ç¿ëÇϰï Çß´Ù.

I will recount in detail how all my doubts-  whether these words could be understood except as meaning that Christ totally forbids the human institution of any law-court, and that he could mean nothing else by those words- were destroyed.

ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ¸»Àº ±×¸®½ºµµ°¡ Áö»óÀÇ ¸ðµç ÀçÆÇÀ» ±ÝÇÑ´Ù´Â ¶æÀ̶ó´Â °Í°ú ±×¸®½ºµµ°¡ ±×·¯ÇÑ Àǹ̸¦ ³ªÅ¸³»´Â ¸»·Î´Â ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ¸»¹Û¿¡ »ç¿ëÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø¾ú´Ù´Â °Í¿¡ °üÇÑ ÀǽÉÀÌ ¾î¶»°Ô Á¦°ÅµÇ¾ú´Â°¡¸¦ »ó¼¼È÷ ¸»ÇϰڴÙ.

The first thing that struck me when I understood the law of non-resistance to the evil man in its direct meaning, was the man's courts of law are not in. accord with it, but are directly opposed to it and to the meaning of the whole teaching, and that Christ therefore, if he thought of the law-courts, must have condemned them.

³»°¡ ¾ÇÇÑ »ç¶÷¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¹«ÀúÇ×ÀÇ ¹ýÀ» ±× Á÷Á¢ÀûÀÎ Àǹ̴ë·Î ±ú´Þ¾ÒÀ» ¶§ °¡Àå ³ª¸¦ ³î¶ó°Ô ÇÑ ÃÖÃÊÀÇ °ÍÀº »ç¶÷ÀÇ ¹ýÁ¤ÀÌ ±×°Í°ú ÀÏÄ¡µÇ´Â °ÍÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, ±×°Í¿¡ ±×¸®°í Àüü °¡¸£Ä§¿¡ Á¤¸éÀ¸·Î ´ëÄ¡µÇ¸ç, ±×¸®½ºµµ´Â ±×·¯¹Ç·Î, ¸¸ÀÏ ±×°¡ ¹ýÁ¤µéÀ» »ý°¢ÇÏ¿´´Ù¸é, ¹Ýµå½Ã ±×°ÍµéÀ» ºñ³­ÇÏ¿´À» °ÍÀ̶ó´Â Á¡À̾ú´Ù.

Christ says: 'Resist not him that is evil.' The purpose of the courts is to resist the evil man. Christ tells us to return good for evil. The courts repay evil for evil. Christ tells us not to distinguish good people from bad. The courts are entirely concerned in making the distinction. Christ says, for¡©give all men. Forgive not once, not seven times, but endlessly. Love your enemies and do good to them that hate you. The courts do not forgive, but punish. They deal out not good but evil to those they call the enemies of society. So it appeared evident that Christ must have condemned the courts. But, thought I, perhaps Christ had nothing to do with the law-courts and was not thinking of them. But I saw that this could not be: from the day of his birth and until his death Christ came in con¡©flict with the courts of Herod, of the Sanhedrin, and of the high priests. And I noticed that Christ often spoke directly of the courts as of an evil. He warned his disciples that they would be judged, and he told them how to bear themselves in the courts. Of himself he said that he would be condemned; and he himself set an example of how one should treat man's courts of law. Therefore Christ did think of these human courts, which condemned him and his disciples and which have condemned and are con¡©demning millions of people. Christ saw this evil and plainly indicated it. At the execution of the sen¡©tence of the court on the woman taken in adultery he plainly repudiated the court and showed that man must not judge because he is himself guilty. And he expressed that same thought several times, saying that with dirt in one's own eye one cannot see the dirt in another's eye and that the blind must not lead the blind. He even explains what results from such a blunder. The pupil becomes like his master.

±×¸®½ºµµ´Â ¸»ÇÑ´Ù: ¡®¾ÇÇÑ ÀÚ¿¡°Ô ÀúÇ×ÇÏÁö ¸»¶ó.¡¯ ÀçÆÇµéÀÇ ¸ñÀûÀº ¾ÇÇÑ »ç¶÷À» ´ëÀûÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ±×¸®½ºµµ´Â ¿ì¸®¿¡°Ô ¾ÇÀ» ¼±À¸·Î °±À¸¶ó°í ¸»ÇÑ´Ù. ÀçÆÇÀº ¾ÇÀ» ¾ÇÀ¸·Î µÇ °±´Â´Ù. ±×¸®½ºµµ´Â ¼±ÇÑ »ç¶÷°ú ¾ÇÇÑ »ç¶÷À» ±¸ºÐÇÏÁö ¸»¶ó°í ÇÑ´Ù. ÀçÆÇÀº ÀüÀûÀ¸·Î ±¸º°ÇÏ´Â ÀÏ¿¡ °ü·ÃµÇ¾î ÀÖ´Ù. ±×¸®½ºµµ´Â ¸»ÇÑ´Ù, ¸ðµç »ç¶÷µéÀ» ¿ë¼­Ç϶ó. ÇÑ ¹ø ¶Ç´Â Àϰö ¹øÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, ³¡¾øÀÌ ¿ë¼­Ç϶ó. ³ÊÈñ ¿ø¼ö¸¦ »ç¶ûÇ϶ó ±×¸®°í ³ÊÈñ¸¦ ¹Ì¿öÇÏ´Â ÀÚ¿¡°Ô ¼±À» ÇàÇ϶ó. ÀçÆÇÀº ¿ë¼­ÇÏÁö ¾Ê°í ó¹úÇÑ´Ù. ÀçÆÇµéÀº ±×µéÀÌ »çȸÀÇ ÀûÀ̶ó°í ºÎ¸£´Â »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô ¼±ÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ¾ÇÀ» º£Ç¬´Ù. ±×·¯¹Ç·Î ±×¸®½ºµµ´Â ÀçÆÇµéÀ» Ʋ¸²¾øÀÌ ºñ³­ÇßÀ½ÀÌ ºÐ¸íÇØ º¸ÀδÙ. ±×·¯³ª, ³ª´Â ±×¸®½ºµµ°¡ ÀçÆÇ¼Ò¿Í ¾Æ¹«·± °ü·ÃÀÌ ¾øÀ¸¸ç ±×°Íµé¿¡ ´ëÇØ¼­ »ý°¢ÇÏÁö ¾Ê°í ÀÖ´Ù°í »ý°¢ÇÑ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ³ª´Â ÀÌ °°Àº ÀÏÀº ÀÖÀ» ¼ö ¾ø´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ±ú´Þ¾Ò´Ù: ±×°¡ Ãâ»ýÇÑ ³¯ºÎÅÍ Á×À» ¶§±îÁö, ±×¸®½ºµµ´Â Çì·Ô, »êÇìµå¸°, ±×¸®°í ´ëÁ¦»çÀå µéÀÇ ¹ýÁ¤µé°ú Ãæµ¹ÇÏ¿´´Ù. ±×¸®°í ³ª´Â ±×¸®½ºµµ°¡ Á¾Á¾ ÀçÆÇµéÀ» ¾ÇÀ̶ó°í Á÷Á¢ÀûÀ¸·Î ¸»Çß´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ¾Ë¾Ò´Ù. ±×´Â Á¦Àڵ鿡°Ô ±×µéÀÌ ½ÉÆÇÀ» ¹ÞÀ» °ÍÀ̶ó°í °æ°íÇß´Ù ±×¸®°í ±×µé¿¡°Ô ¹ýÁ¤¿¡¼­ ¾î¶»°Ô ó½ÅÇØ¾ß ÇÏ´ÂÁö¸¦ ¸»ÇØÁÖ¾ú´Ù. Àڽſ¡ ´ëÇØ¼­µµ ±×´Â ¼±°í¸¦ ¹ÞÀ» °ÍÀ̶ó°í ¸»Çß´Ù; ±×¸®°í ±×´Â ½º½º·Î ¿ì¸®°¡ Àΰ£ÀÇ ¹ýÁ¤À» ¾î¶»°Ô »ó´ëÇÏ¿©¾ß ÇÏ´ÂÁö º»À» º¸¿© ÁÖ¾ú´Ù. ±×·¯¹Ç·Î ±×¸®½ºµµ´Â ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ Àΰ£ÀÇ ¹ýÁ¤µéÀ» »ý°¢Çϰí ÀÖ¾ú´Ù, ±×¸®°í ±×°ÍµéÀº ±×¿Í ±×ÀÇ Á¦ÀÚµéÀ» Á¤ÁËÇÏ¿´À¸¸ç, ¼ö¹é¸¸ÀÇ »ç¶÷µéÀ» Á¤ÁËÇÏ¿© ¿ÔÀ¸¸ç Á¤ÁËÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù. ±×¸®½ºµµ´Â ÀÌ·± ¾ÇÀ» ±ú´Þ¾ÒÀ¸¸ç ±×°ÍÀ» ¸í¹éÇÏ°Ô ÁöÀûÇÏ¿´´Ù. °£À½À¸·Î ºÙÀâÈù ¿©ÀÚ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¹ýÁ¤ÀÇ ¼±°í¸¦ ÁýÇàÇÔ¿¡¼­ ±×´Â ¸í¹éÈ÷ ÀçÆÇÀ» ºÎÁ¤ÇÏ¿´À¸¸ç »ç¶÷Àº ½º½º·Î°¡ ÁËÀÎÀ̹ǷΠÆÇ´ÜÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» º¸¿©ÁÖ¾ú´Ù. ±×¸®°í ±×´Â ¶È °°Àº »ç»óÀ» ¿©·¯ ¹ø Ç¥ÇöÇÏ¿´´Âµ¥, ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ´«¿¡ Ƽ²øÀ» °¡Áø ÀÚ´Â ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷ ´«ÀÇ Æ¼²øÀ» º¼ ¼ö ¾øÀ¸¸ç, ¼Ò°æÀÌ ¼Ò°æÀ» ÀεµÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø´Ù°í ¸»ÇÏ¿´´Ù. ±×´Â ½ÉÁö¾î ±×·¯ÇÑ ¾öû³­ ½Ç¼ö·Î ¹«¾ùÀÌ ÃÊ·¡µÇ´ÂÁö ¼³¸íÇÑ´Ù. ÇлýÀº ±×ÀÇ ½º½Âó·³ µÈ´Ù.

But perhaps having said this about the judgment on the woman taken in adultery and having put forth parables about the foundations of the house, referring to the general weakness of man¡©kind, he nevertheless does not forbid appeals to human courts of law for the purpose of obtaining protection from evil men. But I saw that this is quite inadmissible.

±×·¯³ª ¾Æ¸¶µµ °£À½ÁË·Î ºÙÀâÈù ¿©ÀÚ¸¦ ½ÉÆÇÇÔ¿¡ ´ëÇØ¼­ ÀÌ·¸°Ô ¸»ÇßÀ¸¸ç ÁýÀÇ ±âÃÊ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ºñÀ¯¸¦ ¸»ÇØÁÖ°í, ÀηùÀÇ ÀϹÝÀûÀÎ °áÇÔÀ» ¾ð±ÞÇßÀ»Áö¶óµµ, ±×´Â ¾ÇÇÑ »ç¶÷µé·ÎºÎÅÍ º¸È£¸¦ ¾ò±â À§ÇÑ ¸ñÀûÀ» À§Çؼ­ »ç¶÷ÀÇ ¹ýÁ¤¿¡ È£¼ÒÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ» ±ÝÁöÇÏÁö ¾Ê¾ÒÀ»Áö ¸ð¸¥´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ³ª´Â À̰ÍÀÌ Àý´ë·Î ¿ë³³µÉ ¼ö ¾øÀ½À» ¾Ë°í ÀÖ´Ù.

In the Sermon on the Mount, addressing every¡©body, he says: 'And if any man will sue thee at law and take away thy coat, let him have thy cloak also.' Therefore he forbids anyone to go to law. But perhaps Christ speaks only of each man¡¯s personal relation to the courts and does not condemn the process of law itself, but allows people to judge others provided they do so in the institutions estab¡©lished for that purpose? But neither can this be supposed. Christ, in the prayer he gave, bids all men without exception forgive others, that they may be forgiven their own sins. And he repeats the thought often. Therefore every man when he prays and before bringing his gift to the altar should for¡©give everyone. How can a man, who by the faith he professes must always forgive all men, judge and condemn anyone in the law-courts? It follows that, according to Christ's teaching, there can be no such things as Christian courts which inflict punishment.

±×¸®½ºµµ´Â »ê»ó¼öÈÆ¿¡¼­ ¸ðµç »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô ¿¬¼³Çϸ鼭 ¸»ÇÑ´Ù: ¡®³Ê´Â ¼Û»çÇÏ¿© ¼Ó¿ÊÀ» °¡Áö°íÀÚ ÇÏ´Â ÀÚ¿¡°Ô °Ñ¿Ê±îÁö °¡Áö°Ô Ç϶ó.¡¯ ±×·¯¹Ç·Î ±×¸®½ºµµ´Â ¹ý¿¡ È£¼ÒÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ» ¸ðµç »ç¶÷¿¡°Ô ±ÝÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ¾Æ¸¶µµ ±×¸®½ºµµ´Â ÀçÆÇ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ °¢ »ç¶÷ÀÇ °³ÀÎÀûÀÎ °ü°è¸¸À» ¸»ÇÒ »ÓÀ̸ç, ¹ý ÀýÂ÷ ÀÚü´Â ºñ³­ÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀ¸¸ç, Á¦µµ°¡ ¼³¸³µÈ ¸ñÀû»ó Çã¿ëÇÑ´Ù¸é »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷µéÀ» ÀçÆÇÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ» ÀÎÁ¤ÇÏÁö ¾Ê°Ú´Â°¡? ±×·¯³ª ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ °ÍÀº °áÄÚ °í·ÁµÉ ¼ö ¾ø´Ù. ±×¸®½ºµµ´Â, ±×ÀÇ ±âµµ¿¡¼­, ¸ðµç »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ Á˸¦ ¿ë¼­ ¹ÞÀ¸·Á¸é, ¿¹¿Ü ¾øÀÌ ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷µéÀ» ¿ë¼­Ç϶ó°í ºÐºÎÇÏ¿´´Ù. ±×¸®°í ±×´Â ±×·¯ÇÑ »ý°¢À» ÀÚÁÖ ¹Ýº¹ÇÑ´Ù. ±×·¯¹Ç·Î ¸ðµç »ç¶÷Àº ±âµµ¸¦ Çϰí Á¦´Ü¿¡ Á¦¹°À» ¹ÙÄ¡±â Àü¿¡ ¸ðµç »ç¶÷À» ¿ë¼­ÇØ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. ¾îÂîÇÏ¿© ÀÚ½ÅÀÌ °í¹éÇÏ´Â ½Å¾Ó¿¡ µû¶ó¼­ ¾ðÁ¦³ª ¹Ýµå½Ã ¸ðµç »ç¶÷µéÀ» ¿ë¼­ÇØ¾ß ÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷ÀÌ ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷À» ¹ýÁ¤¿¡¼­ ½ÉÆÇÇϰí Á¤ÁËÇÒ ¼ö Àְڴ°¡? ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§¿¡ µû¶ó¼­, ó¹úÀ» °¡ÇÏ´Â ±âµ¶±³ÀûÀÎ ¹ýÁ¤ °°Àº °ÍÀº °áÄÚ ÀÖÀ» ¼ö ¾ø´Ù.

But perhaps the context shows that in this passage Christ, when he says, 'Judge not, that ye be not judged', was not thinking of human courts of justice? But this again is not so; on the contrary, it is clear from the context that when he said, 'Judge not', Christ was speaking precisely of the institution of law-courts. In Matthew and Luke, before saying, 'Judge not', he says: Resist not him that is evil, endure evil, do good to all men. And before that, in Matthew, he repeats the words of the Hebrew criminal code, 'An eye for an eye, and a tooth for a tooth'. And after this reference to the criminal law, he says: But ye shall not do so; resist not him that is evil; and then he adds, 'Judge not'. Therefore Christ speaks precisely of human criminal law, and. repudiates it by the words, 'Judge not'.

±×·¯³ª ¾Æ¸¶µµ ¹®¸ÆÀ¸·Î º¸¾Æ¼­, ±×¸®½ºµµ°¡ ¡®ºñÆÇ¹ÞÁö ¾ÊÀ¸·Á°Åµç ºñÆÇÇÏÁö ¸»¶ó¡¯ °í ¸»ÇÒ ¶§, ±×´Â Àΰ£ÀÇ ÀçÆÇÀ» »ý°¢Çϰí ÀÖÁö ¾ÊÀº °ÍÀÌ ¾Æ´Ò±î? ±×·¯³ª ÀÌ°Í ¶ÇÇÑ ±×·¸Áö ¾Ê´Ù; ¿ÀÈ÷·Á ¹®¸Æ¿¡ µû¸£¸é, ±×¸®½ºµµ°¡ ¡®ºñÆÇÇÏÁö ¸»¶ó¡¯°í ¸»ÇßÀ» ¶§, ±×¸®½ºµµ´Â Á¤È®ÇÏ°Ô ÀçÆÇ Á¦µµ¸¦ ¸»Çϰí ÀÖ¾úÀ½ÀÌ ¸í¹éÇÏ´Ù. ¸¶Åº¹À½°ú ´©°¡º¹À½¿¡¼­, ¡®ºñÆÇÇÏÁö ¸»¶ó¡¯¸¦ ¸»Çϱâ Àü¿¡, ±×´Â ¸»ÇÑ´Ù: ¾ÇÇÑ ÀÚ¿¡°Ô ´ëÀûÇÏÁö ¸»¶ó, ¾ÇÀ» ÂüÀ¸¶ó, ¸ðµç »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô ¼±À» ÇàÇ϶ó. ±×¸®°í ÀÌ ¸»À» Çϱâ Àü¿¡, ¸¶Åº¹À½¿¡¼­, ±×´Â È÷ºê¸®ÀÇ Çü¹ýÀÇ Á¶Ç×µéÀ» ¸»ÇÑ´Ù, ¡®´«¿¡´Â ´«, ±×¸®°í ÀÌ¿¡´Â ÀÌ¡¯. ±×¸®°í ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ Çü¹ý¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÂüÁ¶ µÚ¿¡ ±×´Â ¸»ÇÑ´Ù: ±×·¯³ª ³ÊÈñ´Â ÀÌ·¸°Ô ÇàÇÏÁö ¸»¶ó; ¾ÇÇÑ ÀÚ¿¡°Ô ´ëÀûÇÏÁö ¸»¶ó; ±×¸®°í ³ª¼­ ±×´Â µ¡ºÙÀδÙ, ¡®ºñÆÇÇÏÁö ¸»¶ó¡¯. ±×·¯¹Ç·Î ±×¸®½ºµµ´Â Á¤È®ÇÏ°Ô »ç¶÷ÀÇ Çü¹ýÀ» ¸»Çϰí ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ¡®ºñÆÇÇÏÁö ¸»¶ó¡¯´Â ¸»¾¸À¸·Î¼­ ±×°ÍÀ» ºÎÁ¤Çϰí ÀÖ´Ù.

Moreover in Luke, he not only says, 'Judge not', but 'Judge not. . . and condemn not'. That word 'condemn', which has so similar a meaning, was not added for nothing. The addition can have had only one aim- to elucidate the sense in which the word 'judge' is used.

´õ±¸³ª ´©°¡º¹À½¿¡¼­, ±×¸®½ºµµ´Â ¡®ºñÆÇÇÏÁö ¸»¶ó¡¯ »Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, ¡®ºñÆÇÄ¡ ¸»¶ó¡¦Á¤ÁËÄ¡ ¸»¶ó¡¯¶ó°í ¸»Çϰí ÀÖ´Ù. ¡®Á¤ÁËÇÏÁö ¸»¶ó¡¯´Â ÀÌ ¸»Àº, ³Ê¹«³ª À¯»çÇÑ Àǹ̸¦ Áö´Ï°í ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ¾Æ¹«·± ÀÌÀ¯¾øÀÌ Ã·°¡µÈ °ÍÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï´Ù. ÷°¡µÈ ¸»Àº ¿ÀÁ÷ ÇѰ¡Áö ¸ñÀû ¹Û¿¡ ÀÖÀ» ¼ö ¾ø´Ù- ¡¯ºñÆÇÇÏ´Ù¡¯´Â ¸»ÀÌ »ç¿ëµÈ Àǹ̸¦ ¼³¸íÇϱâ À§ÇÑ °ÍÀÌ´Ù.

If he had meant to say, do not judge your neighbor, he would have added that word 'neighbor', but he adds the word which is translated 'do not condemn', and then adds, 'that ye be not con¡©demned; forgive all men and you will be forgiven'.

¸¸ÀÏ ±×¸®½ºµµ°¡ ¡®³ÊÀÇ ÀÌ¿ô¡¯À» ºñÆÇÄ¡ ¸»¶ó°í ¸»ÇÏ±æ ¿øÇßÀ¸¸é ±×´Â ¡®ÀÌ¿ô¡¯À̶õ ¸»À» ÷°¡ÇßÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù, ±×·¯³ª ±×´Â ¡®Á¤ÁËÄ¡ ¸»¶ó¡¯°í ¹ø¿ªµÇ´Â ¸»À» ÷°¡ÇßÀ¸¸ç, ±× ¸»¿¡ À̾, ¡®±×¸®ÇÏ¸é ³ÊÈñ°¡ Á¤Á˸¦ ¹ÞÁö ¾ÊÀ» °ÍÀÌ¿ä; ¸ðµç »ç¶÷À» ¿ë¼­Ç϶ó ±×¸®ÇÏ¸é ³ÊÈñ°¡ ¿ë¼­¸¦ ¹ÞÀ» °ÍÀ̸®¶ó¡¯ ¶ó°í ÷°¡ÇÑ´Ù.

But perhaps, all the same, Christ was not thinking of the law-courts when he said this and I may be attributing my own thought to his words which had a different meaning.

±×·¯³ª ¾Æ¸¶µµ, ±×·³¿¡µµ ºÒ±¸Çϰí, ±×¸®½ºµµ´Â À̰ÍÀ» ¸»ÇÒ ¶§ ¹ý·ü¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ ÀçÆÇ¿¡ ´ëÇØ¼­´Â »ý°¢Çϰí ÀÖÁö ¾Ê¾ÒÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù ±×·±µ¥ ³»°¡ ´Ù¸¥ ¶æÀ» °¡Áø ±×ÀÇ ¸»¾¸¿¡ ³ª ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ »ý°¢À¸·Î ¹Ù²Ù¾ú´ÂÁö ¸ð¸¥´Ù.

So I asked myself how Christ's first disciples, the Apostles, regarded man's law-courts. Did they acknowledge them or approve of them?

±×·¡¼­ ³ª´Â ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ ÃÖÃÊÀÇ Á¦ÀÚµéÀÌ, »çµµµéÀÌ »ç¶÷ÀÇ ¹ýÁ¤µéÀ» ¾î¶»°Ô ¿©°å´ÂÁö ±Ã±ÝÇß´Ù. ±×µéÀÌ ±×°ÍµéÀ» ÀÎÁ¤ÇÏ¿´°Å³ª È£ÀÇÀûÀ¸·Î ¿©°åÀ»±î?

In chap. iv. 11, the Apostle James says: 'Speak not evil one of another, brethren. He that speaketh evil of his brother, and judgeth his brother, speak¡©eth evil of the law, and judgeth the law: but if thou judge the law, thou art not a doer of the law, but a judge. There is one lawgiver who is able to save or to destroy: who art thou that judgest another?'

»çµµ ¾ß°íº¸´Â, Á¦ 4Àå 11Àý¿¡¼­, ´ÙÀ½°ú °°ÀÌ ¸»ÇÑ´Ù: ¡®ÇüÁ¦µé¾Æ ÇÇÂ÷¿¡ ºñ¹æÇÏÁö ¸»¶ó ÇüÁ¦¸¦ ºñ¹æÇÏ´Â ÀÚ³ª ÇüÁ¦¸¦ ÆÇ´ÜÇÏ´Â ÀÚ´Â °ð À²¹ýÀ» ºñ¹æÇϰí À²¹ýÀ» ÆÇ´ÜÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ̶ó ³×°¡ ¸¸ÀÏ À²¹ýÀ» ÆÇ´ÜÇϸé À²¹ýÀÇ ÁØÇàÀÚ°¡ ¾Æ´Ï¿ä ÀçÆÇÀڷδÙ. ÀÔ¹ýÀÚ¿Í ÀçÆÇÀÚ´Â ¿ÀÁ÷ ÇϳªÀÌ½Ã´Ï ´ÉÈ÷ ±¸¿øÇϱ⵵ ÇÏ½Ã¸ç ¸êÇϱ⵵ ÇϽôÀ´Ï¶ó ³Ê´Â ´©±¸°ü´ë ÀÌ¿ôÀ» ÆÇ´ÜÇÏ´À³Ä.¡¯

The word translated 'speak evil of' is . Without referring to the dictionary one can see that this word must mean indict. And so it does, as any¡©one may convince himself by a reference to the dictionary. It is translated, 'Who speaks evil of his brother, speaks evil of the law'. One involuntarily asks, Why? However much I may speak evil of my brother, I do not speak evil of the law; but if I indict and bring my brother before the court of law, I evidently thereby condemn the law of Christ: that is to say, I consider the law of Christ insufficient and indict and condemn his law. Then it is clear that I do not fulfill his law but constitute myself its judge. The judge, says Christ, is he who can save. But how shall I, who am not able to save, be a judge and inflict punishments?

¡®ºñ¹æÇÑ´Ù¡¯·Î ¹ø¿ªµÈ ¸»Àº ÀÌ´Ù. »çÀüÀ» ã¾Æ º¼ Çʿ䵵 ¾øÀÌ ¿ì¸®´Â ÀÌ ¸»ÀÌ Æ²¸²¾øÀÌ Á¤ÁËÇÏ´Ù¸¦ ÀǹÌÇÔÀ» ¾Ë ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ±×¸®°í, ¾î´À ´©°¡ »çÀüÀ» ÂüÁ¶ÇÏ¿© È®ÀÎÇØ º¸´õ¶óµµ ±×·¯ÇÒ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ¡®ÇüÁ¦¸¦ ºñ¹æÇÏ´Â ÀÚ´Â À²¹ýÀ» ºñ¹æÇÏ´Â ÀÚ¡¯·Î ¹ø¿ªµÇ¾ú´Ù. ¿ì¸®´Â Àڽŵµ ¸ð¸£°Ô ¹¯´Â´Ù, ¿Ö? ³»°¡ ³ªÀÇ ÇüÁ¦¸¦ ¾Æ¹«¸® ³ª»Ú°Ô ¸»ÇÏ´õ¶óµµ, ³ª´Â ¹ý·üÀ» ³ª»Ú°Ô ¸»ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº ¾Æ´Ï´Ù; ±×·¯³ª ¸¸ÀÏ ³ªÀÇ ÇüÁ¦¸¦ Á¤ÁËÇÏ¿© ¹ýÁ¤¿¡ µ¥·Á °£´Ù¸é, ³ª´Â ºÐ¸íÈ÷ ±×¸®ÇÏ¿© ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ ¹ýÀ» Á¤ÁËÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù: ´Ù½Ã ¸»Çϸé, ³ª´Â ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ ¹ýÀ» ºÒÃæºÐÇÏ°Ô ¿©±â°í¼­ ±×ÀÇ ¹ýÀ» ºñ³­Çϰí Á¤ÁËÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ±×·¸´Ù¸é ³ª´Â ±×ÀÇ ¹ýÀ» ÀÌÇàÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ½º½º·Î ±× ¹ýÀÇ ½ÉÆÇÀÚ°¡ µÇ´Â °ÍÀÌ ¸í¹éÇÏ´Ù. ±×¸®½ºµµ´Â ¸»ÇÑ´Ù, ½ÉÆÇÀÚ´Â ±¸¿øÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â »ç¶÷ÀÌ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ¾îÂîÇÏ¿© ³»°¡, ±¸¿øÇÒ ¼ö µµ ¾øÀ¸¸é¼­, ½ÉÆÇÀÚ°¡ µÇ°í ó¹úµéÀ» °¡Çϰڴ°¡?

The whole passage speaks of human law-courts, and repudiates them. The whole of the Epistle is full of that thought. In the Epistle of James (ii. 1-13) it is said: (1) 'My brethren, let the faith of our Lord Jesus Christ be held without respect of persons. (2) For if there come unto your assembly a man with a gold ring, in fine clothing, and there come in also a poor man in vile clothing; (3) And ye have regard to him that weareth the fine clothing, and say unto him, Sit thou here in a good place; and say to the poor, Stand thou there, or sit here under my foot¡©stool: (4) Are ye not then partial in yourselves, and are become judges of evil thoughts? (5) Hearken, my beloved brethren, Hath not God chosen the poor of this world rich in faith, and heirs of the kingdom which he hath promised to them that love him? (6) But ye have despised the poor. Do not rich men oppress you, and themselves drag you before the judgment seats? Do not they blaspheme that worthy name by the which ye are called ? (8) If ye fulfill the royal law according to the scripture, Thou shalt love thy neighbor as thyself (Lev. xix. 18), ye do well. (9) But if ye have respect to persons, ye commit sin, and are convicted by the law as trans¡©gressors. (10) For whosoever shall keep the whole law, and yet offend in one point, he is guilty of all. (11) For he who said, Do not commit adultery, said also, Do not kill. Now if thou commit no adultery, yet if thou kill, thou art become a transgressor of the law (Deut. xxii. 22; Lev. xviii. 17-25). (12) So speak ye, and so do, as they that shall be judged by the law of liberty. (13) For he shall have judgment without mercy that hath showed no mercy; and mercy rejoiceth against judgment.' The last words have often been translated: 'Mercy is proclaimed in the courts', and were so translated to imply that there may be Christian courts of law, but that they must be merciful.

ÀÌ ±¸Àý Àüü°¡ »ç¶÷ÀÇ ¹ýÁ¤µéÀ» À̾߱â Çϰí ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ±×°ÍµéÀ» ºÎÁ¤Çϰí ÀÖ´Ù. ¾ß°íº¸¼­ Àüü°¡ ÀÌ¿Í °°Àº »ç»óÀ¸·Î °¡µæ Â÷ÀÖ´Ù. ¿ì¸®´Â ¾ß°íº¸¼­(2Àå1-13)¿¡¼­ ´ÙÀ½°ú °°Àº ¸»À» ÀÐÀ» ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. [1] ³» ÇüÁ¦µé¾Æ ¿µ±¤ÀÇ ÁÖ °ð ¿ì¸® ÁÖ ¿¹¼ö ±×¸®½ºµµ¸¦ ¹Ï´Â ¹ÏÀ½À» ³ÊÈñ°¡ ¹Þ¾ÒÀ¸´Ï »ç¶÷À» ¿Ü¸ð·Î ÃëÇÏÁö ¸»¶ó [2] ¸¸ÀÏ ³ÊÈñ ȸ´ç¿¡ ±Ý°¡¶ôÁö¸¦ ³¢°í ¾Æ¸§´Ù¿î ¿ÊÀ» ÀÔÀº »ç¶÷ÀÌ µé¾î¿À°í ¶Ç ´õ·¯¿î ¿ÊÀ» ÀÔÀº °¡³­ÇÑ »ç¶÷ÀÌ µé¾î¿Ã ¶§¿¡[3] ³ÊÈñ°¡ ¾Æ¸§´Ù¿î ¿ÊÀ» ÀÔÀº ÀÚ¸¦ µ¹¾Æº¸¾Æ °¡·ÎµÇ ¿©±â ÁÁÀº ÀÚ¸®¿¡ ¾ÉÀ¸¼Ò¼­ ÇÏ°í ¶Ç °¡³­ÇÑ ÀÚ¿¡°Ô À̸£µÇ ³Ê´Â °Å±â ¼¹µçÁö ³» ¹ßµî»ó ¾Æ·¡ ¾ÉÀ¸¶ó Çϸé[4] ³ÊÈñ³¢¸® ¼­·Î ±¸º°ÇÏ¸ç ¾ÇÇÑ »ý°¢À¸·Î ÆÇ´ÜÇÏ´Â ÀÚ°¡ µÇ´Â °ÍÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï³Ä [5] ³» »ç¶ûÇÏ´Â ÇüÁ¦µé¾Æ µéÀ»Áö¾î´Ù Çϳª´ÔÀÌ ¼¼»ó¿¡ ´ëÇÏ¿©´Â °¡³­ÇÑ ÀÚ¸¦ ÅÃÇÏ»ç ¹ÏÀ½¿¡ ºÎ¿äÇÏ°Ô ÇÏ½Ã°í ¶Ç Àڱ⸦ »ç¶ûÇÏ´Â Àڵ鿡°Ô ¾à¼ÓÇϽгª¶ó¸¦ À¯¾÷À¸·Î ¹Þ°Ô ¾Æ´ÏÇϼ̴À³Ä [6] ³ÊÈñ´Â µµ¸®¾î °¡³­ÇÑ ÀÚ¸¦ °ý½ÃÇÏ¿´µµ´Ù ºÎÀÚ´Â ³ÊÈñ¸¦ ¾ÐÁ¦ÇÏ¸ç ¹ýÁ¤À¸·Î ²ø°í °¡Áö ¾Æ´ÏÇÏ´À³Ä[7] ÀúÈñ´Â ³ÊÈñ¿¡°Ô ´ëÇÏ¿© ÀÏÄ´¹٠±× ¾Æ¸§´Ù¿î À̸§À» ÈѹæÇÏÁö ¾Æ´ÏÇÏ´À³Ä[8] ³ÊÈñ°¡ ¸¸ÀÏ °æ¿¡ ±â·ÏÇÑ ´ë·Î ³× ÀÌ¿ô »ç¶ûÇϱ⸦ ³× ¸ö°ú °°ÀÌÇ϶ó ÇϽŠÃÖ°íÇÑ ¹ýÀ» Áö۸é ÀßÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ̰ŴϿÍ[9] ¸¸ÀÏ ³ÊÈñ°¡ ¿Ü¸ð·Î »ç¶÷À» ÃëÇϸé Á˸¦ Áþ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ï À²¹ýÀÌ ³ÊÈñ¸¦ ¹üÁËÀÚ·Î Á¤Çϸ®¶ó[10] ´©±¸µçÁö ¿Â À²¹ýÀ» ÁöŰ´Ù°¡ ±× Çϳª¿¡ °ÅÄ¡¸é ¸ðµÎ ¹üÇÑ ÀÚ°¡ µÇ³ª´Ï[11] °£À½ÇÏÁö ¸»¶ó ÇϽŠÀ̰¡ ¶ÇÇÑ »ìÀÎÇÏÁö ¸»¶ó ÇϼÌÀºÁï ³×°¡ ºñ·Ï °£À½ÇÏÁö ¾Æ´ÏÇÏ¿©µµ »ìÀÎÇϸé À²¹ýÀ» ¹üÇÑ ÀÚ°¡ µÇ´À´Ï¶ó[12] ³ÊÈñ´Â ÀÚÀ¯ÀÇ À²¹ý´ë·Î ½ÉÆÇ¹ÞÀ» ÀÚó·³ ¸»µµ Çϰí ÇàÇϱ⵵ Ç϶ó[13] ±àÈáÀ» ÇàÇÏÁö ¾Æ´ÏÇÏ´Â ÀÚ¿¡°Ô´Â ±àÈá¾ø´Â ½ÉÆÇÀÌ ÀÖÀ¸¸®¶ó ±àÈáÀº ½ÉÆÇÀ» À̱â°í ÀÚ¶ûÇÏ´À´Ï¶ó. ¸¶Áö¸· ¸»µéÀº Á¾Á¾ ´ÙÀ½°ú °°ÀÌ ¹ø¿ªµÇ¾ú´Ù: ¡®¹ýÁ¤¿¡¼­ ÀÚºñ°¡ ¼±¾ðµÇ¾î¾ß ÇÑ´Ù¡¯, ±×¸®°í ±âµ¶±³ÀÎÀÇ ÀçÆÇ¼ÒµéÀÌ ÀÖÀ» ¼ö ÀÖÁö¸¸, ±×°ÍµéÀº ÀÚºñ·Î¿ö¾ß ÇÑ´Ù´Â Àǹ̷Π¹ø¿ªµÇ¾ú´Ù.

James exhorts the brethren not to make distinc¡©tions between people. If you make distinctions, you , are divided in your minds, like the judges with evil intentions in the courts. You have judged the poor to be worse. But on the contrary it is the rich man who is worse. He both oppresses you and drags you before the courts. If you live according to the law of love of your neighbor, according to the law of charity (which, in distinc¡©tion from the other law, James calls the 'law of the Lord'), you do well. But if you regard persons and make distinctions between man and man, you are offenders against the law of mercy. And, having probably in mind the example of the woman taken in adultery whom they brought before Christ that she might be stoned, or the sin of adultery in general, James says that he who executes the adulterers will be guilty of murder and will infringe the external law. For the same external law forbids both adultery and murder. He says: 'Behave like men who are judged by the law of liberty. For there is no mercy for him who has no mercy, and therefore mercy destroys the courts.'

¾ß°íº¸´Â »ç¶÷µé »çÀÌ¿¡ Â÷º°À» µÎÁö ¸» °ÍÀ» ±Ç°íÇÑ´Ù. ¸¸ÀÏ ³ÊÈñ°¡ Â÷º°À» ÇÑ´Ù¸é, ³ÊÈñ´Â ¼­·Î ±¸º°ÇÏ¿©(), Àú¸¶´Ù ÀǰßÀ¸·Î °¥¶óÁ®¼­, ¾ÇÇÑ ¸¶À½À» °¡Áø ¹ýÁ¤ÀÇ ÀçÆÇ°ü°ú °°À» °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ³ÊÈñµéÀº °¡³­ÇÑ ÀÚ¸¦ ³ª»Ú´Ù°í ÆÇ´ÜÇÏ¿´´Ù. ±×·¯³ª »ç½ÇÀº ÀÌ¿Í ¹Ý´ë·Î ºÎÀÚ°¡ ³ª»Ú´Ù. ±×µéÀº ³ÊÈñµéÀ» ¾ÐÁ¦ÇÏ°í ¹ýÁ¤À¸·Î ²ø°í °£´Ù. ¸¸ÀÏ ³ÊÈñµéÀÌ ÀÌ¿ô¿¡ ´ëÇÑ »ç¶ûÀÇ À²¹ý¿¡ ÀÇÇÏ¿©, ÀÚºñÀÇ À²¹ý(¾ß°íº¸´Â ÀÌ À²¹ýÀ» ´Ù¸¥ À²¹ý°ú ±¸º°ÇÏ¿©, ¿ÕÀÇ À²¹ýÀ̶ó°í ºÎ¸¥´Ù)¿¡ µû¶ó¼­ »ýȰÇÑ´Ù¸é, ³ÊÈñ´Â ÈǸ¢ÇÏ°Ô »ì¾Æ°¡´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª »ç¶÷µéÀ» ¹«½ÃÇϰí, »ç¶÷°ú »ç¶÷ »çÀÌ¿¡ Â÷º°À» µÐ´Ù¸é, ÀÚºñÀÇ À²¹ýÀ» ¹üÇÏ´Â ÀÚÀÌ´Ù. ±×¸®°í, ¾Æ¸¶µµ µ¹·Î ÃÄÁ×À̱â À§Çؼ­ ±×¸®½ºµµ ¾Õ¿¡ ²ø°í ¿Â °£À½ÇÑ ¿©ÀÚÀÇ °æ¿ì³ª ÀϹÝÀûÀÎ °£À½Á˸¦ °í·ÁÇÏ°í¼­, ¾ß°íº¸´Â °£À½ÇÑ ÀÚ¸¦ ó¹úÇÑ ÀÚµµ »ìÀÎÁ˸¦ Áþ°Ô µÇ¸ç ¿Ü¸éÀûÀÎ ¹ýÀ» ¹üÇÏ°Ô µÉ °ÍÀ̶ó°í ¸»ÇÑ´Ù. ¿Ö³ÄÇÏ¸é ¶È °°Àº ¿Ü¸éÀûÀÎ ¹ýÀÌ °£À½°ú »ìÀÎÀ» µ¿½Ã¿¡ ±ÝÁöÇϰí Àֱ⠶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù. ±×´Â ¸»ÇÑ´Ù: ¡®ÀÚÀ¯ÀÇ À²¹ý¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­ ½ÉÆÇ¹Þ´Â »ç¶÷µéó·³ ÇൿÇ϶ó. ÀÚºñ°¡ ¾ø´Â ÀÚ¸¦ À§ÇÑ ÀÚºñ´Â ¾øÀ¸¸ç, ±×·¯¹Ç·Î ÀÚºñ´Â ½ÉÆÇÀ» ¼Ò¸ê½Ã۱⠶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù.

How could that be said more clearly and definitely ? All discrimination between people is for¡©bidden, every judgment that this man is good and that man evil directly indicates that the human Courts are undoubtedly bad, and proves that the court itself is criminal, as it executes people for offences and therefore itself infringes God's law of charity.

ÀÌ ÀÌ»ó ºÐ¸íÇÏ°í ¸íÈ®ÇÑ ¸»ÀÌ ÀÖÀ» ¼ö Àְڴ°¡? ¿©±â¼­ »ç¶÷¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¸ðµç Â÷º°ÀÌ ±ÝÁöµÈ´Ù, Áï ÀÌ »ç¶÷Àº ¼±ÇÏ´Ù ±×¸®°í Àú »ç¶÷Àº ¾ÇÇÏ´Ù´Â ¸ðµç ÆÇ´ÜÀº »ç¶÷ÀÇ ¹ýÁ¤ÀÌ ÀǽÉÇÒ °Í ¾øÀÌ ³ª»Ú´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» Á¤È®È÷ °¡¸®Å°¸ç, ¹ýÁ¤ ÀÚü°¡ ¹üÁËÀûÀÓÀ» Áõ¸íÇÑ´Ù, ¿Ö³ÄÇÏ¸é ±×°ÍÀÌ »ç¶÷µéÀÇ Á˸¦ ó¹úÇÏ°í ±×·¯¹Ç·Î ±× ÀÚü°¡ Çϳª´ÔÀÇ ÀÚºñÀÇ À²¹ýÀ» ¾î±â±â ¶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù.

I read the Epistles of St. Paul, who himself suffered from the courts, and in the very first chapter of the Epistle to the Romans I found a reprimand which he addresses to the Romans for their various sins and errors, and among the rest for their courts (v. 32): 'Who knowing the judgment of God, that they which commit such things are worthy of death, not only do the same, but have pleasure in them that do them.' Chap. ii. 1: 'Therefore thou art without excuse, O man, whosoever thou art, who judgest; for wherein thou judgest another, thou condemnest thyself; for thou that judgest dost practise the same things. (2) And we are sure that the judgment of God is according to truth against them which commit such things. (3) And thinkest thou this, O man, that judgest them which do such things, and doest the same, that thou shalt escape the judgment of God ? (4) Or despisest thou the riches of his goodness and forbearance and long-suffering; not knowing that the goodness of God leadeth thee to repentance?'

³ª´Â »çµµ ¹Ù¿ïÀÇ ¼­ÇѵéÀ» Àоú´Âµ¥, ±× Àڽŵµ ¿©·¯ ¹ýÁ¤¿¡¼­ °íÅëÀ» °Þ¾ú´Ù, ±×¸®°í ·Î¸¶Àε鿡°Ô º¸³»´Â ¼­ÇÑÀÇ Ã¹Â° Àå¿¡¼­ ³ª´Â ±×µéÀÇ ´Ù¾çÇÑ Á˾ǵé°ú °ú¿À¿¡ ´ëÇØ ·Î¸¶Àε鿡°Ô ÀüÇÏ´Â ÁúÃ¥À» ¹ß°ßÇÏ¿´À¸¸ç, ±× ³»¿ëÀÇ ³ª¸ÓÁö´Â ±×µéÀÇ ¹ýÁ¤¿¡ ´ëÇÑ °ÍÀ̾ú´Ù(32Àý): ¡®ÀúÈñ°¡ À̰°Àº ÀÏÀ» ÇàÇÏ´Â ÀÚ´Â »çÇü¿¡ ÇØ´çÇÏ´Ù°í Çϳª´ÔÀÇ Á¤ÇϽÉÀ» ¾Ë°íµµ ÀÚ±âµé¸¸ ÇàÇÒ »Ó ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ¶ÇÇÑ ±× ÀÏÀ» ÇàÇÏ´Â ÀÚ¸¦ ¿Ç´Ù°í ÇÏ´À´Ï¶ó.¡¯ Á¦2Àå: [1] ±×·¯¹Ç·Î ³²À» ÆÇ´ÜÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷¾Æ ¹«·Ð ´©±¸µçÁö ³×°¡ ÇΰèÄ¡ ¸øÇÒ °ÍÀº ³²À» ÆÇ´ÜÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ¸·Î ³×°¡ ³Ê¸¦ Á¤ÁËÇÔÀÌ´Ï ÆÇ´ÜÇÏ´Â ³×°¡ °°Àº ÀÏÀ» ÇàÇÔÀ̴϶ó [2] ÀÌ·± ÀÏÀ» ÇàÇÏ´Â ÀÚ¿¡°Ô Çϳª´ÔÀÇ ÆÇ´ÜÀÌ Áø¸®´ë·Î µÇ´Â ÁÙ ¿ì¸®°¡ ¾Æ³ë¶ó [3] ÀÌ·± ÀÏÀ» ÇàÇÏ´Â ÀÚ¸¦ ÆÇ´ÜÇÏ°íµµ °°Àº ÀÏÀ» ÇàÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷¾Æ ³×°¡ Çϳª´ÔÀÇ ÆÇ´ÜÀ» ÇÇÇÒ ÁÙ·Î »ý°¢ÇÏ´À³Ä [4] Ȥ ³×°¡ Çϳª´ÔÀÇ ÀÎÀÚÇϽÉÀÌ ³Ê¸¦ ÀεµÇÏ¿© ȸ°³ÄÉ ÇϽÉÀ» ¾ËÁö ¸øÇÏ¿© ±×ÀÇ ÀÎÀÚÇϽɰú ¿ë³³ÇϽɰú ±æÀÌ ÂüÀ¸½ÉÀÇ Ç³¼ºÇÔÀ» ¸ê½ÃÇÏ´À´¢.

The Apostle Paul says that they, knowing the righteous law of God, themselves do wrong and teach others to do the same, and therefore the man who judges cannot be justified.

»çµµ ¹Ù¿ïÀº ¸»ÇÑ´Ù, ±×µéÀº Çϳª´ÔÀÇ ÀǷοî À²¹ýÀ» ¾Ë¸é¼­µµ, ½º½º·Î ºÒÀÇÇÑ ÇൿÀ» ÇÏ¸ç ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷¿¡°Ô ¶È °°ÀÌ Ç϶ó°í °¡¸£Ä£´Ù, ±×·¯¹Ç·Î ÆÇ´ÜÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷Àº Á¤´çÈ­µÉ ¼ö ¾ø´Ù.

Such is the attitude to the law-courts which I found in the Epistles of the Apostles, and in their lives, as we all know, man's courts appeared an evil and a temptation which had to be endured with firmness, and with submission to the will of God.

À̰ÍÀÌ ¹Ù·Î »çµµµéÀÇ ¼­Çѵ鿡¼­ ³»°¡ ¹ß°ßÇÑ ¹ýÁ¤µé¿¡ ´ëÇÑ °ßÇØÀÌ´Ù. ¿ì¸®°¡ ¾Ë°í ÀÖ´Â ¹Ù, ±×µéÀº ½ÇÁ¦ »ýȰ¿¡¼­´Â »ç¶÷ÀÇ ¹ýÁ¤µéÀº ¾ÇÀ¸·Î º¸¿´À¸¸ç, ±»¼¾ ÀÇÁö¿Í Çϳª´ÔÀÇ ¶æ¿¡ º¹Á¾ÇÔÀ¸·Î½á Âü¾Æ¾ß ÇÏ´Â ½ÃÇèÀ¸·Î º¸¿´´Ù.

By reconstructing in one's imagination the posi¡©tion of the first Christians among the heathen, one can easily understand that the Christians, who were persecuted in man's law-courts, could not prohibit law-courts. Only incidentally could they allude to that evil, condemning its foundations, as they did.

¿ì¸®ÀÇ »ó»ó ¼Ó¿¡ À̱³µµ(ì¶ÎçÓù)µé »çÀÌ¿¡ ÀÖ´Â ÃÊ´ë ±×¸®½ºµµÀÎ µéÀÇ »óŸ¦ À籸¼ºÇØ º»´Ù¸é, ¿ì¸®´Â ±âµ¶±³ÀεéÀÌ, »ç¶÷µéÀÇ ¹ýÁ¤µé¿¡¼­ ¹ÚÇØ ¹Þ¾ÒÀ¸¸ç, ¹ýÁ¤µéÀ» ±ÝÁöÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø¾ú´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ½±°Ô ÀÌÇØÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ¿ÀÁ÷ ±âȸ°¡ ÁÖ¾îÁ³À» ¶§¸¸ ±×·¯ÇÑ ¾ÇÀ» ÁöÀûÇϰí, ±× ±Ùº»¿ø¸®¸¦ ºñ³­ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ¾úÀ¸¸ç, ±×ó·³ ÇൿÇß´Ù.

I consulted the Fathers of the Church of the first centuries, and saw that they always define the difference between their teaching, and that of all others by the fact that they never put compulsion on anyone in any way and never went to law with anyone (see Athenagoras and Origen), did not execute, but only endured the torments to which they were condemned by man's courts. All the martyrs, by their deeds, made the same profession. I saw that all the Christians till the time of Constantine re¡©garded the law-courts not otherwise than as an evil which had to be patiently endured, and that the thought could never enter the head of any Christian of those days that Christians could take part in prosecutions. I saw that the words of Christ, 'Judge not that ye be not judged¡¯, were understood by his first disciples as I now understand them in their direct meaning: 'Do not prosecute in the courts, and do not participate in them.'

³ª´Â 1 ¼¼±â °æÀÇ ±³ºÎµéÀ» ÂüÁ¶ÇÏ¿´´Ù, ±×¸®°í ±×µéÀº ¾ðÁ¦³ª ±×µéÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§°ú, ´Ù¸¥ ¸ðµç »ç¶÷µéÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§ »çÀÌÀÇ Â÷À̸¦ Á¤ÀÇÇÑ´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ¾Ë¾ÒÀ¸¸ç, ±×°ÍÀº ±×µéÀÌ °áÄÚ ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷¿¡°Ô ¾î¶² ¹æ¹ýÀ¸·Îµç °­¿ä¸¦ ÇÏÁö ¾Ê¾Ò°í °áÄÚ ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷À» °í¼ÒÇÏÁö ¾Ê¾ÒÀ¸¸ç(ÂüÁ¶:¾Æµ¥³ª°í¶ó½º ¹× ¿À¸®°Õ), óÇüÇÏÁö ¾Ê¾ÒÀ» »Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, »ç¶÷µéÀÇ ¹ýÁ¤µé¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­ °¡ÇØÁö´Â °íÅëµéÀ» ¿ÀÁ÷ Âü¾Ò´Ù´Â »ç½ÇÀÌ´Ù. ¸ðµç ¼ø±³ÀÚµéÀº, ±×µéÀÇ ÇàÀ§·Î¼­, ¶È °°Àº ±³¸®¸¦ °í¹éÀ» ÇÏ¿´´Ù. ³ª´Â ¸ðµç ±âµ¶±³ÀεéÀº ÄܽºÅºÆ¾ ´ëÁ¦(ÓÞð¨) ÀÌÀü±îÁö´Â ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ÀçÆÇÀ» Àγ»·Î½á Âü¾Æ¾ß ÇÏ´Â ¾Ç ÀÌ»óÀ¸·Î ÀÎÁ¤ÇÏÁö ¾Ê¾ÒÀ¸¸ç, ±× ´ç½Ã ±âµ¶±³ÀεéÀÇ ¸Ó¸® ¼Ó¿¡ ±âµ¶±³ÀεéÀÌ ¼ÒÃß ÀýÂ÷¿¡ Âü¿©ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù°í ÇÏ´Â »ý°¢ÀÌ °áÄÚ µé¾î °¥ ¼ö ¾ø´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ¾Ë¾Ò´Ù. ³ª´Â, ¡®½ÉÆÇ¹ÞÁö ¾ÊÀ¸·Á¸é ½ÉÆÇÇÏÁö ¸»¶ó¡¯´Â ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ ¸»¾¸µéÀ», ±×ÀÇ Ã¹¹øÂ° Á¦Àڵ鵵 ±ú´Þ¾Ò´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ¾Ë¾Ò´Ù, ±×¸®°í ³ªµµ ÀÌÁ¦ ±× ¸»¾¸µéÀÇ ÁøÁ¤ÇÑ Àǹ̸¦ ±ú´Ý´Â´Ù: ¡®»ç¹ý±â°ü¿¡ °í¼ÒÇÏÁö ¸»¶ó, ±×¸®°í ±× ÀýÂ÷¿¡ Âü¿©ÇÏÁö ¸»¶ó.¡¯

Everything indubitably confirmed my conviction that the words 'Judge not and condemn not' mean, do not judge in the courts; yet the explanation that it means do not malign your neighbor is so gener¡©ally accepted, and so boldly and confidently do the courts flourish in all Christian countries, supported even by the Church, that I long doubted the cor¡©rectness of my interpretation. If everybody could explain the matter in this way and organize Chris¡©tian courts, then probably they had some ground for so doing and there is something I do not under¡©stand, said I to myself. There must be grounds on which the words are understood to mean 'to malign', and there must be grounds for instituting Christian courts.

¡®ºñÆÇÇÏÁö ¸»¶ó, Á¤ÁËÇÏÁö ¸»¶ó¡¯´Â ¸»Àº °¡Àå ½ÇÁ¦ÀûÀÎ ÀǹÌ, ¡®¹ýÁ¤¿¡¼­ ÀçÆÇÇÏÁö ¸»¶ó¡¯´Â ¶æÀ» °¡Áø´Ù´Â ³ªÀÇ ¹ÏÀ½À» ¸ðµç °ÍÀÌ ÀǽÉÇÒ ¿©Áö¾øÀÌ È®½Å½ÃÄÑ ÁÖ¾ú´Ù; ±×·¯³ª À̰ÍÀÌ ¿ì¸®ÀÇ ÀÌ¿ôÀ» ÇØ·Ó°Ô ÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù´Â Àǹ̶ó´Â ¼³¸íÀÌ ³Ê¹«³ª ÀϹÝÀûÀ¸·Î ¿ëÀεǰí ÀÖ°í, ¸ðµç ±âµ¶±³ ±¹°¡µé¿¡¼­ ¹ýÁ¤µéÀÌ ³Ê¹«³ª Ȱ¹ßÇϰÔ, ÀڽŸ¸¸¸ÇÏ°Ô ¹øÃ¢Çϰí ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ½ÉÁö¾î ±³È¸¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­ ºñÈ£¹Þ°í ÀÖÀ¸¹Ç·Î, ³ª´Â ¿À·§µ¿¾È ³ªÀÇ ÇØ¼®ÀÇ Á¤È®¼ºÀ» ÀǽÉÇÏ¿´´Ù. ¸¸ÀÏ ¸ðµç »ç¶÷ÀÌ ±× ¹®Á¦¸¦ ÀÌ·± ½ÄÀ¸·Î ¼³¸íÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖÀ¸¸ç ±âµ¶±³ÀÎÀÇ ¹ýÁ¤µéÀ» Á¶Á÷ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ¾Æ¸¶µµ ±×·¸°Ô ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖÀ½¿¡´Â ¾î¶² ±Ù°Å°¡ ÀÖÀ» °ÍÀÌ¸ç ³»°¡ ±ú´ÝÁö ¸øÇÏ´Â ¹«¾ùÀÌ ÀÖÀ» °ÍÀ̶ó°í ³ª´Â »ý°¢Çß¾ú´Ù. ±× ¸»µéÀÌ ¡®ºñ¹æÇÏ´Ù¡¯´Â Àǹ̷ΠÀÌÇØµÇ´Â °Í¿¡´Â ¹Ýµå½Ã ±Ù°ÅµéÀÌ ÀÖ¾î¾ß ÇÑ´Ù, ±×¸®°í ±âµ¶±³ÀÇ ¹ýÁ¤ÀÌ ¼³¸³µÊ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ±Ù°Åµéµµ ¹Ýµå½Ã ÀÖ¾î¾ß ÇÑ´Ù.

And I examined the explanations of the ecclesias¡©tical theologians. In all these interpretations, from the fifth century onward, I found that the words were taken in the sense of condemnation of one's neighbor, that is, maligning. And as the words are taken only to mean condemning one's neighbor in words, the question arises- how can one refrain from condemning? Evil must be condemned! Therefore all the interpretations revolve round the question, what one may and what one may not condemn. It is said (St. Chrysostom and Theophilus) that for the servants of the Church it must not be understood as a prohibition to judge, for the Apostles themselves judged. It is said that probably Christ referred to the Jews who condemned their neighbors for small sins and themselves committed great ones.

±×¸®°í ³ª´Â ±³È¸ ½ÅÇÐÀÚµéÀÇ ¼³¸íÀ» Á¶»çÇÏ¿´´Ù. ÀÌ ¸ðµç ÇØ¼®µé¿¡¼­, 5¼¼±â ÀÌÈĺÎÅÍ, ³ª´Â ÀÌ ¸»µéÀÌ ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ÀÌ¿ô¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Á¤ÁË, Áï, ºñ¹æÀÇ Àǹ̷Π¹Þ¾Æµé¿© Áö°í ÀÖ´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ¹ß°ßÇß´Ù. ±×¸®°í ±× ¸»µéÀÌ ¿ÀÁ÷ ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ÀÌ¿ôÀ» ¸»·Î¼­ Á¤ÁËÇÑ´Ù´Â Àǹ̷Π¹Þ¾Æµé¿© Áú ¶§, ´ÙÀ½°ú °°Àº Áú¹®ÀÌ ÀϾ´Ù- ¿ì¸®´Â ¾î¶»°Ô Á¤ÁËÇÔÀ» ±ÝÁöÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖÀ»±î? ¾ÇÀº ¹Ýµå½Ã Á¤Á˵Ǿî¾ß ÇÑ´Ù! ±×·¯¹Ç·Î ¸ðµç ÇØ¼®µéÀº ÀÌ Áú¹®À¸·Î µÇµ¹¾Æ ¿Â´Ù, Áï ¹«¾ùÀ» Á¤ÁËÇØ¾ß ÇÏ¸ç ¹«¾ùÀ» Á¤ÁËÇÏÁö ¸»¾Æ¾ß Çϴ°¡? Å©¸®¼­½ºÅè°ú Å׿ÀÇʸ®¿ì½º´Â, ±³È¸ÀÇ ºÀ»çÀڵ鿡 À־, ±×°ÍÀº ÀçÆÇÀÇ ±ÝÁö·Î ÀÌÇØµÇ¾î¼­´Â ¾ÈµÈ´Ù, ¿Ö³ÄÇÏ¸é »çµµµé Àڽŵµ ÀçÆÇÇÏ¿´±â ¶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù°í ¸»ÇÑ´Ù. ¾Æ¸¶µµ ÀÚ±â ÀÌ¿ôµéÀÇ ÀÛÀº ½Ç¹«¿¡ ´ëÇØ¼­´Â ºñ¹æÇϸ鼭 ÀڽŵéÀº ´õ Å« Á˸¦ ÀúÁö¸£°í ÀÖ´Â À¯ÅÂÀεéÀ» ÇâÇØ¼­ ±×¸®½ºµµ°¡ ÇÑ ¸»ÀÏÁöµµ ¸ð¸¥´Ù°íµµ ¸»ÇÑ´Ù.

But nowhere is a word said of the institution of courts of law and of the relation in which the courts stand to this condemnation of judging. Does Christ forbid them or allow them?

±×·¯³ª ÀçÆÇ Á¦µµ¿Í ¹ýÁ¤ ±×¸®°í ±×·± ÀçÆÇ¼Ò°¡ Á˸¦ ´ÜÁ¤ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ» ±ÝÇÏ´Â, Áï Á¤ÁËÇÏÁö ¸»¶ó´Â °Í°ú ¾î¶² °ü°è°¡ Àִ°¡¿¡ ´ëÇØ¼­´Â ÇѸ¶µð·Î ã¾Æº¼ ¼ö°¡ ¾ø´Ù. ±×¸®½ºµµ´Â Á¦ÆÇÀ» ±ÝÁöÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÏ±î ¾Æ´Ï¸é ÀÎÁ¤ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀϱî?

To that particular question no reply is given, as though it were quite obvious that as soon as a Christian occupied a judge's seat, he might not merely condemn his neighbor, but have him executed.

ºñ·Ï ±âµ¶±³ÀÎÀÌ ÆÇ°üÀÇ ÀÚ¸®¿¡ ¾ÊÀÚ¸¶ÀÚ, ±×´Â ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ÀÌ¿ôÀ» Á¤ÁËÇÒ »Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, ±×¸¦ »çÇü¿¡ óÇϵµ·Ï ÇÒ °ÍÀÌ ³Ê¹«³ª ºÐ¸íÇÒ Áö¶óµµ, ÀÌ·± Ưº°ÇÑ Áú¹®¿¡ ´ëÇØ¼­ ¾Æ¹«·± ´ë´äÀÌ ÁÖ¾îÁöÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù.

I consulted the Greek, the Catholic, and the Protestant writers, and the writers of the Tubingen School and of the historical school. All of them, even the most free-thinking, understood those words as a condemnation of evil-speaking. But why, contrary to the whole teaching of Christ, the words are understood so narrowly that the courts are not included in the prohibition of judging; why it is supposed that Christ, forbidding as an evil deed a condemnation of one's neighbor that involuntarily slips from one's tongue, does not consider as evil and does not forbid a similar condemnation uttered de¡©liberately and associated with the infliction of vio¡©lence on the person condemned, is not explained, nor is there the slightest hint that it is possible for 'condemnation' to mean the judging which takes place in the law-court and from which millions of people suffer. More than that, in dealing with these words, 'Judge not and condemn not', reference to that most cruel habit of legal condemnation is care¡©fully avoided, and even fenced off. The theologian-interpreters remark that Christian law-courts must exist and do not conflict with the law of Christ.

³ª´Â ±×¸®½º Á¤±³(ýñÕÄïáÎç), Ä«Å縯, °³½Å±³ÀÇ Àú¼ú°¡µé°ú Æ¢ºù°ÕÆÄ¿Í ¿ª»çÇÐÆÄÀÇ Àú¼ú°¡µéÀÇ °ßÇØ¸¦ »ìÆì º¸¾Ò´Ù. ±×µé ¸ðµÎ´Â, ½ÉÁö¾î ´ëºÎºÐÀÇ ÀÚÀ¯ »ç»ó°¡µéµµ, ±× ¸»µéÀ» ºñ¹æÀÇ ±ÝÁö¶ó´Â ¶æÀ¸·Î ÀÌÇØÇß´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ¿Ö, ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ Àüü °¡¸£Ä§¿¡ ¹Ý´ë°¡ µÇµµ·Ï, ±× ¸»¾¸µéÀÌ ±×Åä·Ï ÆíÇùÇÏ°Ô ÀÌÇØµÇ¾î¼­ ¹ýÁ¤µéÀº ÀçÆÇÀÇ ±ÝÁö¾È¿¡ Æ÷ÇÔµÇÁö µÇÁö ¾Ê´Â°¡?; ±×¸®½ºµµ°¡, ¿ì¸®ÀÇ ÀÔ¿¡¼­ ¹«ÀÇ½Ä Áß¿¡ ³ª¿À´Â ÀÌ¿ô¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ºñ¹æÀ» ¾ÇÇÑ ÇàÀ§·Î ±ÝÁöÇϸ鼭, ÀǵµÀûÀ¸·Î ¹ß¼³µÇ¸ç ÁËÀε鿡°Ô °¡ÇØÁö´Â Æø·Â°ú °ü·ÃµÈ À¯»çÇÑ Á¤ÁË´Â ¾ÇÀ̶ó°í ¿©±âÁö ¾ÊÀ¸¸ç ±ÝÁöÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù°í ¹ÏÀ¸¸ç, ¡®Á¤ÁË¡¯¶ó´Â °ÍÀÌ ¹ýÁ¤¿¡¼­ ÀϾ´Â ÀçÆÇÀÌ¸ç ±×·ÎºÎÅÍ ¼ö¹é¸¸ÀÇ »ç¶÷µéÀÌ °íÅë ´çÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ» ÀǹÌÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù°í ÇØ¼®µÇÁö ¾ÊÀ¸¸ç, ±×·¯ÇÑ ÃÖ¼ÒÇÑÀÇ ¾Ï½ÃÁ¶Â÷ ¾ø´Â °ÍÀϱî? °Å±â¿¡´Ù°¡, ¡®ºñÆÇÇÏÁö ¸»¶ó ±×¸®°í Á¤ÁËÇÏÁö ¸»¶ó¡¯¿Í °°Àº ¸»¾¸µéÀ» ´ëÇÔ¿¡ À־, ¹ýÀûÀÎ Á¤ÁË¿Í °°Àº °¡Àå ÀÜÀÎÇÑ °ü·Êµé¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¾ð±ÞÀº Á¶½É½º·´°Ô ȸÇǵǸç, ½ÉÁö¾î ¿ïŸ¸®°¡ ÃÄÁö°í ÀÖ´Ù. ½ÅÇÐÀû ÇØ¼®°¡µéÀº ±âµ¶±³ÀÎÀÇ ¹ýÁ¤µéÀº ¹Ýµå½Ã Á¸ÀçÇØ¾ß ÇÏ¸ç ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ À²¹ý°ú ¸ð¼øµÇÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù°í ¼³¸íÇÑ´Ù.

Noticing this, I began to doubt the good faith of these interpretations and referred to the translation of the words 'judge' and 'condemn'- the very matter with which I ought to have begun.

³ª´Â ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ Á¡¿¡ Èï¹Ì¸¦ °®°í, ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ÇØ¼®µéÀÇ Á¤Á÷¼ºÀ» ÀǽÉÇϱ⠽ÃÀÛÇß´Ù, ±×¸®°í ³ª´Â ¡®ºñÆÇÇÏ´Ù¡¯ ±×¸®°í ¡®Á¤ÁËÇÏ´Ù¡¯´Â ´Ü¾îÀÇ ¹ø¿ª¿¡ °ü½ÉÀ» µ¹·È´Ù- ³»°¡ ´ç¿¬È÷ ½ÃÀÛÇß¾î¾ß ÇÒ °úÁ¦ ÀÚü¿´´Ù.

In the original these words are and . The incorrect translation of the word in the Epistle of James, where it is trans¡©lated by the words 'speak evil of', confirmed my suspicion of the incorrectness of the translations.

¿øÀü(ê«îð)¿¡¼­ ÀÌ ¸»µéÀº ¿Í ÀÌ´Ù. ¾ß°íº¸ÀÇ ¼­ÇÑ¿¡¼­ ¶ó´Â ¸»ÀÇ ºÎÁ¤È®ÇÑ ¹ø¿ªÀÌ, ±×°÷¿¡¼­´Â ¡®ºñ¹æÇÏ´Ù¡¯·Î ¹ø¿ªµÇ¾î ÀÖÀ½À¸·Î½á, ±× ¹ø¿ªµéÀÇ ºÎÁ¤È®ÇÔ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ³ªÀÇ ÀǽÉÀ» È®ÀνÃÄÑ ÁÖ¾ù´Ù.

I looked how the words and are translated in the Gospels in different languages, and I saw that the word which in the Vulgate is trans¡©lated condemnare, is translated in a similar way in French, while in Slavonic it is 'condemn', and Luther translates it Verdammen, to curse.

³ª´Â º¹À½¼­ ¾È¿¡¼­ ¿Í ´Ü¾îµéÀÌ ´Ù¸¥ ¾ð¾îµé·Î ¾î¶»°Ô ¹ø¿ªµÇ´ÂÁö »ìÆìº¸¾Ò´Ù, ±×¸®°í ³ª´Â ¹ú°ÔÀÌÆ®¿¡¼­´Â condemnare·Î ¹ø¿ªµÇ¸ç, ºÒ¾î¿¡¼­µµ À¯»çÇÏ°Ô ¹ø¿ªµÇ°í, ¹Ý¸é¿¡ ½½¶óºê¾î·Î´Â ¡®Á¤ÁËÇÏ´Ù¡¯·Î, ±×¸®°í ·çÅÍ´Â ÀúÁÖÇÏ´Ù´Â ÀǹÌÀÎ, VerdammenÀ¸·Î ¹ø¿ªÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ¾Ë¾Ò´Ù.

The contrast of these translations strengthened my doubts, and I asked myself: What does and what can the Greek word , employed in both the Gospels, mean, and also the word , used by Luke the Evangelist, who, in the opinion of the experts, wrote rather good Greek? How would a man translate those words who knew nothing of the Gospel teaching and the existing interpretations of it, but had before him merely that saying?

ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ¹ø¿ªµéÀÇ Â÷ÀÌ´Â ³ªÀÇ ÀǽɵéÀ» °¡Áß½ÃÄ×´Ù, ±×¸®°í ³ª´Â Àڽſ¡°Ô ¹°¾ú´Ù: ¸¶ÅÂ¿Í ¸¶°¡ÀÇ µÎ º¹À½¼­µé¿¡¼­ äÅÃµÈ ±×¸®½º¾î ´Ü¾îÀÎ ´Â ¹«¾ùÀ» ÀǹÌÇϸç ÀǹÌÇÒ ¼ö Àִ°¡ ±×¸®°í ¶ÇÇÑ Àü¹®°¡ÀÇ ÀÔÀå¿¡¼­ »ó´çÈ÷ ÈǸ¢ÇÑ ±×¸®½º¾î¸¦ ¹®Àå·ÂÀ» ±¸»çÇÑ »çµµÀÎ ´©°¡°¡ »ç¿ëÇÑ ÀÇ Àǹ̴ ¹«¾ùÀΰ¡? º¹À½ÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§¿¡ ´ëÇØ¼­ ¶ÇÇÑ ±× ÇØ¼®¿¡ ´ëÇØ¼­µµ ÀüÇô ¾ËÁö ¸øÇÏ°í ¼º¼­ÀÇ ÇÑ ±¸Àý¸¸ ¹Ù·Î ¾Õ¿¡ ³õ°í ÀÖ´Â »ç¶÷ÀÌ ÀÌ ¸»µéÀ» ¾î¶»°Ô ÇØ¼®ÇÒ °ÍÀΰ¡?

I consulted the general dictionary and found that the word has many different meanings, and among them very commonly the meaning of sen¡©tencing in the law-court, even executing, but that it never has the meaning of evil-speaking. I con¡©sulted the New Testament dictionary and found that the word is often used in the New Testament in the sense of to sentence in court. It is sometimes used in the sense of differentiation, but never in the sense of evil-speaking. And so I see that the word may be translated variously, but that a trans¡©lation which makes it mean 'speak evil' is the most far-fetched and unexpected of all.

ÀϹÝÀûÀÎ »çÀüÀ» ã¾Æº¸´Ï ¶ó´Â ¸»Àº ¿©·¯ °¡Áö ´Ù¸¥ Àǹ̵éÀ» Áö´Ï°í ÀÖ¾ú´Âµ¥, ±× Áß¿¡¼­µµ ¸Å¿ì ÈçÇÑ Àǹ̴ ¡®¹ýÁ¤¿¡¼­ ¼±°íÇÏ´Ù¡¯, ½ÉÁö¾î´Â ¡®»çÇü¿¡ óÇÏ´Ù¡¯¶ó´Â ¶æÀ» °¡Áö°í ÀÖ¾ú´Ù, ±×·¯³ª ¡®ºñ¹æÇÑ´Ù¡¯´Â ¶æÀº ÀüÇô °¡Áö°í ÀÖÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù. ½Å¾à¼º¼­ »çÀüÀ» ã¾Æº¸´Ï ±× ¸»Àº Á¾Á¾ ¡®¹ýÁ¤¿¡¼­ ¼±°íÇÏ´Ù¡¯´Â Àǹ̷Π»ç¿ëµÇ¾ú´Ù. ±×°ÍÀº ¶§¶§·Î ±¸º°ÇÏ´ÙÀÇ ¶æÀ¸·Îµµ »ç¿ëµÇ¾úÀ¸³ª, ºñ¹æÀ̶ó´Â Àǹ̷δ °áÄÚ »ç¿ëµÇÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù. ±×·¡¼­ ³ª´Â ¶ó´Â ¸»ÀÌ ¿©·¯°¡Áö Àǹ̸¦ ³ªÅ¸³¾ ¼ö ÀÖÀ¸³ª ¡®ºñ¹æÇÑ´Ù¡¯¸¦ ÀǹÌÇÏ´Â ¹ø¿ªÀº °¡Àå ¾ïÁöÀÇ ±â»óõ¿ÜÇÑ °ÍÀÓÀ» ¾Ë ¼ö ÀÖ¾ú´Ù.

Then I inquired about the word coupled to , the word of many meanings-  evidently on purpose to define the sense in which the writer was using that word. In the general dictionary I found that the word never has any other meaning than to condemn in court to punishment or execution. I looked in the New Testament dictionary, and found that the word is used in the Epistle of James v. 6, 'Ye have condemned and killed the just'; the word 'condemned' is this same word katadikaxw, used in reference to Christ, who was con¡©demned. And in no other way is this word ever used in the whole of the New Testament, or in any Greek dialect.

±×¸®°í ³ª¼­ ³ª´Â ¸¹Àº Àǹ̵éÀ» °¡Áö°í ÀÖ´Â ¿Í ÇÑ ½ÖÀÌ µÇ´Â ¶ó´Â ¸»¿¡ ´ëÇØ¼­ Á¶»çÇÏ¿´´Ù- ÀÌ ´Ü¾î´Â ºÐ¸íÈ÷ ÀǵµÀûÀ¸·Î ÀÛ°¡°¡ »ç¿ëÇϰí ÀÖ´Â ´Ü¾îÀÇ Àǹ̸¦ Á¤ÀÇÇϱâ À§ÇÑ °ÍÀ̾ú´Ù. ÀÏ¹Ý »çÀü¿¡¼­ ³ª´Â ±× ´Ü¾î´Â ¹ýÁ¤¿¡¼­ ó¹úÀ̳ª óÇüÀ» ¼±°íÇÏ´Ù¶ó´Â ÀÇ¹Ì ¸»°í´Â °¡Áö°í ÀÖÁö ¾Ê´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ¾Ë¾Ò´Ù. ³ª´Â ½Å¾à ¼º¼­ »çÀüÀ» ã¾Æ º¸¾Ò´Ù, ±×¸®°í ¾ß°íº¸ÀÇ ¼­ÇÑ 5Àå 6Àý¿¡¼­, ¡®³ÊÈñ°¡ ¿ÇÀº ÀÚ¸¦ Á¤ÁËÇÏ¿´µµ´Ù. ÀǷοî ÀÚ¸¦ Á׿´´Ù¡¯¶ó°í ÀÌ ¸»ÀÌ »ç¿ëµÇ¾î ÀÖ´Â °ÍÀ» ¹ß°ßÇÏ¿´´Ù; ¡®Á¤ÁËÇÏ´Ù¡¯´Â ´Ü¾î´Â ±×¸®½ºµµ¿Í °ü·ÃÇÏ¿© »ç¿ëµÇ¾úÀ¸¸ç, ±×¸®½ºµµ´Â Á¤Á˵Ǿú´Ù(»çÇüµÇ¾ú´Ù). ±×¸®°í Àüü ½Å¾à ¼º¼­¿¡¼­, ¶Ç´Â ´Ù¸¥ ¾î¶² ±×¸®½º¾î ¹æ¾ð¿¡¼­µµ, ´Ù¸¥ ¾î¶² Àǹ̷εµ »ç¿ëµÈ ÀûÀÌ ¾ø¾ú´Ù.

What does this all mean? What absurdity have I arrived at? I, and everyone in our society, if we have ever considered the fate of mankind, have been horrified at the sufferings and the evil introduced into man's life by man's criminal law- an evil both for the judged and for those who judge- from the executions of Genghiz Khan to the executions of the French Revolution and those of our day.

ÀÌ ¸ðµç °ÍÀº ¹«¾ùÀ» ÀǹÌÇÏ´Â °ÍÀϱî? ³ª´Â ¾î¶² Ȳ´çÇÑ °á·Ð¿¡ µµ´ÞÇÑ °ÍÀϱî? ³ª, ±×¸®°í ¿ì¸® »çȸÀÇ ¸ðµç »ç¶÷ÀÌ, ¸¸ÀÏ ¿ì¸®°¡ ÀηùÀÇ ¿î¸íÀ» ¿°·ÁÇÑ ÀûÀÌ ÀÖ¾ú´Ù¸é, Àΰ£ÀÇ Çü¹ý- ½ÉÆÇ´çÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷µéÀ̳ª ½ÉÆÇÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô ¸ðµÎ ¾Ç- ¡±â½ºÄ­ÀÇ Çü¹úµé·ÎºÎÅÍ ÇÁ¶û½º Çõ¸íÀÇ »çÇüµé ±×¸®°í ¿ì¸® ½Ã´ëÀÇ »çÇüµé ±îÁö- ¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­ »ç¶÷ÀÇ »î¿¡ ÆÄ°íµç °íÅëµé°ú ¾Çµé¿¡ °øÆ÷¸¦ ´À²¸¿À°í ÀÖ¾ú´Ù.

No one with a heart can have escaped an impression of horror and doubt in goodness at even hearing of, not to say seeing, the execution of men by other men; the flogging to death with rods, the guillotines, and the scaffolds.

¸¶À½À» °¡Áø »ç¶÷ÀÌ¸é ¾î´À ´©±¸¶óµµ, ¸¸ÀÏ »ç¶÷ÀÌ ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷µéÀ» »çÇü¿¡ óÇϰí; ¸ùµÕÀ̵é·Î ¸ÅÁúÇÏ¿© Á×À̰í, ´ÜµÎ´ë, ±³¼ö´ë µîÀ» º¸´Â °Í »Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, ½ÉÁö¾î µè±â¸¸ ÇÏ¿©µµ, ÀüÀ²ÀÇ ´À³¦°ú ¼±¿¡ ´ëÇÑ È¸ÀǸ¦ ÇÇÇØ°¥ ¼ö ¾ø´Ù.

In the Gospels, each word of which we consider holy, it is directly and clearly said: You have had a criminal law - 'an eye for an eye'- but I give you a new law: 'Resist not him that is evil.' Obey this law, all of you: do not inflict evil for evil, but do good always and to all men, forgive all men.

¿ì¸®°¡ ´Ü¾î ÇϳªÇϳªµµ ½Å¼º½ÃÇϰí ÀÖ´Â º¹À½¼­¿¡¼­, Á÷Á¢ ±×¸®°í ºÐ¸íÇÏ°Ô ¸»Çϰí ÀÖ´Ù: ³ÊÈñ´Â Çü¹ý- ¡¯´«¿¡´Â ´«¡¯- À» °¡Áö°í ÀÖ´Ù, ±×·¯³ª ³ª´Â ³ÊÈñ¿¡°Ô »õ·Î¿î ¹ýÀ» ÁØ´Ù: ¡®¾ÇÇÑ ÀÚ¿¡°Ô ´ëÀûÇÏÁö ¸»¶ó.¡¯ ³ÊÈñ´Â ¸ðµÎ ÀÌ ¹ý¿¡ º¹Á¾Ç϶ó: ¾ÇÀ» ¾ÇÀ¸·Î °±Áö ¸»°í ¸ðµç »ç¶÷¿¡°Ô ¼±À» ÇàÇ϶ó ±×¸®°í ¸ðµç »ç¶÷À» ¿ë¼­Ç϶ó.

Further, it is clearly said: 'Do not go to law.' And that doubt about the meaning of the words may be impossible, it is added, 'Do not condemn to punishment in the courts.'

´õ ³ª¾Æ°¡, ºÐ¸íÈ÷ ¸»ÇÑ´Ù: ¡®°í¼ÒÇÏÁö ¸»¶ó.¡¯ ÀÌ ¸»µé¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÀÇȤÀÌ ¾øµµ·Ï Çϱâ À§Çؼ­, µ¡ºÙÀδÙ, ¡®¹ýÁ¤µé¿¡¼­ Çü¹úÀ» ¼±°íÇÏÁö ¸»¶ó.¡¯

My heart says clearly and distinctly: do not execute. Science says, do not execute; the more you execute the more evil will there be. Reason says, do not execute, evil cannot be cut off by evil. The word of God, in which I believe, says the same. And I, reading the whole teaching and reading the words: 'Judge not that ye be not judged, condemn not that ye be not condemned, forgive and ye shall be for-given', admit that this is the word of God, say that it means that I must not go about talking scandal and maligning people, and continue to consider the law-court to be a Christian institution and to consider myself both a judge and a Christian. And I was horrified at the grossness of the deception in which I was involved.

³ªÀÇ ¸¶À½Àº ¸í·áÇÏ°Ô ±×¸®°í ¸íÈ®ÇÏ°Ô ¸»ÇÑ´Ù: »çÇüÀ» ÇàÇÏÁö ¸»¶ó. Çй®µµ ¸»ÇÑ´Ù: »çÇü¿¡ óÇÏÁö ¸»¶ó; Çü¹úÀÌ ¸¹À¸¸é ¸¹À»¼ö·Ï ¾ÇÀº ´õ¿í Ä¿Áø´Ù. À̼ºÀº ¸»ÇÑ´Ù, »çÇüÀ» ÇàÇÏÁö ¸»¶ó. ¾ÇÀº ¾ÇÀ¸·Î½á Á¦°ÅÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø´Ù. ³»°¡ ¹Ï´Â Çϳª´ÔÀÇ ¸»¾¸µµ µ¿ÀÏÇÑ ¸»¾¸À» ÇϽŴÙ. ±×¸®°í ³ª´Â Àüü °¡¸£Ä§, ±× ¸»¾¸µé- ¡¯ºñÆÇÄ¡ ¸»¶ó. ±×¸®ÇÏ¸é ³ÊÈñ°¡ ºñÆÇ¹ÞÁö ¾ÊÀ» °ÍÀÌ¿ä, Á¤ÁËÇÏÁö ¸»¶ó, ±×¸®ÇÏ¸é ³ÊÈñ°¡ Á¤Á˸¦ ¹ÞÁö ¾ÊÀ» °ÍÀÌ¿ä, ¿ë¼­Ç϶ó, ±×¸®ÇÏ¸é ³ÊÈñ°¡ ¿ë¼­¹ÞÀ» °ÍÀ̶ó¡¯- À» ÀÐ°í¼­, À̰ÍÀÌ Çϳª´ÔÀÇ ¸»¾¸ÀÓÀ» ÀÎÁ¤Çϰí, ³ª´Â ±×°ÍÀÌ »ç¶÷µéÀ» Áß»óÇÏ°í ºñ¹æÇؼ­´Â ¾È µÈ´Ù´Â ÀǹÌÀÓÀ» ¸»ÇÑ´Ù, ±×¸®°í °è¼ÓÇØ¼­ ¹ýÁ¤Àº ±âµ¶±³ÀÇ Á¦µµ¶ó°í ¿©±â¸ç, ³ª ÀÚ½ÅÀº ½ÉÆÇÀÚÀÌ°í ±âµ¶±³ÀÎÀ̶ó°í ¿©±â°í ÀÖ´Ù. ±×¸®°í ³ª´Â ³»°¡ ¿¬·çµÈ ÃÑüÀûÀÎ ±â¸¸¿¡ µÎ·Á¿òÀ¸·Î ¸öÀÌ ¶³·È´Ù.

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Ȩ ] À§·Î ] ¼­¹® ] I. º¹À½ ±³ÈÆÀÇ ¿­¼è ] II. ¹«ÀúÇ×ÀÇ ¸í·É ] [ III. Çϳª´ÔÀÇ ¹ý°ú »ç¶÷ÀÇ ¹ý ] IV. ±×¸®½ºµµ °¡¸£Ä§ÀÇ ¿ÀÇØ ] V. ¿¹¼ö¿Í ¸ð¼¼ÀÇ À²¹ý ] VI. ´Ù¼¸ °¡Áö °è¸í ] VII. °ÅÁþ ±³¸® ] VIII. »îÀÇ ±æ ] IX. ½Å¾Ó°ú ÇàÀ§ ] X. ³ªÀÇ ¸Û¿¡´Â °¡º±´Ù ] XI. Á×Àº ±³È¸ ] XII. ½Å¾ÓÀ̶õ ¹«¾ùÀΰ¡? ] Notes ] MaudeÀÇ ¼­¹® ]


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