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What I Believe

(³ª´Â ¹«¾ùÀ» ¹Ï´Â°¡)


by Leo Tolstoy

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Introduction

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I lived in the world for fifty-five years, and after the first fourteen or fifteen of childhood I was for thirty-five years a nihilist-in the real meaning of that word, that is to say, not a Socialist or revolutionary, as those words are generally understood, but a nihilist in the sense of an absence of any belief.

³ª´Â ¼¼»óÀ» 55³âÀ̳ª »ì¾Æ¿Ô´Ù, ±×¸®°í À¯³â±â ÀÇ Ã³À½ 14 ¶Ç´Â 15¼¼ ÈÄÀÇ 35³â µ¿¾È Ç㹫ÁÖÀÇÀÚ, ÁøÁ¤ÇÑ Àǹ̷μ­ÀÇ, ´Ù½Ã ¸»ÇÏÀÚ¸é, ÀϹÝÀûÀ¸·Î ÀÌÇØµÇ´Â °Í °°ÀÌ »çȸÁÖÀÇÀÚ³ª Çõ¸í°¡°¡ ¾Æ´Ñ, ¾î¶² ¹ÏÀ½ÀÌ °á¿©µÇ¾î ÀÖ´Ù´Â Àǹ̷μ­ÀÇ Ç㹫ÁÖÀÇÀÚÀ̾ú´Ù.

Five years ago I came to believe in Christ's teaching, and my life suddenly changed; I ceased to desire what I had previously desired, and began to desire what I formerly did not want. What had previously seemed to me good seemed evil, and what had seemed evil seemed good. It happened to me as it happens to a man who goes out on some business and on the way suddenly decides that the business is unnecessary and returns home. All that was on his right is now on his left, and all that was on his left is now on his right; his former wish to get as far as possible from home has changed into a wish to be as near as possible to it. The direction of my life and my desires became different, and good and evil changed places. This all occurred because I understood Christ's teaching otherwise than as I had formerly understood it.

5³â ÀüºÎÅÍ ³ª´Â ¿¹¼ö ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§À» ¹Ï±â ½ÃÀÛÇÏ¿´À¸¸ç, ³» ÀλýÀÌ µ¹¿¬È÷ ¹Ù²î¾ú´Ù. ±× Àü¿¡ °£±¸ÇÏ´ø °ÍÀ» °£±¸ÇÏÁö ¾Ê°Ô µÇ¾úÀ¸¸ç, ÀÌÀü¿¡ ¹Ù¶óÁö ¾Ê´ø °ÍÀ» °¥¸ÁÇÏ°Ô µÇ¾ú´Ù. ±× Àü¿¡ ¼±(à¼)ÇÏ°Ô º¸¿´´ø °ÍÀÌ ¾ÇÀ¸·Î º¸ÀÌ°Ô µÇ¾úÀ» »Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ¾ÇÀ¸·Î º¸ÀÌ´ø °ÍÀ» ÀÌÁ¦´Â ¼±À¸·Î º¸°Ô µÇ¾ú´Ù. À̰ÍÀº ¾î¶² »ç¾÷À» ÇÏ·¯ ¶°³­ »ç¶÷ÀÌ µµÁß¿¡ °©Àڱ⠻ç¾÷Àº ÀÌÁ¦ ºÒÇÊ¿äÇÏ´Ù°í °á½ÉÇϰí ÁýÀ¸·Î µ¹¾Æ¿Â »ç¶÷ó·³ ³ª¿¡°Ô ÀϾ´Ù. ±×ÀÇ ¿À¸¥ÂÊ¿¡ ÀÖ´ø ¸ðµç °ÍÀº ÀÌÁ¦ ¿ÞÂÊ¿¡ ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ¿ÞÂÊ¿¡ ÀÖ´ø ¸ðµç °ÍÀº ÀÌÁ¦ ¿À¸¥ÂÊ¿¡ ÀÖ´Ù. °¡´ÉÇÑ ÁýÀ» ¸Ö¸® ¶°³ª·Á ÇÏ´ø ±×ÀÇ ¿å¸ÁÀÌ ÀÌÁ¦´Â ¾î¶»°Ô ÇØ¼­µçÁö Áý °¡±îÀÌ¿¡ ÀÖÀ¸·Á´Â ¼Ò¿øÀ¸·Î ¹Ù²î¾ú´Ù. ³ªÀÇ »ýȰ ¹æÇâ°ú ¸ðµç ¼Ò¸ÁÀÌ ´Þ¶óÁ³À¸¸ç ¼±°ú ¾ÇÀÌ ÀÚ¸®¸¦ ¹Ù²Ù¾ú´Ù. ÀÌ ¸ðµç °ÍÀº ³»°¡ ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§À» ÀÌÀü¿¡ ÀÌÇØÇÏ´ø °Í°ú´Â ´Þ¸® ÀÌÇØÇ߱⠶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù.

I am not seeking to interpret Christ's teaching, but only to tell how I understood what is simple, plain, clear intelligible, indubitable, and addressed to all men in it, and how what I understood changed my soul and gave me tranquility and happiness.

³ª´Â ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§À» ÇØ¼®ÇϰíÀÚ ÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀ¸¸ç, ´ÜÁö ³»°¡ ¾î¶»°Ô, ±× ¾È¿¡ ÀÖ´Â ´Ü¼øÇϰí, Æò¹üÇϰí, ºÐ¸íÈ÷ ÀÌÇØÇϱ⠽±°í, ÀÇȤÀÌ ¾øÀ¸¸ç, ¸ðµç »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô Àû¿ëµÇ´Â °ÍÀ» ÀÌÇØÇÏ¿´À¸¸ç, ³»°¡ ÀÌÇØÇÑ °ÍÀÌ ¾î¶»°Ô ³ªÀÇ ¿µÈ¥À» ¹Ù²Ù¾î ³õ¾ÒÀ¸¸ç, ¾ÈÁ¤°ú ÇູÀ» ÁÖ¾ú´ÂÁö ¸»ÇϰíÀÚ ÇÑ´Ù.

I do not wish to interpret Christ's teaching, but should only wish to prevent artificial interpretations of it.

³ª´Â ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§À» ÇØ¼®Çϱ⸦ ¹Ù¶óÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù, ÇÏÁö¸¸ ¿À·ÎÁö ±× °¡¸£Ä§¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÀÎÀ§ÀûÀÎ ÇØ¼®µéÀ» ¸·°í ½Í´Ù.

All the Christian Churches have always admitted that all men - unequal in their knowledge and minds, wise or foolish - are equals before God, and that God's truth is accessible to them all. Christ even said that it was the will of God that to the foolish should be revealed what was hidden from the wise.

¸ðµç ±âµ¶±³ ±³È¸´Â Ç×»ó ¸ðµç Àηù°¡ - Áö½Ä°ú »ç»óµé, Çö¸íÇÔ°ú ¾î¸®¼®À½ÀÇ Â÷À̰¡ ÀÖÀ½¿¡µµ - Çϳª´Ô ¾Õ¿¡¼­´Â µ¿µîÇϸç, Çϳª´ÔÀÇ Áø¸®´Â ¸ðµÎ¿¡°Ô ¿­·Á ÀÖÀ½À» ÀÎÁ¤ÇØ ¿Ô´Ù. ±×¸®½ºµµ²²¼­µµ Çö¸íÇÑ ÀÚ¿¡°Ô´Â ¼û°ÜÁø Áø¸®°¡ ¾î¸®¼®Àº ÀÚ¿¡°Ô ¹àÇôÁüÀÌ Çϳª´ÔÀÇ ¶æÀ̶ó°í ¸»¾¸Çϼ̴Ù.

Not all can be initiated into the deepest mysteries of dogmatics, homiletics, patristics, liturgies, hermeneutics, apologetics, &c., but all may and should understand what Christ said to all the millions of simple, unlearned people who have lived and are living. And it is just this which Christ said to all these simple people who had as yet no possibility of turning for explanations of his teaching to Paul, Clement, St. John Chrysostom, and others - it is just this that I want to tell to all men. The thief on the cross believed Jesus and was saved. Would it really have been evil or have harmed anyone had the thief not died on the cross but come down from it and told men how he learned to believe in Christ?

¸ðµç »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ±³¸®ÇÐ, ¼³±³ÇÐ, ±³ºÎÇÐ, ¿¹¹è¹ý, ÇØ¼®ÇÐ, º¯Áõ·Ð µîÀÇ ³­ÇØÇÑ ½ÅºñÁÖÀÇ·Î ÀεµµÉ ¼ö´Â ¾øÁö¸¸, ¸ðµç »ç¶÷µéÀº Áö±Ý±îÁö »ì¾Æ ¿ÔÀ¸¸ç, »ì¾Æ°¡°í ÀÖ´Â ¼ö¹é¸¸ÀÇ ¼Ò¹ÚÇϰí, ¹è¿ìÁö ¸øÇÑ ¸ðµç »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô ±×¸®½ºµµ°¡ ¸»ÇÑ °ÍÀ» ÀÌÇØÇϰųª ÀÌÇØÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ¾î¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. ±×¸®°í, ±×°ÍÀº, ¾ÆÁ÷µµ ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¼³¸íÀ» ¹Ù¿ï, Ŭ·¹¸àÆ®, ¼º ¿äÇÑ Å©¸®¼­½ºÅè °°Àº »ç¶÷µé·ÎºÎÅÍ µéÀ» ±âȸ°¡ ¾ø¾ú´ø ¸ðµç ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ´Ü¼øÇÑ »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô ±×¸®½ºµµ°¡ ÀüÇϰíÀÚ ÇÏ´Â ¹Ù·Î À̰ÍÀÌ´Ù- ±×°ÍÀº ³»°¡ ¸ðµç »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô ¸»Çϰí ÀüÇØÁÖ°í ½Í¾îÇÏ´Â ¹Ù·Î À̰ÍÀÌ´Ù. ½ÊÀÚ°¡¿¡ ¸ø ¹ÚÈù µµµÏÀº ¿¹¼ö¸¦ ¹Ï°í ±¸¿øÀ» ¹Þ¾Ò´Ù. ±× µµµÏÀÌ ½ÊÀÚ°¡¿¡¼­ Á×Áö ¾Ê°í ³»·Á¿Í¼­, ±×°¡ ¾î¶»°Ô ±×¸®½ºµµ¸¦ ¹Ï°Ô µÇ¾ú´ÂÁö »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô ÀüÇØÁÖ¾ú´õ¶ó¸é Á¤¸»·Î »ç¾ÇÇÑ °ÍÀÌ°í ´©±¸¿¡°Õ°¡ ÇØ°¡ µÇ¾úÀ»±î?

I, like that thief on the cross, have believed Christ's teaching and been saved. And this is no far-fetched comparison but the closest expression of the condition of spiritual despair and horror at the problem of life and death in which I lived formerly, and of the condition of peace and happiness in which I am now.

½ÊÀÚ°¡¿¡ ¸ø ¹ÚÈù µµµÏ°ú °°Àº, ³ª´Â ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§À» ¹Ï°í¼­ ±¸¿ø ¹Þ¾Ò´Ù. ±×¸®°í À̰ÍÀº °áÄÚ ¾ïÁö ºñ±³°¡ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ³»°¡ °ú°Å¿¡ »ì¾Ò´ø »î°ú Á×À½ÀÇ ¹®Á¦¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¿µÀûÀÎ Àý¸Á ¹× °øÆ÷ »óÅ¿Í, Áö±Ý ³»°¡ ´©¸®°í ÀÖ´Â ÆòÈ­¿Í ÇູÀÇ »óÅ¿¡ °¡Àå °¡±î¿î Ç¥ÇöÀÌ´Ù.

I, like the thief, knew that I had lived and was living badly, and saw that the majority of people around me lived as I did. I, like the thief, knew that I was unhappy and suffering, and that around me people suffered and were unhappy, and I saw no way of escape from that position except by death. I was nailed by some force to that life of suffering and evil, like the thief to the cross. And as, after the meaningless sufferings and evils of life, the thief awaited the terrible darkness of death, so did I await the same thing.

µµµÏ°ú °°Àº, ³ª´Â ¾ÇÇÏ°Ô »ì¾Ò°í »ì°í ÀÖ´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ¾Ë¾ÒÀ¸¸ç, ³ªÀÇ ÁÖÀ§ÀÇ ´ëºÎºÐÀÇ »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ³ªÃ³·³ »ç´Â °ÍÀ» º¸¾Ò´Ù. ³ª´Â, ±× µµµÏó·³, ºÒÇàÇÏ¸ç °íÅë ¹Þ°í ÀÖ´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ¾Ë¾Ò´Ù, ±×¸®°í ³ªÀÇ ÁÖº¯¿¡´Â »ç¶÷µéÀÌ °íÅë ¹Þ°í ºÒÇàÇÏ´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ¾Ë¾ÒÀ¸¸ç, Á×À½¿¡ ÀÇÇÏÁö¾Ê°í´Â ±×·¯ÇÑ Ã³Áö¿¡¼­ ¹þ¾î³¯ ¾Æ¹«·± ¹æ¹ýÀÌ ¾øÀ½À» ±ú´Þ¾Ò´Ù. ¸¶Ä¡ µµµÏÀÌ ½ÊÀÚ°¡¿¡ ¸ø ¹ÚÈù °Íó·³, ³ª´Â ¾î¶² Èû¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­ ±×·± °íÅë°ú ¾ÇÀÇ »î¿¡ ¸ø ¹ÚÇû´Ù. ±×¸®°í, »îÀÇ ¹«ÀǹÌÇÑ °íÅëµé°ú ¾Çµé µÚ¿¡, µµµÏÀÌ ¹«¼­¿î Á×À½ÀÇ ¾ÏÈæÀ» ±â´Ù¸®´ø °Íó·³, ³ªµµ ¶È °°Àº °ÍÀ» ±â´Ù¸®°í ÀÖ¾ú´Ù.

In all this I was exactly like the thief, but the difference was that the thief was already dying, while I was still living. The thief might believe that his salvation lay there beyond the grave, but I could not be satisfied with that, because besides a life beyond the grave life still awaited me here. But I did not understand that life. It seemed to me terrible. And suddenly I heard the words of Christ and understood them, and life and death ceased to seem to me evil, and instead of despair I experienced happiness and the joy of life undisturbed by death.

ÀÌ ¸ðµç ºñ±Ø¿¡¼­ ³ª´Â Á¤È®È÷ µµµÏ°ú °°¾Ò´Ù, ±×·¯³ª Â÷ÀÌ´Â, µµµÏÀº ÀÌ¹Ì Á׾°í ÀÖ¾úÁö¸¸, ³ª´Â ¾ÆÁ÷µµ »ì¾Æ ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. µµµÏÀº ±¸¿øÀÌ ¹«´ý ÀúÆí¿¡ ÀÖ´Â °ÍÀ¸·Î ¹Ï¾ú°ÚÁö¸¸ ³ª´Â ±×·¯ÇÑ °Í¿¡ ¸¸Á·ÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø¾ú´Ù, ¿Ö³ÄÇÏ¸é ¹«´ý ÀúÆíÀÇ »î ¿Ü¿¡µµ »îÀº ¾ÆÁ÷ À̰÷¿¡¼­ ±â´Ù¸®°í ÀÖ¾ú±â ¶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ³ª´Â ±× »îÀ» ÀÌÇØÇÏÁö ¸øÇß´Ù. ±×°ÍÀº ³ª¿¡°Ô ¹«¼·°Ô ´À²¸Á³´Ù. ±×·±µ¥ °©Àڱ⠱׸®½ºµµÀÇ ¸»¾¸À» µè°íºÎÅÍ »îÀ» ÀÌÇØÇÏ°Ô µÇ¾ú°í, »ý(ßæ)°ú »ç(ÞÝ)°¡ ¾ÇÀ¸·Î¸¸ º¸ÀÌÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù. ³ª´Â Àý¸Á ´ë½Å¿¡ Á×À½À¸·Îµµ Èçµé¸®Áö ¾Ê´Â »îÀÇ Çູ°ú ±â»ÝÀ» °æÇèÇÏ¿´´Ù.

Surely it can harm no one if I tell how this befell me?

ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ÀÏÀÌ ³ª¿¡°Ô ÀϾÀ½À» ¸»ÇÑ´Ù¸é ºÐ¸í, ¾î´À ´©±¸¿¡°Ô ÇØ¸¦ ÀÔÈú ¼ö ÀÖÀ»±î?.

Moscow,

¸ð½ºÅ©¹Ù,

22 January 1884.

1884³â 1¿ù 22ÀÏ

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Ȩ ] À§·Î ] [ ¼­¹® ] I. º¹À½ ±³ÈÆÀÇ ¿­¼è ] II. ¹«ÀúÇ×ÀÇ ¸í·É ] III. Çϳª´ÔÀÇ ¹ý°ú »ç¶÷ÀÇ ¹ý ] IV. ±×¸®½ºµµ °¡¸£Ä§ÀÇ ¿ÀÇØ ] V. ¿¹¼ö¿Í ¸ð¼¼ÀÇ À²¹ý ] VI. ´Ù¼¸ °¡Áö °è¸í ] VII. °ÅÁþ ±³¸® ] VIII. »îÀÇ ±æ ] IX. ½Å¾Ó°ú ÇàÀ§ ] X. ³ªÀÇ ¸Û¿¡´Â °¡º±´Ù ] XI. Á×Àº ±³È¸ ] XII. ½Å¾ÓÀ̶õ ¹«¾ùÀΰ¡? ] Notes ] MaudeÀÇ ¼­¹® ]


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