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What I Believe

(³ª´Â ¹«¾ùÀ» ¹Ï´Â°¡)


by Leo Tolstoy

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5. Make no distinction of nationality, but love foreigners as your own people.

5. ±¹°¡ÀÇ ±¸ºÐÀ» ÇÏÁö ¸» °ÍÀ̸ç, ¿Ü±¹ÀÎÀ» ´ç½Å ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ µ¿Æ÷ó·³ »ç¶ûÇ϶ó.

And following that fourth commandment comes a fifth reference to the old law, and the fifth com¡©mandment (Matt. v. 43-8): 'Ye have heard that it was said, Thou shalt love thy neighbor, and hate thine enemy [Lev. xix. 17, 18]: but I say unto you, Love your enemies, bless them that curse you, do good to them that hate you, and pray for them which despitefully use you, and persecute you; that ye may be sons of your Father which is in heaven: for he maketh his sun to rise on the evil and the good, and sendeth rain on the just and the unjust. For if ye love them that love you, what reward have ye? do not even the publicans the same? And if ye salute your brethren only, what do ye more than others? do not even the Gentiles the same? Ye therefore shall be perfect, as your heavenly Father is perfect.'

±×¸®°í ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ Á¦ 4 °è¸í ´ÙÀ½¿¡ ¿¾ À²¹ý¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ´Ù¼¸¹øÂ°ÀÇ ¾ð±ÞÀÌ ³ª¿À°í, Á¦ 5 °è¸íÀÌ ³ª¿Â´Ù (¸¶Åº¹À½ 5Àå 43-8Àý): ¡®¶Ç ³× ÀÌ¿ôÀ» »ç¶ûÇÏ°í ³× ¿ø¼ö¸¦ ¹Ì¿öÇ϶ó ÇÏ¿´´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ³ÊÈñ°¡ µé¾úÀ¸´Ï[·¹À§±â 19Àå 17,18Àý]: ³ª´Â ³ÊÈñ¿¡°Ô À̸£³ë´Ï ³ÊÈñ´Â ¿ø¼ö¸¦ »ç¶ûÇÏ¸ç ³ÊÈñ¸¦ Ç̹ÚÇÏ´Â ÀÚ¸¦ À§ÇØ ±âµµÇ϶ó. À̰°ÀÌ ÇÑÁï Çϴÿ¡ °è½Å ³ÊÈñ ¾Æ¹öÁöÀÇ ¾ÆµéÀÌ µÇ¸®´Ï ÀÌ´Â Çϳª´ÔÀÌ ±× ÇØ¸¦ ¾ÇÀΰú ¼±Àο¡°Ô ºñÃë°Ô ÇÏ½Ã¸ç ºñ¸¦ ÀǷοî ÀÚ¿Í ºÒÀÇÇÑ ÀÚ¿¡°Ô ³»¸®¿ì½ÉÀ̴϶ó ³ÊÈñ°¡ ³ÊÈñ¸¦ »ç¶ûÇÏ´Â ÀÚ¸¦ »ç¶ûÇÏ¸é ¹«½¼ »óÀÌ ÀÖÀ¸¸®¿ä ¼¼¸®µµ À̰°ÀÌ ¾Æ´ÏÇÏ´À³Ä ¶Ç ³ÊÈñ°¡ ³ÊÈñ ÇüÁ¦¿¡°Ô ¹®¾ÈÇÏ¸é ³²º¸´Ù ´õ ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ ¹«¾ùÀ̳ª À̹æÀε鵵 À̰°ÀÌ ¾Æ´ÏÇÏ´À³Ä ±×·¯¹Ç·Î Çϴÿ¡ °è½Å ³ÊÈñ ¾Æ¹öÁöÀÇ ¿ÂÀüÇϽɰú °°ÀÌ ³ÊÈñµµ ¿ÂÀüÇ϶ó.¡¯

Those verses formerly seemed to me to be an explanation, completion, and enforcement- I would even say an exaggeration- of the precept about not resisting the evil-doer. But having found a simple, applicable, and definite meaning in each passage that began with a reference to the ancient law, I anticipated that the same would be the case here. After each quotation a law was announced, and each verse of the commandment had a meaning and could not be omitted, and so it should be here also. The concluding words, repeated by Luke, that God does not make distinctions between people but sends His blessings upon all, and that you therefore should be like God, not making distinctions be¡©tween people, and should not do as the Gentiles do, but should love all men and do good to all alike-  those words were clear, and they appeared to me to be like a confirmation and explanation of some definite rule; but what that rule was it was long before I could discern.

±×µé ±¸ÀýµéÀº ³»°Ô À־ ÀÌÀü¿¡´Â ¾ÇÇÑ ÀÚ¿¡°Ô ÀúÇ×ÇÏÁö ¸»¶ó´Â ±³ÈÆ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¼³¸íÀ̸ç, ¿Ï¼ºÀ̰í, °­Çà- ³ª´Â ½ÉÁö¾î °úÀåµÈ °ÍÀ̶ó°í ¸»ÇßÀ» Á¤µµ´Ù- ÀÎ °Íó·³ ´À²¸Á³¾ú´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ¿¾ À²¹ý¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÂüÁ¶·Î¼­ ½ÃÀ۵Ǵ °¢°¢ÀÇ ±¸Àý¿¡ µé¾î ÀÖ´Â ´Ü¼øÇϰí, ½ÇÇà°¡´ÉÇϸç, ±×¸®°í ¸íÈ®ÇÑ Àǹ̸¦ ±ú´Ý°í¼­, ³ª´Â ¿©±â¿¡¼­µµ ¶È °°Àº °æ¿ì¿¡ ÇØ´çµÉ °ÍÀ̶ó°í ¿¹»óÇß´Ù. °¢°¢ ¿¾ À²¹ý¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÀοëÀÌ ÀÖÀº µÚ¿¡ »õ·Î¿î À²¹ýÀÌ ¼±Æ÷µÇ¾úÀ¸¹Ç·Î, °è¸íÀÇ Á¦°¢±â ±¸ÀýÀº Àǹ̰¡ ÀÖ¾ú°í »ý·«µÉ ¼ö ¾ø¾ú´Ù, ±×·¯¹Ç·Î ±×°ÍÀº ¿©±â¼­µµ ¿ª½Ã ±×¿Í °°¾Æ¾ß ÇÒ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ´©°¡°¡ ¹Ýº¹Çϸ鼭 °á·ÐÀûÀÎ ¸», Áï Çϳª´ÔÀº »ç¶÷µé »çÀÌ¿¡ Â÷º°À» µÎÁö ¾ÊÀ¸¸ç ±×ÀÇ ÃູÀ» ¸ðµç »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô º¸³»½Å´Ù, ±×·¯¹Ç·Î ³ÊÈñ´Â Çϳª´Ôó·³, »ç¶÷µé »çÀÌ¿¡ Â÷º°À» µÎÁö ¸»¾Æ¾ß Çϰí, À̹æÀεéó·³ Çàµ¿ÇØ¼­µµ ¾ÈµÇ¸ç, ¸ðµç »ç¶÷µéÀ» »ç¶ûÇØ¾ß Çϰí, ±×µé ¸ðµÎ¿¡°Ô ¼±À» ÇàÇØ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù´Â °Í- ±× ¸»µéÀº ¸í·áÇß´Ù, ±×¸®°í ±×°ÍµéÀº ³»°Ô ¾î¶² ¸íÈ®ÇÑ ±ÔÄ¢¿¡ ´ëÇÑ È®Àΰú ¼³¸íÀÎ °Íó·³ º¸¿´´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ±× ±ÔÄ¢ÀÌ ¹«¾ùÀ̾ú´ÂÁö¸¦ ³»°¡ ¾Ë±â±îÁö´Â ¿À·£ ½Ã°£ÀÌ °É·È´Ù.

To love one's enemies. That seemed impossible. It was one of those beautiful phrases which can only be regarded as indications of an unattainable moral ideal. It was either too much, or nothing at all. One could abstain from injuring an enemy, but to love him was impossible. Christ could not prescribe an impossibility. Besides that, the very first words, the reference to the ancient law, 'Ye have heard that it was said: Thou shall hate thine enemy', were questionable. In previous passages Christ quotes the actual, precise words of the Mosaic law, but here he uses words which had never been uttered. He appears to misrepresent the law.

¿ø¼ö¸¦ »ç¶ûÇ϶ó! À̰ÍÀº ºÒ°¡´ÉÇÑ ÀÏÀÎ °Í °°¾Ò´Ù. ±×°ÍÀº ¿À·ÎÁö µµ´ÞÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø´Â µµ´öÀûÀÎ ÀÌ»óÀÇ »ó¡µé·Î¸¸ ¿©°ÜÁú ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ¹Ì»ç¿©±¸ÀÇ Çϳª¿´À» »ÓÀ̾ú´Ù. ±×°ÍÀº ³Ê¹« ¸¹Àº °ÍÀ» ±¸ÇϵçÁö ±×·¸Áö ¾ÊÀ¸¸é ÀüÇô ¾Æ¹«°Íµµ ±¸ÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â °ÍÀ̾ú´Ù. ¿ì¸®´Â Àû¿¡°Ô ÇØ¸¦ ÀÔÈ÷Áö ¾ÊÀ» ¼ö´Â ÀÖÁö¸¸ ±×¸¦ »ç¶ûÇÑ´Ù´Â °ÍÀº ºÒ°¡´ÉÇÏ´Ù. ±×¸®½ºµµ´Â ºÒ°¡´ÉÇÑ °ÍÀ» ¸í·ÉÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø´Ù. ±×°Í »Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, ¿¾ À²¹ý¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¾ð±Þ, Áï ¹Ù·Î Ã¹¹øÂ° ¸»µéÀÎ, ¡®³ÊÈñÀÇ ¿ø¼öÀ» ¹Ì¿öÇ϶ó´Â °ÍÀ» ³ÊÈñ´Â µé¾úÀ¸³ª¡¯¶ó´Â ¸»Àº Àǽɽº·¯¿ü´Ù. ÀÌÀüÀÇ ±¸Àýµé¿¡¼­ ±×¸®½ºµµ´Â ¿¾ À²¹ý ±×´ë·Î¸¦ ÀοëÇÏ¿´À¸³ª, ¿©±â¼­ ±×´Â ¸»ÇØÁø ÀûÀÌ ¾ø´Â ¸»µéÀ» »ç¿ëÇϰí ÀÖ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ±×´Â ºÎÁ¤È®ÇÏ°Ô ¸»Çϰí ÀÖ´Â °Í °°¾Æ º¸ÀδÙ.

As in the case of my former perplexities, the com¡©mentaries on the Gospels explained nothing to me. They all admit that the words, 'Thou shalt hate thine enemy', do not occur in the Mosaic law, but no explanation of this incorrect citation is given. They speak of the difficulty of loving enemies and bad people; and in most cases they correct Christ's words and say it is impossible to love one's enemies, but possible not to wish them evil or to do them harm; incidentally it is suggested that one may and should expose, that is to say oppose, one's enemies; mention is made of various degrees of attainability of this virtue, so that the ultimate deduction to be made from the Church commentaries is that Christ, for some unknown reason, made an incorrect citation of the Mosaic law and uttered many beautiful, but really empty and inapplicable, words.

³ªÀÇ ÀÌÀüÀÇ ´çȤÇß´ø °æ¿ìµéó·³, º¹À½¼­µé¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÁÖ¼®µéÀº ³ª¿¡°Ô ¾Æ¹«°Íµµ ¼³¸íÇØ ÁÖÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù. ±×µéÀº ÇѰᰰÀÌ, ¡®³× ¿ø¼ö¸¦ ¹Ì¿öÇ϶󡯴 ¸»Àº ¸ð¼¼ÀÇ À²¹ý¿¡ ³ªÅ¸³ª ÀÖÁö ¾Ê´Ù´Â Á¡¿¡ µ¿ÀÇ ÇÏÁö¸¸, ÀÌ·± ºÎÁ¤È®ÇÑ Àο뿡 ´ëÇØ¼­ ¾Æ¹«·± ¼³¸íµµ ÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù. ±×µéÀº ¿ø¼öµé°ú ¾ÇÇÑ »ç¶÷µéÀ» »ç¶ûÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÇ ¾î·Á¿ò¿¡ ´ëÇØ¼­ ¸»ÇÑ´Ù; ±×¸®°í ´ëºÎºÐÀÇ °æ¿ì¿¡ ±×µéÀº ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ ¸»¾¸µéÀ» °íÃļ­ ¿ø¼ö¸¦ »ç¶ûÇÏ´Â ºÒ°¡´ÉÇÏÁö¸¸, ±×µé¿¡°Ô ¾ÇÀ» ¿øÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â °ÍÀ̳ª ±×µé¿¡°Ô ÇØ¸¦ ³¢Ä¡Áö ¾ÊÀ» ¼ö´Â ÀÖ´Ù; ±×·±µ¥, ¿ì¸®´Â ¿ì¸®ÀÇ ÀûµéÀ» Àû¹ßÇÒ ¼öµµ ÀÖÀ¸¸ç Àû¹ßÇØ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù, ´Ù½Ã ¸»ÇÏÀÚ¸é ´ëÇ×ÇØ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù; ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ¼±¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¼ºÃë °¡´É¼ºÀÇ ´Ù¾çÇÑ Á¤µµ°¡ ¾ð±ÞµÇ°í À־, ±³È¸ÀÇ ÁÖ¼®µéÀÇ ±Ã±ØÀÇ °á·ÐÀº, ±×¸®½ºµµ°¡, ¾î¶² ¾Ë ¼ö ¾ø´Â ÀÌÀ¯·Î, ¸ð¼¼ÀÇ À²¹ýÀ» ºÎÁ¤È®ÇÏ°Ô ÀοëÇÏ¿´À¸¸ç ¸¹Àº ÈǸ¢ÇÏÁö¸¸, »ç½Ç ÅÖ ºó ±×¸®°í ½ÇÇà ºÒ°¡´ÉÇÑ ¸»µéÀ» ÇÏ¿´´Ù´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù.

It seemed to me that this was unsatisfactory. There should be some clear and definite meaning here, as in the first four commandments. And to understand this meaning I first of all tried to under¡©stand the meaning of the incorrect citation from the law: hate your enemies. It is not for nothing that Christ, before each of his injunctions, quoted the words of the law: 'Thou shalt not kill, shalt not commit adultery', &c., and contrasted those words with his own doctrine. Without understanding what was alluded to in the words he cites from the old law one cannot understand what he enjoined. In the commentaries it is plainly said, what cannot but be admitted, that he cites words which are not found in the law; but it is not explained why he did so, nor what this incorrect citation means. It seemed to me that one had first to explain what Christ may have meant when he cited those words which do not occur in the law. And I asked myself: What can the words mean which Christ has in¡©correctly quoted from the Mosaic law? In all his former citations of the law only one precept of the ancient law is quoted, as: 'Thou shalt not kill; Thou shalt not commit adultery; Thou shalt not forswear thyself; A tooth for a tooth.' And in connexion with that single precept Christ's corresponding doctrine is announced. Here, however, two precepts are cited and contrasted one with the other; 'Ye have heard that it was said. Thou shalt love thy neighbor, and hate thine enemy', so that evidently the basis of the new law should deal with the difference between the two injunctions of the ancient law in reference to neighbors and enemies. And to under¡©stand more clearly wherein that difference lay, I asked myself: What do the words 'neighbor' and 'enemy' mean in Gospel language? And, on consulting the dictionaries and concordances of the Bible, I convinced myself that 'neighbor', when used by a Jew, always meant, and only meant, a Jew. That meaning of 'neighbor' is found also in the Gospel parable of the Good Samaritan. Accord¡©ing to the view of the Jewish lawyer who asked 'Who is my neighbor?' a Samaritan could not be a neighbor. A similar definition of 'neighbor' is given in Acts vii. 27. 'Neighbor', in the language of the Gospels, means fellow-countryman, a man of one's own people. Therefore, surmising that the contrast Christ is setting up in this passage by citing the words of the law, 'Ye have heard that it was said, Thou shalt love thy neighbor and hate thine enemy', lies in the contrast of fellow-countrymen with foreigners, I asked myself what was an 'enemy' in the Jewish conception, and I found confirmation of my conjecture. The word 'enemy' is used in the Gospels almost always in the sense not of a personal foe but of a public, national enemy (Luke i. 71-4; Matt. xxii. 44; Mark xii. 36; Luke xx. 43, &c.). The singular number used for the word 'enemy' in these verses, in the phrase 'hate thine enemy', indicated to me that the national enemy is referred to. The singular number refers to the collective whole of the enemy people. In the Old Testament the conception of a hostile people is always ex¡©pressed in the singular.

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And as soon as I understood this the difficulty was immediately removed as to why and how Christ, after previously always quoting the precise words of the law, could here cite words which had never been uttered. I had only to understand the word 'enemy' in the sense of national enemy, and 'neighbor' in the sense of compatriot, for that difficulty to disappear. Christ speaks of how, in the Mosaic law, the Jews were told to treat their national enemy. All those passages, scattered through different books of the Bible, in which they are bidden to oppress, slay, and exterminate other tribes, Christ sums up in the one expression, to 'hate' - to harm- the enemy. And he says: Ye have heard that it was said that you should love your own people and hate your nation's enemy, but I say to you that you should love all men without dis¡©crimination of the race to which they belong. And as soon as I understood the words in this way the other and chief difficulty was disposed of, as to how one should understand the words, 'love your enemies'. It is impossible to love one's personal enemies. But one can love a hostile people in the same way that one does one's own. And it became plain to me that Christ is speaking of the fact that everyone is taught to consider the people of his own race as his 'neighbors' and to consider other nations as 'enemies', but that he bids us not to do so. He says: The law of Moses makes a distinction be¡©tween Jews and Gentiles, the national enemy, but I say unto you, that you should not make that dis¡©tinction. And in fact both in Matthew and Luke, following this commandment, he says that before God all men are equal; the sun rises and the rain falls for them all. God does not distinguish between the peoples, but does good to all alike; so should men also do to all without distinction of nationality, and not as the Gentiles who divide themselves into different nations.

³»°¡ À̰ÍÀ» ÀÌÇØÇÏÀÚ¸¶ÀÚ, ±×¸®½ºµµ°¡, ÀÌÀü¿¡´Â ¾ðÁ¦³ª Á¤È®ÇÏ°Ô À²¹ýÀÇ ¸»µéÀ» ÀοëÇÏ´Ù°¡, ¿Ö ±×¸®°í ¾î¶»°Ô ¿©±â¿¡¼­´Â ÀüÇô ¾ð±ÞµÇÁö ¾Ê´ø ¸»µéÀ» ÀοëÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ¾ú´ÂÁö¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¾î·Á¿òÀÌ Áï°¢ Á¦°ÅµÇ¾ú´Ù. ±×·± ¾î·Á¿òÀÌ »ç¶óÁö±â À§Çؼ­ ³ª´Â ¿ÀÁ÷ ±¹°¡ÀÇ ÀûÀ̶ó´Â ¶æÀ¸·ÎÀÇ ¡®¿ø¼ö¡¯, ±×¸®°í µ¿Æ÷¶ó´Â ¶æÀ¸·ÎÀÇ ¡®ÀÌ¿ô¡¯À» ÀÌÇØÇÏ¸é µÉ »ÓÀ̾ú´Ù. ±×¸®½ºµµ´Â, ¸ð¼¼ÀÇ À²¹ý ¾Æ·¡¼­ À¯ÅÂÀεéÀÌ ±×µéÀÇ ±¹°¡ÀÇ ÀûÀ» ¾î¶»°Ô ´ë¿ìÇØ¾ß Çϴ°¡¸¦ ¸»ÇÑ´Ù. ¼º°æÀÇ ¼­·Î ´Ù¸¥ Ã¥µé¿¡ Èð¾îÁ® ÀÖÀ¸¸é¼­, ´Ù¸¥ ºÎÁ·µéÀ» ¾ï¾ÐÇÏ°í »ìÀÎÇÏ¸ç ¸ô»ìÇÒ °ÍÀ» ¸í·ÉÇÏ´Â ±× ¸ðµç ±¸ÀýµéÀ», ±×¸®½ºµµ´Â, ¿ø¼ö¸¦ ¡®¹Ì¿öÇÏ´Ù¡¯- ÇØ¸¦ ÀÔÈ÷´Ù- ¶ó´Â ´Ü ÇϳªÀÇ Ç¥ÇöÀ¸·Î ¿ä¾àÇÑ´Ù. ±×¸®°í ±×´Â ¸»ÇÑ´Ù: ¡®³ÊÈñ´Â ³ÊÈñ ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ¹ÎÁ·À» »ç¶ûÇÏ°í ³ÊÈñ ³ª¶óÀÇ ¿ø¼ö¸¦ ¹Ì¿öÇÏ¶ó¡¯ °ÍÀ» µé¾úÀ¸³ª, ³ª´Â ³ÊÈñ¿¡°Ô ¸ðµç »ç¶÷µéÀ» ±×µéÀÌ ¼ÓÇÑ ÀÎÁ¾À» ±¸º°ÇÏÁö ¸»°í »ç¶ûÇÏ¶ó¡¯°í ¸»ÇÑ´Ù. ±×¸®°í ³»°¡ ¸»¾¸µéÀ» ÀÌ·¸°Ô ÀÌÇØÇÏÀÚ ¸¶ÀÚ, ´Ù¸¥ Å« ¹®Á¦, Áï, ¡®³ÊÀÇ ¿ø¼öµéÀ» »ç¶ûÇ϶󡯴 ¸»À» ¾î¶»°Ô ÀÌÇØÇÏ¿©¾ß ÇÏ´ÂÁö°¡ ÇØ°áµÇ¾ú´Ù. ÀÚ±â ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ °³ÀÎÀûÀÎ ¿ø¼ö¸¦ »ç¶ûÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ¿ì¸®´Â ¿ì¸® ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ¹ÎÁ·À» »ç¶ûÇϵíÀÌ Àû´ë ¹ÎÁ·À» »ç¶ûÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ±×¸®°í ±×¸®½ºµµ´Â ¸ðµÎ°¡ ÀÚ±â ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ Á¾Á·ÀÇ »ç¶÷µéÀ» ¡®ÀÌ¿ô¡¯À¸·Î ¿©±â°í, ´Ù¸¥ ¹ÎÁ·µéÀ» ¡®¿ø¼ö¡¯·Î ¿©±âµµ·Ï ±³À°À» ¹Þ´Â´Ù´Â »ç½ÇÀ» ¸»Çϰí ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ±×´Â ¿ì¸®¿¡°Ô ±×·¸°Ô ÇÏÁö ¸»¶ó°í ¸í·ÉÇÑ´Ù´Â °ÍÀÌ ³»°Ô ¸í¹éÇØÁ³´Ù. ±×´Â ¸»ÇÑ´Ù: ¸ð¼¼ÀÇ À²¹ýÀº ±¹°¡ÀÇ ÀûÀ¸·Î¼­, À¯ÅÂÀεé°ú À̹æÀÎµé »çÀÌÀÇ Â÷º°À» µÎ°í ÀÖ´Ù, ±×·¯³ª ³ª´Â ³ÊÈñ¿¡°Ô ¸»Çϳë´Ï ±×·¯ÇÑ Â÷À̸¦ µÎ¾î¼­´Â ¾È µÈ´Ù. ±×¸®°í »ç½Ç ¸¶Åº¹À½°ú ´©°¡º¹À½¿¡¼­, ÀÌ °è¸í¿¡ µÚÀ̾, Çϳª´Ô ¾Õ¿¡¼­ ¸ðµç »ç¶÷µéÀº ÆòµîÇÏ´Ù°í ¸»ÇÑ´Ù; ¸ðµç »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô žçÀÌ ¶°¿À¸£¸ç ºñ°¡ ³»¸°´Ù. Çϳª´ÔÀº ¹ÎÁ·µéÀ» ±¸º°ÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù, ±×·¯³ª ¸ðµÎ¿¡°Ô ÆòµîÇÏ°Ô º¹À» ÁØ´Ù; ±×·¯¹Ç·Î »ç¶÷µéµµ, ÀÚ±âµéÀ» ¿©·¯ ´Ù¸¥ ±¹°¡µé·Î¼­ ³ª´©´Â À̹æÀεéó·³ ÇÏÁö ¸»°í, ±¹ÀûÀÇ ±¸ºÐ ¾øÀÌ ¸ðµÎ¿¡°Ô ¼±À» ÇàÇØ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù.

So that, once again, from different sides a plain, important, clear, and applicable meaning of Christ's words confirmed itself for me. Again, instead of misty expressions of vague philosophy, a clear, definite, important, and practicable rule discloses itself: not to make distinctions between one's own and other nations and not to do all the things that flow from making such distinctions; not to bear enmity to foreign nations; not to make war or to take part in warfare; not to arm oneself for war, but to behave to all men, of whatever race they may be, as we behave to our own people.

±×·¡¼­, ´Ù½Ã Çѹø, ¿©·¯ ¸é¿¡¼­, °£´ÜÇϸç, Áß¿äÇϰí, ¸í·áÇÑ, ±×¸®°í Àû¿ëÀÌ °¡´ÉÇÑ ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ ¸»¾¸µéÀÇ Àǹ̰¡ ³ª¿¡°Ô È®ÀεǾú´Ù. ´Ù½Ã±Ý, ¸ðÈ£ÇÑ Ã¶ÇÐ °°Àº ¾Ö¸ÅÇÑ Ç¥Çöµé ´ë½Å¿¡, ¸í·áÇϰí, ¸íÈ®Çϸç, Áß¿äÇϰí, ±×¸®°í Àû¿ëÀÌ °¡´ÉÇÑ ±ÔÄ¢ÀÌ ³ªÅ¸³­ °ÍÀÌ´Ù: ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ¹ÎÁ·°ú ´Ù¸¥ ¹ÎÁ·°£ÀÇ Â÷À̸¦ µÎÁö ¸»¶ó, ±×¸®°í ±×·¯ÇÑ Â÷º°µé·Î¼­ ºú¾îÁö´Â ¸ðµç °ÍµéÀ» ÇàÇÏÁö ¸»¶ó; ¿Ü±¹ÀÇ ±¹°¡µé¿¡°Ô Áõ¿À¸¦ °¡ÁöÁö ¸»¶ó; ÀüÀïÀ» À§Çؼ­ ¹«ÀåÇÏÁö ¸»¶ó, ±×·¯³ª, ±×µéÀÌ ¾î¶² ÀÎÁ¾ÀÌ´õ¶óµµ, ¿ì¸®°¡ ¿ì¸® ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ¹ÎÁ·À» ´ëÇϵíÀÌ, ¸ðµç »ç¶÷µéÀ» ´ëÇ϶ó.

This was all so clear and simple that I was astonished I had not understood it immediately.

À̰͵éÀº ¸ðµÎ, ³Ê¹«³ª ¸í·áÇÏ°í ´Ü¼øÇÏ¿©¼­ ³ª´Â ³»°¡ ±×°ÍÀ» Áï½Ã ±ú´ÝÁö ¸øÇÏ¿´À½¿¡ ³î¶ó¿Í Çß´Ù.

The cause of my not having understood it was the same as the cause of my not having promptly understood the prohibition of law-courts and of oaths. It was very difficult to understand that those courts- which are opened with a religious ceremony and blessed by those who consider themselves the guardians of Christ's teaching- that those same courts are incompatible with a confession of Christ, being directly opposed to him. Yet more difficult was it to guess that the very oath ad¡©ministered to all men by the guardians of the law of Christ is directly prohibited by that law; but to guess that what in our life are considered not merely necessary and natural but most excellent and brave - the love of one's fatherland, its defense, its exaltation, resistance to its enemies, and so forth-  are not merely offences against the law of Christ but a plain repudiation of it- to guess that this is so, was very difficult. Our life has so diverged from the teaching of Christ that that very divergence has become the chief hindrance to our understanding his teaching. We have so disregarded and for¡©gotten all he said about our way of life- his injunction not merely not to kill, but not even to hate any man; not to defend ourselves but to turn the other cheek and to love our enemies- that now, being accustomed to call people who devote their lives to killing, 'the Christ-loving army', being ac¡©customed to hear prayers addressed to Christ for victory over our enemies, to pride ourselves on slaying, and having made of the sword a holy symbol of murder (until a man without a sword, without a dagger, is a man to be held in contempt) - it now seems to us that Christ did not forbid war and that if he had forbidden it he would have said so more explicitly

³»°¡ ±×°ÍÀ» ÀÌÇØÇÏÁö ¸øÇß´ø ÀÌÀ¯´Â ÀçÆÇ ¹× ¸Í¼¼ÀÇ ±ÝÁö¸¦ Áï½Ã ±ú´ÝÁö ¸øÇß´ø ÀÌÀ¯¿Í ¶È °°¾Ò´Ù. ±×µé ¹ýÁ¤Àº- ±×°ÍµéÀº ¾ö¼÷ÇÑ Á¾±³ÀûÀÎ ÀǽÄÀ¸·Î °³Á¤µÇ°í ÀڽŵéÀ» ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§ÀÇ ¼öÈ£ÀÚ·Î ¿©±â´Â »ç¶÷µé¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­ Ãູ¹Þ°í ÀÖ´Ù- ±×µé ¶È °°Àº ¹ýÁ¤µéÀº ±×¸®½ºµµ¸¦ °í¹éÇÔ°ú ¾ç¸³ÇÒ ¼ö ¾øÀ» »Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ±×¸®½ºµµ¿¡°Ô Á¤¸éÀ¸·Î ´ëÄ¡µÈ´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ±ú´Ý±â´Â ³Ê¹«³ª ¾î·Á¿ü´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ´õ¿í ¾î·Á¿î °ÍÀº ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ À²¹ýÀÇ ¼öÈ£Àڵ鿡 ÀÇÇØ¼­ ¸ðµç »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ÇàÇϵµ·Ï ÇÏ´Â ¹Ù·Î ±× ¸Í¼¼°¡ ¹Ù·Î ±× À²¹ý¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­ Á÷Á¢ÀûÀ¸·Î ±ÝÁöµÈ´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ÁüÀÛÇÏ´Â °Í; ±×·¯³ª ¿ì¸®ÀÇ »î¿¡¼­ ÇÊ¿äÇÏ¸ç ´ç¿¬ÇÒ »Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó °¡Àå ÈǸ¢ÇÏ¸ç ¿ë°¨ÇÏ´Ù°í ¿©°ÜÁö´Â °Í- ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ Á¶±¹, Á¶±¹ÀÇ ¼öÈ£, Á¶±¹ÀÇ Âù¾ç, Á¶±¹ÀÇ ¿ø¼öµé¿¡ ÀúÇ×ÇÔ, µî¿¡ ´ëÇÑ »ç¶û- ÀÌ ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ À²¹ý¿¡ À§¹èµÉ »Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ±×°ÍÀ» ¸í¹éÈ÷ ºÎÁ¤ÇÔÀ̶ó´Â °ÍÀ» ÁüÀÛÇÏ´Â °Í- ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ÀÏÀÌ »ç½ÇÀ̶ó´Â °ÍÀ» ÁüÀÛÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº, ³Ê¹«³ª ¾î·Á¿ü´Ù. ¿ì¸®ÀÇ »îÀº ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§¿¡¼­ ³Ê¹«³ª ¸Ö¸® ÀÌÅ»ÇØ À־ ¹Ù·Î ±× ÀÌÅ»ÀÌ ±×ÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§À» ±ú´ÞÀ½¿¡ À־ÀÇ ÁÖµÈ Àå¾Ö°¡ µÈ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ¿ì¸®´Â ±×¸®½ºµµ°¡ ¿ì¸®ÀÇ »î¿¡ ´ëÇØ¼­ ¸»Çß´ø ¸ðµç °ÍÀ» ³Ê¹«³ª ¹«½ÃÇϰí Àؾî¹ö·Á¼­- »ìÀÎÇÏÁö ¸»¶ó´Â °Í »Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ¾î´À »ç¶÷µµ ¹Ì¿öÇÏÁö ¸»¶ó; ¿ì¸® ÀÚ½ÅÀ» ¹æ¾îÇÏÁö ¸»°í ´Ù¸¥ »´À» µ¹·Á´ë¸ç ¿ì¸®ÀÇ ¿ø¼ö¸¦ »ç¶ûÇ϶ó´Â ¸í·ÉÀ» Àؾî¹ö¸®¼­- ¿À´Ã³¯¿¡´Â, ¿À·ÎÁö »ìÀο¡¸¸ Àü³äÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷µéÀ» ¡®±×¸®½ºµµ¸¦ »ç¶ûÇÏ´Â ±º´ë¡¯¶ó°í ºÎ¸£´Âµ¥ Àͼ÷ÇØÁ® ÀÖ°í, ¿ì¸®ÀÇ ¿ø¼öµé¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ½Â¸®¸¦ À§Çؼ­ ±×¸®½ºµµ¿¡°Ô ¿Ã¸®´Â ±âµµµéÀ» µéÀ½¿¡ Àͼ÷ÇØÁ® ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, µµ»ìÀ» ÀÚ¶û½º·¯¿öÇϰí, Ä®(Ä®À̳ª ´Üµµ°¡ ¾ø´Â »ç¶÷Àº °æ¸êÀ» ¹Þ´Â´Ù)À» »ìÀÎÀÇ ¼º½º·¯¿î »ó¡À¸·Î ¸¸µå´Âµ¥ Àͼ÷ÇØÁ® À־- ¿À´Ã³¯¿¡´Â ¿ì¸®¿¡°Ô´Â ±×¸®½ºµµ°¡ ÀüÀïÀ» ±ÝÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀ¸¸ç ¸¸ÀÏ ±×°¡ ±×°ÍÀ» ±ÝÁöÇß´Ù¸é ±×°¡ ´õ¿í ºÐ¸íÇÏ°Ô ¸»ÇßÀ» °Íó·³ ´À²¸Áø´Ù.

We forget that Christ could not imagine people believing in his teaching of humility, love, and universal brotherhood, quietly and deliberately organizing the murder of their fellow men.

°â¼Õ, »ç¶û, ±×¸®°í º¸ÆíÀûÀÎ ÇüÁ¦¾Ö¸¦ ¹Ï´Â »ç¶÷µéÀÌ, Á¶¿ëÈ÷ ±×¸®°í °íÀÇÀûÀ¸·Î ÀڽŵéÀÇ ÇüÁ¦µéÀ» »ìÀÎÇÏ·Á´Â °èȹÀ» ¼¼¿ì°í ÀÖÀ½À» ±×¸®½ºµµ°¡ »ó»óÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ¿ì¸®´Â Àذí ÀÖ´Ù.

Christ could not imagine that, and therefore did not forbid Christians to go to war, any more than a father when giving his son instructions to live honestly, to wrong no one, and to give to others, would bid him abstain from highway robbery. No one of the apostles or disciples of Christ during the first centuries of Christianity could imagine that it was necessary to forbid Christians to commit the murders that are called war. This, for instance, is what Origen says in his reply to Celsus (The Writings of Origen: Origen contra Celsum, Lib. viii. c. 73. Ante-Nicene Christian Library, vol. xviii.)

±×¸®½ºµµ´Â ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ÀÏÀ» »ó»óÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø¾ú´Ù, ±×·¯¹Ç·Î ¾Æµé¿¡°Ô Á¤Á÷ÇÏ°Ô »ì°í, ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷¿¡°Ô ÇØ¸¦ ³¢Ä¡Áö ¸»¸ç, ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô ³ª´©¾î Áָ鼭 »ì¶ó°í ÈÆ°èÇÏ´Â ¾Æ¹öÁö°¡ ±×¿¡°Ô ³ë»ó °­µµ ÇàÀ§¸¦ ÇÏÁö ¸»¶ó°í ´çºÎÇÒ Çʿ䰡 ¾ø´Â °Íó·³, ÀüÀï¿¡ ³ª°¡´Â °ÍÀ» ±ÝÁöÇÏÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù. ±âµ¶±³ Ãʱâ 1¼¼±â µ¿¾È ¾î¶² »çµµµéÀ̳ª ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ Á¦Àڵ鵵 ±âµ¶±³ÀεéÀÌ ÀüÀïÀ̶ó°í ºÎ¸£´Â »ìÀÎ ÇàÀ§µéÀ» ÀúÁö¸£´Â °ÍÀ» ±ÝÁöÇÒ Çʿ䰡 ÀÖ´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» »ó»óÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø¾ú´Ù. ¿¹¸¦ µéÀÚ¸é, À̰ÍÀº ¿À¸®°Ô³×½º°¡ÀÌ ¼¿¼­½º¿¡°Ô º¸³½ ´ë´äÀ¸·Î ¸»ÇÑ °ÍÀÌ´Ù(¿À¸®°Ô³×½ºÀÇ Àú¼­µé: ¼¿¼­½º¸¦ ¹Ý¹ÚÇÏ´Â ¿À¸®°Õ, ÀüÁý 8, ±â¿ø 73³â°æ. ¹Ý´ÏÄÉ¾Æ ±âµ¶±³ Àå¼­, 18±Ç).

He says: 'And in the next place Celsus urges us to help the King with all our might, and to labor with him in the maintenance of justice, to fight for him; and if he requires it to fight under him, or lead an army along with him. To this our answer is, that we do when occasion requires, give help to Kings, and that, so to say, a divine help, "putting on the whole armour of God". And this we do in obedience to the injunction of the Apostle, "I exhort, therefore, that first of all, supplications, prayers, intercessions, giving of thanks, be made for all men; for Kings and all that are in authority", and the more any one excels in piety, the more effective help does he render to Kings, even more than is given by soldiers who go forth to fight and slay as many of the enemy as they can. And to those enemies of our faith who require us to bear arms for the commonwealth, and to slay men, we reply: "Do not those who are priests at certain shrines, and those who attend on certain gods, as you account them, keep their hands free from blood that they may with hands unstained and free from human blood offer the appointed sacri¡©fices to your gods?"'

±×°¡ ¸»ÇÑ´Ù: ¡®±×¸®°í ´ÙÀ½À¸·Î ¼¿¼­½º´Â ¿ì¸®¿¡°Ô Àü·ÂÀ» ´ÙÇØ¼­ ȲÁ¦¸¦ µµ¿ï °ÍÀ», ±×¸®°í Á¤ÀǸ¦ ¼öÈ£ÇÔ¿¡¼­ ±×¿Í ÇÔ²² ³ë·ÂÇϰí, ±×µé À§Çؼ­ ½Î¿ï °ÍÀ» ¸í·ÉÇß´Ù; ±×¸®°í ±×°¡ ¿ä±¸ÇÑ´Ù¸é ±×ÀÇ ÁöÈÖ ¾Æ·¡¼­ ½Î¿ì°Å³ª ±×¿Í ÇÔ²² ±º´ë¸¦ ÁöÈÖÇÒ °ÍÀ» ¸í·ÉÇß´Ù. ÀÌ ¹®Á¦¿¡ ´ëÇØ¼­ ¿ì¸®ÀÇ ´ë´äÀº ÀÌ·¸´Ù. ¿ì¸®µµ ±âȸ°¡ µÈ´Ù¸é ȲÁ¦¿¡°Ô µµ¿òÀ», ¸»ÇÏÀÚ¸é, ¡°Çϳª´ÔÀÇ Àü½Å°©ÁÖ¸¦ ÀÔ°í¼­¡± ½ÅÀûÀÎ µµ¿òÀ», ÁÙ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ±×¸®°í, »çµµµéÀÇ ¸í·É¿¡ º¹Á¾Çϸ鼭 À̰ÍÀ» ÇàÇÒ °ÍÀ̸ç, ¡°±×·¯¹Ç·Î, ¹«¾ùº¸´Ùµµ, ¸ðµç »ç¶÷µéÀ» À§Çؼ­, ȲÁ¦µéÀ» À§Çؼ­ ±×¸®°í ±Ç·ÂÀ» °¡Áø ¸ðµç »ç¶÷µéÀ» À§Çؼ­, ź¿ø, ±âµµ, ÁßÀç, °¨»çÇÔÀ» ÇàÇÒ °ÍÀ» ±Ç°íÇÑ´Ù¡±, ±×¸®°í ¾î´À ´©±¸¶óµµ ½Å¾ÓÀÌ ±íÀ»¼ö·Ï, ȲÁ¦µé¿¡°Ô ´õ È¿°úÀûÀÎ µµ¿òÀ» Á¦°øÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ̸ç, º´»çµéÀÌ ½Î¿ò¿¡ ³ª°¡¼­ ±×µéÀÌ ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ÇÑ ¸¹Àº »ç¶÷µéÀ» µµ»ìÇÏ¿© Á¦°øÇÏ´Â °Íº¸´Ùµµ ¸¹Àº µµ¿òÀÌ µÉ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ±×¸®°í ¿ì¸®¿¡°Ô °ø°øº¹¸®¸¦ À§Çؼ­ ¹«±â¸¦ µé¶ó°í ¿ä±¸ÇÏ´Â ¿ì¸®ÀÇ ½Å¾ÓÀÇ Àûµé¿¡°Ô, ¿ì¸®´Â ´ë´äÇÑ´Ù: ¡°Æ¯Á¤ ½ÅÀüµé¿¡ »çÁ¦·Î¼­ ºÀ»çÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷µé, ±×¸®°í ƯÁ¤ÇÑ ½ÅµéÀ» ¸ð½Ã´Â »ç¶÷µéµµ, ´ç½ÅµéÀÌ »ý°¢Çϱâ·Î, ±×µéÀÇ ¼ÕµéÀ» ÇǷκÎÅÍ ±ú²ýÀÌ Çϵµ·Ï ÇÏ¿©¼­, Àΰ£ÀÇ ÇǷκÎÅÍ ´õ·´ÇôÁöÁö ¾ÊÀº ¼ÕÀ¸·Î ´ç½ÅµéÀÇ ½Å ¾Õ¿¡ ÁöÁ¤µÈ Á¦¹°À» ¹ÙÄ¥ ¼ö ÀÖµµ·Ï ÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â°¡?¡±¡®

And, finishing this chapter with an explanation that Christians are of more use by their peaceful life than are soldiers, Origen says: 'And none fight better for the King than we do. We do not indeed fight under him, although he require it.'

±×¸®°í ±âµ¶±³ÀεéÀÌ ±×µéÀÇ ÆòÈ­½º·¯¿î »îÀ¸·Î¼­ º´»çµéº¸´Ù ´õ ¸¹Àº À¯ÀÍÀÌ µÉ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù´Â ¼³¸íÀ¸·Î¼­ ÀÌ ÀåÀ» ¸¶Ä¡¸é¼­, ¿À¸®°Ô³×½º´Â ¸»ÇÑ´Ù: ¡®±×¸®°í ¾î´À ´©±¸µµ ¿ì¸®µéº¸´Ù ȲÁ¦¸¦ À§Çؼ­ Àß ½Î¿ìÁö ¸øÇÑ´Ù. »ç½Ç ¿ì¸®´Â ±×ÀÇ ¾Æ·¡¼­ ½Î¿ìÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù, ºñ·Ï ±×°¡ ±×°ÍÀ» ¿ä±¸ÇÑ´Ù°í ÇÏ´õ¶óµµ.¡¯

Such was the attitude of the Christians of the first centuries towards war, and so did their teachers speak when addressing those who ruled the world; and they spoke so when hundreds and thousands of martyrs were perishing for professing the Christian faith. .

±âµ¶±³ÀεéÀÇ ÃÖÃÊ ¼ö¼¼±â µ¿¾ÈÀÇ ÀüÀï¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Åµµ´Â ¹Ù·Î ÀÌ·¯ÇÏ¿´À¸¸ç, ±×µéÀÇ ±³»çµéµµ ¼¼»óÀ» Áö¹èÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô ¼³¸íÇÒ ¶§¿¡ ±×·¸°Ô ¸»ÇÏ¿´´ø °ÍÀÌ´Ù; ±×¸®°í ±âµ¶±³ ½Å¾ÓÀ» °í¹éÇϸ鼭 ¼ö¹é ¼öõ¸íÀÇ ¼ø±³ÀÚµéÀÌ »ç¶óÁ®°¥ ¶§¿¡µµ ±×µéÀº ±×·¸°Ô ¸»Çß´Ù.

And now? Now no question is asked as to whether a Christian can take part in war. All young men, educated in the teaching of the Church which is called Christian, when the time comes each autumn present themselves at the Army Office and, with the assistance of Church pastors, violate the law of Christ. Only recently one peasant turned up who on Gospel grounds refused military service. The teachers of the Church expounded to him his error; but, as the peasant believed not them but Christ, he was put into prison and kept there till he renounced Christ. And all this is done 1800 years after a quite clear and definite commandment was an¡©nounced to Christians by our God: Do not con¡©sider the people of other nations to be enemies, but account all men as brothers and treat them as you treat people of your own nation: and therefore, not only do not kill those whom you call your enemies, but love them and do good to them.

±×·±µ¥ ¿À´Ã³¯Àº ¾î¶²°¡? ±âµ¶±³ÀÎÀÌ ÀüÀï¿¡ Âü°¡ÇØ¾ß ÇÏ´ÂÁö¿¡ °üÇØ¼­´Â ¾Æ¹«·± Àǹ®ÀÌ Á¦±âµÇÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù. ±âµ¶±³ÀûÀ̶ó°í ÀÏÄþîÁö´Â ±³È¸ÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§ ¾È¿¡¼­ ±³À°¹ÞÀº ¸ðµç ÀþÀºÀ̵éÀÌ, ¸Å³â °¡À»ÀÌ ¿À¸é º´¹«Ã»¿¡ ³ªÅ¸³ª¼­ ±³È¸ÀÇ ¸ñÀÚµéÀÇ µµ¿òÀ¸·Î, ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ À²¹ýÀ» ÆÄ±«Çϰí ÀÖ´Ù. ¿ÀÁ÷ ÃÖ±Ù¿¡¼­¾ß º¹À½¼­¸¦ ±Ù°Å·Î º´¿ªÀǹ«¸¦ °ÅºÎÇÑ ÇÑ ¸íÀÇ ³óºÎ°¡ ³ªÅ¸³µ´Ù. ±³È¸ÀÇ ±³»çµéÀº ±×¿¡°Ô ±×ÀÇ À߸øÀ» ¼³¸íÇØ ÁÖ¾ú´Ù; ±×·¯³ª, ±× ³óºÎ´Â ±×µéÀ» ¹ÏÁö ¾Ê°í ±×¸®½ºµµ¸¦ ¹Ï¾úÀ¸¹Ç·Î, ±×´Â °¨¿Á¿¡ Åõ¿ÁµÇ¾î ±×°¡ ±×¸®½ºµµ¸¦ ºÎÀÎÇÒ ¶§±îÁö °¤Çô ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. ±×¸®°í ÀÌ ¸ðµç °ÍÀº Áö±ØÈ÷ ¸í·áÇÏ°í ¸íÈ®ÇÑ °è¸íÀÌ ¿ì¸®ÀÇ Çϳª´Ô¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­ ±âµ¶±³Àε鿡°Ô ¼±Æ÷µÈ µÚ¿¡µµ ÇàÇØÁ³´Ù: ´Ù¸¥ ±¹°¡ÀÇ »ç¶÷À» ¿ø¼öµé·Î ¿©±âÁö ¸»¶ó, ¿ÀÁ÷ ¸ðµç »ç¶÷µéÀ» ÇüÁ¦·Î ¿©±æ °ÍÀÌ¸ç ±×µéÀ» ³ÊÈñ°¡ ³ÊÈñ ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ¹ÎÁ·À» ´ë¿ìÇϵíÀÌ ¿©±â¶ó, ³ÊÈñ°¡ ¿ø¼ö¶ó°í ºÎ¸£´Â ÀÚµéÀ» Á׿©¼­µµ ¾ÈµÉ »Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, ±×µéÀ» »ç¶ûÇÏ°í ±×µé¿¡°Ô ¼±À» ÇàÇ϶ó.

And having so understood these very simple, definite commands of Christ, not subjected to any interpretation, I asked myself: How would it be if the Christian world believed in these command¡©ments not in the sense that they must be sung or read for the propitiation of God, but that they must be obeyed for the welfare of man? How would it be if people believed in the duty of keeping these commandments as firmly as they believe, for in¡©stance, that one must say one's prayers every day, go to Church every Sunday, avoid flesh food on Fridays, and fast every Lent? How would it be if people believed these commandments even as much as they believe in the demands made by the Church? And I pictured to myself the whole of Christendom living and educating the young according to these commandments. I pictured to myself that it was inculcated on us all and on our children from child¡©hood upwards, by word and by example- not as now, that a man must maintain his dignity and pre¡©serve his rights against others (which can only be done by humiliating and offending others), but that it was taught that no man has any rights or can be superior or inferior to another, and that he only is inferior to all and most ignoble who desires to set himself above others; that there is no more humiliating condition for a man than that of being angry with another; and that my conviction that someone is insignificant or mad cannot justify my anger against him or my strife with him. Instead of all the arrangements of our life, from the shop-windows to the theatres, novels, and women's dresses, which excite sexual desire, I imagined to myself that it was suggested to us and to our children by word and deed, that to amuse oneself with voluptuous books, theatres, and balls, is the basest kind of amusement, and that every act which has for its aim to adorn or show off the body is the very basest and most shameful of acts. Instead of the organization of our life, in which it is considered necessary and good that a young man should be dissolute until he marries, and instead of a way of life that separates married couples being considered most natural; instead of the legalization of a class of women set apart for the service of depravity; in¡©stead of the admission of and the sanctification of divorce- instead of all this, I imagined to myself that it was instilled into us by word and deed that the condition of a man who has reached the age for sexual relations and has not renounced them but yet remains single and unmarried, is an abnormity and a shame, and that a man's desertion other with whom he has come together and the exchanging of her for another, is not only an unnatural action, like incest, but is a cruel, inhuman action. Instead of our whole life being founded on violence, instead of each of us being punished or punishing from childhood to advanced old age, I imagined to my¡©self that it was instilled into us all by word and deed that revenge is a most degrading animal feeling, and that violence is not merely a shameful thing but one which deprives a man of true happiness, and that the only happiness of life is such as need not be defended by violence and that the highest respect is deserved, not by him who takes or retains what is his from others, but by him who gives up the most and serves others most. Instead of it being con¡©sidered admirable and right that each man should be sworn in and should surrender all that he holds most valuable- that is to say, his whole life- to the will of he knows not whom, I imagined that it was instilled into all that man's reasonable will is that highest sanctuary which he may yield to no one else, and that to bind oneself by oath to anyone, and about anything, is a repudiation of one's rational being and a defilement of that highest sanctuary. I pictured to myself that instead of these national enmities which are instilled into us under the guise of love of one's country, and instead of those ap¡©plauded slaughters called war, which from childhood are represented to us as the most heroic deeds- I imagined that we were imbued with horror at and contempt for all those activities, political, diplo¡©matic, and military, which promote the separation of peoples; and that it was suggested to us that the recognition of any kingdoms, exclusive laws, fron¡©tiers, or territories is an indication of most savage ignorance; and that to go to war- that is to say, to kill people, people personally unknown to us, with¡©out any grounds- is the most horrible villainy, to which only a lost and perverted man, degraded to the level of a beast, can descend. I pictured to myself that all men believed this, and I asked: What would be the result?

³ª´Â ±×·¸°Ô ÇÏ¿© ÀÌÅä·Ï ´Ü¼øÇÏ°í ¸í·áÇÑ ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ ¸í·ÉµéÀ», ¾î¶² ÇØ¼®¿¡µµ Áö¹è´çÇÏÁö ¾Êµµ·Ï, ±ú´Ý°í¼­, ³ª Àڽſ¡°Ô ¹°¾ú´Ù: ¸¸ÀÏ ±âµ¶±³ ¼¼°è°¡ Çϳª´ÔÀÇ ºñÀ§¸¦ ¸ÂÃß±â À§Çؼ­ ³ë·¡Çϰí À¼¾îÁö´Â Àǹ̷μ­°¡ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, ÀηùÀÇ º¹Áö¸¦ À§Çؼ­ ÁöÄÑÁ®¾ß µÈ Àǹ̷ΠÀÌ °è¸íµéÀ» ¹Ï´Â´Ù¸é ¾î¶² ÀÏÀÌ ÀϾ±î? ¸¸ÀÏ »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ³¯¸¶´Ù ±âµµÇϰí, ³¯¸¶´Ù ±³È¸¿¡ °¡¸ç, ±Ý¿äÀÏ¿¡´Â À°½ÄÀ» ÇÇÇϰí, »ç¼øÀý¸¶´Ù ±Ý½ÄÇϵíÀÌ È®°íÇÏ°Ô ¹Ï°í¼­ ÀÌµé °è¸íµéÀ» ÁöŰ´Â °ÍÀ» Àǹ«·Î¼­ ¹Ï´Â´Ù¸é ¾î¶»°Ô µÉ±î? »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ½ÉÁö¾î ±³È¸¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­ Á¤ÇØÁø ±ÔÄ¢µéÀ» ¹ÏµíÀÌ ÀÌ °è¸íµéÀ» ¹ÏÀ¸¸é ¾î¶»°Ô µÉ±î? ³ª´Â ÀÌ °è¸íµéÀ» µû¶ó¼­ »ì¸é¼­ ¾î¸° ¼¼´ëµéÀ» °¡¸£Ä¡´Â Àüü ±âµ¶±³ »çȸ¸¦ »ó»óÇØº¸¾Ò´Ù. ³ª´Â ±×°ÍÀÌ ¿ì¸® ¸ðµÎ¿¡°Ô ±×¸®°í ¾î¸± ÀûºÎÅÍ ¾î¸°µé¿¡°Ô ¸»°ú ÇൿÀ¸·Î¼­ °¡¸£ÃÄÁö´Â °ÍÀ» »ó»óÇØ º¸¾Ò´Ù- Áö±Ýó·³, »ç¶÷Àº ¹Ýµå½Ã ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ À§¾öÀ» Áö´Ï°í¼­ ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷µé¿¡ ´ëÇ×ÇÏ¿© ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ±Ç¸®¸¦ º¸È£ÇØ¾ß ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó(±×°ÍÀº ¿ÀÁ÷ ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷µéÀ» ¸¶À½À» »óÇÏ°Ô Çϰí È­³»°Ô ÇÔÀ¸·Î½á¸¸ ¼ºÃëµÉ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù), ¾î´À ´©±¸µµ ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷¿¡ ´ëÇØ¼­ ¾î¶² ±Ç¸®¸¦ °¡Áö°Å³ª ¿ì¿ùÇϰųª ¿­µîÇÒ ¼ö ¾øÀ¸¸ç, ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷º¸´Ùµµ ÀÚ½ÅÀ» ³ôÀÌ·Á ÇÏ´Â ÀÚ´Â ¸ðµç »ç¶÷µé º¸´Ùµµ ¿­µîÇÏ°í °¡Àå ºñõÇϸç; ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷¿¡°Ô È­¸¦ ³»´Â »ç¶÷º¸´Ùµµ ´õ âÇÇÇÑ »óŰ¡ ¾øÀ¸¸ç; ´©±º°¡°¡ ÇÏÂú´Ù°Å³ª ¹ÌÃÆ´Ù´Â ³ªÀÇ »ý°¢ÀÌ ±×¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ºÐ³ë³ª ±×¿ÍÀÇ ½Î¿òÀ» Á¤´çÈ­ÇÒ ¼ö ¾øÀ½ÀÌ °¡¸£ÃÄÁö´Â ¼¼»óÀ» »ó»óÇØ º¸¾Ò´Ù. ¿ì¸®ÀÇ »îÀÇ ¸ðµç °èȹµé, »óÁ¡ÀÇ Áø¿­Àå¿¡¼­ ±ØÀåµé, ¼Ò¼³µé, ±×¸®°í ¼ºÀûÀÎ ¿å¸ÁÀ» ºÎÃß±â´Â ¿©ÀÚÀÇ ÀǺ¹µé ´ë½Å¿¡, Çâ¶ôÀûÀΠåµé, ±ØÀåµé, ±×¸®°í ¹«µµÈ¸µé·Î¼­ ÀÚ½ÅÀ» Áñ±â´Â °ÍÀº °¡Àå Àú¼ÓÇÑ Ãë¹ÌÀ̸ç, À°Ã¼¸¦ Àå½ÄÇϰųª °ú½ÃÇÏ·Á´Â ¸ñÀûÀ» À§ÇÑ ¸ðµç ÇàÀ§µéÀº °¡Àå Àú¼ÓÇÏ°í ¼öÄ¡½º·¯¿î ÇàÀ§µéÀ̶ó´Â °ÍÀ», ¸»°ú ÇàÀ§µé·Î¼­ ¿ì¸®¿Í ¿ì¸®ÀÇ ÀÚ³àµé¿¡°Ô ³ÍÁö½Ã ºñÃß¾î ÁÖ´Â °ÍÀ» »ó»óÇØ º¸¾Ò´Ù. ÀþÀº »ç¶÷Àº °áÈ¥ÇÒ ¶§±îÁö ¹æÅÁÇØ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù´Â °ÍÀÌ ÇÊ¿äÇϸç À¯ÀÍÇÏ´Ù°í ¿©°ÜÁö´Â ¿ì¸®ÀÇ »îÀÇ Á¶Á÷ ´ë½Å¿¡, ±×¸®°í °áÈ¥ÇÑ »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ºÐ¸®µÇ´Â °ÍÀÌ °¡Àå ÀÚ¿¬½º·´´Ù°í ¿©°ÜÁö´Â »îÀÇ ¹æ½Ä ´ë½Å¿¡; ÇÑ °èÃþÀÇ ¿©ÀÚµéÀÌ Å¸¶ôÀ» À§ÇÑ ºÀ»ç¿¡ ¸¶·ÃµÇ´Â °ÍÀ» ÇÕ¹ýÈ­ÇÏ´Â ´ë½Å¿¡; ÀÌÈ¥ÀÇ Çã°¡¿Í Ãູ ´ë½Å¿¡- ÀÌ ¸ðµç °Íµé ´ë½Å¿¡, ¼ºÀûÀÎ °ü°èµéÀÌ °¡´ÉÇÑ ³ªÀÌ¿¡ À̸£·¶°í ±×°ÍµéÀ» Æ÷±âÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀº »ç¶÷ÀÌ ¾ÆÁ÷ µ¶½ÅÀÌ¸ç °áÈ¥ÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀº »óÅ¿¡ ÀÖ´Ù¸é ºñÁ¤»óÀûÀÌ¸ç ¼öÄ¡½º·¯¿î °ÍÀ̸ç, ÀÚ½ÅÀÌ ÇÔ²² ÇØ¿Ô´ø ¹è¿ìÀÚ¸¦ ¹ö¸®°í ´Ù¸¥ ¿©ÀÚ·Î ¹Ù²Ù´Â °ÍÀº ±ÙÄ£»ó°£Ã³·³ ºÎÀÚ¿¬½º·¯¿î ÇàÀ§ÀÏ »Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, ÀÜÀÎÇÏ¸ç ºñÀΰ£ÀûÀÎ ÇàÀ§ÀÓÀ» ¸»°ú ÇൿÀ» ÅëÇØ¼­ ¿ì¸®¿¡°Ô °¡¸£ÃÄÁö´Â »çȸ¸¦ ³ª´Â »ó»óÇØ º¸¾Ò´Ù. ¿ì¸®ÀÇ Àüü »îÀÌ Æø·Â À§¿¡ ±âÃÊÇÏ´Â ´ë½Å¿¡, ¿ì¸® °¢ÀÚ°¡ ¾î¸°½ÃÀýºÎÅÍ »ó´çÈ÷ ´ÄÀº ³ªÀÌ¿¡ À̸£±â±îÁö ¾ï¾Ð¹Þ°Å³ª ¾ï¾ÐÇÏ´Â ´ë½Å¿¡, ¿øÇÑÀº °¡Àå ºñ¿­ÇÑ µ¿¹°ÀûÀÎ °¨Á¤À̸ç, Æø·ÂÀº ¼öÄ¡½º·¯¿î °ÍÀÏ »Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó »ç¶÷¿¡°Ô¼­ ÁøÁ¤ÇÑ ÇູÀ» ¹ÚÅ»ÇÑ´Ù´Â °ÍÀ», ±×¸®°í »îÀÇ À¯ÀÏÇÑ ÇູÀº Æø·ÂÀ¸·Î º¸È£µÉ Çʿ䰡 ¾ø´Â ±×·± °ÍÀÓÀ», ±×¸®°í ÃÖ°íÀÇ ¸í¿¹´Â ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷µéÀÇ °ÍÀ» »©¾Ñ¾Æ¼­ ¼ÒÀ¯ÇÔÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, °¡Àå ÁÁÀº °ÍÀ» Æ÷±âÇÏ°í ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷µéÀ» °¡Àå ±ÍÇÏ°Ô ¼¶±â´Â µ¥¼­ ¾ò¾î Áø´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ¸»°ú ÇàÀ§·Î¼­ ¿ì¸® ¸ðµÎ¿¡°Ô °¡¸£ÃÄÁö´Â °ÍÀ» ³ª ½º½º·Î »ó»óÇØ º¸¾Ò´Ù. Á¦°¢±â »ç¶÷ÀÌ ¸Í¼¼¸¦ ÇÏ¿©¼­ ´©±¸ÀÎÁöµµ ¸ð¸£´Â »ç¶÷ÀÇ ÀÇÁö¿¡ ÀÚ½ÅÀÌ °¡Àå ±ÍÁßÇÏ°Ô ¿©±â´Â ¸ðµç °Í- ´Ù½Ã ¸»Çϸé, ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ Àüü »î- À» ³»¸Ã±â´Â °ÍÀ» Âù¹ÌÇϸç Ÿ´çÇÏ´Ù°í ¿©±â´Â ´ë½Å¿¡, »ç¶÷ÀÇ À̼ºÀûÀÎ ÀÇÁö´Â ´Ù¸¥ ¾î¶² »ç¶÷¿¡°Ôµµ ¾çº¸ÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø´Â °¡Àå ½Å¼ºÇÑ °ÍÀ̸ç, ÀÚ½ÅÀ» ´©±º°¡¿¡°Ô, ±×¸®°í ¾î¶² °Í¿¡ ´ëÇØ¼­ ¸Í¼¼·Î¼­ ¹­¾î µÎ´Â °ÍÀº ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ À̼ºÀûÀÎ Á¸À縦 Æ÷±âÇÑ °ÍÀ̸ç, ±×·¯ÇÑ °¡Àå ½Å¼ºÇÑ °ÍÀ» ´õ·´È÷´Â °ÍÀÓÀÌ ¸ðµç »ç¶÷¿¡°Ô °¡¸£ÃÄÁö´Â °ÍÀ» »ó»óÇØ º¸¾Ò´Ù. ³ª´Â ±×·Áº¸¾Ò´Ù. ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ Á¶±¹¿¡ ´ëÇÑ »ç¶ûÀ̶ó´Â ±¸½Ç ¾Æ·¡¿¡ ¿ì¸®¿¡°Ô °¡¸£ÃÄÁø ÀÌ·± ¹ÎÁ·Àû ¿øÇѰü°è ´ë½Å¿¡, ±×¸®°í ÀüÀïÀ̶ó°í ºÒ¸®´Â Âù¾ç¹Þ´Â µµ»ìµé ´ë½Å¿¡, À̰ÍÀº ¾î¸° ½ÃÀýºÎÅÍ ¿ì¸®µé¿¡°Ô °¡Àå ¿µ¿õÀûÀÎ ÇàÀ§µéÀ̶ó°í ´ëº¯µÇ¾î ¿ÔÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´Â°¡- ¿ì¸®´Â »ç¶÷µéÀÇ ºÐ¿­À» Á¶ÀåÇÏ´Â, Á¤Ä¡Àû, ¿Ü±³Àû ±×¸®°í ±º»çÀûÀÎ ±× ¸ðµç ÇàÀ§µé¿¡ ¿ì¸®°¡ ÀüÀ²°ú ºñ³­À» ´À³¢µµ·Ï ¹è¿ï °ÍÀ»; ±×¸®°í ¾î¶² ±¹°¡³ª, ¹èŸÀûÀÎ ¹ý·üµé, ±¹°æµéÀ̳ª ¶Ç´Â ¿µÅäµéÀ» ÀÎÁ¤ÇÔÀº °¡Àå ¾ß¸¸ÀûÀÎ ¹«ÁöÀÇ Ç¥½Ã¶ó´Â °ÍÀ»; ±×¸®°í ÀüÀï¿¡ Âü¿©ÇÏ´Â °Í- ´Ù½Ã ¸»Çϸé, »ç¶÷µéÀ», ¿ì¸®°¡ ¸ð¸£´Â »ç¶÷µéÀ», ¾Æ¹« ÀÌÀ¯ ¾øÀÌ »ìÇØÇÏ´Â °Í- Àº, Áü½ÂÀÇ ¼öÁرîÁö ³ªºüÁ®¼­, ¿ÀÁ÷ Ÿ¶ôÇϰí Á˾ǿ¡ ºüÁø »ç¶÷¸¸ÀÌ µµ´ÞÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ±Ø¾Ç¹«µµÇÑ Ã³»ç¶ó´Â °ÍÀ» ¹è¿ì´Â °ÍÀ» »ó»óÇØ º¸¾Ò´Ù. ³ª´Â ¸ðµç »ç¶÷µéÀÌ À̰ÍÀ» ¹Ï´Â °ÍÀ» ±×·Áº¸¾Ò´Ù, ±×¸®°í ¹°¾ú´Ù: ¾î¶² °á°ú°¡ ÃÊ·¡µÉ ¼ö ÀÖÀ»±î?

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