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What I Believe

(³ª´Â ¹«¾ùÀ» ¹Ï´Â°¡)


by Leo Tolstoy

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4. Do not resist evil, do not judge and do not go to law. 4. ¾Ç¿¡ ÀúÇ×ÇÏÁö ¸»¶ó, ½ÉÆÇÇÏÁö ¸»°í °í¼ÒÇÏÁö ¸»¶ó. 
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 Following this third commandment comes a fourth reference and a fourth command¡©ment (Matt. v. 38-42; Luke vi. 29, 30): 'Ye have heard that it was said, An eye for an eye, and a tooth for a tooth: but I say unto you. Resist not him that is evil: but whosoever smiteth thee on thy right cheek, turn to him the other also. And if any man would go to law with thee, and take away thy coat, let him have thy cloak also. And whosoever shall compel thee to go one mile, go with him twain. Give to him that asketh thee, and from him that would borrow of thee turn not thou away.'

ÀÌ¿Í °°Àº 3ÀÇ °è¸í¿¡ µÚÀ̾ ³× ¹øÂ° ÂüÁ¶¿Í Á¦ 4 °è¸íÀÌ ³ª¿Â´Ù(¸¶Åº¹À½ 5Àå 38-42Àý; ´©°¡º¹À½ 6Àå 29,30Àý): ¡®´«Àº ´«À¸·Î, ÀÌ´Â ÀÌ·Î °±À¸¶ó ÇÏ¿´´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ³ÊÈñ°¡ µé¾úÀ¸³ª ³ª´Â ³ÊÈñ¿¡°Ô À̸£³ë´Ï ¾ÇÇÑÀÚ¸¦ ´ëÀûÄ¡ ¸»¶ó. ´©±¸µçÁö ³× ¿À¸¥Æí »´À» Ä¡°Åµç ¿ÞÆíµµ µ¹·Á´ë¸ç, ¶Ç ³Ê¸¦ ¼Û»çÇÏ¿© ¼Ó¿ÊÀ» °¡Áö°íÀÚ ÇÏ´Â ÀÚ¿¡°Ô °Ñ¿Ê±îÁöµµ °¡Áö°Ô ÇÏ¸ç ¶Ç ´©±¸µçÁö ³Ê·Î ¾ïÁö·Î ¿À¸®¸¦ °¡°Ô ÇÏ°Åµç ±× »ç¶÷°ú ½Ê¸®¸¦ µ¿ÇàÇÏ°í ³×°Ô ±¸ÇÏ´Â ÀÚ¿¡°Ô °ÅÀýÇÏÁö ¸»¶ó.¡¯

I have already spoken of the direct and definite meaning of these words and of the fact that we have no right to give them an allegorical interpretation. The commentaries on these words, from St. John Chrysostom till today, are truly amazing. These words please everybody, and in references to them they make all kinds of profound conjectures, ex¡©cepting one only, namely, that the words have their plain meaning. The Church commentators, not at all embarrassed by the authority of him whom they call God, most calmly restrict the meaning of his words. They say: 'It is, of course, understood that all these commandments about enduring wrongs, about renouncing revenge, are in fact directed against the Jewish spirit of relentlessness, and do not prohibit either public measures for restricting evil and punishing evil-doers, or the private, personal exertions and efforts of each individual to maintain the inviolability of his rights, to correct wrong¡©doers, and to deprive ill-intentioned men of the possibility of harming others; for otherwise the spiritual laws of the Saviour would themselves in the Jewish way become mere words, and might serve to promote the success of evil and the sup¡©pression of virtue. A Christian's love should be like God's love; but the divine love refrains from limiting and punishing evil only so long as it remains within limits more or less innocuous to God's glory and to the safety of one's neighbors; in the contrary case evil should be limited and punished, a duty which is specially incumbent on the Government.' (The Annotated Gospel of the Archimandrite Michael, which is all based on the commentaries of the Fathers of the Church.) The learned and free-thinking Christians are also not embarrassed by the meaning of Christ's words and correct him. They say that this is a very lofty saying, but one lacking in any possible application to life; for an application to life of the law of non-resistance to evil destroys the whole order of life which we have so admirably arranged: so say Renan, Strauss, and all the free-thinking commentators.

³ª´Â ÀÌ¹Ì ÀÌ·± ¸»µéÀÇ Á÷Á¢ÀûÀÌ¸ç ¸íÈ®ÇÑ ÀÇ¹Ì¿Í ¿ì¸®´Â ±×°Íµé¿¡ ¾î¶² ºñÀ¯ÀûÀÎ ÇØ¼®À» ºÎ¿©ÇÒ ¾Æ¹«·± ±Ç¸®µµ ¾øÀ½À» ¸»Çß´Ù. Å©¸®¼­½ºÅèºÎÅÍ ¿À´Ã³¯¿¡ À̸£±â±îÁö, ÀÌ ¸»µé¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÁÖÇØµéÀº Áø½Ç·Î ³î¶ó¿î °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ÀÌ ¸»µéÀº ¸ðµç »ç¶÷À» Áñ°Ì°Ô ÇØÁØ´Ù, ±×¸®°í ´Ü ÇѰ¡Áö, Áï ÀÌ ¸»µéÀÌ °¡Áø ¸í¹éÇÑ Àǹ̸¦ Á¦¿ÜÇϰí´Â, ÀÌ ¸»µéÀ» ÂüÁ¶ÇÏ¿©, ¿Â°® ½É¿ÀÇÑ ¾ïÃøµéÀ» ¸¸µé¾î ³½´Ù. ±³È¸ÀÇ ÁÖ¼®°¡µéÀº, ±×µéÀÌ Çϳª´ÔÀ̶ó°í ÀÏÄ´ ºÐÀÇ ±Ç´É¿¡ ÀüÇô ±¸¾Ö¹ÞÁö ¾Ê°í, ¾ÆÁÖ Å¿¬ÇÏ°Ô ±×ÀÇ ¸»¾¸ÀÇ Àǹ̸¦ Á¦ÇÑÇÑ´Ù. ±×µéÀº ¸»ÇÑ´Ù: ¡®¹°·Ð, ¸ð¿åÀ» Âü°í, º¹¼ö¸¦ Æ÷±âÇÏ´Â °Í¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÀÌ ¸ðµç °è¸íµéÀº »ç½Ç À¯ÅÂÀεéÀÇ ¹«ÀÚºñÇÑ »ý°¢µéÀ» ¹Ý´ëÇÔ¿¡ ÁßÁ¡À» µÐ °ÍÀ̸ç, ¾Ç¿¡ Á¦ÇÑÇϰí, ¹üÁËÀÚµéÀ» ó¹úÇϱâ À§ÇÑ °øÀûÀÎ ¼ö´Üµé°ú, ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ºÒ°¡Ä§ÀÇ ±Ç¸®µéÀ» À¯ÁöÇϱâ À§ÇÑ »çÀûÀÌ¸ç °³ÀÎÀûÀΠȰµ¿µé°ú ³ë·Âµé, ¾ÇÀεéÀ» ±³Á¤ÇÏ´Â °Í ±×¸®°í ¾ÇÇÑ Àǵµ¸¦ °¡Áø »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷µéÀ» ÇØÄ¥ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â °¡´É¼ºÀ» ¹ÚÅ»ÇÔÀ» ±ÝÁöÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó°í ÀÌÇØµÇ¾î¾ß ÇÑ´Ù; ¸¸ÀÏ ±×·¸Áö ¾Ê´Ù¸é, ±¸¼¼ÁÖÀÇ Á¤½ÅÀûÀÎ À²¹ýµé ÀÚüµµ À¯ÅÂÀεéÀÇ ¹æ½Äó·³ Æò¹üÇÑ ¸»µé·Î º¯ÇÒ °ÍÀ̸ç, ¾ÇÀÇ ¼º°ø°ú ¼±ÀÇ ¾ïÁ¦¸¦ Á¶ÀåÇÔ¿¡ µµ¿òÀ» ÁÙ °ÍÀ̱⠶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù. ±âµ¶±³ÀÇ »ç¶ûÀº Çϳª´ÔÀÇ »ç¶ûÀÌ µÇ¾î¾ß ÇÑ´Ù; ±×·¯³ª Çϳª´ÔÀÇ »ç¶ûÀº ¿ÀÁ÷ Çϳª´ÔÀÇ ¿µ±¤°ú ÀÌ¿ôÀÇ ¾ÈÀü¿¡ ¾î´À Á¤µµ ÇØ·Î¿òÀÌ ¾ø´Â ÇÑ¿¡¼­¸¸ ¾ÇÀ» Á¦ÇÑÇϰí ó¹úÇÔÀ» »ï°¡ÇÑ´Ù; ¹Ý´ëÀÇ °æ¿ì¿¡´Â ¾ÇÀº ¹Ýµå½Ã Á¦Çѵǰí ó¹úµÇ¾î¾ß Çϸç, ±×°ÍÀº Ưº°È÷ Á¤ºÎÀÇ ¸Ã°í ÀÖ´Â Àǹ«ÀÌ´Ù. (´ë ¼öµµ¿øÀå ¹ÌÄ«¿¤ÀÇ ÁÖÇØ º¹À½¼­¿¡¼­ ÀοëÇÏ¿´À¸¸ç, ÀÌ ÁÖÇØ¼­´Â ¸ðµÎ ±³ºÎµéÀÇ ÁÖÇØ¼­¿¡ ±âÃʸ¦ µÎ¾ú´Ù.) ÇÐ½Ä ÀÖÀ¸¸ç ÀÚÀ¯ »ç»óÀ» °¡Áø ±âµ¶±³Àε鵵 ¿ª½Ã ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ ¸»¾¸µé¿¡ ´çȲÇÔÀÌ ¾øÀÌ ¶â¾î °íÄ¡°í ÀÖ´Ù. ÀÌ ¸»µéÀº ¸Å¿ì ¼þ°íÇÑ ¸»ÀÌÁö¸¸ ½Ç»ýȰ¿¡ Àû¿ë °¡´É¼ºÀ» °á¿©ÇÑ °ÍÀÌ´Ù; ¿Ö³ÄÇÏ¸é ¾Ç¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¹«ÀúÇ×ÀÇ À²¹ýÀ» »î¿¡ Àû¿ëÇÑ´Ù¸é ¿ì¸®°¡ ±×Åä·Ï ÁغñÇÑ »îÀÇ Àüü Áú¼­¸¦ ÆÄ±«Çϱ⠶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù; À̰ÍÀº ¸£³¶, ½ºÆ®¶ó¿ì½º, ±×¸®°í ¸ðµç ÀÚÀ¯»ç»óÀûÀÎ ÁÖ¼®°¡µéÀÇ ¸»ÀÌ´Ù.

But one need only take the words of Christ as we take those of the first man we meet and who speaks to us-  that is to say, assume that he means what he says- to do away with the necessity for any profound conjectures. Christ says: I consider that your method of securing your life is stupid and bad. I propose to you quite another method, as follows. And he speaks the words given in Matt. v. 38-42. It would seem that before correcting those words one should understand them. But that is just what no one wishes to do, having decided in advance that the order of our life which is infringed by those words is a sacred law of humanity.

±×·¯³ª, ¿ì¸®´Â ¾î¶°ÇÑ ½É¿ÀÇÑ ¾ïÃø¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Çʿ並 ¹þ¾î ³ª±â À§Çؼ­, ¿ÀÁ÷ ¿ì¸®°¡ óÀ½ ¸¸³ª´Â »ç¶÷ÀÌ ¿ì¸®¿¡°Ô ¸»ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ» ¿ì¸®°¡ ¹Þ¾Æ µéÀ̵íÀÌ, ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ ¸»¾¸µéÀ» ¹Þ¾Æ µéÀ̱⸸ ÇÏ¸é µÉ »ÓÀÌ´Ù- ´Ù½Ã ¸»Çϸé, ±×´Â ÀÚ½ÅÀÌ ¸»ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ» ÀǹÌÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù°í ¿©±â¸é µÇ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ±×¸®½ºµµ´Â ¸»ÇÑ´Ù: ³ª´Â ³ÊÈñÀÇ »îÀÇ ¾ÈÀüÀ» º¸ÀåÇϱâ À§ÇÑ ¹æ¹ýÀÌ ¾î¸®¼®°í ³ª»Ú´Ù°í »ý°¢ÇÑ´Ù. ³ª´Â ³ÊÈñ¿¡°Ô, ´ÙÀ½°ú °°ÀÌ, ÀüÇô ´Ù¸¥ ¹æ¹ýÀ» Á¦¾ÈÇÑ´Ù. ±×¸®°í ±×´Â ¸¶Åº¹À½ 5Àå 38-42Àý¿¡ ÁÖ¾îÁø ¸»µéÀ» À̾߱â ÇÑ´Ù. ¿ì¸®´Â ÀÌ ¸»¾¸µéÀ» ½ÃÁ¤Çϱâ Àü¿¡ ¹Ýµå½Ã ±×°ÍµéÀ» ÀÌÇØÇÏ¿©¾ß ÇÑ´Ù°í »ý°¢µÈ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ±×°ÍÀº Á¤¸» ¾Æ¹«µµ ÇàÇÏ°í ½Í¾îÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù, ±×¸®°í ±× ¸»¾¸µé¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­ ÆÄ±«µÇ´Â ¿ì¸®ÀÇ »îÀÇ Áú¼­°¡ ÀηùÀÇ ½Å¼ºÇÑ À²¹ýÀ̶ó°í ¹Ì¸® °áÁ¤Çϱ⠶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù.

I did not consider our life either good or sacred, and therefore understood that commandment sooner than other people. And when I had understood the words as they are spoken, I was amazed by their truth, exactitude and clarity. Christ says: 'You wish to destroy evil by evil. That is un¡©reasonable. That there should be no evil, do none.' And then he enumerates the cases in which we are accustomed to do evil, and says that in these cases it should not be done.

³ª´Â ¿ì¸®ÀÇ »îÀ» ¼±Çϰųª ½Å¼ºÇÏ´Ù°í ¿©±âÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù ±×·¯¹Ç·Î ±× °è¸íµéÀ» ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷µé º¸´Ù »¡¸® ±ú´Þ¾Ò´Ù. ±×¸®°í ³»°¡ ¸»ÇÏ¿©Áø ±×´ë·ÎÀÇ ¸»¾¸µéÀ» ±ú´Ý°Ô µÇ¾úÀ» ¶§, ³ª´Â ¸»¾¸ÀÇ Áø¸®, Á¤È®ÇÔ ±×¸®°í ¸í·áÇÔ¿¡ ³î¶ó¿Í Çß´Ù. ±×¸®½ºµµ´Â ¸»ÇÑ´Ù: ¡®³ÊÈñ´Â ¾ÇÀ» ¾ÇÀ¸·Î ÆÄ±«ÇÏ·Á°í ÇÑ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ±×°ÍÀº ºÒÇÕ¸®ÇÏ´Ù. ¾ÇÀ» ¸ê¸Á½ÃŰ·Á°Åµç, ¾ÇÀ» ÇàÇÏÁö ¸»¶ó.¡¯ ±×¸®°í ³ª¼­ ±×´Â ¿ì¸®°¡ ¾ÇÀ» ÇàÇÔ¿¡ ½À°üÈ­µÈ °æ¿ìµéÀ» ¿­°ÅÇϰí, ÀÌ·± °æ¿ìµé¿¡¼­ ¾ÇÀ» ÇàÇØ¼­´Â ¾È µÈ´Ù°í ¸»ÇÑ´Ù.

This fourth commandment of Christ was the first I understood, and it was the one which disclosed to me the meaning of all the others. This fourth, simple, clear, practicable commandment says: Never resist the evil-doer by force, do not meet violence with violence. If they beat you, endure it; if they take your possessions, yield them up; if they compel you to work, work; and if they wish to take from you what you consider to be yours, give it up.

¿¹¼öÀÇ ÀÌ Á¦ 4 °è¸íÀº ³»°¡ Á¦ÀÏ Ã³À½ ±ú´ÞÀº °ÍÀÌ´Ù, ±×¸®°í ±×°ÍÀº ´Ù¸¥ ¸ðµç °è¸íµéÀÇ Àǹ̸¦ ³»°Ô ¹àÇô ÁØ °ÍÀ̾ú´Ù. À̹øÀÇ ´Ü¼øÇϰí, ¸í·áÇϸç, ½ÇÇà °¡´ÉÇÑ Á¦ 4 °è¸íÀÌ ¸»ÇÑ´Ù: ¾ÇÀ» ÇàÇÏ´Â ÀÚ¿¡°Ô °áÄÚ Æø·ÂÀ¸·Î½á ´ëÇ×ÇÏÁö ¸»¶ó, Æø·ÂÀ¸·Î½á Æø·Â¿¡ ´ëóÇÏÁö ¸»¶ó. ¸¸ÀÏ ±×µéÀÌ ³ÊÈñ¸¦ ¶§¸°´Ù¸é, ±×°ÍÀ» ÂüÀ¸¶ó, ¸¸ÀÏ ±×µéÀÌ ³ÊÀÇ Àç»êÀ» »©¾Ñ´Â´Ù¸é, ±×°ÍµéÀ» ³»¾î ÁÖ¶ó; ¸¸ÀÏ ±×µéÀÌ ³ÊÈñ¿¡°Ô ÀÏÀ» °­¿äÇÑ´Ù¸é, ÀÏÀ» Ç϶ó; ±×¸®°í ¸¸ÀÏ ±×µéÀÌ ³ÊÈñ°¡ ³ÊÈñ °ÍÀ̶ó°í ¿©±â´Â °ÍÀ» °¡Áö°íÀÚ ÇÑ´Ù¸é, ±×°ÍÀ» Æ÷±âÇ϶ó.

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