¡¡

Jesusi.com Homepage

¡¡

¡¡

 °Ô½ÃÆÇ  °Ë»ö  ÀÚ·á½Ç  »çÀÌÆ®¸Ê  ¿¹¼ö¿Í³ª?

Ȩ ] À§·Î ] ´ÙÀ½ ]

¡¡
¡¡ ¡¡

What I Believe

(³ª´Â ¹«¾ùÀ» ¹Ï´Â°¡)


by Leo Tolstoy

¡¡ ¡¡
¡¡ ¡¡ ¡¡ ¡¡
¡¡ ¡¡
1. Do not be angry, but live at peace with all men. 1. È­¸¦ ³»Áö ¸»¶ó, ±×·¯³ª ¸ðµç »ç¶÷µé°ú ÆòÈ­·Ó°Ô »ì¾Æ¶ó. 

This is how I did so. In Matt. v. 21-6, it is said: '[21]Ye have heard that it was said by them of old time, Thou shalt not kill [Exod. xx. 13], and whosoever shall kill shall be in danger of the judgment. [22]But I say unto you, that whosoever is angry with his brother without a cause shall be in danger of the judgment: and whosoever shall say to his brother, Raca, shall be in danger of the council; and who¡©soever shall say, Thou fool, shall be in danger of hell fire. [23]If therefore thou art offering thy gift at the altar, and there rememberest that thy brother hath aught against thee; [24]leave there thy gift before the altar and go thy way, first be reconciled to thy brother, and then come and offer thy gift. [25]Agree with thine adversary quickly, whiles thou art in the way with him; lest haply the adversary deliver thee to the judge and the judge deliver thee to the officer, and thou be cast into prison. [26]Verily I say unto thee, Thou shalt by no means come out thence, till thou hast paid the uttermost farthing.'

À̰ÍÀÌ ³»°¡ ±×·¯ÇÑ ¹ß°ßÀ» ÇÑ °úÁ¤ÀÌ´Ù. ¸¶Åº¹À½ 5Àå 21-26Àý±îÁö ÀÌ·¸°Ô ±â·ÏµÇ¾î ÀÖ´Ù: ¡®[21]¿¾»ç¶÷¿¡°Ô ¸»ÇÑ ¹Ù »ìÀÎÄ¡ ¸»¶ó. ´©±¸µçÁö »ìÀÎÇÏ¸é ½ÉÆÇÀ» ¹Þ°Ô µÇ¸®¶ó ÇÏ¿´´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ³ÊÈñ°¡ µé¾úÀ¸³ª [22]³ª´Â ³ÊÈñ¿¡°Ô À̸£³ë´Ï ÇüÁ¦¿¡°Ô (ÀÌÀ¯¾øÀÌ)³ëÇÏ´Â ÀÚ¸¶´Ù ½ÉÆÇÀ» ¹Þ°Ô µÇ°í, ÇüÁ¦¸¦ ´ëÇÏ¿© ¶ó°¡¶ó ÇÏ´Â ÀÚ´Â °øÈ¸¿¡ ÀâÈ÷°Ô µÇ°í ¹Ì·ÃÇÑ ³ðÀ̶ó ÇÏ´Â ÀÚ´Â Áö¿Á ºÒ¿¡ µé¾î°¡°Ô µÇ¸®¶ó. [23]±×·¯¹Ç·Î ¿¹¹°À» Á¦´Ü¿¡ µå¸®´Ù°¡ °Å±â¼­ ³× ÇüÁ¦¿¡°Ô ¿ø¸ÁµéÀ» ¸¸ÇÑ ÀÏÀÌ ÀÖ´Â ÁÙ »ý°¢³ª°Åµç [24]¿¹¹°À» Á¦´Ü ¾Õ¿¡ µÎ°í ¸ÕÀú °¡¼­ ÇüÁ¦¿Í È­¸ñÇÏ°í ±× ÈÄ¿¡ ¿Í¼­ ¿¹¹°À» µå¸®¶ó [25]³Ê¸¦ ¼Û»çÇÏ´Â ÀÚ¿Í ÇÔ²² ±æ¿¡ ÀÖÀ» ¶§¿¡ ±ÞÈ÷ »çÈ­Ç϶ó. ±× ¼Û»çÇÏ´Â ÀÚ°¡ ³Ê¸¦ ÀçÆÇ°ü¿¡ ³»¾îÁÖ°í ÀçÆÇ°üÀÌ °ü¿¡°Ô ³»¾îÁÖ¾î ¿Á¿¡ °¡µÑ±î ¿°·ÁÇ϶ó. [26]Áø½Ç·Î ³×°Ô À̸£³ë´Ï ³×°¡ È£¸®¶óµµ ³²±è¾øÀÌ ´Ù °±±â Àü¿¡´Â °á´ÜÄÚ °Å±â¼­ ³ª¿ÀÁö ¸øÇϸ®¶ó.¡¯

When I understood the commandment of non-resistance to him that is evil it seemed to me that these verses about anger ought to have as clear a meaning, and one as applicable to life, as the commandment about resisting him that is evil. The meaning I had formerly attributed to those words was that everyone should always avoid anger against others and should never use words of abuse, but should live at peace with all men without excep¡©tion; but there were words in the text which ex¡©cluded that meaning. It was said: Do not be angry 'without a cause', so that no unconditional injunc¡©tion to be peaceable is found in the words. Those words 'without a cause' perplexed me: and to solve my doubts I consulted the interpretations of the theologians, and to my amazement I found that the interpretations of the Fathers of the Church are chiefly directed to explaining when anger is excusable and when it is not excusable. All the Church interpretations lay particular stress on the meaning of the words without a cause, and explain the passage in the sense that one must not insult innocent people and one must not employ words of abuse, but that anger is not always unjustifiable; in confirmation of which view they quote the anger of saints and Apostles.

³»°¡ ¾ÇÇÑ ÀÚ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¹«ÀúÇ×ÀÇ °è¸íÀ» ±ú´Þ¾ÒÀ» ¶§, ³»°Ô´Â ºÐ³ë¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÀÌ ±¸Àýµéµµ ¾ÇÇÑ ÀÚ¿¡ ´ëÇØ ÀúÇ×ÇÏ´Â °è¸í¸¸Å­ ¸í·áÇÑ ÀÇ¹Ì¿Í »î¿¡ Àû¿ë °¡´ÉÇÑ °ÍÀ» °¡Áö°í ÀÖ¾î¾ß¸¸ ÇÏ´Â °Íó·³ ´À²¸Á³´Ù. ³»°¡ ÀÌÀü¿¡ ÀÌ ±¸Àý¿¡ ºÎ¿©Çß´ø Àǹ̴ ¸ðµç »ç¶÷µéÀº ¾ðÁ¦³ª ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷µé¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ºÐ³ë¸¦ ÇÇÇØ¾ß ÇÏ¸ç °áÄÚ Æø¾ðÀ» ÇØ¼­´Â ¾ÈµÇ¸ç, ¿¹¿Ü ¾øÀÌ ¸ðµç »ç¶÷µé°ú ÆòÈ­·Ó°Ô »ì¾Æ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù´Â °ÍÀ̾ú´Ù; ±×·¯³ª ¿øÀü¿¡´Â ±×·¯ÇÑ Àǹ̸¦ ¹èÁ¦ÇÏ´Â ¸»µéÀÌ ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. ¡®ÀÌÀ¯¾øÀÌ ³ëÇÏÁö ¸»¶ó¡¯´Â ¸»ÀÌ ±â·ÏµÇ¾î À־, ÀÌ ¸»µé¿¡¼­ ¹«Á¶°ÇÀûÀÎ ÆòÈ­ À¯Áö¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¸í·ÉÀº ãÀ» ¼ö ¾ø´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ¡®ÀÌÀ¯¾øÀÌ¡¯¶ó´Â ¸»ÀÌ ³ª¸¦ È¥¶õ½º·´°Ô Çß´Ù: ±×·¡¼­ ³ª´Â ÀǽÉÀ» Ç®±âÀ§ÇØ ½ÅÇÐÀÚµéÀÇ ÇØ¼®µéÀ» ã¾Æ º¸¾Ò´Ù, ³î¶ø°Ôµµ ±³ºÎµéÀÇ ÇØ¼®µéÀº ÁÖ·Î ºÐ³ë°¡ ¿ë¼­µÉ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â °æ¿ì¿Í ¿ë¼­µÉ ¼ö ¾ø´Â °æ¿ì¸¦ ¼³¸íÇÔ¿¡ ÁýÁßÀÌ µÇ¾î ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. ±³È¸ÀÇ ¸ðµç ÇØ¼®µéÀº ¡®ÀÌÀ¯¾øÀÌ¡¯¶ó´Â ¸»¿¡ Ưº°ÇÑ °­Á¶¸¦ µÎ°í¼­, ±× ±¸ÀýÀ» ¹«°íÇÑ »ç¶÷µéÀ» ¿åÇØ¼­´Â ¾ÈµÇ¸ç Æø¾ðÀ» ÇØ¼­µµ ¾ÈµÇÁö¸¸, ºÐ³ë°¡ ¾ðÁ¦³ª ºÎ´çÇÑ °ÍÀº ¾Æ´Ï¶ó´Â Àǹ̷Π¼³¸íÇÑ´Ù; ±×·¯ÇÑ ½Ã°¢À» È®ÁõÇϱâ À§ÇÏ¿© ±×µéÀº ¼ºÀÚµé°ú »çµµµéÀÇ ºÐ³ë¸¦ ÀοëÇÑ´Ù.

I could not but admit that, though it contradicts the whole sense of the Gospels, this explanation that anger, as they say, is not forbidden by the word of God, follows from and finds support in the words without a cause- which occur in verse 22. These words change the meaning of the whole utterance.

³ª´Â, ºñ·Ï ±×°ÍÀÌ º¹À½¼­ÀÇ Àüü ÀÇ¹Ì¿Í ¸ð¼øµÇÁö¸¸, ±×µéÀÌ ¸»ÇÏ´Â °Íó·³, ºÐ³ë´Â, ¡®ÀÌÀ¯¾øÀÌ¡¯¶ó´Â ¸»¿¡ µû¶ó¼­ ±×¸®°í À̸¦ ±Ù°Å·Î ÇÏ¿©, Çϳª´ÔÀÇ ¸»¾¸¿¡ ÀÇÇÏ¿© ±ÝÁöµÇÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù´Â ¼³¸íÀ» ÀÎÁ¤ÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀ» ¼ö ¾ø¾ú´Ù- À̰ÍÀº 22Àý¿¡ ÀÖ´Ù. ÀÌ ¸»µéÀÌ Àüü ¸»¾¸ÀÇ Àǹ̸¦ ¹Ù²Ù¾î ³õÀº °ÍÀÌ´Ù.

Be not angry without a cause. Christ bids us forgive all, forgive endlessly. He himself forgives, and for¡©bids Peter to be angry with Malchus when Peter, not without cause it would seem, defended his Master who was being led to crucifixion. And this same Christ, for the instruction of all men, says: Do not be angry without a cause, and thereby sanctions anger with a cause- anger which is deserved. Christ preaches peace to all the plain folk and suddenly, as though explaining that this does not refer to all cases but that there are cases when one may be angry with one's brother, he inserts the words without a cause. In the interpretations it is explained that there is timely anger. But who, asked I, is to be judge of when anger is timely? I have never seen angry people who considered their anger untimely. They all consider their anger just and useful. Those words destroy the whole meaning of the verse. But the words stood in Holy Writ and I could not cancel them. Yet those words were as though to the saying, Love thy neighbor were added, Love thy good neighbor, or, Love the neighbor whom thou approvest of.

ÀÌÀ¯¾øÀÌ ³ëÇÏÁö ¸»¶ó. ±×¸®½ºµµ´Â ¿ì¸®¿¡°Ô ¸ðµÎ¸¦ ¿ë¼­Çϰí, ³¡¾øÀÌ ¿ë¼­Ç϶ó°í ¸»ÇÑ´Ù. ±×´Â ½º½º·Î ¿ë¼­Çϸç, º£µå·Î°¡, ÀÌÀ¯°¡ ¾ø¾î º¸ÀÌÁö ¾Ê¾ÒÁö¸¸, ½ÊÀÚ°¡·Î ²ø·Á°¡´Â ±×ÀÇ ÁÖÀÎÀ» ¹æ¾îÇÏ·Á°í ÇÒ ¶§, º£µå·Î¿¡°Ô ºÐ³ëÇÏÁö ¸» °ÍÀ» ¸í·ÉÇß´Ù. ±×¸®°í ¹Ù·Î ¶È °°Àº ±×¸®½ºµµ°¡, ¸ðµç »ç¶÷µé¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¼³±³·Î¼­, ¸»ÇÑ´Ù: ÀÌÀ¯¾øÀÌ ºÐ³ëÇÏÁö ¸»¶ó, ±×¸®°í ±×·³À¸·Î½á, ÀÌÀ¯ÀÖ´Â ºÐ³ë- °¡Ä¡ÀÖ´Â ºÐ³ë- ¸¦ ¿ëÀÎÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù. ±×¸®½ºµµ´Â ¸ðµç Æò¹üÇÑ »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô ÆòÈ­¸¦ ¼³±³ÇÑ´Ù, ±×¸®°í °©ÀÚ±â À̰ÍÀÌ ¸ðµç °æ¿ìµé¿¡ ÇØ´çµÇ´Â °ÍÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ÇüÁ¦¿¡°Ô ºÐ³ëÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â °æ¿ìµéÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ¼³¸íÀÌ¶óµµ ÇϵíÀÌ, ±×´Â ¡®ÀÌÀ¯¾øÀÌ¡¯¶ó´Â ¸»À» »ðÀÔÇÑ´Ù. ¾î¶² ÇØ¼®µé¿¡´Â ÀûÀýÇÑ ºÐ³ëµµ ÀÖ´Ù°í ¼³¸íµÇ¾îÁø´Ù. ±×·¯³ª, ³ª´Â ¹¯´Â´Ù, ºÐ³ë°¡ ÀûÀýÇѰ¡¸¦ ½ÉÆÇÇÒ ¼ö Àִ°¡? ³ª´Â ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ºÐ³ë°¡ Á¤´çÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Ù°í ¿©±â´Â ºÐ³ëÇÑ »ç¶÷À» °áÄÚ º¸Áö ¸øÇß´Ù. ±×µéÀº ¸ðµÎ ±×µéÀÇ ºÐ³ë°¡ Á¤´çÇϸç À¯ÀÍÇÏ´Ù°í ¿©±ä´Ù. ÀÌ ¸»µéÀÌ ±¸ÀýÀÇ Àüü Àǹ̸¦ ÆÄ±«ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù.±×·¯³ª ±× ¸»µéÀº ¼º¼­¿¡ ÀÖÀ¸¹Ç·Î ³ª´Â ±×°ÍµéÀ» Ãë¼ÒÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ÀÌ ¸»µéÀº ¸¶Ä¡, ¡®³× ÀÌ¿ôÀ» »ç¶ûÇ϶󡯴 ¸»¿¡, ¡®³ÊÀÇ ¼±ÇÑ ÀÌ¿ôÀ» »ç¶ûÇ϶ó¡¯, ¶Ç´Â ¡®³× ¸¶À½¿¡ µå´Â ÀÌ¿ôÀ» »ç¶ûÇ϶󡯴 ¸»À» µ¡ºÙÀÓ°ú °°¾Ò´Ù.

The whole meaning of the passage was destroyed for me by the words without a cause. The verses that said that before praying one must be reconciled to those who are angry with one, which without the words 'without a cause' would have had a plain and obligatory meaning, also acquired this conditional meaning.

ÀÌ ±¸ÀýÀÇ Àüü Àǹ̴ ³ª¿¡°Ô À־ ¡®ÀÌÀ¯¾øÀÌ¡¯¶ó´Â ¸»·Î¼­ ÆÄ±«µÇ¾ú´Ù. ±âµµÇϱâ Àü¿¡ ³ÊÈñ¿¡°Ô ºÐ³ëÇÏ´Â ÀÚµé°ú È­ÇØÇ϶ó°í ¸»ÇÑ ±¸Àýµéµµ, ¡®ÀÌÀ¯¾øÀÌ¡¯¶ó´Â ¸»ÀÌ ¾ø´Ù¸é ¸í¹éÈ÷ °­Á¦ÀûÀÎ Àǹ̰¡ µÇ¾úÀ» °ÍÀÌÁö¸¸, ¶ÇÇÑ ÀÌ·± Á¶°ÇÀûÀÎ Àǹ̸¦ °®°Ô µÇ¾ú´Ù.

It seemed to me that Christ should have for¡©bidden all anger, all ill will, and for its elimination bidden everyone, before he brings his sacrifice- that is to say, before entering into communion with God - to remember whether there is not someone who is angry with him. And if there is anyone who right¡©fully or wrongfully is angry with you, you must first go and be reconciled, and only then bring your offering or your prayer. So it seemed to me; but according to the commentaries the passage must be understood conditionally.

±×¸®½ºµµ´Â ¸ðµç ºÐ³ë, ¸ðµç ¾ÇÀǸ¦ ±ÝÁöÇϼ̰í, ±× Á¦°Å¸¦ À§Çؼ­ ¸ðµç »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô, ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ Á¦¹°À» ¹ÙÄ¡±â Àü¿¡- Áï, Çϳª´Ô°ú ±³ÅëÇÔ¿¡ µé±â Àü¿¡- Àڽſ¡°Ô ºÐ³ëÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷ÀÌ ¾ø´ÂÁö ±â¾ïÇ϶ó°í ¸í·ÉÇÏ¼Ì´Ù°í ´À²¸Á³´Ù. ±×¸®°í ¸¸ÀÏ ¼±ÀÇµç ¾ÇÀÇµç ¿ì¸®¿¡°Ô ºÐ³ëÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷ÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù¸é, ¿ì¸®´Â ¸ÕÀú °¡¼­ È­ÇØÇÑ ´ÙÀ½ ±×¶§¼­¾ß ¿ì¸®ÀÇ Á¦¹°À̳ª ±âµµ¸¦ ¹ÙÄ¡¶ó´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ³ª¿¡°Ô´Â ±×·¸°Ô ´À²¸Á³´Ù; ±×·¯³ª ÁÖÇØ¼­µé¿¡ µû¸£¸é ±× ±¸ÀýÀº ¹Ýµå½Ã Á¶°ÇÀûÀ¸·Î ÀÌÇØµÇ¾î¾ß ÇÑ´Ù.

In all the commentaries it is explained that one must try to be at peace with all, but if that is impossible owing to the depravity of those who are at strife with you, you must be at peace in your soul, in your thoughts, and then the enmity of the others against you need not prevent your praying. Be¡©sides this, the words that declare that whoso says 'Raca' and 'Thou fool' is terribly guilty always seemed to me strange and obscure. If one is for¡©bidden to scold, why are such weak almost unabusive words selected as examples ? And also why is so terrible a threat directed against him who lets fall such a weak word of abuse as 'Raca', which means 'a nobody'? This too is obscure.

¸ðµç ÁÖÇØ¼­µé¿¡¼­, ¿ì¸®´Â ¸ðµç »ç¶÷µé°ú ÆòÈ­¸¦ À¯ÁöÇϵµ·Ï ÇØ¾ß ÇÏÁö¸¸, ¸¸ÀÏ ¿ì¸®¿Í ¹Ý¸ñÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷ÀÇ Å¸¶ôÀ¸·Î ÀÎÇØ¼­ ±×°ÍÀÌ ºÒ°¡´ÉÇÏ´Ù¸é, ¿ì¸®´Â ¹Ýµå½Ã ¿ì¸®ÀÇ »ý°¢ ¾È¿¡¼­ È­ÇØÇØ¾ß Çϸç, ±×¸®ÇÏ¸é ¿ì¸®¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷µéÀÇ Àû´ë°¨ÀÌ ¿ì¸®ÀÇ ±âµµ¸¦ ¹æÇØÇÒ Çʿ䰡 ¾ø°Ô µÈ´Ù°í ¼³¸íµÈ´Ù. ÀÌ°Í »Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, ¡®¶ó°¡¡¯ ±×¸®°í ¡®³Ê´Â ¾î¸®¼®´Ù¡¯¶ó°í ¸»ÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷Àº ´©±¸³ª ¹«¼­¿î Á˸¦ Áþ°Ô µÈ´Ù°í ¼±¾ðÇÏ´Â ¸»µéÀÌ ¾ðÁ¦³ª ³»°Ô´Â ÀÌ»óÇÏ°í ¸ðÈ£ÇÏ°Ô ´À²¸Á³´Ù. ¸¸ÀÏ ¿ì¸®°¡ ¿åÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ ±ÝÁöµÈ´Ù¸é, ¿Ö ±×·¸°Ô ³ª¾àÇÏ¸ç °ÅÀÇ ¿å¼³À̶ó°í ÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø´Â ¸»µéÀÌ »ç·Êµé·Î¼­ ¼±ÅõǾú´Â°¡? ±×¸®°í ¶ÇÇÑ ¿Ö ±×·¸°Ô ¡®ÇÏÂúÀº »ç¶÷¡¯À» ÀǹÌÇÏ´Â, ¡®¶ó°¡¡¯°°ÀÌ ºñ³­À¸·Î¼­´Â ¹Ì¾àÇÑ ¸»À» ³»¹ñÀº »ç¶÷¿¡°Ô ±×Åä·Ï ¹«¼­¿î À§ÇùÀÌ °¡ÇØÁö´Â °ÍÀΰ¡?

I felt that there was a misunderstanding similar to that which occurred with reference to the words, 'judge not'. I felt that as in that interpretation so in this, what is simple, important, definite, and practicable is all changed into what is obscure and indefinite. I felt that Christ could not understand the words, 'Go, be reconciled to thine adversary', in the way they are explained to us, as meaning, 'Be reconciled in your thoughts'. What does being reconciled in one's thoughts mean? It seemed to me that Christ was demanding what he elsewhere expressed in the words of the prophets: 'I will have mercy and not sacrifice'- that is to say, love to man. And therefore if you wish to please God, before praying at morning and evening, at matins and evensong, remember whether anyone is angry with you and go and arrange matters so that he may not be angry with you, and after that pray if you please. And then we are told that this is only 'in thought'. I felt that the whole interpretation which destroyed for me the direct and clear mean¡©ing of the passage was based on the words 'without a cause'. If they were struck out the meaning would be clear; but against my interpretation all the expositors were ranged, as well as the canonical Gospel with the words, 'without a cause'. If I yield on this point I may as well yield on others at my fancy, and other people may do the same. The whole matter lay in those words. If they were not there all would be clear. And I tried to find some philological explanation of the words which would not infringe the whole meaning. I looked up the Greek word interpreted 'without a cause' in the dictionaries; and I saw that this word, in Greek , means 'without purpose', 'inconsiderately'. I tried to give it a meaning which would not infringe the sense of the passage, but evidently the addition of that word has the meaning which is given it. I consulted other dictionaries, but the meaning given of the word was the same. I consulted the context and found that the word is employed only once in the Gospel, namely, in this passage. In the Epistles it is employed several times. In the First Epistle to the Corinthians, xv. 2, it is used just in this sense. Therefore it is impossible to explain it otherwise, and one has to admit that Christ said: Do not be angry unnecessarily! I must confess that for me to admit that Christ could in this passage use such obscure words, which can be understood so that nothing remains of their meaning, was tantamount to rejecting the whole Gospel. There remained one last hope: Is the word found in all the manuscripts? I looked up the manuscripts. I referred to Griesbach, who shows all the variations- that is to say, he shows in what manuscripts and by what Fathers of the Church an expression is used. I looked, and was at once thrown into an ecstasy by observing that to this passage there are remarks- there are variations. I went on and found that the variations all refer to the word 'without a cause'. Most of the manuscripts of the Gospel and the quotations of the passage in the Fathers of the Church do not contain the word at all! Therefore most of them understood the matter as I do. I then referred to Tischendorf- to the oldest text- and the word was not there at all! I looked at Luther's translations, where I might have got at the matter most quickly, and the word was not there either.

³ª´Â ¡®ºñÆÇÇÏÁö ¸»¶ó¡¯´Â ¸»°ú °ü·ÃÇÏ¿© ¹ß»ýÇÑ °Í°ú À¯»çÇÑ ¿ÀÇØ°¡ ÀÖ´Ù°í ´À²¼´Ù. ³ª´Â ±×¿Í °°Àº ÇØ¼®¿¡¼­Ã³·³ ¿©±â¿¡¼­µµ, ´Ü¼øÇϰí, Áß¿äÇϸç, Á¤È®Çϰí, ±×¸®°í ½ÇÇà °¡´ÉÇÑ °ÍÀÌ ¸ðµÎ ¸ðÈ£ÇÏ°í ºÎÁ¤È®ÇÑ °ÍÀ¸·Î ¹Ù²î¾ú´Ù°í ´À²¼´Ù. ³ª´Â ±×¸®½ºµµ°¡ ¡®°¡¼­ ³ÊÀÇ ¿ø¼ö¿Í È­ÇØÇ϶󡯴 ¸»µéÀÌ ¿ì¸®¿¡°Ô ¼³¸íµÇ¾îÁöµíÀÌ, ¡®³ÊÀÇ »ý°¢ ¾È¿¡¼­ È­ÇØÇ϶󡯴 ÀǹÌó·³ ÀÌÇØÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø´Ù°í ´À²¼´Ù. ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ »ý°¢ ¾È¿¡¼­ È­ÇØÇ϶ó´Â °ÍÀÌ ¹«¾ùÀ» ÀǹÌÇϴ°¡? ±×¸®½ºµµ°¡ ¾îµð¿¡¼±°¡ ¡®³ª´Â Á¦¹°À» ¹Ù¶óÁö ¾Ê°í ÀÚºñ¸¦ ¿øÇϳë¶ó¡¯- Áï, »ç¶÷¿¡ ´ëÇÑ »ç¶ûÀ» ¿øÇÑ´Ù- °í Ç¥ÇöÇÑ °ÍÀ» ¿ä±¸Çϰí ÀÖ´Ù°í ³»°Ô ´À²¸Á³´Ù. ±×¸®°í ±×·¯¹Ç·Î ¸¸ÀÏ ³ÊÈñ°¡ Çϳª´ÔÀ» ±â»Ú°Ô ÇÏ·Á¸é, ¾ÆÄ§ Àú³áÀ¸·Î ±âµµÇϱâ Àü¿¡, ¾ÆÄ§±âµµ¿Í Àú³á±âµµ¿¡, ³ÊÈñ¿¡°Ô ºÐ³ëÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷ÀÌ ÀÖ´ÂÁö ±â¾ïÇ϶ó ±×¸®°í °¡¼­ ±×°¡ ³ÊÈñ¿¡°Ô ºÐ³ëÇÏÁö ¾Êµµ·Ï ¹®Á¦¸¦ ÇØ°áÇ϶ó, ±×¸®°í ±×·¸°Ô ÇàÇÑ ÈÄ¿¡ ¾Æ¹«ÂÉ·Ï ±âµµÇ϶ó. ±×·±µ¥ À̰ÍÀº ¿ÀÁ÷ ¡®»ý°¢ ¾È¿¡¼­¡¯ÀÏ »ÓÀ̶ó°í µé¾ú´Ù. ³ª´Â ³ª¿¡°Ô À־ ±× ±¸Àý¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Á÷Á¢ÀûÀÌ¸ç ¸í·áÇÑ Àǹ̸¦ ÆÄ±«ÇÑ Àüü ÇØ¼®Àº ¡®ÀÌÀ¯¾øÀÌ¡¯¶ó´Â ¸»¿¡ ±Ù°ÅÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù°í ´À²¼´Ù. ¸¸ÀÏ ÀÌ ¸»ÀÌ Á¦°ÅµÈ´Ù¸é, Àǹ̴ ºÐ¸íÇÒ °ÍÀÌ´Ù; ±×·¯³ª ¸ðµç ÁÖ¼®°¡µéÀÌ ³ªÀÇ ÇØ¼®°ú´Â ¹Ý´ëÆí¿¡ ¼­ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ±³È¸ÀÇ Á¤°æ¿¡¼­µµ ¡®ÀÌÀ¯¾øÀÌ¡¯¶ó´Â ¸»À» Æ÷ÇÔÇÏ¿´´Ù. ¸¸ÀÏ ³»°¡ ÀÌ ¹®Á¦¿¡¼­ ¾çº¸ÇÑ´Ù¸é ³»°¡ »ý°¢Çϰí ÀÖ´Â ´Ù¸¥ °Íµé¿¡¼­µµ ¾çº¸ÇÒ ¼ö ¹Û¿¡ ¾øÀ¸¸ç, ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷µéµµ ¶È°°ÀÌ ÇàÇÒ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. Àüü ¹®Á¦´Â ÀÌ ¸»µé¿¡ ³õ¿©ÀÖ´Ù. ¸¸ÀÏ À̰͵éÀÌ ±×°÷¿¡ ¾ø¾ú´Ù¸é ¸ðµç °ÍÀº ºÐ¸íÇÒ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ±×·¡¼­ ³ª´Â Àüü Àǹ̸¦ ÆÄ±«ÇÏÁö ¾Êµµ·Ï ÀÌ ¸»µéÀÇ ¾î¶² ¾ð¾îÇÐÀûÀÎ ¼³¸íÀ» ãÀ¸·Á°í ½ÃµµÇß´Ù. ³ª´Â ¡®ÀÌÀ¯¾øÀÌ¡¯¶ó°í ¹ø¿ªµÇ´Â ±×¸®½º¾î¸¦ »çÀü¿¡¼­ ã¾Æ º¸¾Ò´Ù; ±×¸®°í ³ª´Â ±×¸®½º¾î·Î ÀÎ ÀÌ ¸»ÀÌ, ¡®¸ñÀû ¾øÀÌ¡¯, ¡®ºÐº°¾øÀÌ¡¯¸¦ ÀǹÌÇÑ´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ¾Ë¾Ò´Ù. ³ª´Â ±×°Í¿¡´Ù ±¸ÀýÀÇ ¶æÀ» ÆÄ±«ÇÏÁö ¾Êµµ·Ï Àǹ̸¦ Àû¿ë½ÃÄѺ¸¾Ò´Ù, ±×·¯³ª ¸í¹éÈ÷ ÀÌ ¸»À» ÷°¡ÇÏ¿©µµ ±×°Í¿¡ ºÎ¿©µÈ Àǹ̴ º¯ÇÏÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù. ³ª´Â ´Ù¸¥ »çÀüµéÀ» ã¾Æ º¸¾ÒÀ¸³ª, ±× ¸»¿¡ ÁÖ¾îÁø Àǹ̴ ¶È°°¾Ò´Ù. ³ª´Â ¹®¸ÆÀ» ÂüÁ¶Çϰí´Â ÀÌ ¸»ÀÌ º¹À½¼­¿¡¼­, Áï, ÀÌ ±¸Àý¿¡¼­, ¿ÀÁ÷ Çѹø ¹Û¿¡ »ç¿ëµÇÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ¹ß°ßÇß´Ù. ¹Ù¿ïÀÇ ¼­Çѵ鿡¼­´Â ±×°ÍÀÌ ¿©·¯ ¹ø »ç¿ëµÇ¾ú´Ù. °í¸°µµ »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô º¸³»´Â ù¹øÂ° ¼­ÇÑ 15Àå 2Àý¿¡¼­, ±×°ÍÀº ÀÌ·± ÀÇ¹Ì¿Í ¶È°°ÀÌ »ç¿ëµÇ¾ú´Ù. ±×·¯¹Ç·Î ±×°ÍÀ» ´Ù¸¥ Àǹ̷Π¼³¸íÇÑ´Ù´Â °ÍÀº ºÒ°¡´ÉÇÏ´Ù, ±×·¯¹Ç·Î ±×¸®½ºµµ°¡, ¡®¾µµ¥¾øÀÌ ºÐ³ëÇÏÁö ¸»¶ó¡¯°í ¸»ÇÏ¿´´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ÀÎÁ¤Çؾ߸¸ ÇÑ´Ù! ³ª´Â ±×¸®½ºµµ°¡ ÀÌ ±¸Àý¿¡¼­ ±×·± ¸ðÈ£ÇÑ ¸»À» »ç¿ëÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù°í ³»°¡ ÀÎÁ¤ÇÑ´Ù°í °í¹éÇØ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù, ±×¸®°í ±×°ÍÀº °á±¹ ±× ±¸ÀýÀÇ Àǹ̴ ½ÇÁ¾µÇ°í, º¹À½¼­ Àüü¸¦ ºÎÀÎÇÏ´Â °Í°ú ¸¶Âù°¡Áö°¡ µÇ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ÇѰ¡Áö ¸¶Áö¸· Èñ¸ÁÀº ³²¾Æ ÀÖ¾ú´Ù: ÀÌ ±¸ÀýÀÌ ¸ðµç »çº»µé¿¡µµ µé¾îÀִ°¡? ³ª´Â »çº»µéÀ» Á¶»çÇØ º¸¾Ò´Ù. ³ª´Â ±×¸®½º¹ÙÇϸ¦ Âü°í·Î ÇÏ¿´´Ù, ±×·±µ¥ ±×´Â ¸ðµç ´Ù¸¥ »çº»µéÀ» Á¦½ÃÇÏ¿´´Ù- Áï, ±×´Â ¾î¶² »çº»µé¿¡, ±×¸®°í ¾î´À ±³ºÎµé¿¡¼­ ¾î¶² Ç¥ÇöÀÌ »ç¿ëµÇ´ÂÁö¸¦ º¸¿© ÁÖ¾ú´Ù. ³ª´Â Á¶»çÇØ º¸¾Ò´Ù, ±×¸®°í ±Ý¹æ ÀÌ ±¸Àý¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÂüÁ¶µéÀÌ ÀÖÀ¸¸ç- ´Ù¸¥ »çº»µéÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ¹ß°ßÇϰí´Â ±â»µ¼­ ¾î¿ÁÙ ¸ô¶ú´Ù. ³ª´Â ³ª¾Æ°¡¼­ ´Ù¸¥ »çº»µéÀÌ ¸ðµÎ ¶ó´Â ¸»À» ¡®ÀÌÀ¯¾øÀÌ¡¯·Î ÂüÁ¶ÇÑ´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ¹ß°ßÇÏ¿´´Ù. ´ëºÎºÐÀÇ º¹À½¼­ »çº»µé°ú ±³ºÎµéÀÌ ÀοëÇÑ ±¸ÀýÀº ÀÌ ¸»À» Æ÷ÇÔÇÏÁöµµ ¾Ê´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù! ±×·¯¹Ç·Î ±×µé ´ëºÎºÐÀº ±× ¹®Á¦¸¦ ³ªÃ³·³ ÀÌÇØÇÏ¿´´ø °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ±×¸®°í ³ª¼­ ³ª´Â Ƽ¼¾µµ¸£ÇÁ- °¡Àå ¿À·¡µÈ »çº»- ¸¦ ÂüÁ¶ÇÏ¿´´Âµ¥, ÀÌ ¸»ÀÌ ±×°÷¿¡ ÇѸ¶µðµµ ¾ø¾ú´Ù! ³ª´Â ·çÅÍÀÇ ¹ø¿ªµéÀ» Á¶»çÇØº¸¾Ò´Ù, ±×¸®°í ±×ÀÇ ¹ø¿ª¿¡¼­ ¹®Á¦¸¦ °¡Àå »¡¸® ±ú´Þ¾ÒÀ¸¸ç, ÀÌ ¸»Àº ±×°÷¿¡¼­µµ ¿ª½Ã ¾ø¾ú´Ù.

The very word which infringes the whole meaning of Christ's teaching was added to the Gospels in the fifth century and is not to be found in the best manuscripts.

±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§ÀÇ Àüü Àǹ̸¦ ÆÄ±«ÇÏ´Â ¹Ù·Î ÀÌ ¸»Àº ¿À ¼¼±â¿¡ º¹À½¼­¿¡ »ðÀԵǾú°í, °¡Àå ½Åºù¼ºÀÖ´Â »çº»µé¿¡¼­´Â ¹ß°ßµÇÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù.

Someone inserted the word, and there were others who approved of it and wrote commentaries upon it.

´©±º°¡°¡ ÀÌ ¸»À» ÷°¡½ÃÄ×°í, ±×°ÍÀ» ½ÂÀÎÇÏ°í ±×°Í¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÁÖ¼®À» ±â·ÏÇÑ ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ÀÖ¾ú´Ù.

Christ could not and did not utter that dreadful word; and the first, simple, direct meaning of the whole passage, which occurred to me and occurs to everyone, is the true meaning.

±×¸®½ºµµ´Â ±×Åä·Ï ¹«¼­¿î ¸»À» Ç¥ÇöÇÒ ¼öµµ ¾ø¾ú°í, Ç¥ÇöÇÏÁöµµ ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù; ±×¸®°í ù¹øÂ°ÀÇ, ´Ü¼øÇϰí Á÷Á¢ÀûÀÎ Àüü ±¸ÀýÀÇ Àǹ̰¡, ³ª¿¡°Ô ³ªÅ¸³µÀ¸¸ç ¸ðµç »ç¶÷¿¡°Ô ³µÀ¸¸ç, ±×°ÍÀÌ ¹Ù·Î Áø½ÇÇÑ ÀǹÌÀÌ´Ù.

But more than this, I had only to understand that Christ's words always forbid all anger against any¡©one whatever, for the injunction not to say to any¡©one, 'Raca', or 'Thou fool', which had formerly perplexed me, to receive another meaning than that Christ forbids the use of abusive words. The strange, untranslated Hebrew word, Raca, supplied me with the clue. Raca means trampled on, destroyed, non-existing; and the word rak, a very usual word, has the sense of exclusion, only not. Raca means a man who should not be accounted a man. In the plural the word rekim is used in the Book of Judges (ix. 4) where it means 'lost persons'. And that is the word Christ bids us not to use of any man. As he bids us not use another word, fool, so also he bids us not use raca, which professes to free us from our human obligations to our neighbor. We get angry and do evil to men, and to justify ourselves we say that he with whom we are angry is a lost or insane man. And just those two words Christ bids us not to use of men or to men. Christ bids us not be angry with anyone and not justify our anger by declaring a man to be lost or insane.

±×·¯³ª ÀÌ°Í ÀÌ»óÀ¸·Î, ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ ¸»¾¸µéÀº ¾ðÁ¦³ª ¸ðµç »ç¶÷¿¡°Ô ¸ðµç ºÐ³ë¸¦ ±ÝÁöÇÑ´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ³ª´Â ¿ÀÁ÷ ±ú´Þ¾Æ¾ß¸¸ Çß´Ù, ¿Ö³ÄÇϸé, ¾î´À ´©±¸¿¡°Ôµµ ¡®¶ó°¡¡¯, ¶Ç´Â ¡®¹Ùº¸¡¯¶ó°í ¸»ÇÏÁö ¸»¶ó´Â ¸í·ÉÀº, °ú°Å¿£ ³ª¸¦ È¥¶õ½º·´°Ô ÇÏ¿´Áö¸¸, ±×¸®½ºµµ°¡ ¿å¼³ÀÇ »ç¿ëÀ» ±ÝÁöÇϰí ÀÖÀ½ ÀÌ»óÀ¸·Î ´Ù¸¥ Àǹ̸¦ °¡Áö°í Àֱ⠶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù. ¹ø¿ªµÇÁö ¾ÊÀº ÀÌ»óÇÑ ¸» ¡®¶ó°¡(raca)¡¯¶ó´Â ¸»ÀÌ ³»°Ô ´Ü¼­¸¦ Á¦°øÇÏ¿´´Ù. raca´Â Áþ¹âÈ÷´Ù, ÆÄ±«µÇ´Ù, Á¸ÀçÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Ù¸¦ ÀǹÌÇÑ´Ù; ±×¸®°í ¸Å¿ì ÈçÈ÷ »ç¿ëµÇ´Â rak´Â Á¦¿ÜÀÇ Àǹ̷μ­, ¡®¿ÀÁ÷¡¦ÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï´Ù¡¯ÀÌ´Ù. raca´Â »ç¶÷À¸·Î ¿©°ÜÁú ¼ö ¾ø´Â »ç¶÷À» ÀǹÌÇÑ´Ù. º¹¼ö·Î¼­ ·¹±è(rekim)Àº »ç»ç±â(9Àå 4Àý)¿¡¼­ »ç¿ëµÇ´Âµ¥ Àǹ̴ ¡®Å¸¶ôÇÑ »ç¶÷µé¡¯À» ÀǹÌÇÑ´Ù. ±×·¡¼­ ±×¸®½ºµµ°¡ ¾î¶² »ç¶÷¿¡ ´ëÇØ¼­µµ »ç¿ëÇÏÁö ¾Êµµ·Ï ¸í·ÉÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ±×°¡ ´Ù¸¥ ¸»ÀÎ ¡®¹Ùº¸¡¯¸¦ »ç¿ëÇÏÁö ¸øÇϵµ·Ï ¸í·ÉÇÏ´Â °Íó·³, ¶ÇÇÑ ¿ì¸®ÀÇ ÀÌ¿ô¿¡ ´ëÇÑ »ç¶÷À¸·Î¼­ÀÇ Àǹ«µéÀ» ÇØ¹æ½Ã۱â À§Çؼ­ ¸»ÇÏ´Â racaµµ »ç¿ëÇÏÁö ¸øÇϵµ·Ï ¸í·ÉÇÑ´Ù. ¿ì¸®´Â »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô ºÐ³ëÇϰí ÇØ¸¦ °¡ÇÑ´Ù, ±×¸®°í ¿ì¸® ÀڽŵéÀ» Á¤´çÈ­Çϱâ À§ÇÏ¿© ¿ì¸®°¡ ºÐ³ëÇÏ´Â ´ë»óÀÌ Å¸¶ôÇÏ¿´°Å³ª ¹ÌÃÆ´Ù°í ¸»ÇÑ´Ù. ±×¸®°í ¹Ù·Î ÀÌ µÎ ¸»À» ¿ì¸®°¡ »ç¶÷µé¿¡ ´ëÇØ¼­³ª »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô »ç¿ëÇØ¼­´Â ¾ÈµÈ´Ù°í ¸í·ÉÇÑ´Ù. ±×¸®½ºµµ´Â ¿ì¸®°¡ ¾î´À ´©±¸¿¡°Ôµµ ºÐ³ëÇÏ¿©¼­´Â ¾ÈµÇ¸ç, »ç¶÷À» Ÿ¶ôÇÏ¿´´Ù°Å³ª ¹ÌÃÆ´Ù°í ÁÖÀåÇÏ¿© ¿ì¸®ÀÇ ºÐ³ë¸¦ Á¤´çÈ­ÇÏÁö ¸»¶ó°í ¸í·ÉÇÑ´Ù.

And so instead of a cloudy, indefinite expression admitting of arbitrary interpretation, in Matt. v. 21-8, I found Christ's first clear and definite com¡©mandment: Live at peace with all men and never consider your anger against any man justified. Do not consider anyone, or call anyone, lost or a fool (v. 22). And not only must you not consider your anger against another justifiable, but you must not consider another's anger against yourself causeless; and therefore if anyone is angry with you, though he be in the wrong, yet before saying your prayers go and remove his hostile feeling (v. 23, 24). Try in advance to destroy any enmity between yourself and others that it may not flame up and destroy you (v. 25, 26).

±×¸®ÇÏ¿© ÀÓÀÇÀûÀÎ ÇØ¼®À» Çã¿ëÇÏ°í ¾Ö¸ÅÇÏ¸ç ºÎÁ¤È®ÇÑ Ç¥Çö´ë½Å¿¡, ¸¶Åº¹À½ 5Àå 21-28Àý¿¡¼­, ³ª´Â ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ ¸í·áÇϰí Á¤È®ÇÑ Á¦ 1 °è¸íÀ» ¹ß°ßÇÏ¿´´Ù: ¸ðµç »ç¶÷µé°ú ÆòÈ­·Ó°Ô »ì¶ó ±×¸®°í ¾î¶² »ç¶÷¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ³ÊÈñÀÇ ºÐ³ëµµ Á¤´çÇÏ´Ù°í ¿©±âÁö ¸»¶ó. ¾î¶² »ç¶÷À» Ÿ¶ôÇÏ¿´´Ù°í ¿©±âÁöµµ ºÎ¸£Áöµµ, ¹Ùº¸¶ó°í ¿©±âÁöµµ ºÎ¸£Áöµµ ¸»¶ó(22Àý). ±×¸®°í ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ³ÊÈñÀÇ ºÐ³ë¸¦ Á¤´çÇÏ´Ù°í ¿©°Ü¼­´Â ¾ÈµÉ »Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, ³ÊÈñ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷ÀÇ ºÐ³ëµµ ÀÌÀ¯¾ø´Ù°í ¿©°Ü¼­´Â ¾ÈµÈ´Ù; ±×·¯¹Ç·Î ¸¸ÀÏ ¾î¶² »ç¶÷ÀÌ ³ÊÈñ¿¡°Ô ºÐ³ëÇÑ´Ù¸é, ºñ·Ï ±×°¡ À߸øÇÏ¿´´õ¶óµµ, ³ÊÈñÀÇ ±âµµ¸¦ ¿Ã¸®±â Àü¿¡ °¡Àú ±×ÀÇ Àû´ëÀûÀÎ °¨Á¤À» ¾ø¾Öµµ·ÏÇ϶ó(23,24Àý). ³ÊÈñ ÀڽŰú ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷µé »çÀÌÀÇ ¹Ý¸ñÀ» ¹Ì¸® Á¦°ÅÇϵµ·Ï Ç϶ó ±×¸®ÇÏ¿© ±×°ÍÀÌ È°È° Ÿ¿Ã¶ó¼­ ³ÊÈñ¸¦ ÆÄ±«ÇÏÁö ¾Êµµ·Ï Ç϶ó(25,26Àý).

¡¡ ¡¡
¡¡ ¡¡ ¡¡ ¡¡
¡¡ ¡¡

Ȩ ] À§·Î ] [ 1. È­¸¦ ³»Áö ¸»¶ó ] 2. ¼º¿åÀ» ¾ïÁ¦Ç϶ó ] 3. ¸Í¼¼ÇÏÁö ¸»¶ó ] 4. ¾Ç¿¡ ÀúÇ×ÇÏÁö ¸»¶ó ] 5. ±¹°¡¸¦ ±¸ºÐÇÏÁö ¸»¶ó ]


¡¡ ¡¡
¡¡
¡¡

 °Ô½ÃÆÇ  °Ë»ö  ÀÚ·á½Ç  »çÀÌÆ®¸Ê  ¿¹¼ö¿Í³ª?

Ȩ ] À§·Î ] ´ÙÀ½ ]

¡¡
¡¡

Jesusi.com Homepage



This page was last modified 2002/01/01

¡¡