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¡°THE KINGDOM OF GOD 
IS WITHIN YOU.¡±

¡°Çϳª´ÔÀÇ  ³ª¶ó´Â  ³ÊÈñ ¾È¿¡ ÀÖ´À´Ï¶ó.¡±


by Leo Tolstoy

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Foreword By Martin Green

¸¶Æ¾ ±×¸°ÀÇ ¼­¹®

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You have in your hands one of those rare books that carry a direct message from the writer to the reader. And the message carries a charge, emotional and moral, that can in some people ignite an explosion of the heart and mind. It did so in one very notable case when an English translation was sent to a Hindu barrister in Natal, South Africa, in 1894. (It is worth noting that, the year before, the book had been suppressed on publication in its native country as being dangerous to church and state but had been translated immediately into English, with two versions appearing in 1894.)

¿©·¯ºÐÀÇ ¼Õ¿¡ ÀÛ°¡·ÎºÎÅÍ Á÷Á¢ÀûÀÎ ¸Þ½ÃÁö¸¦ µ¶ÀÚ¿¡°Ô ÀüÇØÁÖ´Â Áø±ÍÇÑ Ã¥µé ÁßÀÇ ÇÑ ±ÇÀ» °¡Áö°í ÀÖ´Ù. ±×¸®°í ±× ¸Þ½ÃÁö´Â, ¾î¶² »ç¶÷ µé¿¡°Ô´Â °¡½¿°ú ¸¶À½ÀÇ Æø¹ß¿¡ Á¡È­ ½Ãų ¼ö ÀÖ´Â °¨Á¤Àû ¹× µµ´öÀûÀÎ ÁúÃ¥À» µ¿¹ÝÇÑ´Ù. ±×°ÍÀº Á¤¸»·Î, ¿µ¾î ¹ø¿ªº»ÀÌ ³²¾ÆÇÁ¸®Ä«ÀÇ ÀεµÀÎ º¯È£»ç¿¡°Ô 1894³â º¸³»Á³À» ¶§ÀÇ ÇѰ¡Áö ¸Å¿ì À¯¸íÇÑ »ç°Ç¿¡¼­, ±×·¯Çß´Ù. (±× Àü ÇØ¿¡ ±× Ã¥Àº Ã¥ÀÇ º»±¹¿¡¼­ ÃâÆÇ¿¡ ´ëÇÏ¿© ±³È¸¿Í ±¹°¡¿¡°Ô À§ÇèÇÏ´Ù°í ź¾ÐÀ» ¹Þ¾ÒÀ¸³ª °ð ¿µ¾î·Î ¹ø¿ªµÇ¾úÀ¸¸ç, 1894³â µÎ°¡Áö ¹öÁ¯ÀÌ ³ªÅ¸ ³µ¾úÀ½À» ¾ð±ÞÇÔÀÌ ÁÁÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù.)

That barrister was, of course, Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi, later the Mahatma of India, but at that moment only a timid young man, ill at ease in his profession and ineffective in the rest of his life. Reading The Kingdom of God Is within You "overwhelmed'' him, he said in his autobiography. "Before the independent thinking, profound morality, and the truthfulness of this book, all the books given me by Mr. Coates seemed to pale into insignificance."' (Mr. Coates was a Quaker who lent him books in an effort to convert him to Christianity.) In Gandhi the book certainly ignited an explosion; and its impact on others around him spread like the bombardment of particles in an atomic pile, so that before the chain reaction was over, the British Empire was blown open and India was a free country, under the aegis of nonviolence.

±× º¯È£»ç´Â ¹°·Ð ¸ðÇÑ´Ù½º Ä«¶÷Âùµå °£µð, ÈÄÀÏ ÀεµÀÇ ¼ºÀÚ (¸¶ÇÏÆ®¸¶)·Î ÀÏÄþîÁ³À¸³ª, ±× ´ç½Ã ±×´Â ´ÜÁö ¼Ò½ÉÇÑ ÀþÀº û³âÀ̾úÀ¸¸ç, ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ Á÷¾÷¿¡ ºÒ¾ÈÇØ ÇÏ¿´°í, ±×ÀÇ ³ª¸ÓÁö »ý¾Ö µ¿¾È Æò¹üÇß¾ú´Ù. ¡°Çϳª´ÔÀÇ ¿Õ±¹ÀÌ ´ç½Å ¾È¿¡ ÀÖ´Ù¡±¸¦ ÀÐÀ½ÀÌ ±×¸¦ ¡°¾ÐµµÇß´Ù¡±, ¶ó°í ±×°¡ ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ÀÚ¼­Àü¿¡¼­ ¹àÈ÷°í ÀÖ´Ù. ¡°ÀÌ Ã¥ÀÇ µ¶ÀÚÀûÀÎ »ç°í, ½É¿ÀÇÑ µµ´ö¼º, ±×¸®°í Áø½Ç¼º ¾Õ¿¡¼­ ÄÚÅ×½º°¡ ³»°Ô ÁØ ¸ðµç Ã¥µéÀº ÇÏÂúÀº °ÍÀ¸·Î ºûÀ» ÀÒÀº °Í°°ÀÌ º¸¿´´Ù.¡± (ÄÚÅ×½º´Â ±×¸¦ ±âµ¶±³·Î °³Á¾½ÃŰ·Á´Â ³ë·ÂÀ¸·Î Ã¥À» ºô·Á ÁØ ÄùÀÌÄ¿ ±³µµ¿´´Ù.) °£µð¿¡°Ô¼­ ±× Ã¥Àº Á¤¸»·Î È­¾à¿¡ ºÒÀ» ´ç°å´Ù; ±×¸®°í ±×ÀÇ ÁÖº¯ÀÇ ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷µé¿¡ ÁØ ±× Ãæ°ÝÀº ¿øÀڷο¡ ÀÔÀÚµéÀÇ ¸Í°ø°Ý °°ÀÌ ÆÛÁ³´Ù, ±×·¡¼­ ±× ¿¬¼â ¹ÝÀÀÀÌ ³¡³ª±â Àü¿¡, ´ë¿µ Á¦±¹Àº Æø¹ßÇØ ¿­¸®°í Àεµ´Â, ºñÆø·ÂÀÇ ÈÄ¿ø ¾Æ·¡¼­ ÀÚÀ¯ ±¹°¡°¡ µÇ¾ú´Ù.

However, for most readers of 1984, and for casual readers of any date, the experience is not likely to be so vivid. At least if you begin with page one and read conscientiously every word, you may soon be yawning and riffling the pages to come. This is a book that should be begun at the end. The Conclusion is the chapter to read first; there you will find Tolstoy's writing at its most brilliant, and there you will feel yourself caught up in his passion of indignation against the empire under which he lived (empire meaning not overseas posses¡©sions but the imperial powers and splendors of the state), and it is likely that you will begin to see the empire around you in the same light. That is how Gandhi began to see the British Empire around him in South Africa and later in India. In 1894, Gandhi still believed in the British Empire, which means he believed it was not an empire in the Russian sense, but Tolstoy gradually changed his mind, as he may change yours.

±×·¯³ª, 1984³âÀÇ ´ëºÎºÐÀÇ µ¶Àڵ鿡°Ô, ±×¸®°í ¾î¶² ³¯ÀÚµç ¿ì¿¬È÷ ÀÐÀº µ¶ÀÚ¿¡°Ô´Â, °æÇèÀÌ ±×·¸°Ô »ý»ýÇÒ °Í °°Áö ¾Ê´Ù. Àû¾îµµ ´ç½ÅÀÌ Ã¹ ÆäÀÌÁöºÎÅÍ ½ÃÀÛÇÏ¿© °¢°¢ÀÇ ´Ü¾î¸¦ ÁøÁöÇÏ°Ô ÀÐ¾î ³ª°£´Ù¸é, ´ç½ÅÀº ¾Æ¸¶µµ ÇÏǰÀ» ÇÏ¸ç ³²¾Æ ÀÖ´Â ÆäÀÌÁöµéÀ» µÚÀûÀÏ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ÀÌ Ã¥Àº ³¡ ºÎºÐ¿¡¼­ ½ÃÀ۵Ǿî¾ß ÇÒ Ã¥ÀÌ´Ù. [°á·Ð]Àº ¸ÕÀú Àоî¾ß ÇÒ ÀåÀÌ´Ù; ´ç½ÅÀº °Å±â¼­ Å罺ÅäÀÌÀÇ °¡Àå ¶Ù¾î³­ ÇÊü¸¦ º¸°Ô µÉ °ÍÀ̸ç, ±×¸®°í °Å±â¼­ ±×°¡ »ì¾Ò´ø Á¦±¹(ÇØ¿ÜÀÇ ¿µÅäµéÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ±¹°¡ÀÇ È²Á¦ÀÇ ±Ç·Â ¹× È­·ÁÇÔÀ» ÀǹÌÇÔ)¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ºÐ³ëÀÇ °ÝÁ¤¿¡ ´ç½Å ½º½º·Î°¡ »ç·ÎÀâÈûÀ» ´À³¥ °ÍÀ̸ç, ´ç½ÅÀº ¾Æ¸¶µµ ´ç½Å ÁÖÀ§ÀÇ Á¦±¹À» ¶È°°Àº ºûÀ¸·Î º¸±â ½ÃÀÛÇÒ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ±×°ÍÀÌ °£µð°¡ ³²¾ÆÇÁ¸®Ä«¿Í ÈÄÀÏ Àεµ¿¡¼­ ±×ÀÇ ÁÖÀ§¿¡ ÀÖ´Â ´ë¿µ Á¦±¹À» ¾î¶»°Ô º¸±â ½ÃÀÛÇß´ÂÁö¸¦ ¸»ÇØ ÁØ´Ù. 1894³â, ±×´Â °£µð´Â ´ë¿µ Á¦±¹À» ¹Ï¾ú´Âµ¥, ±×°ÍÀº ±×°¡ ·¯½Ã¾ÆÀûÀÎ Àǹ̷μ­ÀÇ Á¦±¹À» ¹ÏÀº °ÍÀº ¾Æ´Ï¾úÀ¸¸ç, ±×·¯³ª Å罺ÅäÀ̰¡ Á¡Â÷ ±×ÀÇ ¸¶À½À» º¯È­½ÃÄ×°í, ±×´Â ¾Æ¸¶ ´ç½ÅÀÇ ¸¶À½µµ ¹Ù²Ù¾î ÁÙ °ÍÀÓÀ» ÀǹÌÇÑ´Ù.

The beginning is slow because Tolstoy is developing an elaborate argument that was relevant for serious Christians of a hundred years ago, but is not so relevant now. Thus, Chapter 1 is a compilation of earlier Christian declarations of faith in nonviolence, and Chapter 2 is a polemic against the Russian Orthodox Church's interpretations of the Christian gospel. Many of the other chapters repeat the pattern of the first two.

½ÃÀÛÀº ¿Ï¸¸ÇÏ´Ù ¿Ö³ÄÇϸé Áö±ÝÀº ±×¸® »ó°üÀÌ ¾øÁö¸¸ ¹é³â ÀüÀÇ ÁøÁöÇÑ ±âµ¶±³Àε鿡 °ü°è°¡ ÀÖ´Â ¸é¹ÐÇÑ ³íÁ¡À» Àü°³Çϰí Àֱ⠶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù. ±×·¡¼­ Á¦ 1ÀåÀº ºñÆø·Â¿¡ °üÇÑ Ãʱ⠱⵶±³ÀεéÀÇ ½Å¾Ó ¼±¾ðÀÇ ÆíÁýÀ̸ç, Á¦ 2ÀåÀº ·¯½Ã¾Æ Á¤±³È¸ÀÇ ±âµ¶±³ º¹À½¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÇØ¼®µé¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¹Ý·ÐÀ̰í, ´Ù¸¥ ¸¹Àº ÀåµéÀº óÀ½ µÎ °¡ÁöÀÇ Çü½ÄÀ» ¹Ýº¹Çϰí ÀÖ´Ù.

This arrangement follows from the book's function as one in a series of arguments that Tolstoy directed against the Christian ortho¡©doxy of his time and place. In order to break down people's religious complacency, he had to assemble as many witnesses on his side as possible, and had to refer back to what he had said before, and what his opponents had replied to him, and why that was no reply, and so on. This reasoning is a bit hard to follow at first, and readers must not let it distract them from following the important argument, which connects Tolstoy's analysis with the history of our own times as well as of his. Tolstoy writes with great clarity, with a kind of passion for logic and exactitude that lights up all the twists and turns of his discourse. It is not hard to follow, once you understand the rules. Sometimes it may be hard to like-to follow sympathetically, as it were-just because of this geometrical exactitude. I call it geometrical because of Tolstoy's fondness for mathematical metaphors, which express his ambition to make his argument as clear and completely demon¡©strable as Euclid's.

ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ¹èÄ¡´Â Å罺ÅäÀ̰¡ ±×ÀÇ ½Ã´ë¿Í Áö¿ªÀÇ ±âµ¶±³ Á¤±³È¸¸¦ °Ü³ÉÇÑ ÀÏ·ÃÀÇ ³í°ÅµéÀÇ Çϳª·Î¼­ÀÇ ÀÌÃ¥ÀÇ ±â´ÉÀ¸·Î¼­ ³ª¿Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. »ç¶÷µéÀÇ Á¾±³Àû Àڱ⵵Ã븦 ±úÆ®¸®±â À§ÇÏ¿©, ±×´Â °¡´ÉÇÑ ¸¹Àº ÁõÀεéÀ» ±×ÀÇ Ãø¸éÀ¸·Î ²ø¾î ¸ð¾Æ¾ß ÇßÀ¸¸ç, ±×¸®°í ±×°¡ ÀÌÀü¿¡ ¸»Çß´ø °Í, ±×ÀÇ ÀûµéÀÌ ±×¿¡°Ô ´ë´äÇÑ ³»¿ëµé, ±×¸®°í ¿Ö ±×°ÍÀÌ ´ë´äÀÌ µÇÁö ¾Ê´Â°¡, µîµîÀ» ¾ð±ÞÇØ¾ß Çß´Ù. ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ Ãß·ÐÀº óÀ½¿£ µû¶ó°¡±â°¡ ¾à°£ Èûµç´Ù, ±×¸®°í µ¶ÀÚµéÀº ±×·± ÀÌÀ¯·Î Áß¿äÇÑ ³íÁ¡À» µû¶ó °¨¿¡¼­ ½ÃµéÇÏ°Ô ÇØ¼­´Â ¾È µÈ´Ù, ¿Ö³ÄÇϸé, ±× ³íÁ¡ÀÌ¾ß ¸»·Î ±×ÀÇ ½Ã´ë¿Í ¿ì¸® ½Ã´ëÀÇ ¿ª»ç¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Å罺ÅäÀÌÀÇ ºÐ¼®À» ¿¬°áÇØ ÁÖ´Â °ÍÀ̱⠶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù. Å罺ÅäÀÌ´Â ¾öû³­ ¸í·áÇÔÀ¸·Î, ±×ÀÇ °­¿¬ÀÇ ¸ðµç ¿Ö°î°ú ±¼°îµéÀ» ¹àÇôÁÖ´Â ³í¸® ¹× Á¤È®ÇÔ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Á¤¿­·Î¼­ ±ÛÀ» ½á ³ª°£´Ù. ±ÔÄ¢µéÀ» ÀÌÇØÇÑ´Ù¸é µû¶ó°¡±â°¡ ¾î·ÆÁö ¾Ê´Ù. ¶§·Î´Â ÁÁ¾ÆÇÔÀÌ-À̸¦ Å׸é, °ø°¨À» ÇÏ¸ç µû¶ó°¡´Â °Í-¹Ù·Î ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ±âÇÏÇÐÀûÀÎ Á¤È®ÇÔ ¶§¹®¿¡ ¾î·Á¿ï Áöµµ ¸ð¸¥´Ù. ³ª´Â ±×°ÍÀ» Å罺ÅäÀÌÀÇ ¼öÇÐÀû ºñÀ¯µé¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¾ÖÂø ¶§¹®¿¡ ±âÇÏÇÐÀûÀ̶ó°í ºÎ¸£´Âµ¥, ±×·¯ÇÑ ºñÀ¯µéÀº À¯Å¬¸®µåó·³ ±×ÀÇ ÁÖÀåÀ» ¸í·áÇÏ°í ¿ÏÀüÈ÷ Áõ¸íÇϰíÀÚ ÇÏ´Â ±×ÀÇ ¾ß½ÉÀ» Ç¥ÇöÇÑ´Ù.

This mental cast can be disconcerting for literary readers, if they come to this book for more of that melting, swimming feeling of self-expansion, that rapture of identification with moonlight and lilacs, nightingales and spring rain, of which Tolstoy is so prodigal in his fiction. Such readers are going to be disappointed. Geometry is angular and meticulous, and so is Tolstoy's style in much of this book. Obviously he was aiming here at a different kind of seriousness; less seductive, suggestive, imaginative, and more se¡©vere, steel-hard, and even-toned. Probably he was deliberately trying to exorcise the magic of that "creative writing" with which he had held himself-and us-spellbound before. Men of religion have to be on guard not to seem men of sentiment. Gandhi and Vinoba Bhave, another Indian religious figure, are equally fond of mathema¡©tical and geometrical metaphors.

¸¸ÀÏ ±×µéÀÌ ÀÌ Ã¥¿¡¼­ ÀÚ¾ÆÀÇ ÆØÃ¢À¸·Î °¡½¿ ¹¶Å¬Çϰí Çì¾öÄ¡´Â ´À³¦À̳ª, ´Þºû°ú ¶óÀ϶ô, ³ªÀÌÆÃ°ÔÀϵé°ú º½ºñ¿ÍÀÇ ÀÏüµÈ ȯÈñ¸¦ Á» ´õ ¾ò°íÀÚ ÇÑ´Ù¸é, ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ Á¤½ÅÀû °æÇâÀº ¹®ÇÐ µ¶Àڵ鿡°Õ È¥¶õ½º·¯¿ï °ÍÀÌ´Ù ±×¸®°í ÀÌ·± Ç¥ÇöµéÀº Å罺ÅäÀÌÀÇ ¼Ò¼³¿¡¼­ ¾ÆÁÖ ¸¹ÀÌ ³ªÅ¸³ª´Â °ÍµéÀÌ´Ù. ±×·¯ÇÑ µ¶ÀÚµéÀº ½Ç¸ÁÇÏ°Ô µÇ¾îÀÖ´Ù. ±âÇÏÇÐÀº °¢ÀÌ Áö°í ²Ä²ÄÇÏ´Ù, ±×¸®°í ÀÌ Ã¥ÀÇ ¸¹Àº ºÎºÐµé¿¡¼­ Å罺ÅäÀÌÀÇ ¹®Ã¼µµ ±×·¯ÇÏ´Ù. ±×´Â ºÐ¸íÈ÷ ¿©±â¼­ ´Ù¸¥ Á¾·ùÀÇ ÁøÁöÇÔÀ» ³ë¸®°í ÀÖ´Ù, Áï, ´ú À¯È¤ÀûÀ̸ç, ¾Ï½ÃÀû, »ó»ó¿¡ ÀÇÁ¸Çϰí, ´õ¿í ¾ö°ÝÇϰí, °­Ã¶°°ÀÌ °­ÀÎÇϸç, ±ÕÀÏÇÑ ¾îÁ¶·Î ¸»ÇÑ´Ù. ¾Æ¸¶µµ ±×´Â °íÀÇ·Î ÀÌÀü¿¡ ÀÚ±â ÀÚ½ÅÀ»-±×¸®°í ¿ì¸®¸¦-¸Å·á½ÃÄ×´ø ¡®Ã¢ÀÇÀû ÇÊü¡¯ÀÇ ¸¶¹ýÀ» ¸ô¾Æ ³»·Á°í ½ÃµµÇϰí ÀÖ¾ú´ø °Í °°´Ù. Á¾±³ÀûÀÎ »ç¶÷µéÀº °¨»óÀûÀÎ »ç¶÷µéó·³ º¸ÀÌÁö ¾Êµµ·Ï ÁÖÀÇÇØ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. °£µð ±×¸®°í ÀεµÀÇ ¶Ç ´Ù¸¥ Á¾±³Àû Àι°ÀÎ ºñ³ë¹Ù ¹Ùº£´Â ¶È°°ÀÌ ¼öÇÐÀûÀÌ¸ç ±âÇÏÇÐÀûÀÎ ºñÀ¯µéÀ» ÁÁ¾ÆÇß´Ù.

Once you have adjusted your expectations in those two ways, you should find the arguments and examples interesting in their own right. An American reader will be especially interested in the prece¡©dents that Tolstoy found in William Lloyd Garrison and Adin Ballou; forty or fifty years earlier, they had arrived at the same thinking and had acted on it. It may be worth adding a footnote to Ballou, whose work is discussed in the first chapter. Among the nonviolent Chris¡©tian community he established at Hopedale, Massachusetts, were two brothers named Draper who were mechanically gifted. They improved upon a piece of machinery vital to textile spinning, and wishing to exploit their invention commercially, they withdrew from the community. One of their sons served in the Northern army during the Civil War and rose to the rank of general; having entered politics, he was made ambassador to Italy, where his daughter mar¡©ried an impoverished Italian prince. Such was the speed at which- in America-the religious idyll of a Christian commune deteriorated into something like an international romance by Henry James. In Russia, however, the seed of nonviolent thought had other effects. It took root in Tolstoy's mind, and spread from him to South Africa and India.

´ç½ÅÀÇ ±â´ëµéÀ» ±×·¯ÇÑ µÎ °¡Áö ¹æÇâ¿¡ Á¶ÀýÇÏ¿´À¸¸é, ´ç½ÅÀº ÁÖÀåµé°ú ¿¹½ÃµéÀ» ±×°Íµé¿¡ ÇÕ´çÇÑ Àǹ̷μ­ Èï¹Ì·Î¿òÀ» ¾Ë°Ô µÉ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ¹Ì±¹ÀÎ µ¶ÀÚµéÀº ƯÈ÷ Àª¸®¾ö ·ÎÀÌµå °Ô¸®½¼°ú ¿¡ÀÌµç ¹ß·ç¿¡°Ô¼­ ãÀº ¼±·Êµé¿¡ °ü½ÉÀ» °¡Áú °ÍÀÌ´Ù; »ç½Ê ¶Ç´Â ¿À½Ê³â Àü¿¡, ±×µéÀº ¶È°°Àº »ý°¢¿¡ µµ´ÞÇßÀ¸¸ç ±×°ÍÀ» ÇൿÀ¸·Î ¿Å°å´Ù. ¹ß·ç¿¡ ´ëÇØ¼­´Â, ±×ÀÇ ÀÛǰÀº ù¹øÂ° Àå¿¡¼­ ³íÀǵǰí Àִµ¥, °¢ÁÖ¸¦ µÒÀÌ °¡Ä¡°¡ ÀÖÀ» °Í °°´Ù. ±×°¡ ¸Þ»çÃò¼¼Ã÷ È£ÇÁµ¥ÀÏ¿¡ ¼¼¿î ºñÆø·Â ÁöÇâÀÇ ±âµ¶±³ °øµ¿Ã¼ Áß¿¡´Â ±â¼úÀû ÀÚÁúÀ» Ÿ°í³­ µÎ ÇüÁ¦°¡ ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. ±×µéÀº Á÷¹°¹æÀû¿¡ ¸Å¿ì Áß¿äÇÑ ÇÑ °¡Áö ±â°è¸¦ °³¼±ÇÏ¿´´Ù, ±×¸®°í ±×µéÀÇ ¹ß¸íǰÀ» »ó¾÷ÀûÀ¸·Î À̵æÀ» º¸°íÀÚ, ±×µéÀº °øµ¿Ã¼¿¡¼­ ¶°³ª¹ö·È´Ù. ±×µéÀÇ ¾Æµé ÁßÀÇ Çϳª´Â ³²ºÏÀüÀï Áß¿¡ ºÏ±º¿¡ º¹¹«ÇÏ¿´À¸¸ç À屺ÀÇ ÁöÀ§¿¡ ¿Ã¶ú´Ù; Á¤Ä¡¿¡ ÀÔ¹®ÇÏ¿© ÀÌÅ»¸®¾Æ ´ë»ç°¡ µÇ¾ú´Ù, °Å±â¼­ ±×ÀÇ µþÀÌ °¡³­ÇÑ ÀÌÅ»¸®¾ÆÀÇ ±ºÁÖ¿Í °áÈ¥ÇÏ¿´´Ù. ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ °ÍµéÀÌ-¹Ì±¹¿¡¼­- ±âµ¶±³ °øµ¿Ã¼ÀÇ Á¾±³Àû ÀÌ»óÀÌ ¸¶Ä¡ Ç Á¦ÀÓ½ºÀÇ ±¹Á¦ÀûÀÎ ¹«¿ë´ã °°Àº ¾î¶² °ÍÀ¸·Î Åð¶ôÇØ ¹ö¸®´ø ¼Óµµ¸¦ ¸»ÇØ ÁÖ¾ú´Ù. ·¯½Ã¾Æ¿¡¼­´Â, ±×·¯³ª, ºñÆø·ÂÀÇ »ç»óÀº ´Ù¸¥ °á°ú¸¦ °¡Á®¿Ô´Ù. ±×°ÍÀº Å罺ÅäÀÌÀÇ ¸¶À½¿¡¼­ »Ñ¸®¸¦ ³»¸®°í, ³²¾ÆÇÁ¸®Ä«¿Í Àεµ·Î ÆÛÁ®°¬´Ù.

But that is something of an excursus. The essential context for this book is, of course, the story of Tolstoy's life. He grew up in an aristocratic and cultured family and in financial circumstances that combined some grandeur with much insecurity. It seems fair to say, summarily, that in his youth he knew Christianity as a religion for women, children, and servants, not for men. This does not mean that religion made no impact on him then; he responded to many aspects, some merely picturesque, some genuinely impressive. The road that ran along the Tolstoy estate was walked by many poor pilgrims, on their way to holy shrines; he knew of remarkable feats of asceticism, in the tradition of the Russian Orthodox Church; and members of his family, including his sister Masha, ended their days in monasteries. But, despite all that, the ethic and life-style of the men of his own caste were worldly, sensual, pagan, chivalric, military-in short, quite un-Christian. Tolstoy was born, as he often said, into the military caste in Russia. That caste believed no more in the virtue of chastity than it did in the meekness and nonviolence recommended in the Sermon on the Mount. His brothers inducted him, in early adolescence, into sex with a prostitute, and he began a career of quite animal sexuality, feeling scarcely any moral conflict or any sense of sin because Christianity had never been for him an articulated ethical code, as it was, for instance, for George Eliot. (Tolstoy later re¡©marked on that difference and on the advantage of growing up in a Protestant culture.)

±×·¯³ª ±×°ÍÀº ¿©´ã°úµµ °°Àº °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ÀÌ Ã¥ÀÇ ÇÙ½ÉÀûÀÎ ³»¿ëÀº, ¹°·Ð, Å罺ÅäÀÌÀÇ »îÀÌ´Ù. ±×´Â °ü·áÁÖÀÇÀûÀÌ¸ç ±³¾çÀÖ´Â °¡Á¤¿¡¼­ ±×¸®°í ¾à°£ È­·Á ÇÏÁö¸¸ ¸Å¿ì ºÒ¾ÈÇÑ ÀçÁ¤Àû »óȲ¿¡¼­ ¼ºÀåÇÏ¿´´Ù. ¿ä¾àÀ» ÇÏÀÚ¸é, ±×ÀÇ ÀþÀº ½ÃÀý¿¡ ±×´Â ±âµ¶±³¸¦ ºÎ³àÀÚ, ¾ÆÀÌµé ±×¸®°í ÇÏÀεéÀ» À§ÇÑ Á¾±³ÀÌÁö ³²ÀÚµéÀÇ Á¾±³·Î ¾ËÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù. À̰ÍÀº ±× ´ç½Ã Á¾±³°¡ ±×¿¡°Ô ¾Æ¹«·± ¿µÇâÀ» ÁÖÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù´Â ¶æÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï´Ù; ±×´Â ¾à°£Àº ´Ü¼øÈ÷ ¾Ç´çó·³, ¾à°£Àº ÁøÁ¤À¸·Î °¨µ¿À» ¹ÞÀ¸¸é¼­, ¿©·¯ °¡Áö ¸ð½ÀÀ¸·Î ÇൿÇß´Ù. Å罺ÅäÀÌÀÇ ÀúÅÃÀ» µû¶ó¼­ °¡´Â ±æÀº, ¼º´çÀ¸·Î °¡´Â µµÁß¿¡, ¸¹Àº °¡³­ÇÑ ¹æ¶ûÀÚµéÀÌ °É¾î ´Ù³æ´Ù; ±×´Â ·¯½Ã¾Æ Á¤±³È¸ÀÇ ÀüÅëÀ» µû¸£´Â, ±Ý¿åÁÖÀÇÀÇ ³î¶ó¿î À§¾÷µéÀ» ¾Ë¾Ò´Ù; ±×¸®°í ´©ÀÌ ¸¶»þ¸¦ Æ÷ÇÔÇÏ¿© ±×ÀÇ °¡Á·µéÀÌ ±×µéÀÇ »ýÀ» ¼öµµ¿ø¿¡¼­ ¸¶°¨ÇÑ °ÍÀ» ¾Ë¾Ò´Ù. ±×·¯³ª, ±× ¸ðµç °Íµé¿¡µµ ºÒ±¸Çϰí, ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ½ÅºÐ¿¡ ¼ÓÇÑ »ç¶÷µéÀÇ À±¸®¿Í »îÀÇ ¸ð½ÀÀº ¼¼¼ÓÀûÀ̸ç, °ü´ÉÀûÀ̰í, À̱³µµÀûÀ̸ç, ±â»çµµÀûÀ̰í, ±º»çÀûÀ̾ú´Ù-ÇѸ¶µð·Î ¸»Çؼ­, ¸Å¿ì ºñ±âµ¶±³ÀûÀ̾ú´Ù. Å罺ÅäÀÌ´Â, ±×°¡ Á¾Á¾ ¸»ÇßµíÀÌ, ·¯½Ã¾Æ¿¡¼­ ±ºÀÎ °è±Þ »çȸ¿¡ ž´Ù. ±×·± °è±ÞÀº »ê»ó ¼öÈÆ¿¡¼­ ±Ç°íÇÏ´Â À¯¼øÇÔ°ú ºñÆø·ÂÀ» ¹ÏÁö ¾Ê´Â ¸¸Å­À̳ª ¼ø¼öÇÔÀÇ ¹Ì´öÀ» ¹ÏÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù. ±×ÀÇ Ã»Ãá±â¿¡, ±×ÀÇ ÇüµéÀÌ À¯µµ¸¦ ÇÏ¿© â³à¿Í ¼º °ü°è¸¦ °¡Áö°Ô ÇÏ¿´À¸¸ç, ±×´Â »ó´çÈ÷ µ¿¹°ÀûÀÎ ¼ºÇàÀ§¸¦ ÇÏ´Â »îÀ» ½ÃÀÛÇÏ¿´À¸¸ç, °ÅÀÇ ¾Æ¹«·± µµ´öÀûÀÎ °¥µîÀ̳ª ÁËÀǽÄÀ» ´À³¢Áö ¾Ê¾Ò´Âµ¥, ±âµ¶±³´Â, »ç½ÇÀº ÁÒÁö ¿¤¸®¾îÆ®ÀÇ °æ¿ì¿Í °°ÀÌ, ±×¿¡°Ô À־ °áÄÚ ¶Ñ·ÇÇÑ À±¸®Àû ±ÔÁØÀÌ µÇÁö ¾Ê¾Ò±â ¶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù. (Å罺ÅäÀÌ´Â ÈÄÀÏ Ã»±³µµÀûÀÎ ¹®È­¿¡¼­ ¼ºÀåÀÇ Æ¯Â¡°ú ÀÌÁ¡À» ¾ð±ÞÇß´Ù.)

Changing his sexual behavior after marriage, he in many ways shaped his life to conform to the ideal described by George Eliot and other English novelists-the ideal of the couple who marry for love and live in the country and devote themselves to their children and the pleasures of art. During the first two decades of his marriage he wrote War and Peace and Anna Karenina and lived by the religion of nature and art. A nature worshiper, he celebrated the flowing rivers, the melting ice, the singing birds, the mowing of the peasants. The apple orchards of Yasnaya Polyana were famous. His wife bore him thirteen children, and he emulated that creativity in the melting, protean, musical prose of his novels.

°áÈ¥ ÈÄ¿¡ ¼ºÀûÀÎ ½À°üÀ» ¹Ù²Þ¿¡ À־, ÁÒÁö ¿¤¸®¾îÆ®³ª ±âŸ ´Ù¸¥ ¿µ±¹ ÀÛ°¡µéÀÌ ¹¦»çÇÑ ÀÌ»ó-»ç¶ûÀ» À§ÇØ °áÈ¥ÇÏ¸ç ³ª¶ó¿¡¼­ »ì°í ÀÚ³à¿Í ¿¹¼úÀÇ Áñ°Å¿ò¿¡ Çå½ÅÀ» ´ÙÇÏ´Â ºÎºÎÀÇ ÀÌ»ó-¿¡ ÀÏÄ¡½Ã۰íÀÚ ±×ÀÇ »îÀ» ¿©·¯ ¸é¿¡¼­ ´Ùµë¾ú´Ù. ±×ÀÇ °áÈ¥ ÈÄ Ã³À½ À̽ʳ⠵¿¾È ±×´Â [ÀüÀï°ú ÆòÈ­] ¹× [¾È³ª Ä«·¹´Ï³ª]¸¦ ÁýÇÊ ÇßÀ¸¸ç ÀÚ¿¬°ú ¿¹¼úÀ̶ó´Â Á¾±³·Î »ì¾Ò´Ù. ÀÚ¿¬ÀÇ ¼þ¹èÀڷμ­, È帣´Â °­, ³ì´Â ¾óÀ½, ³ë·¡ÇÏ´Â »õ, ±×¸®°í Ç®À» º£´Â ¸ð½ÀÀ» Âù¾çÇß´Ù. ¾ß½º³ª¾ß Æú¸®¾ß³ªÀÇ »ç°ú °ú¼ö¿øµéÀº À¯¸íÇß´Ù. ±×ÀÇ ¾Æ³»´Â ±×¿¡°Ô ¿­¼¼ ¸íÀÇ Àڳฦ ³º¾Æ ÁÖ¾ú´Ù, ±×¸®°í ±×´Â ±×·¯ÇÑ Ã¢ÀǼºÀ» ±×ÀÇ ¼Ò¼³µé¿¡¼­ °¨µ¿ÀûÀ̸ç, º¯È­ ¹«½ÖÇϸç, À½¾ÇÀûÀÎ »ê¹®À¸·Î ¿Å°Ü ³õ¾Ò´Ù.

But he had remained very interested in religion, and had never lost his feeling for Christianity. Stimulated by conversation with his son's tutor, Alekseiev, who had been a revolutionary, he appealed in 1881 to Tsar Alexander III to pardon the assassins of his father, on Christian principles; and from that time on he was committed to nonviolence and religious radicalism. In the same year the Tolstoy family moved from their country home to Moscow, and there Tol¡©stoy witnessed the misery of that city's proletariat. He was now awakened in the morning by factory sirens instead of birdsong, and he took part in the city census to see for himself how the poor lived. In 1886 he wrote What Then Must We Do?, and along with that attack on the civic conscience he delivered another on the religious teaching of the Church.

±×·¯³ª ±×´Â °è¼Ó Á¾±³¿¡ ¸Å¿ì Èï¹Ì¸¦ °¡Áö°í ÀÖ¾úÀ¸¸ç °áÄÚ ±âµ¶±³¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ±×ÀÇ °¨°¢À» ÀÒÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù. ±×ÀÇ ¾ÆµéÀÇ °¡Á¤ ±³»çÀ̸ç, Çõ¸í°¡ÀÌ´ø ¾Ë·º¼¼ÀÌ¿¹ÇÁ¿ÍÀÇ ´ëÈ­¿¡¼­ ÀÚ±ØÀÌ µÇ¾î, ±âµ¶±³ÀÇ ½Å³äµé¿¡ µû¶ó¼­, ±×´Â 1881³â¿¡ ȲÁ¦ ¾Ë·º»ê´õ 3¼¼¿¡°Ô ±×ÀÇ ¾Æ¹öÁö¸¦ »ìÇØ¹üÀ» »ç¸éÇØ ´Þ¶ó°í ź¿øÀ» Çß´Ù; ±×¸®°í ±× ÀÏÀÌ ÀÖ´Â µÚºÎÅÍ ºñÆø·Â°ú Á¾±³Àû ±ÞÁøÁÖÀǸ¦ ¶ì°Ô µÇ¾ú´Ù. °°Àº ÇØ¿¡ Å罺ÅäÀÌÀÇ °¡Á·Àº ±×µéÀÇ ½Ã°ñÀÇ °íÇâ¿¡¼­ ¸ð½ºÅ©¹Ù·Î À̻縦 ÇÞ´Ù ±×¸®°í °Å±â¼­ ±× µµ½ÃÀÇ ³ëµ¿ÀÚ °è±ÞÀÇ ºÒÇàÀ» ¸ñ°ÝÇÏ¿´´Ù. ÀÌÁ¦ ±×´Â ¾ÆÄ§¿¡ »õµéÀÇ ³ë·¡¼Ò¸® ´ë½Å¿¡ °øÀåÀÇ »çÀÌ·» ¼Ò¸®¸¦ µè°í ±ú¾î³ª¼­ °¡³­ÇÑ »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ¾î¶»°Ô »ì¾Æ°¡´ÂÁö Á÷Á¢ º¸°í ½Í¾î¼­ µµ½Ã Åë°èÁ¶»ç¿¡ Âü¿©Çß´Ù. 1886³â ±×´Â [±×·¸´Ù¸é ¿ì¸®´Â ¹«¾ùÀ» ÇØ¾ß Çϴ°¡?]¸¦ ½è´Ù, ±×¸®°í ±×·¯ÇÑ ½Ã¹ÎÀÇ ¾ç½É¿¡ ´ëÇÑ °ø°Ý°ú ÇÔ²² ±×´Â ±³È¸ÀÇ Á¾±³ÀûÀÎ °¡¸£Ä§¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ´Ù¸¥ °ø°Ýµµ ³»¾î ³õ¾Ò´Ù.

Already in 1881-82 he was writing his Critique of Dogmatic Theology, in which he rendered judgment on a series of the Church's most important documents. He judged that these works were more blasphemous and faithless than those of Voltaire and Hume because they adapted the message of the gospel to quite opposite meanings, and perverted it morally and intellectually. Dogmata, such as that God is both three and one, meant nothing to Tolstoy. He dismissed the sacraments as "savage customs," suited to an earlier phase of civilization. Reading these books of theology would have made him an atheist, had he not independently found his way to a faith in Christ's message. "I had intended to go to God and I found my way into a stinking bog, which evokes in me only those feelings of which I am most afraid; disgust, malice, and indignation."*2 Church Christ¡©ianity stirred Tolstoy's most sardonic self to life.

ÀÌ¹Ì 1881³âºÎÅÍ 82³â »çÀÌ¿¡ ±×´Â [±³¸®Àû ½ÅÇÐÀÇ ºñÆò]À» ÁýÇÊÇϰí ÀÖ¾ú´Âµ¥, ¿©±â¼­ ÀÏ·ÃÀÇ ±³È¸ÀÇ °¡Àå Áß¿äÇÑ ¹®¼­µé¿¡ ´ëÇÑ °ßÇØ¸¦ ³»¾î ³õ¾Ò´Ù. ±×´Â ±×µéÀÌ º¹À½¼­ÀÇ ¸Þ½ÃÁö¸¦ »ó´çÈ÷ ¹Ý´ëµÇ´Â Àǹ̷μ­ äÅÃÀ» ÇÏ¿©¼­, µµ´öÀûÀ¸·Î ±×¸®°í ÁöÀûÀ¸·Î ¿Ö°îÀ» ½ÃÄױ⶧¹®¿¡ ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ÀÛǰµéÀÌ º¼Å׸£³ª ÈâÀÇ ÀÛǰ º¸´Ùµµ ÈξÀ ´õ ¸ðµ¶ÀûÀÌ¸ç ¹ÏÀ½ÀÌ ¾ø´Â °ÍÀ̶ó°í ÆÇÁ¤À» ³»·È´Ù. Çϳª´ÔÀº »ïÀ§ÀÌ¸ç µ¿½Ã¿¡ ÇϳªÀÌ´Ù¿Í °°Àº ±³¸®µéÀº Å罺ÅäÀÌ¿¡°Ô ¾Æ¹« Àǹ̵µ ¾ø¾ú´Ù. ±×´Â ¼º·Ê½ÄµéÀ» ¹®¸íÀÇ Ãʱ⠴ܰ迡 ÀûÇÕÇÑ ¡®¾ß¸¸Àû °ü½À¡¯ À̶ó¸ç ¹°¸®ÃÄ ¹ö·È´Ù. ±×°¡ ÀÚÁÖÀûÀ¸·Î ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ ¸Þ½ÃÁö¿¡¼­ ±×ÀÇ ½Å¾ÓÀÇ ±æÀ» ãÁö ¸øÇß´Ù¸é, ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ½ÅÇÐ ¼­ÀûµéÀ» Àд °ÍÀÌ ±×¸¦ ¹«½Å·ÐÀÚ·Î ¸¸µé¾úÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ¡®³ª´Â Çϳª´Ô²² ´Ù°¡ °¡°íÀÚ Çß´Ù ±×¸®°í ³ª´Â ½âÀº³» ³ª´Â ¼ö··À» Åë°úÇÏ¿© ³ªÀÇ ±æÀ» ã¾Ò´Ù, ±×¸®°í ÀÌ ¼ö··Àº ³ª ¾È¿¡¼­ ³»°¡ °¡Àå µÎ·Á¿öÇÏ´Â ±×·± ´À³¦µéÀ» ±â¾ï³ª°Ô ÇÑ´Ù: Çø¿À, ¾ÇÀÇ ±×¸®°í ºÐ³ë.¡¯ ±³È¸ÀÇ ±âµ¶±³´Â »î¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Å罺ÅäÀÌÀÇ °¡Àå ³Ã¼ÒÀûÀÎ ÀھƸ¦ Àϱú¿ü´Ù.

As for his political views, in a short pamphlet of 1882, entitled "Church and State," he declared the phrase Christian State to be as paradoxical and nonsensical as hot ice, either such a state is no state, or, more likely, its Christianity is no Christianity. Kings, after all, are simply anointed robbers. Christ's teaching is hostile to the state, and Christians, though not called on to destroy it, are called on not to support it or to comply with many of its demands.

±×ÀÇ Á¤Ä¡Àû ½Ã°¢¿¡ ´ëÇØ¼­´Â, 1882³â ¡®±³È¸¿Í ±¹°¡¡¯ ¶ó´Â Á¦¸ñÀÇ ÂªÀº ÆÊÇ÷¿¿¡¼­, ±×´Â [±âµ¶±³ ±¹°¡]¶ó´Â ±¸ÀýÀ» [¶ß°Å¿î ¾óÀ½]ó·³ ¿ª¼³ÀûÀÌ¸ç ¹«ÀǹÌÇϸç, ±×·¯ÇÑ ±¹°¡´Â ±¹°¡°¡ ¾Æ´Ï¸ç, ¾Æ´Ï, ´õ ±×·² µíÇÏ°Ô ¸»Çϸé, ±×·± ±âµ¶±³´Â ±âµ¶±³°¡ ¾Æ´Ï´Ù¶ó°í ¼±¾ðÇß´Ù. ¿ÕµéÀº, °á±¹, ´Ü¼øÈ÷ ¼¼·Ê¹ÞÀº °­µµµéÀÌ´Ù. ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§Àº ±¹°¡¿¡ Àû´ëÀûÀÌ´Ù, ±×¸®°í ±âµ¶±³ÀεéÀº, ±×°ÍÀ» ÆÄ±«Ç϶ó°í ºÎ¸§¹ÞÁö´Â ¾Ê¾ÒÁö¸¸, ±×°ÍÀ» ÁöÁöÇ϶ó°í ºÎ¸§¹ÞÀº °ÍÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï°Å³ª ±×µéÀÇ ¿ä±¸µé ÁßÀÇ ¸¹Àº °Íµé¿¡ ÀÀÇÏÁö ¾Êµµ·Ï ºÎ¸§¹Þ¾Ò´Ù.

In 1884 he finished What I Believe[My Religion], in which he described himself as having behind him five mature years of faith in Christ and thirty-five years of nihilism, or faith in nothing. He presented himself to the reader as one of the robbers at Christ's crucifixion, come down from the cross to preach. His conversion had occurred when he realized that "Resist not evil" (Matt. 5:39) meant what it said. This was a revelation to one who had always been taught that Christ's laws were not practical, and so must be interpreted-in effect, circumvented. What he had been taught as practical was quite opposite in tendency: "I was taught to judge and punish. Then I was taught to make war; that is, to resist evil men with murder, and the military caste, of which I was a member, was called the Christ-loving military, and their activity was sanctified by a Christian blessing."3 He had been involved in this contradiction very early because he was born noble, but nowadays, when military service and jury duty have become universal, all men are involved in it.

1884³â ±×´Â [³ª´Â ¹«¾ùÀ» ¹Ï´Â°¡ (³ªÀÇ Á¾±³)]¸¦ Å»°íÇß´Ù, ÀÌ Ã¥¿¡¼­ ±×´Â ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ µÚ·Î ±×¸®½ºµµ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ½Å¾Ó¿¡ ¿À³â°£ÀÇ ¼º¼÷ÇÑ ³¯ µéÀÌ ÀÖ¾ú°í, »ï½Ê¿À³â°£ÀÇ Ç㹫ÁÖÀÇ ¶Ç´Â ¹«¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ½Å¾ÓÀÌ ÀÖ¾ú´Ù°í ÀÚ½ÅÀ» ¹¦»çÇß´Ù. ±×´Â ±×¸®½ºµµ°¡ ½ÊÀÚ°¡¿¡ ¸Å´Þ·ÈÀ» ¶§ÀÇ °­µµµé ÁßÀÇ ÇÑ»ç¶÷À̶ó°í ÀÚ½ÅÀ» µ¶Àڵ鿡°Ô ¼Ò°³Çß´Ù. ±×ÀÇ °³Á¾Àº ±×°¡ ¡®¾Ç¿¡ ÀúÇ×ÇÏÁö ¸»¶ó(¸¶ÅÂ:5:39)¡¯ °¡ ¸»ÇØÁø ±×´ë·Î¸¦ ÀǹÌÇÑ´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ±ú´Þ¾ÒÀ» ¶§ ÀϾ´Ù. À̰ÍÀº ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ À²¹ýÀº ½Ç¿ëÀûÀÌÁö ¸øÇÏ´Ù, ±×¸®°í ±×·¯¹Ç·Î ¹Ýµå½Ã ÇØ¼®µÇ¾î¾ß ÇÑ´Ù-»ç½Ç»ó, Æ÷ÀåÀ» ÇØ¾ßÇÑ´Ù-°í ¾ðÁ¦³ª °¡¸£Ä§ ¹Þ¾Æ¿Â »ç¶÷¿¡ ´ëÇÑ °è½Ã¿´´Ù. ±×°¡ ½Ç¿ëÀûÀ̶ó°í °¡¸£Ä§ ¹Þ¾Æ ¿Â °ÍÀº °æÇâÀ¸·Î º¸¾Æ »ó´çÈ÷ ¹Ý´ëÀÌ´Ù: ¡®³ª´Â ½ÉÆÇÇϰí ó¹úÇϵµ·Ï ±³À°¹Þ¾Ò´Ù. ±×¸®°í ³ª¼­ ÀüÀïÀ» Çϵµ·Ï ±³À°¹Þ¾Ò´Ù; ´Ù½Ã ¸»Çϸé, ³ª´Â ¾ÇÇÑ »ç¶÷À» »ìÀÎÀ¸·Î¼­ ÀúÇ×ÇÒ °ÍÀ̸ç, ±ºÀΰè±ÞÀº, ³ª ¶ÇÇÑ ±× ÀÏ¿øÀ̾ú´Âµ¥, ±×¸®½ºµµ¸¦ »ç¶ûÇÏ´Â ±º´ë¶ó°í ºÒ·ÈÀ¸¸ç, ±×µéÀÇ È°µ¿Àº ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ ÃູÀ¸·Î ½Å¼º½ÃµÈ´Ù°í ±³À°¹Þ¾Ò´Ù.¡¯ ±×´Â ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ¸ð¼ø¿¡ ¸Å¿ì ÀÏÂïºÎÅÍ °ü°èµÇ¾ú´Âµ¥, ±×°¡ ±ÍÁ·À¸·Î ž±â ¶§¹®À̸ç, ±×·¯³ª ¿À´Ã³¯, ±º¿ª°ú ¹è½ÉÀÇ Àǹ«°¡ º¸ÆíÈ­ µÈ ½Ã´ë¿¡´Â ¸ðµç »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ±×°Í¿¡ °ü°èµÇ¾î ÀÖ´Ù.

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Despite these blistering attacks on church and state (accompanied by others on high culture and marriage), Tolstoy continued to live at his ancestral home, to run his baronial estate, and to use the title Count Tolstoy. Renowned as Russia's greatest novelist, he was the father of a large family, the husband of a fashionable woman, and the host of a brilliant household. Why he felt he could not leave and take up a life in accord with his beliefs is too long a story to begin here. Suffice it to say that his consciousness of being in effect a hypocrite added to his pain.

ÀÌ·¸°Ô Åë·ÄÇÑ ±³È¸¿Í ±¹°¡¿¡ ´ëÇÑ °ø°Ýµé¿¡µµ ºÒ±¸Çϰí (ŸÀε鿡 ÀÇÇØ¼­ ³ôÀº ¼öÁØÀÇ ¹®È­¿Í °áÈ¥À» µ¿¹ÝÇϸ鼭), Å罺ÅäÀÌ´Â ±×ÀÇ Á¶»óÀÇ °íÇâ¿¡ »ì¸é¼­, ±×ÀÇ ³²ÀÛ ÀúÅÃÀ» ¿î¿µÇϰí, ±×¸®°í Å罺ÅäÀÌ ¹éÀÛÀ̶ó´Â ÀÛÀ§¸¦ »ç¿ëÇÏ¿´´Ù. ·¯½Ã¾ÆÀÇ °¡Àå ÈǸ¢ÇÑ ¼Ò¼³°¡·Î¼­ ¾Ë·ÁÁ® ÀÖÀ¸¸é¼­, ±×´Â ´ë °¡Á·ÀÇ ¾Æ¹öÁö¿´°í, »ó·ùÃþ ¿©ÀÚÀÇ ³²ÆíÀ̾úÀ¸¸ç, È­·ÁÇÑ Áý¾È »ç¶÷µéÀÇ ÁÖÀÎÀ̾ú´Ù. ±×°¡ ¿Ö ¶°³ª°¡¼­ ±×ÀÇ ¹ÏÀ½À» µû¶ó¼­ »ì ¼ö ¾ø´Ù°í ´À²¼´ÂÁö´Â ¿©±â¼­ ½ÃÀÛÇϱ⿡´Â ³Ê¹«³ª ±ä À̾߱âÀÌ´Ù. ÀÚ½ÅÀÌ »ç½Ç»ó À§¼±ÀÚ¶ó´Â ÀǽÄÀÌ ±×ÀÇ °íÅë¿¡ ´õÇØÁ³´Ù°í ¸»ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ¸·Î Á·ÇÒ °ÍÀÌ´Ù.

Let us return to that exemplary reader of Tolstoy, Gandhi. Although The Kingdom of God overwhelmed him in 1894, it was not until 1906 that Gandhi's behavior showed itself indubitably in¡©fluenced by what he had read. In 1894 Gandhi was still largely in thrall to the British Empire and its constitutional politics and its promise of freedom through parliamentary democracy. Tolstoy's truths were profound but impracticable because they clashed with those other truths. But in 1906 Gandhi launched a campaign of nonviolent civil disobedience, or satyagraha, and was for the first time sent to jail. Then he reread The Kingdom of God Is within You, and other Tolstoy stories and pamphlets, even translating one into his native language. We hear of him carrying these volumes from one jail to another. This happened in 1906 partly because only in jail did Gandhi have time to read but also because only now was he begin¡©ning to live out the radical truths he took from Tolstoy.

Å罺ÅäÀÌÀÇ ÀüÇüÀûÀÎ µ¶ÀÚÀÎ, °£µð¿¡°Ô·Î µ¹¾Æ°¡ º¸ÀÚ. ºñ·Ï [Çϳª´ÔÀÇ ¿Õ±¹]ÀÌ 1894³â ±×¸¦ ¾ÐµµÇÏ¿´Áö¸¸, ±×°¡ ÀÐÀº °Í¿¡ ÀǽÉÇÒ ¹Ù ¾øÀÌ ¿µÇâÀ» ¹ÞÀº °£µð ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ÇൿÀ» µå·¯³½ °ÍÀº ºñ·Î¼Ò 1906³â¿¡¼­ ¿´´Ù. 1894³â °£µð´Â ¾ÆÁ÷µµ ´ëüÀûÀ¸·Î ´ë¿µ Á¦±¹°ú ±×ÀÇ Çå¹ýÀûÀÎ Á¤Ä¡ ±×¸®°í ÀÇȸ ¹ÎÁÖÁÖÀǸ¦ ÅëÇÑ ÀÚÀ¯ÀÇ ¾à¼Ó¿¡ ¼Ó¹ÚµÇ¾î ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. ±×·¯³ª 1906³â °£µð´Â ºñÆø·ÂÀÎ ½Ã¹Î ºÒº¹Á¾ ¿îµ¿, ¶Ç´Â »çƼ¾ß±×¶óÆÄ¸¦ ½ÃÀÛÇß´Ù, ±×¸®°í óÀ½À¸·Î °¨¿Á¿¡ º¸³»Á³´Ù. [±×·¯ÀÚ] ±×´Â [Çϳª´ÔÀÇ ¿Õ±¹Àº ´ç½Å ¾È¿¡ ÀÖ´Ù]¿Í ´Ù¸¥ Å罺ÅäÀÌÀÇ ÀÌ¾ß±â ¹× ÆÊÇ÷¿À» ´Ù½Ã Àоú´Ù, ±×¸®°í ½ÉÁö¾î Çϳª´Â ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ¸ð±¹¾î·Î ¹ø¿ªÇϱ⵵ Çß´Ù. ¿ì¸®°¡ µè±â·Î ±×´Â À̵é Ã¥µéÀ» ÀÌ °¨¿Á¿¡¼­ Àú °¨¿ÁÀ¸·Î µé°í ´Ù³æ´Ù°í ÇÑ´Ù. À̰ÍÀº 1906³â¿¡ ÀϾ´Âµ¥, ºÎºÐÀûÀ¸·Î ¿ÀÁ÷ °¨¿Á¿¡¼­¾ß °£µð°¡ ÀÐÀ» ½Ã°£ÀÌ ÀÖ¾úÀ¸¸ç ¶ÇÇÑ ÀÌÁ¦¼­¾ß ±×°¡ Å罺ÅäÀ̷κÎÅÍ ¾òÀº ±ÞÁøÀûÀÎ Áø¸®µé´ë·Î »ì¾Æ°¡°í ÀÖ¾ú±â ¶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù.

After that, Gandhi's eyes were on Tolstoy, across those thousands of miles of land and ocean, up to the old man's death in 1910. In 1908, when Tolstoy became eighty, Gandhi sent a message of con¡©gratulation. In 1909, he read Tolstoy's Letter to a Hindu, in which the author warned Indian revolutionaries against adopting the West's terrorist methods of agitation, and urged them to stay loyal to their native traditions of nonviolence. In 1910, launching another satyagraha campaign, Gandhi gave the name Tolstoy Farm to the place where the families of satyagrahis could lodge (while husbands or fathers were in jail) and where he led them in simplifying their lives-in practicing vegetarianism, nature cure, and all the other elements in the ideology of nonviolence.

±×·¯ÇÑ ÀÏÀÌ ÀÖÀº ÈÄ, ±× ¸Õ ¼öõ¸¶ÀÏÀÇ ¶¥°ú ¹Ù´Ù¸¦ °Ç³Ê¼­, 1910³â ±× ³ëÀÎÀÌ Á×±â±îÁö °£µðÀÇ ´«Àº Å罺ÅäÀÌ¿¡°Ô ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. 1908³â Å罺ÅäÀ̰¡ ÆÈ½Ê¼¼°¡ µÇ¾úÀ» ¶§, °£µð´Â ÃàÇÏ ¸Þ½ÃÁö¸¦ º¸³»¾ú´Ù. 1909³â ±×´Â Å罺ÅäÀÌÀÇ [ÈùµÎ¿¡°Ô º¸³»´Â ÆíÁö]¸¦ Àоú´Ù, °Å±â¼­ ÀÛ°¡´Â ÀεµÀÇ Çõ¸í°¡µé¿¡°Ô ¼­±¸ÀÇ Å×·¯¸®½ºÆ®ÀÇ ¼±µ¿ ¹æ¹ýµéÀ» äÅÃÇÔ¿¡ °æ°í¸¦ ÇÏ¿´À¸¸ç ±×µé¿¡°Ô ±×µéÀÇ ÀüÅëÀûÀÎ ºñÆø·Â¿¡ Ãæ½ÇÇÒ °ÍÀ» Ã˱¸Çß´Ù. 1910³â ¶ÇÇϳªÀÇ ½ºÅ¸¾ß±×¶óÆÄ¸¦ ½ÃÀÛÇϸ鼭, °£µð´Â ½ºÅ¸¾ß±×¶óÇǽºÀÇ °¡Á·µéÀÌ ±â°ÅÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â Àå¼Ò¿¡ ¡®Å罺ÅäÀÌ ³óÀ塯À̶ó´Â À̸§À» ºÙ¿´À¸¸ç, ±×°÷¿¡¼­ ±×´Â ±×µéÀ» À̲ø°í ±×µéÀÇ »ýȰÀ» ´Ü¼øÈ­Çϵµ·Ï À̲ø¸é¼­, ä½ÄÁÖÀÇ, ÀÚ¿¬ Ä¡·á, ±×¸®°í ºñÆø·Â À̳äÀÇ ¸ðµç ´Ù¸¥ ¿ä¼ÒµéÀ» ½ÇõÇϵµ·Ï ÇÏ¿´´Ù.

In the last months of Tolstoy's life, Gandhi sent him a copy of his manifesto, Indian Home Rule (written under the influence of Tolstoy's ideas) and the first biography of Gandhi, written by a Baptist minister in South Africa. So that, unforeseeably, Tolstoy at the last moment learned to know this infinitely remote and different man who was to become his heir. The last long letter that Tolstoy wrote was to Gandhi.

Å罺ÅäÀÌÀÇ »ý¾ÖÀÇ ¸¶Áö¸· ´Þ¿¡, °£µð´Â ±×¿¡°Ô, (Å罺ÅäÀÌÀÇ ¿µÇâ¾Æ·¡ ¾²¿©Áø) [Àεµ °¡Á¤ÀÇ ¹ý] À̶ó´Â ±×ÀÇ ¼º¸í¼­¿Í ³²¾ÆÇÁ¸®Ä«ÀÇ Ä§·Ê±³ ¸ñ»ç¿¡ ÀÇÇØ ¾²¿©Áø °£µðÀÇ Ã¹¹øÂ° ÀÚ¼­ÀüÀ» º¸³Â´Ù. Å罺ÅäÀÌ´Â ¸¶Áö¸· ¼ø°£¿¡ ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ÈİèÀÚ°¡ µÇ°íÀÚ ÇÏ´Â ÀÌ ¹«ÇÑÈ÷µµ ¸Ö°í ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷À» ¾Ë°Ô µÇ¾ú´Ù. Å罺ÅäÀ̰¡ ¾´ ¸¶Áö¸· °¡Àå ±ä ÆíÁö´Â °£µð¿¡°Ô¿´´Ù.

This book was, then, the beginning of a romance-of two people coming together-and of an adventure, in which the paradoxical force of forcelessness, of nonviolence, entered into history and altered it. Soul force, as they sometimes called it, usually operates on a different wavelength from material or political force-its effects are not to be measured by the same standards. But every now and then, when one person induces others literally to believe in soul-force, it enters into bodies and masses and actions-a beam of light passes into solid matter and moves it. The book you hold in your hands is one of those sources of light.

ÀÌ Ã¥Àº, ±×·¸´Ù¸é, ·Î¸Á½ºÀÇ ½ÃÀÛ-µÎ »ç¶÷ÀÌ ÇÔ²² ÇÔÀÇ ½ÃÀÛ-±×¸®°í ¸ðÇèÀÇ ½ÃÀÛÀÌ´Ù, ±×¸®°í ±× ¸ðÇèÀº Èû¾øÀ½, ºñÆø·ÂÀÇ ¿ª¼³ÀûÀÎ ÈûÀÌ ¿ª»ç¿¡ µé¾î¿Í¼­ ±×°ÍÀ» º¯È­½ÃÄ×´Ù. ¿µÈ¥ÀÇ ÈûÀº, ±×µéÀÌ ¶§¶§·Î ±×·¸°Ô ºÒ·¶µíÀÌ, ¹°ÁúÀ̳ª Á¤Ä¡ÀûÀÎ Èû°ú´Â ´Ù¸¥ ÆÄÀå¿¡¼­ ÀÛµ¿ÇÑ´Ù-±× ¿µÇâÀº ¶È°°Àº ±âÁØÀ¸·Î Ãø·®µÉ ¼ö ¾ø´Ù. ±×·¯³ª À̵û±Ý, ÇÑ »ç¶÷ÀÌ ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷¿¡°Ô ¸» ±×´ë·Î ¿µÈ¥ÀÇ ÈûÀ» ¹Ïµµ·Ï ¿µÇâÀ» ÁÙ ¶§-ÇÑ ÁÙ±âÀÇ ºûÀÌ ¹°Ã¼¿¡ µé¾î°¡¼­ ±×°ÍÀ» ¿òÁ÷ÀδÙ. ´ç½ÅÀÌ ¼Õ¿¡ µé°í ÀÖ´Â ±× Ã¥Àº ±×·¯ÇÑ ºûÀDZٿøµé ÁßÀÇ Çϳª´Ù.

Notes 1. Mohandas Gandhi, An Autobiography (Boston: Beacon Press, 1957), pp. 137-38. 2. Leo Tolstoy, Complete Works of Count Tolstoy, ed. and trans. by Leo Wiener (Boston: D. Estes and Co., 1904), 22:180. 3. Ibid., 16:17.

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