|
¡¡
|
¡¡
|
| CHAPTER XII. |
Á¦
12
Àå
|
|
CONCLUSION-REPENT YE, FOR THE KINGDOM OF HEAVEN IS AT
HAND. |
°á·Ð-ȸ°³Ç϶ó,
Çϳª´ÔÀÇ ¿Õ±¹ÀÌ
°¡±î¿ü´À´Ï¶ó.
|
|
|
|
3. |
|
|
3. How can Men Allow that Murder is Permissible while they Preach
Principles of Morality, and How can they Allow of the Existence in their
Midst of a Military Organization of Physical Force which is a Constant
Menace to Public Security?-It is only Allowed by the Upper Classes, who
Profit by this Organization, Because their Privi¡©leges are Maintained by
it-The Upper Classes Allow it, and the Lower Classes Carry it into Effect
in Spite of their Consciousness of the Immorality of the Deeds of
Violence, the More Readily Because Through the Arrangements of the
Government the Moral Responsi¡©bility for such Deeds is Divided among a
Great Number of Partici¡©pants in it, and Everyone Throws the
Responsibility on Someone Else-Moreover, the Sense of Moral Responsibility
is Lost through the Delusion of Inequality, and the Consequent
Intoxication of Power on the Part of Superiors, and Servility on the Part
of Inferiors-The Condition of these Men, Acting against the Dictates of
their Con¡©science, is Like that of Hypnotized Subjects Acting by
Suggestion- The Difference between this Obedience to Government
Suggestion, and Obedience to Public Opinion, and to the Guidance of Men of
a Higher Moral Sense-The Existing Order of Society, which is the Result of
an Extinct Public Opinion and is Inconsistent with the Al¡©ready Existing
Public Opinion of the Future, is only Maintained by the Stupefaction of
the Conscience, Produced Spontaneously by Self-inter¡©est in the Upper
Classes and Through Hypnotizing in the Lower Classes-The Conscience or the
Common Sense of such Men may Awaken, and there are Examples of its Sudden
Awakening, so that one can Never be Sure of the Deeds of Violence they are
Prepared for-It Depends Entirely on the Point which the Sense of the
Unlawfulness of Acts of Violence has Reached, and this Sense may
Spontaneously Awaken in Men, or may be Reawakened by the Influence of Men
of more Conscience. |
3.
¾î¶»°Ô ÇØ¼ »ç¶÷µéÀÌ µµ´öÀÇ ¿ø¸®µéÀ» ¼³±³Çϰí
ÀÖÀ½¿¡µµ »ìÀÎÀÌ Çã¿ëµÈ´Ù°í »ç¶÷µéÀº ÀÎÁ¤Çϴ°¡,
±×¸®°í °ø°øÀÇ ¾ÈÀü¿¡ ²÷ÀÓ¾ø´Â À§ÇùÀÌ µÇ´Â ¹°¸®ÀûÀÎ
ÈûÀ» »ç¿ëÇÏ´Â ±º´ë Á¶Á÷ÀÇ °¡¿îµ¥¼ ÀÎÁ¤µÉ ¼ö Àִ°¡?-±×°ÍÀº
¿ÀÁ÷ »ó·ù °è±Þ¿¡¼ ÀÎÁ¤µÇ¸ç,
±×µéÀº ÀÌ Á¶Á÷À¸·Î¼
ÀÌÀÍÀ» º»´Ù,
¿Ö³ÄÇÏ¸é ±×µéÀÇ Æ¯±ÇµéÀº ±×°ÍÀ¸·Î
À¯ÁöµÇ±â ¶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù-»ó·ù°è±ÞµéÀº ±×°ÍÀ» Çã¿ëÇϰí ÇÏ·ù
°è±ÞµéÀº Æø·ÂÀÇ ÇàÀ§µé¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ºñµµ´ö¼ºÀ» ÀǽÄÇÔ¿¡µµ
±×°ÍÀ» ½ÇÇàÇÑ´Ù,
±×°Íµµ ´õ ½±°Ô ¿Ö³ÄÇϸé Á¤ºÎÀÇ
°èȹµé¿¡ µû¶ó¼ ±×·¯ÇÑ ÇàÀ§µé¿¡ ´ëÇÑ µµ´öÀû Ã¥ÀÓÀÌ
±× ÇàÀ§¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¾ÆÁÖ ¸¹Àº µ¿ÂüÀÚµé°í ³ª´©¾î Áö¸ç,
Á¦°¢±â ´Ù¸¥ ´©±¸¿¡°Ô Ã¥ÀÓÀ» Àü°¡Çϱ⠶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù-°Ô´Ù°¡,
µµ´öÀû Ã¥ÀÓÀÇ °¨°¢Àº ºÒÆòµîÀÇ ±â¸¸À» ÅëÇØ¼
»ç¶óÁö°í,
°á±¹ ¿ì¿ùÇÑ ÀÚÀÇ Æí¿¡¼ÀÇ ÈûÀÇ Áßµ¶°ú
¿µîÇÑ ÀÚÀÇ Æí¿¡¼ÀÇ ±¼Á¾ÀÌ´Ù-ÀÌ·± »ç¶÷µéÀÇ »óÅ´Â,
±×µéÀÇ ¾ç½É°ú´Â ¹Ý´ë·Î ÇൿÇÔÀ¸·Î½á,
¸¶Ä¡ ¾Ï½Ã·Î¼
ÇൿÇÏ´Â Ãָ鿡 °É¸° ³ë¿¹µéÀÇ ±×°Í°ú °°´Ù-Á¤ºÎÀÇ
¾Ï½Ã¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÀÌ·± º¹Á¾°ú,
´õ¿í ³ôÀº µµ´öÀû °¨°¢ÀÇ
Áö½Ã¿¡ ´ëÇÑ º¹Á¾ÀÇ Â÷ÀÌ-»çȸÀÇ ±âÁ¸ Áú¼´Â,
¼Ò¸êµÈ
¿©·ÐÀÇ °á°úÀ̸ç,
ÀÌ¹Ì Á¸ÀçÇÏ´Â ¹Ì·¡ÀÇ ¿©·Ð°ú
ºÒÀÏÄ¡ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ¸·Î¼,
¿ÀÁ÷ ¾ç½ÉÀ» ¸¶ºñÇÔÀ¸·Î½á
ÁöÅʵǸç,
»ó·ù °è±Þ¿¡¼´Â À̱âÁÖÀÇ¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼,
ÇÏÀ§
°è±Þ¿¡¼´Â ÃÖ¸éÀ¸·Î¼ ÀÚ¿¬ÀûÀ¸·Î ¸¸µé¾îÁø´Ù-±×·¯ÇÑ
»ç¶÷µéÀÇ ¾ç½ÉÀ̳ª »ó½ÄÀº °¢¼ºµÉ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù,
±×¸®°í
±×·¯ÇÑ °©ÀÛ½º·± °¢¼º¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¿¹µéÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù,
±×·¡¼
¿ì¸®´Â ¿¹ºñµÇ¾î ÀÖ´Â Æø·ÂÀÇ ÇàÀ§µéÀ» °áÄÚ È®½ÅÇÒ ¼ö
¾ø´Ù-±×°ÍÀº ÀüÀûÀ¸·Î »ç¶÷µé¿¡ ÀÖ¾î¼ Æø·Â ÇàÀ§µéÀÇ
ºÒ¹ý¼ºÀÇ Áö°¢ÀÌ µµ´ÞµÈ ÁöÁ¡¿¡ ÀÇÁ¸ÇÑ´Ù,
±×¸®°í ÀÌ·±
Áö°¢Àº ÀÚ¿¬½º·¹ »ç¶÷µé ¾È¿¡¼ °¢¼ºµÇ°Å³ª,
´õ
¾ç½ÉÀûÀÎ »ç¶÷µéÀÇ ¿µÇâ¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼ Àç °¢¼ºµÈ´Ù. |
|
|
|
"Come, now, suppose your father were arrested and tried to make his
escape?" I asked a young soldier. |
¡°±×·¸´Ù¸é,
ÀÌÁ¦ ´ç½ÅÀÇ ¾Æ¹öÁö°¡ üÆ÷µÇ¾úÀ¸¸ç
±×°¡ µµ¸Á°¡·Á ÇÑ´Ù°í »ó»óÇØ º»´Ù¸é?¡±ÇÏ°í ³»°¡ ÀþÀº
º´»ç¿¡°Ô ¹°¾ú´Ù. |
|
"I should run him through with my bayonet," he an¡©swered with the
foolish intonation peculiar to soldiers; "and if he made off, I ought to
shoot him," he added, ob¡©viously proud of knowing what he must do if
his father were escaping. |
¡°³ª´Â ¹Ýµå½Ã ±×¸¦ ÃѰËÀ¸·Î Âñ·¯¾ß ÇÕ´Ï´Ù,¡±
±×´Â
º´»çµéÀÇ Æ¯À¯ÇÑ ¹Ùº¸ °°Àº ¾îÁ¶·Î ´ë´äÇß´Ù; ¡°±×¸®°í
¸¸ÀÏ ±×°¡ ´Þ¾Æ³µ´Ù¸é,
³ª´Â ¹Ýµå½Ã ±×¸¦ ½î¾Æ¾ß ÇÕ´Ï´Ù,¡±
±×°¡ µ¡ºÙ¿´´Ù,
±×¸®°í ¸¸ÀÏ ±×ÀÇ ¾Æ¹öÁö°¡ µµ¸Á°¡°í
ÀÖ´Â °æ¿ì¿¡ ±×°¡ ¹Ýµå½Ã ÇØ¾ßÇÒ ÀÏÀ» ¾Ë °í ÀÖ´Â °Í¿¡
´ëÇØ ºÐ¸íÈ÷ ÀÚ¶û½º·¯¿öÇϰí ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. |
|
And when a good-hearted lad has been brought to a state lower than that
of a brute, he is just what is wanted by those who use him as an
instrument of violence. He is ready; the man has been destroyed and a new
instrument of violence has been created. And all this is done every year,
every autumn, everywhere, through all Russia in broad daylight in the
midst of large towns, where all may see it, and the deception is so
clever, so skillful, that though all men know the infamy of it in their
hearts, and see all its horrible results, they cannot throw it off and be
free. |
±×¸®°í ¸¶À½ÂøÇÑ Ã»³âÀÌ Áü½Âº¸´Ùµµ ¸øÇÑ »óÅ·Î
º¯ÇÒ ¶§,
±×´Â ¹Ù·Î ±×¸¦ Æø·ÂÀÇ µµ±¸·Î »ç¿ëÇÏ´Â
»ç¶÷µéÀÌ ¿øÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù.
±×´Â ÁغñµÇ¾ú´Ù;
»ç¶÷Àº
ÆÄ±«µÇ¾úÀ¸¸ç »õ·Î¿î Æø·Â µµ±¸°¡ ¸¸µé¾î Á³´Ù.
±×¸®°í
ÀÌ ¸ðµç °ÍÀº ÇØ ¸¶´Ù,
°¡À» ¸¶´Ù,
¾îµð¿¡¼³ª,
·¯½Ã¾Æ
¹æ¹æ°î°î¿¡¼ ȯÇÑ ´ë³·¿¡ ´ëµµ½ÃÀÇ ÇÑ °¡¿îµ¥¼
ÇàÇØÁö¸ç,
±×°ÍÀº ¸ðµç »ç¶÷µéÀÌ º¼ ¼ö ÀÖ°í,
¼ÓÀÓ¼ö°¡
³Ê¹«´Ù ¿µ¸®Çϰí,
´É¼÷ÇØ¼,
ºñ·Ï ¸ðµç »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ±×µéÀÇ
°¡½¿¼Ó¿¡¼ ±×°ÍÀÇ ¾Ç¸íÀ» ¾Ë°í ÀÖÀ¸¸ç,
±× ¸ðµç °ÍÀÇ
°øÆ÷½º·¯¿î °á°úµéÀ» ¾Ë°í ÀÖÁö¸¸,
±×µéÀº ±×°ÍÀ» ¶³ÃÄ
¹ö¸®°í ÀÚÀ¯·Î¿ï ¼ö°¡ ¾ø´Ù. |
|
When one's eyes are opened to this awful deception practiced upon us,
one marvels that the teachers of the Christian religion and of morals, the
instructors of youth, or even the good-hearted and intelligent parents who
are to be found in every society, can teach any kind of moral¡©ity in a
society in which it is openly admitted (it is so ad¡©mitted, under all
governments and all churches) that mur¡©der and torture form an
indispensable element in the life of all, and that there must always be
special men trained to kill their fellows, and that any one of us may have
to be¡©come such a trained assassin. |
¿ì¸®µé¿¡°Ô ½ÇÇàµÇ´Â ÀÌ·± ³î¶ó¿î ±â¸¸¿¡ »ç¶÷ÀÇ
´«ÀÌ ¿¸°´Ù¸é,
±×´Â ±âµ¶±³ Á¾±³¿Í À±¸®ÀÇ ±³»çµé,
ÀþÀºÀ̵éÀÇ ÁöµµÀÚµé,
¶Ç´Â ¸ðµç »çȸ¿¡¼ º¼ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â
¼±ÇÑ ¸¶À½ÀÇ ºÎ¸ðµéÀÌ,
»ìÀΰú °í¹®ÀÌ ¸ðµç »ç¶÷µéÀÇ
»î¿¡ ÀÖ¾î¼ ¾ø¾î¼´Â ¾ÈµÈ ¿ä¼Ò¸¦ Çü¼ºÇϸç,
±×µéÀÇ
µ¿Æ÷µéÀ» Á×À̱â À§Çؼ ¾ðÁ¦³ª Ưº°È÷ ÈÆ·ÃµÈ
»ç¶÷µéÀÌ ÇÊ¿äÇϸç,
¿ì¸® ¸ðµÎ°¡ ±×·¸°Ô ÈÆ·ÃµÈ
»ìÀÎÀÚ°¡ µÇ¾î¾ß ÇÔÀÌ °ø°³ÀûÀ¸·Î ÀÎÁ¤µÇ´Â(¸ðµç
Á¤ºÎµéÀ̳ª ¸ðµç ±³È¸µé ¾Æ·¡¼ ±×·¸°Ô ÀÎÁ¤µÈ´Ù)
»çȸ¿¡¼µµ,
¾î¶² Á¾·ùÀÇ À±¸®µµ °¡¸£Ä¥ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. |
|
How can children, youths, and people generally be taught any kind of
morality-not to speak of teaching in the spirit of Christianity-side by
side with the doctrine that murder is necessary for the public weal, and
therefore legitimate, and that there are men, of whom each of us may have
to be one, whose duty is to murder and torture and commit all sorts of
crimes at the will of those who are in possession of authority. If this is
so, and one can and ought to murder and torture, there is not, and cannot
be, any kind of moral law, but only the law that might is right. And this
is just how it is. In reality that is the doctrine- justified to some by
the theory of the struggle for existence -which reigns in our society. |
¾î¶»°Ô ¾î¸°À̵é,
û³âµé,
±×¸®°í »ç¶÷µéÀÌ °ø°øÀÇ
º¹¸®¸¦ À§ÇÏ¿© »ìÀεµ ÇÊ¿äÇÏ¸ç ±×·¯¹Ç·Î ÇÕ¹ýÀûÀ̸ç,
¿ì¸®°¡ ±× ÁßÀÇ ÇÑ »ç¶÷ÀÏ ¼öµµ ÀÖ´Â,
±Ç·ÂÀ» ¼ÒÀ¯Çϰí
ÀÖ´Â »ç¶÷µéÀÇ ¶æ¿¡ µû¶ó¼ »ìÀÎÇϰí,
°í¹®Çϸç,
¸ðµç
Á¾·ùÀÇ ¹üÁ˵éÀ» ÀúÁö¸£´Â °ÍÀÌ ±×µéÀÇ Àǹ«¶ó´Â
±³¸®¿Í ³ª¶õÈ÷ ÇÏ¿©,
ÀϹÝÀûÀ¸·Î ¾î¶² Á¾·ùÀÇ À±¸®¸¦-±âµ¶±³
Á¤½ÅÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§Àº ¸»ÇÒ °Íµµ ¾øÀÌ-¹è¿ï ¼ö Àְڴ°¡?
¸¸ÀÏ À̰ÍÀÌ ±×·¸´Ù¸é,
±×¸®°í ±×°¡ »ìÀÎÇÏ°í °í¹®ÇÒ ¼ö
Àְųª ±×·¸°Ô ÇØ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù¸é,
¾î¾ Á¾·ùÀÇ À±¸®¹ýµµ ÀÖÁö
¾ÊÀ¸¸ç ÀÖÀ» ¼öµµ ¾øÀ¸¸ç,
¿ÀÁ÷ ÈûÀÌ ¿Ç´Ù´Â ¹ýÀÌ ÀÖÀ»
»ÓÀÌ´Ù.
±×¸®°í À̰ÍÀÌ ¹Ù·Î ¾ó¸¶³ª ±×·¯ÇÑÁö¸¦ ¸»ÇÑ´Ù.
½ÇÁ¦·Î ±×°ÍÀÌ ±³¸®ÀÌ´Ù-±×¸®°í ±×°ÍÀº »ýÁ¸À» À§ÇÑ
ÅõÀïÀÇ À̷п¡ ÀÇÇØ¼ ¿ì¸® »çȸ¸¦ Áö¹èÇÏ´Â
´©±º°¡¿¡°Ô ¸ÂÃß¾îÁø ±³¸®ÀÌ´Ù. |
|
And, indeed, what sort of ethical doctrine could admit the legitimacy
of murder for any object whatever? It is as impossible as a theory of
mathematics admitting that two is equal to three. |
±×¸®°í,
Á¤¸»·Î,
µµ´ëü ¾î¶² Á¾·ùÀÇ À±¸®Àû ±³¸®°¡
¾î´À ¸ñÀûÀ» À§ÇØ »ìÀÎÀÇ Àû¹ý¼ºÀ» ÀÎÁ¤ÇÒ ¼ö Àִ°¡?
±×°ÍÀº µÑÀÌ ¼Â°ú °°´Ù°í ÀÎÁ¤ÇÏ´Â ¼öÇÐÀÇ ÀÌ·Ð
¸¸ÅÀ̳ª ºÒ°¡´ÉÇÏ´Ù. |
|
There may be a semblance of mathematics admitting that two is equal to
three, but there can be no real science of mathematics. And there can only
be a semblance of ethics in which murder in the shape of war and the execu¡©tion
of criminals is allowed, but no true ethics. The recognition of the life
of every man as sacred is the first and only basis of all ethics. |
µÑÀÌ ¼Â°ú °°´Ù°í ÀÎÁ¤ÇÏ´Â ¼öÇаú À¯»çÇÑ °ÍÀÌ
ÀÖÀ»Áö´Â ¸ð¸¥´Ù,
±×·¯³ª ¾î¶² ½ÇÁ¦ÀÇ ¼öÇеµ ÀÖÀ» ¼ö´Â
¾ø´Ù.
±×¸®°í ÀüÀïÀÇ ¸ð½ÀÀ¸·Î¼ ±×¸®°í ¹üÁËÀÚµéÀÇ
óÇüÀ¸·Î¼ »ìÀÎÀÌ Çã¿ëµÇ´Â À±¸®¿Í ¿ÀÁ÷ À¯»çÇÑ °ÍÀÌ
ÀÖÀ»Áö´Â ¸ô¶óµµ,
¾î¶² ÁøÁ¤ÇÑ À±¸®´Â ¾ø´Ù.
Á¦°¢±â
»ç¶÷ÀÇ »ý¸íÀÌ ½Å¼ºÇÏ´Ù°í ÀνÄÇÔÀÌ ¸ðµç À±¸®ÀÇ
ù°ÀÌÀÚ À¯ÀÏÇÑ ±âÃÊÀÌ´Ù. |
|
The doctrine of an eye for an eye and a tooth for a tooth has been
abrogated by Christianity, because it is the justification of immorality,
and a mere semblance of equity, and has no real meaning. Life is a value
which has no weight nor size, and cannot be compared to any other, and so
there is no sense in destroying a life for a life. Be¡©sides, every social
law aims at the amelioration of man's life. What way, then, can the
annihilation of the life of some men ameliorate men's life? Annihilation
of life cannot be a means of the amelioration of life; it is a suicidal
act. |
´«¿¡´Â ´« ±×¸®°í ÀÌ¿¡´Â ÀÌÀÇ ±³¸®´Â ±âµ¶±³¿¡
ÀÇÇØ¼ ÆóÁöµÇ¾ú´Ù,
¿Ö³ÄÇÏ¸é ±×°ÍÀº ºÎµµ´öÇÔÀ»
Á¤´çÈÇÔÀ̸ç,
´Ü¼øÈ÷ °øÆòÇÔÀ» ´àÀº °ÍÀÏ »Ó ¾Æ¹«·±
ÁøÁ¤ÇÑ Àǹ̸¦ °¡ÁöÁö ¸øÇÑ´Ù.
»îÀº ¾Æ¹«·± ¹«°Ôµµ
Å©±âµµ °¡ÁöÁö ¸øÇϸç,
´Ù¸¥ ¾î¶² °Í°ú ºñ±³µÉ ¼ö ¾ø´Â
°¡Ä¡¸¦ °¡Áø´Ù,
±×·¯¹Ç·Î »îÀ» »î¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ´ë°¡·Î ÆÄ±«ÇÒ
¼ö ¾ø´Ù.
°Ô´Ù°¡,
¸ðµç »çȸÀû ¹ýµéÀº Àΰ£ÀÇ »îÀÇ
°³¼±À» ¸ñÀûÀ¸·ÎÇÑ´Ù.
±×·¸´Ù¸é,
¹«½¼ ¼ö·Î ¾î¶²
»ç¶÷µéÀÇ »îÀ» ¾ø¾Ö´Â °ÍÀÌ »ç¶÷µéÀÇ »îÀ» °³¼±ÇÒ ¼ö
ÀÖ´Ü ¸»Àΰ¡?
»îÀ» ¸ê¸Á½ÃÅ´Àº »îÀÇ °³¼±ÀÇ ¼ö´ÜÀÌ µÉ
¼ö ¾ø´Ù;
±×°ÍÀº ÀÚ»ìÇàÀ§ÀÌ´Ù. |
|
To destroy another life for the sake of justice is as though a man, to
repair the misfortune of losing one arm, should cut off the other arm for
the sake of equity. |
Á¤ÀǸ¦ À§Çؼ ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷ÀÇ »îÀ» ÆÄ±«ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº,
¸¶Ä¡
ÇÑ ÆÈÀ» ÀÒ¾î¹ö¸° ºÒÇàÀ» º¸»óÇÏ·Á¸é,
°øÆòÀ» ±âÇϱâ
À§Çؼ ´Ù¸¥ ÆÈµµ Àß¶ó ¹ö·Á¾ß ÇÏ´Â °Í°ú °°´Ù. |
|
But putting aside the sin of deluding men into regarding the most awful
crime as a duty, putting aside the revolting sin of using the name and
authority of Christ to sanction what he most condemned, not to speak of
the curse on those who cause these "little ones" to offend-how can
people who cherish their own way of life, their progress, even from the
point of view of their personal security, allow the formation in their
midst of an overwhelming force as senseless, cruel, and destructive as
every govern¡©ment is organized on the basis of an army? Even the most
cruel band of brigands is not so much to be dreaded as such a government. |
±×·¯³ª »ç¶÷µéÀ» ±â¸¸ÇÏ¿© °¡Àå ¹«¼¿î ¹üÁ˸¦
Àǹ«¶ó°í ¿©±âµµ·Ï ÇÏ´Â Á˾ÇÀ» ±×¸¸ µÎ´õ¶óµµ,
ÀÌµé ¡°ÀÛÀº
¾ÆÀ̵éÀ»¡±
¼º³ª°Ô ÇÏ´Â Àڵ鿡 ´ëÇÑ ÀúÁÖ´Â ¸»ÇÒ °Íµµ
¾øÀÌ,
±×¸®½ºµµ°¡ °¡Àå ºñ³ÇÏ´ø °ÍÀ» Çã¶ôÇϱâ À§ÇÏ¿©
±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ À̸§°ú ±Ç´ÉÀ» »ç¿ëÇÏ´Â Çø¿À½º·¯¿î Á˾ÇÀ»
±×¸¸ µÎ´õ¶óµµ-¾î¶»°Ô ÀÚ±â ÀڽŵéÀÇ »îÀÇ ¹æ½Ä°ú
½ÉÁö¾î ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ °³ÀÎÀûÀÎ ¾ÈÀüÀÇ °üÁ¡À¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ±×µéÀÇ
Áøº¸¸¦ ¼ÒÁßÈ÷ ÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷µéÀÌ,
¾ÐµµÀûÀÎ ±Ç·ÂÀ» °¡Áø
±×µéÀÇ ÇѰ¡¿îµ¥¼,
±º´ë¸¦ ±âÃÊ·ÎÇÏ¿© Á¶Á÷µÇ´Â ¸ðµç
Á¤ºÎó·³ ¹«ºÐº°Çϸç,
ÀÜÀÎÇÏ°í ÆÄ±«ÀûÀÎ Á¶Á÷À»
Çã¶ôÇÒ ¼ö Àִ°¡?
½ÉÁö¾î °¡Àå ÀÜÀÎÇÑ »êÀûÀÇ ¹«¸®µéµµ
±×·± Á¤ºÎ¸¸Å ¹«¼¿öÇÒ ´ë»óÀº ¾Æ´Ï´Ù. |
|
The power of every brigand chief is at least so far limited that the
men of his band preserve at least some human liberty, and can refuse to
commit acts opposed to their conscience. But, owing to the perfection to
which the discipline of the army has been brought, there is no limit to
check men who form part of a regularly organized government. There are no
crimes so revolting that they would not readily be committed by men who
form part of a government or army, at the will of anyone (such as
Boulanger, Napoleon, or Pougachef) who may chance to be at their head. |
Á¦°¢±â »êÀûµéÀÇ µÎ¸ñÀÇ ±Ç·ÂÀº Àû¾îµµ »ó´çÈ÷
Á¦ÇѵǾî ÀÖ¾î¼ ±×ÀÇ ¹«¸®ÀÇ »ç¶÷µéÀº Àû¾îµµ ¾à°£ÀÇ
Àΰ£ÀûÀÎ ÀÚÀ¯¸¦ °¡Áö°í ÀÖÀ¸¸ç,
±×µéÀÇ ¾ç½É¿¡
¹Ý´ëµÇ´Â ÇàÀ§µéÀ» ¹üÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ» °ÅºÎÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.
±×·¯³ª,
±º´ëÀÇ ±ÔÀ²ÀÌ µµ´ÞµÇ¾î Áö´Â ¿Ï¼º¿¡ µû¶ó¼,±ÔÄ¢ÀûÀ¸·Î
Á¶Á÷ÈµÈ Á¤ºÎÀÇ ºÎºÐÀ» ±¸¼ºÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷µéÀ» Á¦ÁöÇÏ´Â
ÇѰ谡 ¾ø´Ù.
Á¤ºÎÀÇ ÀϺθ¦ ±¸¼ºÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷µé¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼,
¿ì¿¬È÷ ±×µéÀÇ ¿ìµÎ¸Ó¸®°¡ µÇ´Â ¾î¶² »ç¶÷ÀÇ(¿¹µé µé¸é
ºÒ¶û°Ô,
³ªÆú·¹¿Ë,
¶Ç´Â Ǫ°¡Ã¼ÇÁ)
¶æ¿¡ µû¶ó¼,
½±»ç¸®
ÀÚÇàµÇ´Â ¹üÁËµé ¸¸Å Çø¿À½º·¯¿î ¹üÁ˵éÀº ¾ø´Ù. |
|
Often when one sees conscription levies, military drills and maneuvers,
police officers with loaded revolvers, and sentinels at their posts with
bayonets on their rifles; when one hears for whole days at a time (as I
hear it in Hamovniky where I live) the whistle of balls and the dull thud
as they fall in the sand; when one sees in the midst of a town where any
effort at violence in self-defense is for¡©bidden, where the sale of
powder and of chemicals, where furious driving and practicing as a doctor
without a di¡©ploma, and so on, are not allowed, thousands of disciplined
troops, trained to murder, and subject to one man's will; one asks
oneself how can people who prize their security quietly allow it, and put
up with it? Apart from the immorality and evil effects of it, nothing can
possibly be more unsafe. What are people thinking about? I don't mean
now Christians, ministers of religion, philanthropists, and moralists, but
simply people who value their life, their security, and their comfort.
This organization, we know, will work just as well in one man's hands as
another's. Today, let us assume, power is in the hands of a ruler who
can be endured, but tomorrow it may be seized by a Byron, an Elizabeth, a
Catherine, a Pougachef, a Napoleon I., or a Napoleon III. |
°¡²û ¡Áýº´µé,
±º»ç ÈÆ·Ã,
±âµ¿ ÀÛÀü,
ÀåÀüµÈ
±ÇÃѵéÀ» °¡Áø °æÂû°üµé,
±×¸®°í ÃѰËÀ» °¡Áö°í º¸Ãʸ¦
¼°í ÀÖ´Â ÆÄ¼öº´µéÀ» º¼ ¶§;
¾î¶² ¶§´Â ÇÏ·ç Á¾ÀÏ
Æ÷źÀÌ ³ª¸£´Â ¼Ò¸® ±×¸®°í ±×°ÍµéÀÌ ¸ð·¡¿¡ ¶³¾îÁö´Â
µÐŹÇÑ ¼Ò¸®À» µéÀ» ¶§ (³»°¡ »ç´Â ÇϸðÇÁ´ÏŰ¿¡¼ ³ª´Â
±× ¼Ò¸®¸¦ µè´Â´Ù);
Àڱ⠹æ¾î¸¦ ÇÔ¿¡¼ Æø·ÂÀ»
»ç¿ëÇÏ´Â ¾î¶² ³ë·Âµµ ±ÝÁöµÈ µµ½ÃÀÇ ÇÑ °¡¿îµ¥¿¡,
±×°÷¿¡¼ Ⱦà°ú ÈÇÐǰµéÀÇ ¸Å¸Å,
¸éÇã ¾ø´Â ÀÇ»ç·Î¼
³ÆøÇÑ ¿îÀü°ú Áø·á,
µîµîÀÌ Çã¶ôµÇÁö ¾ÊÀ½¿¡µµ,
ÇÑ
»ç¶÷ÀÇ ¶æ¿¡ µû¶ó¼ »ìÀÎÇϵµ·Ï ÈÆ·Ã¹ÞÀº ¼öõ¸íÀÇ
±º´ëµéÀ» º¼ ¶§¿¡;
¿ì¸®´Â ½º½º·Î¿¡°Ô ¹¯´Â´Ù:
¾î¶»°Ô
ÇØ¼ ÀڽŵéÀÇ ¾ÈÀüÀ» ±ÍÁßÇÏ°Ô ¿©±â´Â »ç¶÷µéÀÌ
±×°ÍÀ» Çã¿ëÇÏ¸ç ±×°ÍÀ» ÂüÀ» ¼ö Àִ°¡?
±×°ÍÀÌ ÁÖ´Â
ºÎµµ´ö¼º°ú ¾ÇÇÑ ¿µÇâµé ¿Ü¿¡,
¾î´À °Íµµ »ç½Ç ±×º¸´Ùµµ
´õ ºÒ¾ÈÀüÇÒ ¼ö°¡ ¾ø´Ù.
»ç¶÷µéÀº ¹«¾ùÀ» »ý°¢Çϰí
Àִ°¡?
³ª´Â Áö±Ý ±âµ¶±³Àεé,
Á¾±³ÀÇ ¼ºÁ÷ÀÚµé,
¹Ú¾ÖÁÖÀÇÀÚµé,
¹× µµ´öÁÖÀÇÀÚµéÀ» ÀǹÌÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ
¾Æ´Ï¶ó,
´Ü¼øÈ÷ ÀڽŵéÀÇ »î,
ÀڽŵéÀÇ ¾ÈÀü ¹×
ÀڽŵéÀÇ Æí¾ÈÇÔÀ» ±ÍÁßÇÏ°Ô ¿©±â´Â »ç¶÷µéÀ» ¸»ÇÑ´Ù.
¿ì¸®°¡ ¾Ë´Ù½ÃÇÇ,
ÀÌ·± Á¶Á÷Àº,
ÇÑ »ç¶÷ÀÇ ¼Õ¿¡¼ »Ó¸¸
¾Æ´Ï¶ó ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷ÀÇ ¼Õ¿¡¼µµ Àß ¿î¿µµÉ °ÍÀÌ´Ù.
¿À´Ã³¯,
±Ç·ÂÀÌ ¿ì¸®°¡ °ßµô ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ÅëÄ¡ÀÚÀÇ ¼Õ¿¡ ÀÖÁö¸¸,
³»ÀÏÀº ¹ÙÀÌ·±,
¿¤¸®ÀÚº£½º,
ij´õ¸°,
Ǫ°¡Ã¼ÇÁ,
³ªÆú·¹¿Ë 1¼¼,
¶Ç´Â ³ªÆú·¹¿Ë 3¼¼ °°Àº »ç¶÷µéÀÌ
Àâ´Â´Ù°í °¡Á¤ÇØ º¸ÀÚ. |
|
And the man in authority, endurable today, may become a brute tomorrow,
or may be succeeded by a mad or im¡©becile heir, like the King of Bavaria
or our Paul I. |
±×¸®°í ±Ç·ÂÀ» Â÷ÁöÇÑ »ç¶÷Àº,
¿ì¸®°¡ ¿À´ÃÀº ÂüÀ» ¼ö
ÀÖÁö¸¸,
¾Æ¸¶µµ ³»ÀÏÀº Áü½Âó·³ µÇ°Å³ª,
¹Ù¹Ù¸®¾ÆÀÇ ¿Õ
¶Ç´Â ¿ì¸®ÀÇ ¹Ù¿ï 1¼¼Ã³·³,
¹ÌÄ¡±¤À̰ųª Àú´ÉÇÑ
ÈİèÀÚ¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼ À̾îÁú ¼öµµ ÀÖ´Ù. |
|
And not only the highest authorities, but all little satraps scattered
over everywhere, like so many General Baranovs, governors, police officers
even, and commanders of com¡©panies, can perpetrate the most awful crimes
before there is time for them to be removed from office. And this is what
is constantly happening. |
±×¸®°í °¡Àå ³ôÀº ±Ç·Âµé »Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ¾î´À °÷¿¡³ª
Èð¾îÁ® ÀÖ´Â ¸ðµç Áö¹æ Ãѵ¶µéµµ,
±×Åä·Ï ¸¹Àº ¹Ù¶ó³ëÇÁ
À屺µé,
Ãѵ¶µé,
½ÉÁö¾î °æÂû°üµé,
±×¸®°í ºÎ´ëÀÇ
ÁöÈÖÀÚµéÀÌ ±×µéÀÌ Á÷À§¿¡¼ Á¦°ÅµÉ ¶§°¡ ¿À±â Àü¿¡
°¡Àå ¹«¼¿î ¹üÁ˵éÀ» ÀúÁö¸¦ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.
±×¸®°í À̰ÍÀÌ
²÷ÀÓ¾øÀÌ ¹ß»ýÇϰí ÀÖ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. |
|
One involuntarily asks how can men let it go on, not from higher
considerations only, but from regard to their own safety? |
¿ì¸®´Â ¾î¿ ¼ö ¾øÀÌ ¹¯´Â´Ù,
¾îÂîÇÏ¿© »ç¶÷µéÀº,
´õ
³ôÀº Á߿伺 »Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó,
±×µé ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ¾ÈÀüÀ» °í·ÁÇÔ
¶§¹®¿¡,
±×°ÍÀ» ¹æÄ¡ÇÒ ¼ö Àִ°¡? |
|
The answer to this question is that it is not all people who do
tolerate it (some-the greater proportion-deluded and submissive, have no
choice and have to tolerate any¡©thing). It is tolerated by those who only
under such an organization can occupy a position of profit. They tolerate
it, because for them the risks of suffering from a foolish or cruel man
being at the head of the government or the army are always less than the
disadvantages to which they would be exposed by the destruction of the
organization itself. |
ÀÌ Áú¹®¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ´ë´äÀº ¸ðµç »ç¶÷ÀÌ ±×°ÍÀ»
¹¬ÀÎÇÑ´Ù´Â °ÍÀº ¾Æ´Ï´Ù¶ó´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù (¾î¶² »ç¶÷µéÀº-´õ
Å« ºñÀ²·Î¼-±â¸¸´çÇÏ°í ¼øÁ¾ÀûÀ̹ǷÎ,
¼±ÅÃÀÇ ¿©Áö°¡
¾øÀ¸¸ç ¹«¾ùÀ̵çÁö ¹¬ÀÎÇÒ ¼ö ¹Û¿¡ ¾ø´Ù).
±×°ÍÀº ¿ÀÁ÷
±×·¯ÇÑ Á¶Á÷ ¾Æ·¡¼ ÀÌÀÍÀ» ÃëÇÏ´Â ÁöÀ§¸¦ Â÷ÁöÇÒ ¼ö
ÀÖ´Â »ç¶÷µé¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼ ¹¬ÀεȴÙ.
±×µéÀº ±×°ÍÀ»
¹¬ÀÎÇÑ´Ù,
¿Ö³ÄÇÏ¸é ±×µé¿¡°Ô¼ ¾î¸®¼®°Å³ª ÀÜÀÎÇÑ
»ç¶÷ÀÌ Á¤ºÎ³ª ±º´ëÀÇ ¼ö¹Ý¿¡ ÀÖÀ½À¸·Î¼ °Þ¾î¾ß ÇÏ´Â
À§ÇèµéÀº ¾ðÁ¦³ª Á¶Á÷ ±× Â÷üÀÇ ÆÄ±«·Î ÀÎÇØ¼
³ëÃâµÇ´Â ºÒÀÌÀÍ¿¡ ºñÇØ¼ Àû±â ¶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù. |
|
A judge, a commander of police, a governor, or an officer will keep his
position just the same under Boulanger or the republic, under Pougachef or
Catherine. He will lose his profitable position for certain, if the
existing order of things which secured it to him is destroyed. And so all
these people feel no uneasiness as to who is at the head of the
organization, they will adapt themselves to anyone; they only dread the
downfall of the organization itself, and that is the reason-though often
an unconscious one-that they support it. |
¹ý°ü,
°æÂûÀÇ ÁöÈÖÀÚ,
Ãѵ¶,
¶Ç´Â Àå±³´Â ºÒ¶ûÁ¦ ¶Ç´Â
°øÈ±¹¾Æ·¡¼,
Ǫ°¡Ã¼ÇÁ³ª ij´õ¸° Ä¡ÇÏ¿¡¼ Á¤¸»
¶È°°ÀÌ ±×ÀÇ ÁöÀ§¸¦ °í¼öÇÏ·Á ÇÒ °ÍÀÌ´Ù.
¸¸ÀÏ ±×¿¡°Ô
È®º¸µÈ ±âÁ¸ ¼¼»ó Áú¼°¡ ÆÄ±«µÈ´Ù¸é Ʋ¸²¾øÀÌ ±×´Â
ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ÀÌÀÍÀ̵Ǵ ÁöÀ§¸¦ ÀÒÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù.
±×¸®°í
±×·¯¹Ç·Î ÀÌ ¸ðµç »ç¶÷µéÀº Á¶Á÷ÀÇ ¼ö¹Ý¿¡ ÀÖ´Â »ç¶÷¿¡
´ëÇØ¼ ¾Æ¹«·± ºÒÆíÇÔÀ» ´À³¢Áö ¾ÊÀ¸¸ç,
±×µéÀº
´©±¸¿¡°Ô¶óµµ ¼øÀÀÇÒ °ÍÀÌ´Ù;
±×µéÀº ¿ÀÁ÷ Á¶Á÷ ÀÚüÀÇ
¸ô¶ôÀ» µÎ·Á¿öÇÑ´Ù,
±×¸®°í ±×°ÍÀÌ ¹Ù·Î ±×µéÀÌ ±×°ÍÀ»
ÁöÁöÇÏ´Â-ºñ·Ï °¡²ûÀº ¹«ÀǽÄÀûÀÎ °ÍÀÌ´õ¶óµµ-
ÀÌÀ¯ÀÌ´Ù. |
|
One often wonders why independent people, who are not forced to do so
in any way, the so-called elite of society, should go into the army
in Russia, England, Germany, Austria, and even France, and seek
opportunities of be¡©coming murderers. Why do even high-principled parents
send their boys to military schools? Why do mothers buy their children toy
helmets, guns, and swords as play¡©things? (The peasant's children never
play at soldiers, by the way). Why do good men and even women, who have
certainly no interest in war, go into raptures over the various exploits
of Skobeloff and others, and vie with one another in glorifying them? Why
do men, who are not obliged to do so, and get no fee for it, devote, like
the marshals of nobility in Russia, whole months of toil to a business
physically disagreeable and morally painful- the enrolling of conscripts?
Why do all kings and emperors wear the military uniform? Why do they all
hold military reviews, why do they organize maneuvers, distribute rewards
to the military, and raise monuments to generals and successful
commanders? Why do rich men of independent position consider it an honor
to perform a valet's duties in attendance on crowned personages, flatter¡©ing
them and cringing to them and pretending to believe in their peculiar
superiority? Why do men who have ceased to believe in the superstitions of
the mediaeval Church, and who could not possibly believe in them seriously
and consistently, pretend to believe in and give their support to the
demoralizing and blasphemous institution of the church? Why is it that not
only governments but private persons of the higher classes, try so
jealously to maintain the ignorance of the people? Why do they fall with
such fury on any effort at breaking down religious superstitions or really
enlightening the people? Why do historians, novelists, and poets, who have
no hope of gaining anything by their flatteries, make heroes of kings,
emperors, and con¡©querors of past times? Why do men, who call themselves
learned, dedicate whole lifetimes to making theories to prove that
violence employed by authority against the people is not violence at all,
but a special right? One often wonders why a fashionable lady or an
artist, who, one would think, would take no interest in political or
military questions, should always condemn strikes of working peo¡©ple, and
defend war; and should always be found without hesitation opposed to the
one, favorable to the other. |
¿ì¸®´Â Á¾Á¾,
¿Ö µ¶¸³ÀûÀÎ »ç¶÷µéÀÌ,
±×µéÀº ¾î·µç
±×·¸°Ô Çϵµ·Ï °¿ä¹ÞÁö ¾ÊÀ¸¸é¼µµ,
¼ÒÀ§ »çȸÀÇ
¿¤¸®Æ®µéÀÌ,
·¯½Ã¾Æ,
¿µ±¹,
µ¶ÀÏ,
¿À½ºÆ®¸®¾Æ,
±×¸®°í
½ÉÁö¾î ÇÁ¶û½º¿¡¼,
¹Ýµå½Ã ±º´ë¿¡ °¡¾ßÇÏ´ÂÁö,
±×¸®°í
»ìÀÎÀÚµéÀÌ µÇ°íÀÚ ÇÏ´Â ±âȸµéÀ» ãÀ¸·ÁÇÏ´ÂÁö Àǹ®À»
°¡Áø´Ù.
¿Ö ½ÉÁö¾î °í±ÍÇÑ ½Å³äÀ» °¡Áø ºÎ¸ðµéÀÌ ±×µéÀÇ
ÀÚ³àµéÀ» ±º´ë½Ä Çб³¿¡ º¸³»´Â°¡?
¿Ö ºÎ¸ðµéÀÌ
ÀÚ³àµé¿¡°Ô Àå³°¨ Åõ±¸µé,
Ãѵé,
±×¸®°í Ä®µéÀ»
³îÀ̰¨À¸·Î »çÁִ°¡? (±×·¯³ª,
³óºÎÀÇ ¾ÆÀ̵éÀº °áÄÚ
º´Á¤ ³îÀ̸¦ ÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù).
¿Ö ¼±ÇÑ ³²ÀÚµé°ú ½ÉÁö¾î
¿©ÀÚµéÀÌ,
ºÐ¸íÈ÷ ÀüÀï¿¡ ¾Æ¹« °ü½Éµµ ¾øÀ¸¸é¼,
½ºÄÚº§·ÎÇÁ¿Í ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷µéÀÇ °øÀû¿¡ ´ëÇØ ³ÌÀ» ÀÒ°í,
±×µéÀ» μÛÇϱâ À§Çؼ ¼·Î °æÀïÇϴ°¡?
¿Ö ³²ÀÚµéÀº,
±×·¸°Ô ÇØ¾ßÇÒ Àǹ«°¡ ¾øÀ¸¸ç,
±×°Í¿¡ ´ëÇØ ¾Æ¹«·±
º¸¼öµµ ¹ÞÁö ¾ÊÀ¸¸é¼,
·¯½Ã¾ÆÀÇ ±ÍÁ· °í°üµé ó·³,
À°Ã¼ÀûÀ¸·Î ºÒÄèÇÏ°í µµ´öÀûÀ¸·Î °íÅ뽺·¯¿î Àϵ鿡
ÇÑ´Þ ³»³» °í¿ª½º·¯¿î-¡Áýº´À» µî·ÏÇÏ´Â-ÀÏ·Î
Çå½ÅÇϴ°¡ ?
¿Ö ¸ðµç ¿Õµé°ú ȲÁ¦µéÀº ±ºº¹À» ÀԴ°¡?
¿Ö ±×µéÀº ¸ðµÎ ¿º´½ÄÀ» Çϴ°¡,
±×µéÀº ¿Ö ±âµ¿ÈÆ·ÃÀ»
Á¶Á÷Çϸç,
±º´ë¿¡ Æ÷»óÀ» Çϸç,
À屺µé°ú ¼º°øÀûÀÎ
ÁöÈÖ°üµé¿¡°Ô ±â³äºñ¸¦ ¼¼¿ì´Â°¡?
¿Ö µ¶¸³ÀûÀÎ ÁöÀ§¸¦
°¡Áø ºÎÀ¯ÇÑ »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ¿ÕÁ·ÀÇ Àι°µé¿¡ ½ÃÁßµé°í,
±×µé¿¡°Ô ¾ÆºÎÇϸç,
¾ÆÃ·Çϰí,
±×µé ƯÀ¯ÀÇ ¿ì¿ù¼ºÀ»
¹Ï´Â üÇÏ¸é¼ ÇÏÀÎÀÇ Àǹ«µéÀ» ¼öÇàÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ»
¿µ±¤À¸·Î ¿©±â´Â°¡?
¿Ö Áß¼¼ ±³È¸ÀÇ ¹Ì½ÅµéÀ» ¹Ï±â¸¦
±×¸¸ µÐ »ç¶÷µéÀÌ,
±×°ÍµéÀ» ÁøÁöÇÏ°Ô ²ÙÁØÈ÷ ¹ÏÁöµµ
¾ÊÀ¸¸é¼,
±³È¸ÀÇ Å¸¶ôÀûÀÌ¸ç ½Å¼º¸ðµ¶ÀûÀÎ ±â°üÀ»
¹Ï°í Áö¿øÇϴ üÇϴ°¡?
¿Ö Á¤ºÎµé »Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó °íÀ§
°è±ÞµéÀÇ °³ÀÎÀûÀÎ »ç¶÷µéÀÌ,
±×Åä·Ï ¿½ÉÈ÷ »ç¶÷µéÀÇ
¹«Áö¸¦ À¯ÁöÇÏ·Á Çϴ°¡?
¿Ö ±×µéÀº Á¾±³ÀûÀÎ ¹Ì½ÅµéÀ»
±ú°Å³ª ¶Ç´Â ½ÇÁ¦·Î »ç¶÷µéÀ» °è¸ùÇÏ´Â °Í¿¡ ´ëÇØ
±×Åä·Ï ºÐ³ëÇÏ¸é¼ °ø°ÝÇϴ°¡?
¿Ö ¿ª»ç°¡µé,
¼Ò¼³°¡µé,
±×¸®°í ½ÃÀεéÀº,
±×µéÀÇ ¾ÆÃ·À¸·Î¼ ¾î¶² °ÍÀ» ¾òÀ»
Èñ¸Áµµ ¾ø´Âµ¥,
¿Õµé,
ȲÁ¦µé,
±×¸®°í °ú°Å ½Ã´ëÀÇ
Á¤º¹ÀÚµéÀ» ¿µ¿õÀ¸·Î ¸¸µå´Â°¡?
¿Ö »ç¶÷µéÀº,
½º½º·Î¸¦
ÇÐÀÚ¶ó°í ºÎ¸£¸é¼,
Àüü ÀÏ»ýÀ» ±Ç·ÂµéÀÌ »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô
»ç¿ëÇÑ Æø·ÂÀ» ÀüÇô Æø·ÂÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¸ç Ưº°ÇÑ ±Ç¸®¶ó°í
Áõ¸íÇÏ·Á´Â À̷еéÀ» ¸¸µå´Âµ¥ Çå½ÅÇϴ°¡?
¿ì¸®´Â
Á¾Á¾ Àǹ®À» °¡Áø´Ù,
¿Ö »ç±³°èÀÇ ºÎÀÎÀ̳ª ¿¹¼ú°¡´Â,
¿ì¸®µéÀÌ »ý°¢Çϱ⿡,
Á¤Ä¡³ª ±º»ç ¹®Á¦¿¡ ¾Æ¹«·±
°ü½Éµµ ¾øÀ¸¸é¼,
¾ðÁ¦³ª ³ëµ¿ÀÚµéÀÇ ÆÄ¾÷À» ºñ³Çϰí
ÀüÀïÀ» ¿ËÈ£ÇØ¾ß Çϴ°¡;
±×¸®°í ¿Ö ¾ðÁ¦³ª ÁÖÀúÇÔÀÌ
¾øÀÌ ÀüÀÚ´Â ¹Ý´ëÇϰí ÈÄÀÚ¸¦ ¼±È£Çϴ°¡? |
|
But one no longer wonders when one realizes that in the higher classes
there is an unerring instinct of what tends to maintain and of what tends
to destroy the organization by virtue of which they enjoy their
privileges. The fashion¡©able lady had certainly not reasoned out that if
there were no capitalists and no army to defend them, her husband would
have no fortune, and she could not have her enter¡©tainments and her
ball-dresses. And the artist certainly does not argue that he needs the
capitalists and the troops to defend them, so that they may buy his
pictures. But instinct, replacing reason in this instance, guides them
unerringly. And it is precisely this instinct which leads all men, with
few exceptions, to support all the religious, political, and economic
institutions which are to their advantage. |
±×·¯³ª,
°íÀ§ °è±Þµé¿¡¼´Â ±×µéÀÌ ´©¸®´Â ÀڽŵéÀÇ
Ư±ÇµéÀ» ÀÌÀ¯·Î Á¶Á÷À» À¯ÁöÇϰųª ÆÄ±«Çϱ⠽¬¿î
Á¶±Ýµµ Ʋ¸®Áö ¾Ê´Â º»´ÉÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ¿ì¸®°¡ ±ú´ÞÀ»
¶§,
¿ì¸®´Â ´õ ÀÌ»ó ±Ã±ÝÇÏ°Ô ¿©±âÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù.
»ç±³°èÀÇ
ºÎÀεéÀº ¸¸ÀÏ ±×µéÀ» º¸È£ÇÒ ÀÚº»°¡µéÀÌ ¾ø°í ±º´ë°¡
¾ø´Ù¸é,
±×³àÀÇ ³²ÆíÀº ¾Æ¹«·± Àç»êµµ ¾øÀ» °ÍÀ̸ç,
±×³àÀÇ À¯Èñµé°ú ¹«µµº¹µéÀ» °¡ÁöÁö ¸øÇÒ °ÍÀÓÀ»
ºÐ¸íÈ÷ »ý°¢ÇØ ³»Áö ¸øÇßÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù.
±×¸®°í ¿¹¼ú°¡µéÀº
±×µéÀ» º¸È£Çϱâ À§Çؼ ÀÚº»°¡µé°ú ±º´ëµéÀÌ ÇÊ¿äÇϸç,
±×·¡¼ ±×µéÀÌ ±×ÀÇ ±×¸²µéÀ» »ì °ÍÀ̶ó°í ºÐ¸íÈ÷
ÁÖÀåÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù.
±×·¯³ª º»´ÉÀº,
ÀÌ·± °æ¿ì¿¡ ÀÖ¾î¼
À̼ºÀ» ´ëüÇϸé¼,
Á¶±Ýµµ Ʋ¸®Áö ¾Ê°Ô ±×µéÀ»
ÀεµÇÑ´Ù.
±×¸®°í ±×°ÍÀº,
¸ðµç »ç¶÷µéÀ»,
°ÅÀÇ ¿¹¿Ü
¾øÀÌ,
±×µéÀÇ ÀÌÀÍ¿¡ ºÎÇÕÇÏ´Â ¸ðµç Á¾±³Àû,
Á¤Ä¡Àû,
±×¸®°í °æÁ¦ÀûÀÎ ±â°üµéÀ» Áö¿øÇϵµ·Ï ÀεµÇÏ´Â,
¹Ù·Î
ÀÌ·± º»´ÉÀÌ´Ù. |
|
But is it possible that the higher classes support the existing order
of things simply because it is to their advantage? Cannot they see that
this order of things is essentially irrational, that it is no longer
consistent with the stage of moral development attained by people, and
with public opinion, and that it is fraught with perils? The governing
classes, or at least the good, honest, and intelli¡©gent people of them,
cannot but suffer from these funda¡©mental inconsistencies, and see the
dangers with which they are threatened. And is it possible that all the
millions of the lower classes can feel easy in conscience when they commit
such obviously evil deeds as torture and murder from fear of punishment?
Indeed, it could not be so, neither the former nor the latter could fail
to see the irrationality of their conduct, if the complexity of government
organization did not obscure the unnatural senselessness of their actions. |
±×·¯³ª °íÀ§ °è±ÞµéÀÌ ´Ü¼øÈ÷ ±×°ÍÀÌ ±×µéÀÇ ÀÌÀÍ¿¡
ºÎÇÕÇϱ⠶§¹®¿¡ ¼¼»óÀÇ ±âÁ¸ Áú¼À» Áö¿øÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ
°¡´ÉÇѰ¡?
ÀÌ·± ¼¼»ó Áú¼´Â º»ÁúÀûÀ¸·Î ºñÀ̼ºÀûÀ̸ç,
»ç¶÷µé¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼ ´Þ¼ºµÇ´Â µµ´öÀûÀÎ ¹ßÀüÀÇ ´Ü°è¿Í,
¿©·Ð°ú ´õ ÀÌ»ó ÀÏÄ¡µÇÁö ¾ÊÀ¸¸ç,
±×¸®°í ±×°ÍÀº
À§Çèµé·Î °¡µæÂ÷ ÀÖ´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ±×µéÀº ±ú´ÞÀ» ¼ö ¾øÀ»±î?
Áö¹è °è±Þµé,
¾Æ´Ï Àû¾îµµ ±×µé Áß¿¡¼ ¼±Çϰí,
Á¤Á÷Çϸç,
ÃѸíÇÑ »ç¶÷µéÀº,
ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ±Ùº»ÀûÀÎ
¸ð¼øµéº¸ºÎÅÍ °íÅë¹ÞÁö ¾ÊÀ» ¼ö°¡ ¾øÀ¸¸ç,
±×µéÀÌ
À§Çù¹Þ°í ÀÖ´Â À§ÇèµéÀ» º¸Áö ¾ÊÀ» ¼ö°¡ ¾ø´Ù.
±×¸®°í
¸ðµç ¼ö¹é¸¸ÀÇ ³·Àº °è±ÞÀÇ »ç¶÷µéÀº ó¹úÀÌ µÎ·Á¿ö¼
°í¹®°ú »ìÀÎ °°ÀÌ ¸í¹éÈ÷ ¾ÇÇÑ ÇàÀ§µéÀ» ÀúÁö¸¦ ¶§¿¡
Æí¾ÈÇÔÀ» ´À³¥ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù´Â °ÍÀÌ °¡´ÉÇѰ¡?
Á¤¸»·Î,
±×·²
¼ö°¡ ¾ø´Ù,
¸¸ÀÏ Á¤ºÎ Á¶Á÷ÀÇ º¹ÀâÇÔÀÌ ±×µéÀÇ ÇൿµéÀÇ
ºÎÀÚ¿¬½º·± ¹«ÀǹÌÇÔÀ» È帮Áö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù¸é,
ÀüÀÚ³ª
ÈÄÀÚ³ª ±×µé ÇàÀ§ÀÇ ºñÀ̼ºÀûÀÓÀ» ±ú´ÝÁö ¾ÊÀ» ¼ö°¡
¾ø´Ù. |
|
So many instigate, assist, or sanction the commission of every one of
these actions that no one who has a hand in them feels himself morally
responsible for it. |
ÀÌ·± ÇàÀ§µé Çϳª ÇϳªÀÇ ½ÇÇàÀ» ³Ê¹«³ª ¸¹Àº
»ç¶÷µéÀÌ ºÎÃß±â°í,
¹æÁ¶Çϰųª ¿ëÀÎÇÏ¿©¼,
±×°Íµé¿¡
¼ÕÀ» µé¿© ³õÀº ¾î´À ´©±¸µµ ½º½º·Î°¡ µµ´öÀûÀ¸·Î
Ã¥ÀÓÀ» ´À³¢Áö ¾Ê´Â´Ù. |
|
It is the custom among assassins to oblige all the wit¡©nesses of a
murder to strike the murdered victim, that the responsibility may be
divided among as large a number of people as possible. The same principle
in different forms is applied under the government organization in the per¡©petration
of the crimes, without which no government organization could exist.
Rulers always try to implicate as many citizens as possible in all the
crimes committed in their support. |
»ìÀο¡ ´ëÇÑ ¸ðµç ¸ñ°ÝÀÚµéÀÌ »ìÇØµÈ Èñ»ýÀÚ¸¦
µÎµé°Ü ÆÐ¼,
±× Ã¥ÀÓÀÌ °¡´ÉÇÑ ¸¹Àº ¼öÀÇ »ç¶÷µé
»çÀÌ¿¡ ³ª´©¾î Áöµµ·Ï ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ »ìÀÎÀÚµé »çÀÌÀÇ
°ü½ÀÀÌ´Ù.
»óÀÌÇÑ Çüŵ鿡 ´ã±ä ¶È °°Àº ½ÅÁ¶µéÀÌ
¹üÁ˵éÀÇ ½ÇÇà¿¡ ÀÖ¾î¼ Á¤ºÎ Á¶Á÷ ¾Æ·¡¼ Àû¿ëµÇ¸ç,
±×°ÍÀÌ ¾ø´Ù¸é Á¤ºÎ Á¶Á÷Àº Á¸ÀçÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø´Ù.
ÅëÄ¡ÀÚµéÀº
¾ðÁ¦³ª ±×µéÀ» ÁöÁöÇϱâ À§Çؼ ÀúÁú·¯Áö´Â ¸ðµç
¹üÁ˵鿡 °¡´ÉÇÑ ¸¹Àº ½Ã¹ÎµéÀ» ¿¬·ç½ÃŰ·Á°í ³ë·ÂÇÑ´Ù. |
|
Of late this tendency has been expressed in a very obvious manner by
the obligation of all citizens to take part in legal processes as jurors,
in the army as soldiers, in the local government, or legislative assembly,
as electors or members. |
ÃÖ±Ù¿¡ ÀÌ·± °æÇâÀº ¹ýÀûÀÎ ÀýÂ÷¿¡ ¹è½É¿øÀ¸·Î,
±º´ë¿¡ º´»ç·Î,
Áö¹æ Á¤ºÎ³ª ÀÔ¹ý ±â±¸¿¡¼ À¯±ÇÀÚ³ª
ȸ¿øµé·Î¼ Âü¿©ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ» ¸Å¿ì ¸í¹éÇÏ°Ô ¸ðµç
½Ã¹ÎµéÀÇ Àǹ«·Î¼ Ç¥ÇöµÇ¾ú´Ù. |
|
Just as in a wicker basket all the ends are so hidden away that it is
hard to find them, in the state organization the responsibility for the
crimes committed is so hidden away that men will commit the most atrocious
acts without seeing their responsibility for them. |
¹öµé°¡Áö ¹Ù±¸´Ï¿¡¼ ¸ðµç ³¡µéÀÌ ²À²À ¼û°ÜÁ®¼
ã±â°¡ ¾î·Á¿î °Íó·³,
±¹°¡ Á¶Á÷¿¡¼ ÀúÁú·¯Áø
¹üÁ˵鿡 ´ëÇÑ Ã¥ÀÓÀÌ ³Ê¹« ±íÀÌ ¼û°ÜÁ® ÀÖ¾î¼
»ç¶÷µéÀº °¡Àå ÀÜÀÎÇÑ ÇàÀ§µéÀ» ±×°Íµé¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ±×µéÀÇ
Ã¥ÀÓÀ» ±ú´ÝÁö ¾Ê°í¼ ÀúÁö¸¦ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. |
|
In ancient times tyrants got credit for the crimes they committed, but
in our day the most atrocious infamies, in¡©conceivable under the Neros,
are perpetrated and no one gets blamed for them. |
¸Õ ¿¾³¯¿¡ Æø±ºµéÀº ±×µéÀÌ ÀúÁö¸¥ ¹üÁ˵鿡 ´ëÇØ¼
½ÃÀÎÀ» Çß´Ù,
±×·¯³ª ¿ì¸® ½Ã´ë¿¡´Â,
³×·Î°¡ ´Ù½º¸±
¶§¿¡µµ »ý°¢Áö ¸øÇÒ,
°¡Àå ÀÜÀÎÇÑ ¾ÇÇàµéµµ ÀúÁú·¯ Áö¸ç
¾Æ¹«µµ ±×°Íµé¿¡ ´ëÇØ ýÀÓÀ» ÁöÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù. |
|
One set of people have suggested, another set have pro¡©posed, a third
have reported, a fourth have decided, a fifth have confirmed, a sixth have
given the order, and a seventh set of men have carried it out. They hang,
they flog to death women, old men, and innocent people, as was done
recently among us in Russia at the Yuzovsky factory, and is always being
done everywhere in Europe and America in the struggle with the anarchists
and all other rebels against the existing order; they shoot and hang men
by hundreds and thousands, or massacre millions in war, or break men's
hearts in solitary confinement, and ruin their souls in the corruption of
a soldier's life, and no one is responsible. |
ÇÑ ¹«¸®ÀÇ »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ²¨³»°í,
´Ù¸¥ ¹«¸®´Â Á¦¾ÈÇϰí,
¼¼¹øÂ°´Â º¸°íÇϰí,
³×¹øÂ°´Â °áÁ¤Çϰí,
´Ù¼¸¹øÂ°´Â
ºñÁØÇϰí,
¿©¼¸¹øÂ°´Â ¸í·ÉÀ» ³»¸®°í,
±×¸®°í
Àϰö¹øÂ°ÀÇ ¹«¸®ÀÇ »ç¶÷µéÀº ±×°ÍÀ» ½ÇÇàÇß´Ù.
ÃÖ±Ù¿¡
·¯½Ã¾ÆÀÇ À¯Á¶ÇÁ½ºÅ° °øÀå¿¡¼ ¿ì¸®µé »çÀÌ¿¡¼
ÇàÇØÁ³µíÀÌ ±×¸®°í À¯·´À̳ª ¾Æ¸Þ¸®Ä« ´ë·ú ¾îµð¿¡¼³ª
±âÁ¸ Áú¼¿¡ ¹Ý´ëÇÏ´Â ¹«Á¤ºÎÁÖÀÇÀÚµé°ú ´Ù¸¥ ¸ðµç
¹Ý¶õÀÚµé°úÀÇ ÅõÀï¿¡¼ ¾ðÁ¦³ª ÇàÇØÁö°í ÀÖµíÀÌ,
±×µéÀº ¿©ÀÚµé,
³ªÀÌ ¸¹Àº »ç¶÷µéÀ» ¸Å´Þ°í ¸ÅÁúÇÏ¿©
Á׿´´Ù;
±×µéÀº ¼ö¹é,
¼öõÀÇ »ç¶÷µéÀ» ÃÑÁúÇϰųª
¸ñ¸Å´Þ°Å³ª,
ÀüÀï¿¡¼ ¼ö¹é¸¸ ¸íÀ» ÇлìÇϰųª,
µ¶¹æ¿¡
°¨±ÝÇÏ¿© »ç¶÷µéÀÇ °¡½¿µéÀ» ¹¶°³¾î ¹ö¸®°í º´»çµéÀÇ
»îÀ» ºÎÆÐÇÏ°Ô ÇÏ¿© ±×µéÀÇ ¿µÈ¥À» ¸ê¸Á½ÃŲ´Ù,
±×¸®°í
¾Æ¹«µµ Ã¥ÀÓÁöÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù. |
|
At the bottom of the social scale soldiers, armed with guns, pistols,
and sabers, injure and murder people, and compel men through these means
to enter the army, and are absolutely convinced that the responsibility
for the actions rests solely on the officers who command them. |
»çȸÀû °è±ÞÀÇ ¹Ø¹Ù´Ú¿¡¼,
º´»çµéÀº,
¼ÒÃѵé,
ÇǽºÅç,
±×¸®°í Ä®µé·Î ¹«ÀåÇÏ¿©¼,
»ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô »óó¸¦ ÁÖ°í
»ìÀÎÇϸç,
ÀÌ·± ¼ö´Üµé·Î¼ »ç¶÷µéÀ» °¾ÐÀûÀ¸·Î
±º´ë¿¡ µé¾î°¡µµ·Ï ¸¸µç´Ù,
±×¸®°í ±×·¯ÇÑ ÇàÀ§µé¿¡
´ëÇÑ Ã¥ÀÓÀº ¿ÀÁ÷ ±×°ÍÀ»À» ¸í·ÉÇÑ Àå±³µé¿¡°Ô¸¸
µ¹¾Æ°£´Ù°í Àý´ëÀûÀ¸·Î ¹Ï´Â´Ù. |
|
At the top of the scale-the Tzars, presidents, ministers, and
parliaments decree these tortures and murders and military conscription,
and are fully convinced that since they are either placed in authority by
the grace of God or by the society they govern, which demands such decrees
from them, they cannot be held responsible. Between these two extremes are
the intermediary personages who superintend the murders and other acts of
violence, and are fully con¡©vinced that the responsibility is taken off
their shoulders partly by their superiors who have given the order, partly
by the fact that such orders are expected from them by all who are at the
bottom of the scale. |
°è±ÞÀÇ »óÃþºÎ¿¡¼-ȲÁ¦µé,
´ëÅë·Éµé,
°¢·áµé,
±×¸®°í
ÀÇȸµéÀº ÀÌ·± °í¹®µé°ú »ìÀÎµé ±×¸®°í ±º»ç ¡ÁýÀ»
¸í·ÉÇÑ´Ù,
±×¸®°í ±×µéÀº Çϳª´ÔÀÇ ÀºÃÑÀ̳ª ±×µéÀÌ
Áö¹èÇÏ´Â »çȸ¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼ ±Ç·Â¿¡ ¿Ã¶ú°í,
±×µéÀÌ
±×µé¿¡°Ô ±×·¯ÇÑ ¸í·ÉÀ» ¿ä±¸Çϱ⠶§¹®¿¡,
Ã¥ÀÓÀ» Áú ¼ö
¾ø´Ù°í ÀüÀûÀ¸·Î ¹Ï´Â´Ù.
ÀÌ µÎ°¡Áö ±Ø´ÜÀÇ »çÀÌ¿¡
Áß°£¿¡ ÀÖ´Â »ç¶÷µé·Î¼ »ìÀεé°ú ´Ù¸¥ Æø·Â ÇàÀ§µéÀ»
Áö½ÃÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù,
±×¸®°í ±×µéÀº,
ÀϺκÐÀº
¸í·ÉÀ» ³»¸° »ó±ÞÀڵ鿡 ÀÇÇØ¼,
´Ù¸¥ ÀϺκÐÀº ±×·±
¸í·ÉµéÀÌ °è±ÞÀÇ ¹Ù´Ú¿¡ ÀÖ´Â ¸ðµç »ç¶÷µé¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼
Àڽŵé·ÎºÎÅÍ ¿¹»óµÈ´Ù´Â »ç½Ç¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼,
±× Ã¥ÀÓÀÌ
ÀڽŵéÀÇ ¾î±ú¿¡¼ ¹þ¾î³´Ù°í ÀüÀûÀ¸·Î ¹Ï°í ÀÖ´Ù. |
|
The authority who gives the orders and the authority who executes them
at the two extreme ends of the state organization, meet together like the
two ends of a ring; they support and rest on one another and enclose all
that lies within the ring. |
¸í·ÉµéÀ» ³»¸®´Â ±Ç·Â°ú ±×°ÍµéÀ» ÁýÇàÇÏ´Â ±Ç·ÂÀº
±¹°¡ Á¶Á÷ÀÇ ¾çÂÊ ±Ø´Üµé¿¡¼,
°í¸®ÀÇ µÎ ³¡Ã³·³ ÇÔ²²
¸¸³´Ù;
±×µéÀº ¼·Î ¼·Î¸¦ ÁöÁöÇϸç ÀÇÁ¸ÇÑ´Ù ±×¸®°í
±× °í¸® ¾È¿¡ ³õÀÎ ¸ðµç °ÍÀ» ¿¡¿ö½Ñ´Ù. |
|
Without the conviction that there is a person or persons who will take
the whole responsibility of his acts, not one soldier would ever lift a
hand to commit a murder or other deed of violence. |
ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ÇàÀ§µé¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÀüÀûÀΠåÀÓÀ» Áö´Â »ç¶÷À̳ª
»ç¶÷µéÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù´Â È®½ÅÀÌ ¾ø´Ù¸é,
´Ü ÇÑ ¸íÀÇ º´»çµµ
»ìÀÎÀ̳ª ´Ù¸¥ Æø·Â ÇàÀ§¸¦ ÀúÁö¸£·Á°í ¼ÕÀ» µéÀÌ ¾ÊÀ»
°ÍÀÌ´Ù. |
|
Without the conviction that it is expected by the whole people not a
single king, emperor, president, or parliament would order murders or acts
of violence. |
Àüü »ç¶÷µé¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼ ±×°ÍÀÌ ¿¹»óµÈ´Ù´Â È®½ÅÀÌ
¾ø´Ù¸é,
´Ü ÇÑ ¸íÀÇ ¿Õ,
ȲÁ¦,
´ëÅë·É ¶Ç´Â ÀÇȸµµ
»ìÀεéÀ̳ª Æø·ÂÇàÀ§µéÀ» ¸í·ÉÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù. |
|
Without the conviction that there are persons of a higher grade who
will take the responsibility, and people of a lower grade who require such
acts for their welfare, not one of the intermediate class would
superintend such deeds. |
Ã¥ÀÓÀ» Áö°íÀÚ ÇÏ´Â »óÀ§ °è±ÞÀÇ »ç¶÷µéÀÌ,
±×¸®°í
±×·± ÇàÀ§µéÀ» ÀڽŵéÀÇ ÇູÀ¸·Î¼ ¿ä±¸ÇÏ´Â ÇÏÀ§
°è±ÞÀÇ »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù´Â È®½ÅÀÌ ¾øÀ¸¸é,
´Ü ÇÑ ¸íÀÇ
Áß°£ °è±ÞÀÌ¶óµµ ±×·¯ÇÑ ÇàÀ§µéÀ» Áö½ÃÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀ»
°ÍÀÌ´Ù. |
|
The state is so organized that wherever a man is placed in the social
scale, his irresponsibility is the same. The higher his grade the more he
is under the influence of demands from below, and the less he is
controlled by orders from above, and vice versa. |
±¹°¡´Â ±×·¸°Ô Á¶Á÷µÇ¾úÀ¸¹Ç·Î,
¾î¶² »ç¶÷ÀÌ »çȸÀû
°èÃþ¿¡ ³õ¿© ÀÖ´Ù¸é,
±×ÀÇ Ã¥ÀÓÀº ¶È°°´Ù.
±×ÀÇ °è±ÞÀÌ
³ôÀ¸¸é ³ôÀ»¼ö·Ï ¾Æ·¡·ÎºÎÅÍÀÇ ¿ä±¸µéÀÇ ¿µÇâ¾Æ·¡
³õÀ̸ç,
³·À¸¸é ³·À»¼ö·Ï À§·ÎºÎÅÍÀÇ ¸í·Éµé¿¡
Á¦¾îµÈ´Ù,
±×¸®°í ±× ¹Ý´ëµµ ¸¶Âù°¡ÁöÀÌ´Ù. |
|
All men, then, bound together by state organization, throw the
responsibility of their acts on one another, the peasant soldier on the
nobleman or merchant who is his officer, and the officer on the nobleman
who has been appointed governor, the governor on the nobleman or son of an
official who is minister, the minister on the member of the royal family
who occupies the post of Tzar, and the Tzar again on all these officials,
noblemen, merchants, and peasants. But that is not all. Besides the fact
that men get rid of the sense of responsibility for their actions in this
way, they lose their moral sense of responsi¡©bility also, by the fact
that in forming themselves into a state organization they persuade
themselves and each other so continually, and so indefatigably, that they
are not all equal, but "as the stars apart," that they come to believe
it genuinely themselves. Thus some are per¡©suaded that they are not
simple people like everyone else, but special people who are to be
specially honored. It is instilled into another set of men by every
possible means that they are inferior to others, and therefore must submit
without a murmur to every order given them by their superiors. |
±×·¸°Ô ÇØ¼,
¸ðµç »ç¶÷µéÀº ±¹°¡ Á¶Á÷¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼ ÇÔ²²
¹¿©¼,
ÀڽŵéÀÇ ÇàÀ§µé¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Ã¥ÀÓÀ» ¼·Î¿¡°Ô
Àü°¡ÇÑ´Ù,
³óºÎÃâ½ÅÀÇ º´»ç´Â ±×ÀÇ Àå±³ÀÎ ±ÍÁ·À̳ª
»óÀο¡°Ô,
±×¸®°í Àå±³´Â Ãѵ¶ÀÌ µÈ ±ÍÁ·¿¡°Ô,
Ãѵ¶Àº
±ÍÁ·À̳ª °¢·áÀÎ °ü¸®ÀÇ ¾Æµé¿¡°Ô,
°¢·á´Â ȲÁ¦ÀÇ
Á÷À§¸¦ Â÷ÁöÇÏ´Â ¿Õ°¡ÀÇ ÀÏ¿ø¿¡°Ô,
±×¸®°í ȲÁ¦´Â ´Ù½Ã
ÀÌ ¸ðµç °ü¸®µé,
±ÍÁ·µé,
»óÀεé,
±×¸®°í ³óºÎµé¿¡°Ô
Àü°¡ÇÑ´Ù.
±×·¯³ª ±×°ÍÀÌ ¸ðµÎ°¡ ¾Æ´Ï´Ù.
»ç¶÷µéÀÌ ÀÌ·±
½ÄÀ¸·Î ±×µéÀÇ ÇàÀ§µé¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Ã¥ÀÓ ÀǽÄÀ» Á¦°ÅÇÏ´Â
»ç½Ç ¿Ü¿¡µµ,
±×µéÀº ¶ÇÇÑ ½º½º·Î¸¦ ±¹°¡ Á¶Á÷À¸·Î
Çü¼ºÇÔ¿¡ ÀÖ¾î¼ ½º½º·Î³ª ¼·Î¿¡°Ô ³Ê¹«³ª Áö¼ÓÀûÀ¸·Î
±×¸®°í ÁöÄ¥ÁÙ ¸ð¸£°í ¼³µæÇÔÀ¸·Î½á,
±×µéÀÌ ¸ðµÎ °°Àº
°ÍÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, ¡°¸¶Ä¡ º°µéÀÌ ºÐ¸® µÇµíÀÌ,¡±
±×µéÀº
±×°ÍÀÌ ÁøÁ¤À¸·Î ÀڽŵéÀ̶ó°í ¹Ï°Ô µÇ¾ú´Ù.
ÀÌ·¸°Ô
ÇØ¼ ¾î¶² »ç¶÷µéÀº ±×µéÀÌ ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷µéó·³ ´Ü¼øÇÑ
»ç¶÷µéÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó,
Ưº°È÷ Á¸°æ¹Þ¾Æ¾ß Çϴ Ưº°ÇÑ
»ç¶÷À¸·Î ¾Ë°í ÀÖ´Ù.
±×°ÍÀº ¸ðµç °¡´ÉÇÑ ¹æ¹ýµé·Î¼
´Ù¸¥ ¹«¸®ÀÇ »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô ÁÖÀԵǾî¼,
±×µéÀÌ ´Ù¸¥
»ç¶÷µéº¸´Ù ¿µîÇϸç,
±×·¯¹Ç·Î ¹Ýµå½Ã ±×µéº¸´Ù
¿ì¿ùÇÑ ÀÚµéÀÌ ³»¸®´Â ¸ðµç ¸í·ÉÀ» ºÒÆò¾øÀÌ
º¹Á¾ÇØ¾ß´Ù°í ¹Ï°í ÀÖ´Ù. |
|
On this inequality, above all, on the elevation of some and the
degradation of others, rests the capacity men have of being blind to the
insanity of the existing order of life, and all the cruelty and
criminality of the deception prac¡©ticed by one set of men on another. |
ÀÌ·± ºÒÆòµî¿¡,
¹«¾ùº¸´Ùµµ,
¾î¶² »ç¶÷µéÀ» ³ôÀ̰í
´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷µéÀ» ³·Ãã¿¡,
±âÁ¸ »îÀÇ Áú¼ÀÇ Á¤½Å ÀÌ»ó
»óÅ¿Í,
ÇÑ ¹«¸®ÀÇ »ç¶÷ÀÌ ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô ÇàÇÏ´Â
±â¸¸ÀÇ ¸ðµç ÀÜÀÎÇÔ°ú ¹üÁ˼º¿¡ ´«ÀÌ ¸Õ °Í¿¡ ´ëÇØ
»ç¶÷µéÀÌ °¡Áö´Â ´É·ÂÀÌ ´Þ·Á ÀÖ´Ù. |
|
Those in whom the idea has been instilled that they are invested with a
special supernatural grandeur and conse¡©quence, are so intoxicated with a
sense of their own imag¡©inary dignity that they cease to feel their
responsibility for what they do. |
ÀڽŵéÀÌ Æ¯º°ÇÑ ÃÊÀÚ¿¬ÀûÀÎ À§´ëÇÔ°ú Á߿伺À»
ºÎ¿©¹Þ¾Ò´Ù´Â »ç¾ÓÀ» ÁÖÀÔ¹ÞÀº »ç¶÷µéÀº,
±×µé ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ
»ó»óÀÇ À§¾öÀÇ »ý°¢À¸·Î ³Ê¹«³ª ÃëÇØ ÀÖ¾î¼ ±×µéÀÌ
ÇàÇÏ´Â °Í¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Ã¥ÀÓÀ» ´À³¦À» ±×¸¸ µÐ´Ù. |
|
While those, on the other hand, in whom the idea is fostered that they
are inferior animals, bound to obey their superiors in everything, fall,
through this perpetual humil¡©iation, into a strange condition of
stupefied servility, and in this stupefied state do not see the
significance of their actions and lose all consciousness of responsibility
for what they do. |
ÇÑÆí,
±×µéÀº,
´Ù¸¥ ¸é¿¡¼,
ÀڽŵéÀÌ ¿µîÇÑ
µ¿¹°µéÀ̸ç,
±×µéº¸´Ù ¿ì¿ùÇÑ ¸ðµç °Í¿¡ º¹Á¾Çؾ߸¸
ÇÑ´Ù´Â »ç»óÀ¸·Î ÀÚ¶õ »ç¶÷µéÀº,
ÀÌ·± ¿µ¼ÓÀûÀÎ ±¼¿åÀ»
ÅëÇØ¼,
¸¶ºñµÈ ³ë¿¹±Ù¼º °°Àº ÀÌ»óÇÑ »óÅ·ΠºüÁø´Ù,
±×¸®°í ÀÌ·± ¸¶ºñµÈ »óÅ´ ±×µéÀÇ ÇàÀ§µé¿¡ ´ëÇÑ
Àǹ̸¦ ±ú´ÝÁö ¸øÇÏ°í ±×µéÀÌ ÇàÇÏ´Â °Í¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¸ðµç
Ã¥ÀÓ°¨À» ÀÚ°¢ÇÔÀ» ÀÒ¾î ¹ö¸°´Ù. |
|
The intermediate class, who obey the orders of their superiors on the
one hand and regard themselves as superior beings on the other, are
intoxicated by power and stupefied by servility at the same time and so
lose the sense of their responsibility. |
Áß°£ °è±ÞÀº,
ÇÑÆíÀ¸·Î´Â ±×µéÀÇ »ó±ÞÀÚµéÀÇ
¸í·Éµé¿¡ º¹Á¾Çϸé¼,
´Ù¸¥ ÇÑÆíÀ¸·Î´Â ÀڽŵéÀ»
¿ì¿ùÇÑ Á¸Àç·Î ¿©±â´Âµ¥,
µ¿½Ã¿¡ ±Ç·Â¿¡ ÃëÇϰí,
³ë¿¹±Ù¼ºÀ¸·Î ¸¶ºñµÇ¾î¼ ±×µéÀÇ Ã¥ÀÓ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ °¨°¢À»
ÀÒ¾î ¹ö¸°´Ù. |
|
One need only glance during a review at the commander-in-chief,
intoxicated with self-importance, followed by his retinue, all on
magnificent and gaily appareled horses, in splendid uniforms and wearing
decorations, and see how they ride to the harmonious and solemn strains of
music before the ranks of soldiers, all presenting arms and petri¡©fied
with servility. One need only glance at this spectacle to understand that
at such moments, when they are in a state of the most complete
intoxication, commander-in-chief, soldiers, and intermediate officers
alike, would be capable of committing crimes of which they would never
dream under other conditions. |
¿ÀÁ÷ ¿º´½Ä¿¡¼ ÃÖ°í »ç·É°üÀ» ÃÄ´Ù º¼ Çʿ䰡 ÀÖ´Ù.
±×´Â ÀÚ¸¸½É¿¡ µµÃëµÇ¾î,
±×ÀÇ ¼öÇà¿øÀ» ´ëµ¿ÇÏ¿´´Âµ¥,
±×µéÀº ¸ðµÎ ¿õÀåÇϰí È·ÁÇÏ°Ô Àå½ÄÇÑ ¸»µéÀ» Ÿ°í
´«ÀÌ ºÎ½Å Á¦º¹µé°ú ÈÆÀåµéÀ» ´Þ°í ÀÖÀ¸¸ç,
¸ðµç º´»ç°¡
¹«±âµéÀ» µé°í¼ ³ë¿¹Ã³·³ ±»¾î ÀÖ´Â ´ë¿ ¾Õ¿¡¼,
¾Æ¸§´Ù¿î ¼±À²°ú ¾ö¼÷ÇÑ À½¾Ç¿¡ ¸ÂÃß¾î ¸»À» Ÿ°í °¡´Â
±×ÀÇ ¸ð½ÀÀ» º¸¶ó.
¿ì¸®´Â ¿ÀÁ÷ ÀÌ·± ±¤°æÀ» º½À¸·Î½á,
±×·¯ÇÑ ¼ø°£µé¿¡,
±×µéÀÌ °¡Àå ¿ÏÀüÈ÷ µµÃëµÈ »óÅ¿¡
ÀÖÀ» ¶§,
ÃÖ°í »ç·É°ü,
º´»çµé,
±×¸®°í Áß°£ °è±ÞÀÇ
Àå±³µé ¸ðµÎ°¡,
´Ù¸¥ »óȲ¿¡¼´Â °áÄÚ ²Þ²ÙÁö ¸øÇÒ
¹üÁ˵éÀ» ÀúÁö¸¦ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ÀÌÇØÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. |
|
The intoxication produced by such stimulants as parades, reviews,
religious solemnities, and coronations, is, however, an acute and
temporary condition; but there are other forms of chronic, permanent
intoxication, to which those are liable who have any kind of authority,
from that of the Tzar to that of the lowest police officer at the street
corner, and also those who are in subjection to authority and in a state
of stupefied servility. The latter, like all slaves, always find a
justification for their own servility, in ascrib¡©ing the greatest
possible dignity and importance to those they serve. |
¿º´½Äµé,
»ç¿½Äµé,
Á¾±³Àû ÀǷʵé,
±×¸®°í ´ë°ü½Ä
°°Àº ÀÚ±ØÁ¦µé·Î ¿¬ÃâµÇ´Â µµÃë´Â,
±×·¯³ª,
°Ý·ÄÇϸç
ÀϽÃÀûÀÎ »óÅÂÀÌÁö¸¸,
¸¸¼ºÀûÀ̸ç,
¿µ±¸ÀûÀÎ µµÃë °°Àº
´Ù¸¥ ÇüŵéÀÌ ÀÖ¾î¼,
ȲÁ¦ÀÇ ±Ç·Â¿¡¼ºÎÅÍ °Å¸®
±¸¼®ÀÇ °¡Àå ³·Àº °æÂû°üÀÇ ±Ç·Â±îÁö,
¾î¶² Á¾·ùÀÇ
±Ç·ÂÀÌ¶óµµ °¡Áö°í ÀÖ´Â »ç¶÷µé°ú,
±Ç·Â¿¡ Á¾¼ÓµÇ¾î
ÀÖ°í ¸¶ºñµÈ ³ë¿¹ »óÅ¿¡ ÀÖ´Â »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ½±°Ô ºüÁ®µé ¼ö
ÀÖ´Â µµÃë°¡ ÀÖ´Ù.
ÈÄÀÚ´Â,
´Ù¸¥ ¸ðµç ³ë¿¹µéó·³,
±×µéÀÌ ¼¶±â´Â »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô °¡´ÉÇÑ ÃÖ´ëÇÑÀÇ À§¾ö°ú
Á߿伺À» ºÎ¿©Çϸé¼,
¾ðÁ¦³ª ±×µé ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ³ë¿¹ »óÅ¿¡
´ëÇÏ¿© ±¸½ÇÀ» ã´Â´Ù. |
|
It is principally through this false idea of inequality, and the
intoxication of power and of servility resulting from it, that men
associated in a state organization are enabled to commit acts opposed to
their conscience without the least scruple or remorse. |
ÁÖ·Î ÀÌ·± ºÒÆòµî¿¡ ´ëÇÑ °ÅÁþµÈ »ç»ó°ú,
±×°ÍÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ÃÊ·¡µÇ´Â ±Ç·Â°ú º¹Á¾¿¡ ´ëÇÑ µµÃ븦
ÅëÇÏ¿©,
±¹°¡ Á¶Á÷°ú °ü·ÃµÇ¾î ÀÖ´Â »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ±×µéÀÇ
¾ç½É°ú ´ëÄ¡µÇ´Â ÇàÀ§µéÀ» ÃÖ¼ÒÇÑÀÇ °¡Ã¥°ú ÈĿܵµ
¾øÀÌ ÀúÁö¸¦ ¼ö ÀְԵȴÙ. |
|
Under the influence of this intoxication, men imagine themselves no
longer simply men as they are, but some special beings-noblemen,
merchants, governors, judges, officers, tzars, ministers, or soldiers-no
longer bound by ordinary human duties, but by other duties far more
weighty-the peculiar duties of a nobleman, merchant, governor, judge,
officer, tzar, minister, or soldier. |
ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ µµÃëÀÇ ¿µÇ⠾Ʒ¡¼,
»ç¶÷µéÀº ´õ ÀÌ»ó
ÀڽŵéÀ» ´Ü¼øÈ÷ ÀÖ´Â ±×´ë·ÎÀÇ »ç¶÷À¸·Î¼°¡ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó,
¾à°£ Ưº°ÇÑ Á¸Àçµé-±ÍÁ·µé,
»óÀεé,
Ãѵ¶µé,
¹ý°üµé,
ȲÁ¦µé,
Àå°üµé,
¶Ç´Â º´»çµé-·Î¼,
Æò¹üÇÑ Àΰ£ÀÇ
Àǹ«µé¿¡ ´õ ÀÌ»ó ±¸¼ÓµÇÁö ¾ÊÀ¸¸ç,
ÇÏÁö¸¸ ÈξÀ ´õ
¹«°ÔÀÖ´Â ´Ù¸¥ Àǹ«µé-±ÍÁ·,
»óÀÎ,
Ãѵ¶,
¹ý°ü,
Àå±³,
ȲÁ¦,
Àå°ü,
¶Ç´Â º´»çÀÇ Æ¯ÀÌÇÑ Àǹ«µé¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼
±¸¼ÓµÈ´Ù°í »ó»óÇÑ´Ù. |
|
Thus the landowner, who claimed the forest, acted as he did only
because he fancied himself not a simple man, hav¡©ing the same rights to
life as the peasants living beside him and everyone else, but a great
landowner, a member of the nobility, and under the influence of the
intoxication of power he felt his dignity offended by the peasants¡¯
claims. It was only through this feeling that, without considering the
consequences that might follow, he sent in a claim to be reinstated in his
pretended rights. |
ÀÌ·¸°Ô ÇØ¼,
½£À» ÁÖÀåÇÑ ÁöÁÖ´Â,
±×ÀÇ ¿·¿¡ »ì°í
ÀÖ´Â ³óºÎµé°ú ´Ù¸¥ ¸ðµç »ç¶÷µéó·³ »î¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¶È°°Àº
±Ç¸®µéÀ» °¡Áö°í ÀÖ´Â ´Ü¼øÇÑ »ç¶÷ÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó,
À§´ëÇÑ
ÁöÁÖ,
±ÍÁ·ÀÇ ÀÏ¿øÀ¸·Î »ó»óÇßÀ¸¸ç,
±Ç·Â¿¡ µµÃëµÈ ¿µÇâ
¾Æ·¡¼ ±×´Â ³óºÎµéÀÇ ÁÖÀåÀ¸·Î ÀÎÇØ¼ ±×ÀÇ À§¾öÀÌ
¼Õ»ó¹Þ¾Ò´Ù°í ´À²¼´Ù.
µÚµû¶ó ¿Ã °á°úµéÀ» °í·ÁÇÏÁö
¾ÊÀº ä,
±×°¡ °¡Á¤ÇÑ ±Ç¸®µéÀÌ È¸º¹µÇ¾î¾ß ÇÑ´Ù´Â
ÁÖÀåÀ» Á¦ÃâÇÑ °ÍÀº ¿ÀÁ÷ ¹Ù·Î ÀÌ·± °¨Á¤¿¡¼ ³ª¿Â
°ÍÀÌ´Ù. |
|
In the same way the judges, who wrongfully adjudged the forest to the
proprietor, did so simply because they fancied themselves not simply men
like everyone else, and so bound to be guided in everything only by what
they consider right, but, under the intoxicating influence of power,
imagined themselves the representatives of the justice which cannot err;
while under the intoxicating influence of servility they imagined
themselves bound to carry out to the letter the instructions inscribed in
a certain book, the so-called law. In the same way all who take part in
such an affair, from the highest representative of authority who signs his
assent to the report, from the superintendent presiding at the recruiting
sessions, and the priest who deludes the recruits, to the lowest soldier
who is ready now to fire on his own brothers, imagine, in the intoxication
of power or of servility, that they are some conventional characters. They
do not face the ques¡©tion that is presented to them, whether or not they
ought to take part in what their conscience judges an evil act, but fancy
themselves various conventional personages- one as the Tzar, God's
anointed, an exceptional being, called to watch over the happiness of one
hundred millions of men; another as the representative of nobility;
another as a priest, who has received special grace by his ordination;
another as a soldier, bound by his military oath to carry out all he is
commanded without reflection. |
¶È°°Àº ¹æ¹ýÀ¸·Î ½£ÀÇ ¼ÒÀ¯±ÇÀ» ±×¸©µÇ°Ô ÆÇ°áÇÑ
¹ý°üµéÀº,
ÀڽŵéÀÌ ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷µé °°ÀÌ ´Ü¼øÇϰí,
¿ÀÁ÷
±×µéÀÌ ¿Ç´Ù°í »ý°¢ÇÏ´Â °Í¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼ ¸ðµç °Í¿¡ ±íÀÌ
±¸¼ÓµÇ´Â »ç¶÷µé·Î »ó»óÇÑ °ÍÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó,
±Ç·ÂÀÇ Áßµ¶¼º
¿µÇ⠾Ʒ¡¼,
ÀڽŵéÀ» À߸øÀ̶ó°í´Â ¾ø´Â Á¤ÀÇÀÇ
´ëº¯ÀÚµé·Î »ó»óÇÏ¿´±â ¶§¹®¿¡ ±×·¸°Ô ÇൿÇß´Ù;
ÇÑÆí
³ë¿¹ ±Ù¼ºÀÇ Áßµ¶¼º ¿µÇâ¾Æ·¡¼,
±×µéÀº ¼ÒÀ§
¹ýÀüÀ̶ó°í Çϴ ƯÁ¤ÇÑ Ã¥¿¡ »õ°ÜÁø ¸í·ÉµéÀ» ±ÛÀÚ
±×´ë·Î ¼öÇàÇØ¾ß¸¸ ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ¸·Î ÀڽŵéÀ» »ó»óÇß´Ù.
¶È
°°Àº ¹æ¹ýÀ¸·Î,
±×·± ¹®Á¦¿¡ °³ÀÔÇÑ ¸ðµç »ç¶÷µéÀº,
±×
º¸°í¼¿¡ ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ µ¿ÀǸ¦ ¼¸íÇÑ ±Ç·ÂÀÇ ÃÖ°í
´ëÇ¥ÀڷκÎÅÍ,
½Åº´ ¸ðÁý ±â°£À» ÁÖÀçÇÏ´Â °¨µ¶ÀÚ,
±×¸®°í ½Åº´µéÀ» ±â¸¸ÇÏ´Â ¼ºÁ÷ÀÚµé·ÎºÎÅÍ,
ÀÌÁ¦ ÀÚ±â
ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ÇüÁ¦µé¿¡°Ô ¹ßÆ÷ÇÒ Å¼¼°¡ µÇ¾î ÀÖ´Â ÃÖ ÇϱÞ
º´»çµé±îÁö,
±Ç·Â ¶Ç´Â ³ë¿¹±Ù¼º¿¡ µµÃëµÇ¾î¼,
ÀڽŵéÀÌ ¾î¶² °ü½ÀÀûÀÎ Àι°µé·Î »ó»óÇÑ´Ù.
±×µéÀº,
±×µéÀÇ ¾ç½ÉÀÌ ¾ÇÇÑ ÇàÀ§¶ó°í ÆÇ´ÜÇÏ´Â °Í¿¡
Âü¿©Çؾ߸¸ ÇÏµç ¸»µç,
Àڽŵ鿡°Ô Á¦½ÃµÈ ¹®Á¦¸¦
Á÷¸éÇÏ·Á ÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀ¸¸é¼,
ÀڽŵéÀÌ ´Ù¾çÇÑ °ü½ÀÀûÀÎ
Àι°µé·Î¼-ÇÑ »ç¶÷Àº,
ÀϾïÀ̳ª µÇ´Â »ç¶÷µéÀÇ ÇູÀ»
¼öÈ£Ç϶ó°í ºÎ¸§ ¹ÞÀº Çϳª´ÔÀÌ ±â¸§ºÎÀº ÀÚÀΠȲÁ¦,
Áï,
¿¹¿ÜÀûÀÎ Á¸Àç·Î¼;
´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷Àº,
±ÍÁ·ÀÇ ´ëÇ¥·Î¼;
´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷Àº,
¼ºÁ÷ ¼ö¿©½Ä¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼ Ưº°ÇÑ ÀºÃÑÀ» ¹ÞÀº
»ç¶÷ÀÎ ¼ºÁ÷Àڷμ;
´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷Àº º´»ç·Î¼,
¾Æ¹«
»ý°¢¾øÀÌ ±×°¡ ¸í·É¹Þ´Â ¸ðµç °ÍÀ» ¼öÇàÇ϶ó´Â ±º´ëÀÇ
¸Í¼¼¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼ ±¸¼ÓµÈ´Ù°í »ó»óÇÑ´Ù. |
|
Only under the intoxication of the power or the servility of their
imagined positions could all these people act as they do. |
¿ÀÁ÷ ±Ç·ÂÀ̳ª ±×µéÀÇ °¡»óÀÇ ÁöÀ§µéÀÇ ³ë¿¹¼º¿¡
µµÃëµÊÀÇ ¿µÇ⠾Ʒ¡¿¡,
ÀÌ ¸ðµç »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ±×µéÀÌ
ÇàÇÔ°°ÀÌ ÇൿÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. |
|
Were not they all firmly convinced that their respective vocations of
tzar, minister, governor, judge, nobleman, landowner, superintendent,
officer, and soldier are some¡©thing real and important, not one of them
would even think without horror and aversion of taking part in what they
do now. |
¸¸ÀÏ ±×µéÀÌ ¸ðµÎ°¡ ÀÚ½Åµé °¢ÀÚ°¡,
ȲÁ¦,
Àå°ü,
Ãѵ¶,
¹ý°ü,
±ÍÁ·,
ÁöÁÖ,
°ü¸®ÀÚ,
Àå±³ ±×¸®°í º´»ç·Î¼ÀÇ
Á÷¾÷µéÀÌ »ç½ÇÀûÀ̸ç Áß¿äÇÑ ¾î¶² °ÍÀ̶ó°í ±»°Ô ¹ÏÁö
¾Ê¾Ò´Ù¸é,
±×µé ÁßÀÇ ÇÑ »ç¶÷µµ ½ÉÁö¾î ±×µéÀÌ Áö±Ý
ÇàÇϰí ÀÖ´Â °Í¿¡ Âü¿©ÇÔÀ» °øÆ÷¿Í Çø¿À ¾øÀÌ´Â
»ý°¢ÇÏÁöµµ ¾ÊÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù. |
|
The conventional positions, established hundreds of years, recognized
for centuries and by everyone, distin¡©guished by special names and
dresses, and, moreover, con¡©firmed by every kind of solemnity, have so
penetrated into men's minds through their senses, that, forgetting the
ordinary conditions of life common to all, they look at themselves and
everyone only from this conventional point of view, and are guided in
their estimation of their own actions and those of others by this
conventional standard. |
°ü½ÀÀûÀÎ ÁöÀ§µé,
¸ðµç »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô ¼ö¹é³â µ¿¾È
´ÙÁ®Áö°í,
¼ö¼¼±â µ¿¾È ÀÎÁ¤µÇ¾î¼,
Ưº°ÇÑ ¸íΰú
ÀÇ»óµé·Î ±¸º°µÇ°í,
°Ô´Ù°¡ ¸ðµç Á¾·ùÀÇ ¿¹½Äµé·Î
È®ÀεǾî¼,
³Ê¹«³ª »ç¶÷µéÀÇ Áö°¢µéÀ» ÅëÇØ¼ ±×µéÀÇ
¸¶À½¿¡ ±íÀÌ Ä§ÅõÇÏ¿©¹ö¸° °á°ú,
¸ðµç »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô
°øÅëÀÎ »îÀÇ ÀϹÝÀûÀÎ »óŵéÀ» Àؾî¹ö¸®°í,
±×µéÀº
Àڽŵé°ú ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷µéÀ» ¿ÀÁ÷ ÀÌ·± °ü½ÀÀûÀÎ °üÁ¡À¸·Î
¹Ù¶óº¸¸é¼,
ÀÌ·± °ü½ÀÀûÀÎ ±âÁØÀ¸·Î¼ ±×µé ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ
ÇàÀ§µé°ú ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷µéÀÇ ÇàÀ§µé¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ±×µéÀÇ Æò°¡¿¡
À̸£°Ô µÈ´Ù. |
|
Thus we see a man of perfect sanity and ripe age, simply because he is
decked out with some fringe, or embroidered keys on his coat tails, or a
colored ribbon only fit for some gayly dressed girl, and is told that he
is a general, a chamberlain, a knight of the order of St. Andrew, or some
similar nonsense, suddenly become self-important, proud, and even happy,
or, on the contrary, grow melancholy and unhappy to the point of falling
ill, because he has failed to obtain the expected decoration or title. Or
what is still more striking, a young man, perfectly sane in every other
matter, independent and beyond the fear of want, simply because he has
been appointed judicial prosecutor or dis¡©trict commander, separates a
poor widow from her little children, and shuts her up in prison, leaving
her children uncared for, all because the unhappy woman carried on a
secret trade in spirits, and so deprived the revenue of twenty-five
rubles, and he does not feel the least pang of remorse. Or what is still
more amazing; a man, other¡©wise sensible and good-hearted, simply because
he is given a badge or a uniform to wear, and told that he is a guard or
customs officer, is ready to fire on people, and neither he nor those
around him regard him as to blame for it, but, on the contrary, would
regard him as to blame if he did not fire. To say nothing of judges and
juries who condemn men to death, and soldiers who kill men by thousands
without the slightest scruple merely because it has been instilled into
them that they are not simply men, but jurors, judges, generals, and
soldiers. |
ÀÌ·¸°Ô ÇØ¼ ¿ì¸®´Â ¿ÏÀüÈ÷ ¿ÂÀüÇÑ Á¤½Å°ú ¼º¼÷ÇÑ
³ªÀ̸¦ ¸ÔÀº ³²ÀÚ°¡,
´Ü¼øÈ÷ ±×°¡ ±×ÀÇ ¿ÊÀÚ¶ô¿¡ ¾à°£ÀÇ
¼úÀ̳ª,
¼ö¸¦ ³õÀº ´ÜÃß ¶Ç´Â ¹ß¶öÇÏ°Ô Â÷·ÁÀÔÀº ¾î¶²
¿©ÀÚ¿¡°Ô³ª ¿ÀÁ÷ ÀûÇÕÇÑ »öÀ» ³ÖÀº ¸®º»À¸·Î
Àå½ÄÇÏ¿´°í,
±×¸®°í ±×°¡ À屺,
°í°ü,
¼º ¾Øµå·ù ±â»ç´Ü,
¶Ç´Â À¯»çÇÑ Å͹«´Ï ¾ø´Â °ÍÀ¸·Î ºÒ¸®±â ¶§¹®¿¡,
°©ÀÚ±â
°Å¸¸Çϰí,
±³¸¸Çϸç,
½ÉÁö¾î Çàº¹ÇØÁö°Å³ª ¾Æ´Ï¸é,
¹Ý´ë·Î,
±â´ëÇÑ ÈÆÀåÀ̳ª ÀÛÀ§¸¦ ¾òÁö ¸øÇÏ¿´À¸¹Ç·Î
º´ÀÌ µé Á¤µµ·Î ¿ì¿ïÇϰųª ºÒÄèÇÏ°Ô µÇ´Â °ÍÀ» º»´Ù.
¾Æ´Ï ÈξÀ ´õ ³î¶ó¿î °ÍÀº,
´Ù¸¥ ¸ðµç ¹®Á¦¿¡¼´Â,
µ¶¸³ÀûÀÌ¸ç °áÇÌÀÇ µÎ·Á¿òÀ» ¹þ¾î³ª,
¿ÏÀüÈ÷ Á¤»óÀÎ
û³âÀÌ,
´Ü¼øÈ÷ ÀÚ½ÅÀÌ °ËÂû°üÀ̳ª Áö¹æ ÁöÈÖ°üÀÌ
µÇ¾ú´Ù°í ÇØ¼,
°¡·ÃÇÑ °úºÎ¸¦ ±×³àÀÇ ¾î¸°
ÀÚ³àµé·ÎºÎÅÍ °Ý¸®ÇÏ¿© °¨¿Á¿¡ °¡µÎ°í,
±×³àÀÇ
ÀÚ³àµéÀ» ¹ö·ÁµÎ°Ô ¸¸µç´Ù,
ÀÌ ¸ðµç ÀÌÀ¯´Â,
±× ºÒÇàÇÑ
¿©ÀÚ°¡ ÁÖ·ù¸¦ ¹Ð°Å·¡Çϰí,
ÀÌ½Ê ¿À ·çºÒÀÇ ¼¼±ÝÀ»
Æ÷Å»ÇÏ¿´±â ¶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù.
±×¸®°í ±×´Â ÀüÇô ¾ç½ÉÀÇ °¡Ã¥À»
´À³¢Áö ¾Ê´Â´Ù.
¾Æ´Ï,
´õ¿í ´õ ³î¶ó¿î °ÍÀº;
´Ù¸¥
¸é¿¡¼´Â ºÐº°·ÂÀÌ ÀÖ°í,
Ä£ÀýÇÑ »ç¶÷ÀÌ,
´Ü¼øÈ÷ ±×°¡
¹èÁö³ª Á¦¸ñÀ» À԰Եǰí,
±×°¡ °æºñ´ë ¶Ç´Â
¼¼°ü¿øÀ̶ó°í ÇØ¼,
»ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô ½±°Ô ¹ßÆ÷Çϸç,
±×³ª
±×ÀÇ ÁÖº¯ÀÇ »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ±× ÀÏ¿¡ ´ëÇØ¼ ±×µé ºñ³ÇÏÁö
¾Ê´Â´Ù,
±×·¯³ª,
¹Ý´ë·Î,
±×°¡ ¹ßÆ÷ÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù¸é ±×µé
ºñ³ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù.
±×Àú ÀڽŵéÀÌ Æò¹üÇÑ »ç¶÷µéÀÌ
¾Æ´Ï¶ó,
¹è½É¿øµé,
¹ý°üµé,
À屺µé,
±×¸®°í
º´»çµéÀ̶ó°í ÁÖÀÔ¹Þ¾ÒÀ¸¹Ç·Î,
Àϸ¸ÀÇ ¾ç½ÉÀÇ °¡Ã¥µµ
¾øÀÌ»ç¶÷µéÀ» »çÇü¿¡ óÇÏ´Â ¹ý°ü°ú ¹è½É¿øµé,
±×¸®°í
¼öõ¸íÀÇ »ç¶÷µéÀ» »ìÇØÇÏ´Â º´»çµéÀº ¸»ÇÒ °Íµµ ¾ø´Ù. |
|
This strange and abnormal condition of men under state organization is
usually expressed in the following words: "As a man, I pity him; but as
guard, judge, general, governor, tzar, or soldier, it is my duty to kill
or torture him." Just as though there were some positions conferred and
recognized, which would exonerate us from the obliga¡©tions laid on each
of us by the fact of our common humanity. |
±¸°¡ Á¶Á÷ÇÏ¿¡¼ÀÇ »ç¶÷µéÀÇ ÀÌ·± ÀÌ»óÇϰí
ºñÁ¤»óÀûÀÎ »óÅ´ ÁÖ·Î ´ÙÀ½°ú °°Àº ¸»·Î Ç¥ÇöµÈ´Ù: ¡°»ç¶÷À¸·Î¼,
³ª´Â ±×¸¦ µ¿Á¤ÇÑ´Ù;
±×·¯³ª,
ÆÄ¼öº´,
¹ý°ü,
À屺,
Ãѵ¶,
ȲÁ¦ ¶Ç´Â º´»ç·Î¼´Â ±×¸¦ »ìÀÎÇϰųª °í¹®ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ
³ªÀÇ Àǹ«ÀÌ´Ù.¡±
Á¤¸»·Î ¸¶Ä¡ ¼ö¿©µÇ°í ÀÎÁ¤µÈ ¾î¶²
Á÷À§µéÀÌ ÀÖ¾î¼,
±×°ÍµéÀÌ ¿ì¸®°¡ °øÅëµÈ Àηù¶ó´Â
»ç½Ç¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼ ¿ì¸® °¢ÀÚ¿¡°Ô ºÎ°úµÈ Àǹ«µé·ÎºÎÅÍ
¸éÁ¦ÇÏ¿© ÁÖ´Â °Í °°´Ù. |
|
So, for example, in the case before us, men are going to murder and
torture the famishing, and they admit that in the dispute between the
peasants and the landowner the peasants are right (all those in command
said as much to me). They know that the peasants are wretched, poor, and
hungry, and the landowner is rich and inspires no sympathy. Yet they are
all going to kill the peasants to secure three thousand rubles for the
landowner, only because at that moment they fancy themselves not men but
governor, official, general of police, officer, and soldier, respectively,
and consider themselves bound to obey, not the eternal demands of the
conscience of man, but the casual, temporary demands of their positions as
officers or soldiers. |
±×·¡¼,
¿¹·Îµé¸é,
¿ì¸® ¾Õ¿¡ ÀÖ´Â »ç°ÇµéÀÇ °æ¿ì,
»ç¶÷µéÀº ±¾ÁÖ¸®´Â »ç¶÷µéÀ» »ìÀÎÇÏ°í °í¹®ÇÏ·ÁÇÑ´Ù,
±×¸®°í ±×µéÀº ³óºÎµé°ú ÁöÁÖ »çÀÌÀÇ ºÐÀï¿¡¼
³óºÎµéÀÌ ¿Ç´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ÀÎÁ¤ÇÑ´Ù (¸í·ÉÇÏ´Â À§Ä¡ÀÇ ¸ðµç
»ç¶÷µéÀÌ ³ª¿¡°Ô ±×¿Í°°ÀÌ ¸»Çß´Ù).
±×µéÀº ³óºÎµéÀÌ
ºÒ½ÖÇϰí,
°¡³Çϸç,
¹è°íÇÁ¸ç,
±×¸®°í ÁöÁÖ´Â ºÎÀ¯Çϸç
¾Æ¹«·± µ¿Á¤µµ ºÒ·¯ ÀÏÀ¸Å°Áö ¾Ê´Â´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ¾È´Ù.
±×·¯³ª ±×µéÀº ÁöÁÖ¿¡°Ô »ïõ ·çºÒÀ» È®º¸ÇÏ¿© ÁÖ±â
À§Çؼ ³óºÎµéÀ» Á×ÀδÙ,
±×°ÍÀº ¿ÀÁ÷ ±× ´ç½Ã¿¡ ±×µéÀº
ÀڽŵéÀ» »ç¶÷ÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó,
°¢°¢,
Ãѵ¶,
°ü¸®,
°æÂû±¹Àå,
Àå±³,
±×¸®°í º´»ç¶ó°í »ó»óÇϸç,
»ç¶÷ÀÇ
¾ç½ÉÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍÀÇ ¿µ¿øÇÑ ¸í·ÉµéÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó,
Àå±³µéÀ̳ª
º´»çµé·Î¼ÀÇ ±×µéÀÇ Á÷Ã¥ÀÌ ³»¸®´Â ¿ì¿¬Çϸç ÀϽÃÀûÀº
¸í·Éµé¿¡ ¹Ýµå½Ã º¹Á¾ÇØ¾ß ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ¸·Î ¿©±â±â
¶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù. |
|
Strange as it may seem, the sole explanation of this astonishing
phenomenon is that they are in the condition of the hypnotized, who, they
say, feel and act like the creatures they are commanded by the hypnotizer
to repre¡©sent. When, for instance, it is suggested to the hypnotized
subject that he is lame, he begins to walk lame, that he is blind, and he
cannot see, that he is a wild beast, and he begins to bite. This is the
state, not only of those who were going on this expedition, but of all men
who fulfill their state and social duties in preference to and in detri¡©ment
of their human duties. |
ÀÌ»óÇÏ°Ô º¸ÀÏÁö ¸ð¸£Áö¸¸,
ÀÌ·± ³î¶ó¿î Çö»óÀÇ
À¯ÀÏÇÑ ¼³¸íÀº ±×µéÀÌ Ãָ鿡 °É¸° »ç¶÷ÀÇ »óÅ¿¡
ÀÖÀ¸¸ç,
±×µéÀº,
ÀڽŵéÀÌ ¸»Çϱâ·Î,
ÃÖ¸é¼ú»ç¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼
ÇൿÇ϶ó°í ¸í·É¹ÞÀº »ç¶÷µéó·³ ´À³¢°í ÇൿÇÑ´Ù°í
ÇÑ´Ù.
¿¹¸¦ µé¸é,
Ãָ鿡 °É¸° ÇÇÇèÀÚ¿¡°Ô ±×°¡
Àý¸§¹ßÀ̶ó°í ¾Ï½ÃÇϸé,
±×´Â Àý¸é¼ °ÉÀ¸¸ç,
±×°¡
¸ÍÀÎÀ̶ó°í Çϸé,
±×´Â º¼ ¼ö°¡ ¾ø°í,
±×°¡ µé
Áü½ÂÀ̶ó°í Çϸé,
±×´Â ¹°±â ½ÃÀÛÇÑ´Ù.
À̰ÍÀº ÀÌ·±
¿øÁ¤À» ³ª¼´Â »ç¶÷µéÀÇ »óÅ »Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó,
±×µéÀÇ
Àΰ£Àû Àǹ«¸¦ ¼±È£ÇÔº¸´Ù,
±×¸®°í Àΰ£Àû Àǹ«µé¿¡
ÇØ°¡ µÊ¿¡¼,
±¹°¡¿Í »çȸÀÇ Àǹ«µéÀ» ¼öÇàÇÏ´Â ¸ðµç
»ç¶÷µéÀÇ »óÅÂÀÌ´Ù. |
|
The essence of this state is that under the influence of one suggestion
they lose the power of criticising their actions, and therefore do,
without thinking, everything con¡©sistent with the suggestion to which
they are led by example, precept, or insinuation. |
ÀÌ·± »óÅÂÀÇ º»ÁúÀº ÇÑ °¡Áö Á¦¾È ¾Æ·¡¼ ±×µéÀº
ÀڽŵéÀÇ ÇൿµéÀ» ºñÆÇÇÏ´Â ÈûÀ» ÀҴ´Ù,
±×·¯¹Ç·Î,
»ý°¢Áöµµ ¾Ê°í¼,
¼±·Ê,
ó¼¼¼ú,
¶Ç´Â ¾Ï½Ã¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ
Á¦¾È¿¡ ÀÏÄ¡ÇÏ´Â ¸ðµç °ÍÀ» ÇàÇÑ´Ù. |
|
The difference between those hypnotized by scientific men and those
under the influence of the state hypnotism, is that an imaginary position
is suggested to the former suddenly by one person in a very brief space of
time, and so the hypnotized state appears to us in a striking and
surprising form, while the imaginary position suggested by state influence
is induced slowly, little by little, impercep¡©tibly from childhood,
sometimes during years, or even generations, and not in one person alone
but in a whole society. |
°úÇÐÀÚ¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼ ÃÖ¸é´çÇÑ »ç¶÷µé°ú ±¹°¡ÀÇ ÃÖ¸éÀÇ
¿µÇâ¾Æ·¡ ÀÖ´Â »ç¶÷µéÀÇ Â÷ÀÌ´Â,
°¡»óÀÇ ÁöÀ§°¡ ¸Å¿ì
ªÀº ½Ã°£ °£°Ý ¾È¿¡¼ ÇÑ »ç¶÷¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼ °©ÀÚ±â ÀüÀÚÀÇ
»ç¶÷¿¡°Ô ¾Ï½ÃµÇ¸ç,
±×¸®°í ±×·¡¼ ÃÖ¸é´çÇÑ »óÅ´Â
¿ì¸®¿¡°Ô Ãæ°ÝÀûÀÌ¸ç ³î¶ó¿î ÇüÅ·Π³ªÅ¸³ª º¸ÀδÙ,
¹Ý¸é¿¡ ±¹°¡ÀÇ ¿µÇâ¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼ ¾Ï½ÃµÇ´Â °¡»óÀÇ ÁöÀ§´Â,
Á¶±Ý¾¿,
¾î¸° ½ÃÀýºÎÅÍ ´À³¢Áö ¸øÇϰÔ,
¶§·Î´Â ¼ö³â
µ¿¾È,
¶Ç´Â ¼ö ¼¼´ë µ¿¾È,
ÇÑ »ç¶÷ ¾È¿¡¼°¡ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó Àüü
»çȸ ¾È¿¡¼ ÃÊ·¡µÇ¾î Áø´Ù. |
| "But," it will be said, "at all times, in
all societies, the majority of persons-all the children, all the women
absorbed in the bearing and rearing of the young, all the great mass of
the laboring population, who are under the necessity of incessant and
fatiguing physical labor, all those of weak character by nature, all those
who are abnormally enfeebled intellectually by the effects of nicotine,
alcohol, opium, or other intoxicants-are always in a condition of
incapacity for independent thought, and are either in sub¡©jection to
those who are on a higher intellectual level, or else under the influence
of family or social traditions, of what is called public opinion, and
there is nothing unnatural or incongruous in their subjection." |
¡°±×·¯³ª,
¾ðÁ¦³ª,
¸ðµç »çȸ ¾È¿¡¼,
´ëºÎºÐÀÇ
»ç¶÷µéÀÌ-¸ðµç ¾î¸°À̵é,
¾ÆÀ̸¦ º£°í ¾çÀ°ÇÔ¿¡
¿ÁßÇÏ´Â ¿©ÀÚµé,
²÷ÀÓ ¾øÀÌ ÇǰïÇÔÀ» ÁÖ´Â ½ÅüÀû
³ëµ¿ÀÇ ÇÊ¿ä ¾Æ·¡ÀÖ´Â,
³ëµ¿ÇÏ´Â Àα¸ÀÇ ¸ðµç ¸¹Àº
¹ÎÁßµé,
¼±ÃµÀûÀ¸·Î ³ª¾àÇÑ ¼º°ÝÀ» °¡Áø ¸ðµç »ç¶÷µé,
´ÏÄÚÆ¾,
¾ËÄÚ¿Ã,
¾ÆÆí,
¶Ç´Â ´Ù¸¥ ¸¶¾àµé¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼
ºñÁ¤»óÀûÀ¸·Î ÁöÀûÀ¸·Î ³ª¾àÇØÁø ¸ðµç »ç¶÷µé-Àº
¾ðÁ¦³ª µ¶¸³ÀûÀÎ »ç»óÀÌ ºÒ°¡´ÉÇÑ »óÅ¿¡ ÀÖ´Ù,
±×¸®°í
³Ê ³ôÀº ÁöÀûÀÎ ¼öÁØ¿¡ ÀÖ´Â »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô Á¾¼ÓµÇ¾î
Àְųª,
±âŸ °¡Á·À̳ª »çȸÀû ÀüÅëµé,
Áï ¼ÒÀ§
¿©·ÐÀ̶ó´Â °ÍÀÇ ¿µÇâ¾Æ·¹ ÀÖÀ¸¸ç,
±×µéÀÇ Á¾¼Ó »óÅ´Â
¾Æ¹«·± ºÎÀÚ¿¬½º·´°Å³ª ºÎÀûÀýÇÑ °ÍÀÌ ¾ø´Ù.¡±¶ó°í
¸»ÇÒ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. |
|
And truly there is nothing unnatural in it, and the tend¡©ency of men
of small intellectual power to follow the lead of those on a higher level
of intelligence is a constant law, and it is owing to it that men can live
in societies and on the same principles at all. The minority consciously
adopt certain rational principles through their correspondence with
reason, while the majority act on the same principles unconsciously
because it is required by public opinion. |
±×¸®°í ÁøÁ¤À¸·Î ±×°Í¿¡´Â ¾Æ¹«°Íµµ ºÎÀÚ¿¬½º·¯¿î
°ÍÀÌ ¾ø´Ù,
±×¸®°í ÀûÀº ÁöÀûÀÎ ´É·ÂÀÇ »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ´õ
³ôÀº ¼öÁØÀÇ Áö¼ºÀ» °¡Áø »ç¶÷µéÀÇ Àεµ¿¡ µû¸¥´Â
°æÇâÀº ºÒº¯ÀÇ ¹ýÄ¢ÀÌ´Ù,
±×¸®°í ±×°Í¿¡ µû¶ó¼¾ß ¸»·Î
»ç¶÷µéÀº »çȸµé ¾È¿¡¼ »ì ¼ö ÀÖÀ¸¸ç,
¶È °°Àº
¿ø¸®µé¿¡¼ »ì¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.
¼Ò¼öÀÇ »ç¶÷µéÀº ÀǽÄÀûÀ¸·Î
À̼º°úÀÇ ±³·ù¸¦ ÅëÇØ¼ ƯÁ¤ÇÑ À̼ºÀûÀÎ ³í¸®µéÀ»
äÅÃÇÑ´Ù,
¹Ý¸é¿¡ ´ëºÎºÐÀÇ »ç¶÷µéÀº ¹«ÀǽÄÀûÀ¸·Î ¶È
°°Àº ¿ø¸®µé¿¡ µû¶ó¼ ÇൿÇϴµ¥,
¿©·Ð¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼
±×°ÍÀÌ ¿ä±¸µÇ±â ¶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù. |
|
Such subjection to public opinion on the part of the unintellectual
does not assume an unnatural character till the public opinion is split
into two. |
ºñÁö¼ºÀûÀÎ ÂÊ¿¡¼ÀÇ ¿©·Ð¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ±×·¯ÇÑ Á¾¼ÓÀº
¿©·ÐÀÌ µÑ·Î ³ª´©¾îÁö±â Àü±îÁö´Â ºÎÀÚ¿¬½º·± ¼º°ÝÀ»
¶ìÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù. |
|
But there are times when a higher truth, revealed at first to a few
persons, gradually gains ground till it has taken hold of such a number of
persons that the old public opinion, founded on a lower order of truths,
begins to totter and the new is ready to take its place, but has not yet
been firmly established. It is like the spring, this time of tran¡©sition,
when the old order of ideas has not quite broken up and the new has not
quite gained a footing. Men begin to criticize their actions in the light
of the new truth, but in the meantime in practice, through inertia and
tradition, they continue to follow the principles which once represented
the highest point of rational consciousness, but are now in flagrant
contradiction with it. |
±×·¯³ª ³·Àº µî±ÞÀÇ Áø¸®µé À§¿¡ ±âÃʵÈ,
½Ã´ë°¡ Áö³
¿©·ÐÀÌ,
ºñƲ°Å¸®¸ç »õ·Î¿î °ÍÀÌ ±× ÀÚ¸®¸¦ Â÷ÁöÇÏÁö¸¸,
¾ÆÁ÷µµ ´Ü´ÜÈ÷ È®¸³µÇÁö ¾Ê¾ÒÀ½ÀÌ ¸¹Àº »ç¶÷µéÀ»
Â÷ÁöÇÒ ¶§±îÁö´Â,
óÀ½¿¡ ¸î ¸íÀÇ »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô ¹àÇôÁø ´õ
³ôÀº Áø¸®°¡ ¼¼È÷ ÁöÁö¸¦ ¾ò¾î°¡´Â ¶§°¡ ÀÖ´Ù.
ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ
º¯ÈÀÇ ½Ã±â´Â,
½Ã´ë°¡ Áö³ »ç»óµéÀÌ ¾ÆÁ÷ ±ú¾îÁöÁö
¾Ê¾ÒÀ¸¸ç »õ·Î¿î °Íµµ ¾ÆÁ÷ ÀÚ¸®¸¦ ÀâÁö ¾ÊÀº,
º½°ú
°°´Ù.
»ç¶÷µéÀº »õ·Î¿î Áø¸®¿¡ ºñÃß¾î¼ ±×µéÀÇ
ÇàÀ§µéÀ» ºñ³Çϱ⠽ÃÀÛÇÑ´Ù,
±×·¯³ª ÇÑÆí,
½ÇÁ¦¿¡
ÀÖ¾î¼,
¹«±â·ÂÇÔ°ú ÀüÅë ¶§¹®¿¡,
±×µéÀº À̼ºÀû
ÀÚ°¢À¸·Î¼ °¡Àå ³ôÀº Áö³ÑÀ¸·Î ÀÌÀü¿¡ Á¦½ÃµÇ¾ú´ø
¿ø¸®µéÀ» °è¼ÓÇØ¼ µû¸£Áö¸¸,
ÀÌÁ¦´Â ±×°Í°ú ÇöÀúÇÑ
¸ð¼ø¿¡ µé°Ô µÈ´Ù. |
|
Then men are in an abnormal, wavering condition, feeling the necessity
of following the new ideal, and yet not bold enough to break with the
old-established traditions. |
±×¸®°í »ç¶÷µéÀº »õ·Î¿î ÀÌ»óÀ» µû¶ó¾ß ÇÏ´Â
Çʿ伺À» ´À³¢¸é¼µµ,
¾ÆÁ÷ ±âÁ¸ÀÇ È®¸³µÈ ÀüÅëµéÀ»
ŸÆÄÇÒ ¸¸Å ´ë´ãÇÏÁö ¸øÇÏ¿©,
ºñÁ¤»óÀûÀ̸ç
°¥ÆÎÁúÆÎÇÏ´Â »óÅ¿¡ ÀְԵȴÙ. |
|
Such is the attitude in regard to the truth of Christian¡©ity not only
of the men in the Toula train, but of the majority of men of our times,
alike of the higher and the lower orders. |
¹Ù·Î ±×·¯ÇÔÀÌ,
³ô°Å³ª ³·Àº °è±Þµé °øÈ÷,
±âµ¶±³ÀÇ
Åø¶ó ¿Â÷ÀÇ »ç¶÷µé »Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó,
¿ì¸® ½Ã´ëÀÇ ´ëºÎºÐÀÇ
»ç¶÷µéÀÇ Áø¸®¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÅµµÀÌ´Ù. |
|
Those of the ruling classes, having no longer any reason¡©able
justification for the profitable positions they occupy, are forced, in
order to keep them, to stifle their higher rational faculty of loving, and
to persuade themselves that their positions are indispensable. And those
of the lower classes, exhausted by toil and brutalized of set purpose, are
kept in a permanent deception, practiced deliberately and continuously by
the higher classes upon them. |
Áö¹è °è±ÞµéÀÇ »ç¶÷µéÀº,
ÀÌÁ¦ ´õ ÀÌ»ó ±×µéÀÌ Â÷ÁöÇÑ
ÀÌÀÍÀ» ÁÖ´Â ÁöÀ§µé¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÇÕ¸®Àû Á¤´ç¼ºÀ» °®Áö
¸øÇϹǷÎ,
±×°ÍµéÀ» À¯ÁöÇϱâ À§ÇÏ¿©,
±×µéÀÇ ´õ ³ôÀº
»ç¶ûÀÇ ´É·ÂÀ» ¾ïÁ¦Çϰí,
ÀڽŵéÀÇ ÁöÀ§µéÀÌ ¾ø¾î¼´Â
¾ÈµÇ´Â °ÍÀ̶ó°í È®½ÅÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀ» ¼ö ¾ø°Ô µÈ´Ù.
±×¸®°í
³·Àº °è±ÞµéÀÇ »ç¶÷µéÀº,
°í¿ª¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼ ÁöÄ¡°í Á¤ÇØÁø
¸ñÀû´ë·Î Áü½Âó·³ µÇ¾î¼,
³ôÀº °è±Þµé¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼,
°íÀÇÀûÀ̸ç Áö¼ÓÀûÀ¸·Î °¡ÇØÁö´Â,
¿µ±¸ÀûÀÎ ±â¸¸¿¡
°®È÷°Ô µÈ´Ù. |
|
Only in this way can one explain the amazing contradic¡©tions with
which our life is full, and of which a striking example was presented to
me by the expedition I met on the 9th of September; good, peaceful men,
known to me personally, going with untroubled tranquility to perpetrate
the most beastly, senseless, and vile of crimes. Had not they some means
of stifling their conscience, not one of them would be capable of
committing a hundredth part of such a villainy. |
ÀÌÁ÷ ÀÌ·± ¹æ¹ýÀ¸·Î¸¸ÀÌ,
³î¶ó¿î ¸ð¼øµéÀÌ ¼³¸íµÉ ¼ö
ÀÖÀ¸¸ç,
¿ì¸® »îÀº ±×¿Í °°Àº °ÍÀ¸·Î °¡µæÂ÷ ÀÖ°í,
±×°Í¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¿¹´Â 9¿ù 9ÀÏ ³»°¡ ¸¸³ ¿øÁ¤´ë¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼
³»°Ô Á¦½ÃµÇ¾ú´Ù;
³»°Ô °³ÀÎÀûÀ¸·Î´Â,
¼±Çϸç,
ÆòȽº·±
»ç¶÷µéÀÌ °¡Àå Áü½Â°°À¸¸ç,
¸ôÁö°¢Çϸç,
¹üÁ˵é·Î
Ÿ¶ôÇÑ ÇàÀ§µéÀ» ÀÚÇàÇÏ·¯ Áö±ØÈ÷ Å¿¬ÇÏ°Ô Ã⵿Çϰí
ÀÖ¾ú´Ù.
±×µéÀÌ ÀڽŵéÀÇ ¾ç½ÉÀ» ¾ïÁ¦ÇÏ´Â ¾î¶²
¹æ¹ýµéÀ» °¡ÁöÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù¸é,
±×µé ÁßÀÇ ÇÑ »ç¶÷µµ ±×·¯ÇÑ
±Ø¾Ç ¹«µµÇÑ ÇàÀ§ÀÇ ¹éºÐÀÇ Àϵµ ÀúÁö¸¦ ¼ö ¾øÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù. |
|
It is not that they have not a conscience which forbids them from
acting thus, just as, even three or four hundred years ago, when people
burnt men at the stake and put them to the rack they had a conscience
which prohibited it; the conscience is there, but it has been put to
sleep-in those in command by what the psychologists call auto-sug¡©gestion;
in the soldiers, by the direct conscious hypnotiz¡©ing exerted by the
higher classes. |
½ÉÁö¾î »ï»ç¹é ³â Àü¿¡,
»ç¶÷µéÀÌ »ç¶÷µéÀ» ÈÇü¿¡
½ÃŰ°í °í¹®¿¡ óÇÒ ¶§,
±×°ÍÀ» ±ÝÁöÇÏ´Â ¾ç½ÉÀ» °¡Áö°í
ÀÖ¾ú´ø °Íó·³,
±×µéÀÌ ±×·¸°Ô ÇàÇÔÀ» ±ÝÁöÇÏ´Â ¾ç½ÉÀ»
°¡ÁöÁö ¾Ê¾ÒÀ½ÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó;
¾ç½ÉÀÌ ±×°÷¿¡ ÀÖ¾úÁö¸¸,
³ôÀº
°è±ÞµéÀÌ Çà»çÇÑ Á÷Á¢Àû ÀǽÄÀû Ãָ鿡 ÀÇÇØ¼-½É¸®ÇÐÀÚµéÀÌ
ºÎ¸£´Â Àڱ⠾Ͻÿ¡ ÀÇÇØ¼,
ÁöÈÖ±ÇÀ» °¡Áø »ç¶÷µé
¾È¿¡¼;
º´»çµé ¾È¿¡¼-±×°ÍÀº Àáµé¾î ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. |
|
Though asleep, the conscience is there, and in spite of the hypnotism
it is already speaking in them, and it may awake. |
ºñ·Ï Àáµé¾î ÀÖÁö¸¸,
¾ç½ÉÀº °Å±â¿¡ ÀÖ´Ù,
±×¸®°í
Ãָ鿡µµ ºÒ±¸Çϰí,
±×°ÍÀº ÀÌ¹Ì ±×µé ¾È¿¡¼ ¸»Çϰí
ÀÖÀ¸¸ç,
±×°ÍÀº ±ú¾î ÀÖÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù. |
|
All these men are in a position like that of a man under hypnotism,
commanded to do something opposed to every¡©thing he regards as good and
rational, such as to kill his mother or his child. The hypnotized subject
feels himself bound to carry out the suggestion-he thinks he cannot
stop-but the nearer he gets to the time and the place of the action, the
more the benumbed conscience begins to stir, to resist, and to try to
awake. And no one can say beforehand whether he will carry out the
suggestion or not; which will gain the upper hand, the rational conscience
or the irrational suggestion. It all depends on their rela¡©tive strength. |
ÀÌ ¸ðµç »ç¶÷µéÀº ÃÖ¸é´çÇÑ »ç¶÷ÀÇ »óÅ¿ | |