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Ȩ ] À§·Î ] ȸ°³Ç϶ó 1. ] ȸ°³Ç϶ó 2. ] [ È¸°³Ç϶ó 3. ] ȸ°³Ç϶ó 4. ] ȸ°³Ç϶ó 5. ] ȸ°³Ç϶ó 6. ]


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¡°THE KINGDOM OF GOD 
IS WITHIN YOU.¡±

¡°Çϳª´ÔÀÇ  ³ª¶ó´Â  ³ÊÈñ ¾È¿¡ ÀÖ´À´Ï¶ó.¡±


by Leo Tolstoy

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CHAPTER XII.  Á¦ 12 Àå 

CONCLUSION-REPENT YE, FOR THE KINGDOM OF HEAVEN IS AT HAND.

°á·Ð-ȸ°³Ç϶ó, Çϳª´ÔÀÇ ¿Õ±¹ÀÌ °¡±î¿ü´À´Ï¶ó.

3.

3. How can Men Allow that Murder is Permissible while they Preach Principles of Morality, and How can they Allow of the Existence in their Midst of a Military Organization of Physical Force which is a Constant Menace to Public Security?-It is only Allowed by the Upper Classes, who Profit by this Organization, Because their Privi¡©leges are Maintained by it-The Upper Classes Allow it, and the Lower Classes Carry it into Effect in Spite of their Consciousness of the Immorality of the Deeds of Violence, the More Readily Because Through the Arrangements of the Government the Moral Responsi¡©bility for such Deeds is Divided among a Great Number of Partici¡©pants in it, and Everyone Throws the Responsibility on Someone Else-Moreover, the Sense of Moral Responsibility is Lost through the Delusion of Inequality, and the Consequent Intoxication of Power on the Part of Superiors, and Servility on the Part of Inferiors-The Condition of these Men, Acting against the Dictates of their Con¡©science, is Like that of Hypnotized Subjects Acting by Suggestion- The Difference between this Obedience to Government Suggestion, and Obedience to Public Opinion, and to the Guidance of Men of a Higher Moral Sense-The Existing Order of Society, which is the Result of an Extinct Public Opinion and is Inconsistent with the Al¡©ready Existing Public Opinion of the Future, is only Maintained by the Stupefaction of the Conscience, Produced Spontaneously by Self-inter¡©est in the Upper Classes and Through Hypnotizing in the Lower Classes-The Conscience or the Common Sense of such Men may Awaken, and there are Examples of its Sudden Awakening, so that one can Never be Sure of the Deeds of Violence they are Prepared for-It Depends Entirely on the Point which the Sense of the Unlawfulness of Acts of Violence has Reached, and this Sense may Spontaneously Awaken in Men, or may be Reawakened by the Influence of Men of more Conscience.

3. ¾î¶»°Ô ÇØ¼­ »ç¶÷µéÀÌ µµ´öÀÇ ¿ø¸®µéÀ» ¼³±³Çϰí ÀÖÀ½¿¡µµ »ìÀÎÀÌ Çã¿ëµÈ´Ù°í »ç¶÷µéÀº ÀÎÁ¤Çϴ°¡, ±×¸®°í °ø°øÀÇ ¾ÈÀü¿¡ ²÷ÀÓ¾ø´Â À§ÇùÀÌ µÇ´Â ¹°¸®ÀûÀÎ ÈûÀ» »ç¿ëÇÏ´Â ±º´ë Á¶Á÷ÀÇ °¡¿îµ¥¼­ ÀÎÁ¤µÉ ¼ö Àִ°¡?-±×°ÍÀº ¿ÀÁ÷ »ó·ù °è±Þ¿¡¼­ ÀÎÁ¤µÇ¸ç, ±×µéÀº ÀÌ Á¶Á÷À¸·Î¼­ ÀÌÀÍÀ» º»´Ù, ¿Ö³ÄÇÏ¸é ±×µéÀÇ Æ¯±ÇµéÀº ±×°ÍÀ¸·Î À¯ÁöµÇ±â ¶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù-»ó·ù°è±ÞµéÀº ±×°ÍÀ» Çã¿ëÇϰí ÇÏ·ù °è±ÞµéÀº Æø·ÂÀÇ ÇàÀ§µé¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ºñµµ´ö¼ºÀ» ÀǽÄÇÔ¿¡µµ ±×°ÍÀ» ½ÇÇàÇÑ´Ù, ±×°Íµµ ´õ ½±°Ô ¿Ö³ÄÇϸé Á¤ºÎÀÇ °èȹµé¿¡ µû¶ó¼­ ±×·¯ÇÑ ÇàÀ§µé¿¡ ´ëÇÑ µµ´öÀû Ã¥ÀÓÀÌ ±× ÇàÀ§¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¾ÆÁÖ ¸¹Àº µ¿ÂüÀÚµé°í ³ª´©¾î Áö¸ç, Á¦°¢±â ´Ù¸¥ ´©±¸¿¡°Ô Ã¥ÀÓÀ» Àü°¡Çϱ⠶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù-°Ô´Ù°¡, µµ´öÀû Ã¥ÀÓÀÇ °¨°¢Àº ºÒÆòµîÀÇ ±â¸¸À» ÅëÇØ¼­ »ç¶óÁö°í, °á±¹ ¿ì¿ùÇÑ ÀÚÀÇ Æí¿¡¼­ÀÇ ÈûÀÇ Áßµ¶°ú ¿­µîÇÑ ÀÚÀÇ Æí¿¡¼­ÀÇ ±¼Á¾ÀÌ´Ù-ÀÌ·± »ç¶÷µéÀÇ »óÅ´Â, ±×µéÀÇ ¾ç½É°ú´Â ¹Ý´ë·Î ÇൿÇÔÀ¸·Î½á, ¸¶Ä¡ ¾Ï½Ã·Î¼­ ÇൿÇÏ´Â Ãָ鿡 °É¸° ³ë¿¹µéÀÇ ±×°Í°ú °°´Ù-Á¤ºÎÀÇ ¾Ï½Ã¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÀÌ·± º¹Á¾°ú, ´õ¿í ³ôÀº µµ´öÀû °¨°¢ÀÇ Áö½Ã¿¡ ´ëÇÑ º¹Á¾ÀÇ Â÷ÀÌ-»çȸÀÇ ±âÁ¸ Áú¼­´Â, ¼Ò¸êµÈ ¿©·ÐÀÇ °á°úÀ̸ç, ÀÌ¹Ì Á¸ÀçÇÏ´Â ¹Ì·¡ÀÇ ¿©·Ð°ú ºÒÀÏÄ¡ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ¸·Î¼­, ¿ÀÁ÷ ¾ç½ÉÀ» ¸¶ºñÇÔÀ¸·Î½á ÁöÅʵǸç, »ó·ù °è±Þ¿¡¼­´Â À̱âÁÖÀÇ¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­, ÇÏÀ§ °è±Þ¿¡¼­´Â ÃÖ¸éÀ¸·Î¼­ ÀÚ¿¬ÀûÀ¸·Î ¸¸µé¾îÁø´Ù-±×·¯ÇÑ »ç¶÷µéÀÇ ¾ç½ÉÀ̳ª »ó½ÄÀº °¢¼ºµÉ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù, ±×¸®°í ±×·¯ÇÑ °©ÀÛ½º·± °¢¼º¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¿¹µéÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù, ±×·¡¼­ ¿ì¸®´Â ¿¹ºñµÇ¾î ÀÖ´Â Æø·ÂÀÇ ÇàÀ§µéÀ» °áÄÚ È®½ÅÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø´Ù-±×°ÍÀº ÀüÀûÀ¸·Î »ç¶÷µé¿¡ À־ Æø·Â ÇàÀ§µéÀÇ ºÒ¹ý¼ºÀÇ Áö°¢ÀÌ µµ´ÞµÈ ÁöÁ¡¿¡ ÀÇÁ¸ÇÑ´Ù, ±×¸®°í ÀÌ·± Áö°¢Àº ÀÚ¿¬½º·¹ »ç¶÷µé ¾È¿¡¼­ °¢¼ºµÇ°Å³ª, ´õ ¾ç½ÉÀûÀÎ »ç¶÷µéÀÇ ¿µÇâ¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­ Àç °¢¼ºµÈ´Ù.

"Come, now, suppose your father were arrested and tried to make his escape?" I asked a young soldier.

¡°±×·¸´Ù¸é, ÀÌÁ¦ ´ç½ÅÀÇ ¾Æ¹öÁö°¡ üÆ÷µÇ¾úÀ¸¸ç ±×°¡ µµ¸Á°¡·Á ÇÑ´Ù°í »ó»óÇØ º»´Ù¸é?¡±ÇÏ°í ³»°¡ ÀþÀº º´»ç¿¡°Ô ¹°¾ú´Ù.

"I should run him through with my bayonet," he an¡©swered with the foolish intonation peculiar to soldiers; "and if he made off, I ought to shoot him," he added, ob¡©viously proud of knowing what he must do if his father were escaping.

¡°³ª´Â ¹Ýµå½Ã ±×¸¦ ÃѰËÀ¸·Î Âñ·¯¾ß ÇÕ´Ï´Ù,¡± ±×´Â º´»çµéÀÇ Æ¯À¯ÇÑ ¹Ùº¸ °°Àº ¾îÁ¶·Î ´ë´äÇß´Ù; ¡°±×¸®°í ¸¸ÀÏ ±×°¡ ´Þ¾Æ³µ´Ù¸é, ³ª´Â ¹Ýµå½Ã ±×¸¦ ½î¾Æ¾ß ÇÕ´Ï´Ù,¡± ±×°¡ µ¡ºÙ¿´´Ù, ±×¸®°í ¸¸ÀÏ ±×ÀÇ ¾Æ¹öÁö°¡ µµ¸Á°¡°í ÀÖ´Â °æ¿ì¿¡ ±×°¡ ¹Ýµå½Ã ÇØ¾ßÇÒ ÀÏÀ» ¾Ë °í ÀÖ´Â °Í¿¡ ´ëÇØ ºÐ¸íÈ÷ ÀÚ¶û½º·¯¿öÇϰí ÀÖ¾ú´Ù.

And when a good-hearted lad has been brought to a state lower than that of a brute, he is just what is wanted by those who use him as an instrument of violence. He is ready; the man has been destroyed and a new instrument of violence has been created. And all this is done every year, every autumn, everywhere, through all Russia in broad daylight in the midst of large towns, where all may see it, and the deception is so clever, so skillful, that though all men know the infamy of it in their hearts, and see all its horrible results, they cannot throw it off and be free.

±×¸®°í ¸¶À½ÂøÇÑ Ã»³âÀÌ Áü½Âº¸´Ùµµ ¸øÇÑ »óÅ·Πº¯ÇÒ ¶§, ±×´Â ¹Ù·Î ±×¸¦ Æø·ÂÀÇ µµ±¸·Î »ç¿ëÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ¿øÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ±×´Â ÁغñµÇ¾ú´Ù; »ç¶÷Àº ÆÄ±«µÇ¾úÀ¸¸ç »õ·Î¿î Æø·Â µµ±¸°¡ ¸¸µé¾î Á³´Ù. ±×¸®°í ÀÌ ¸ðµç °ÍÀº ÇØ ¸¶´Ù, °¡À» ¸¶´Ù, ¾îµð¿¡¼­³ª, ·¯½Ã¾Æ ¹æ¹æ°î°î¿¡¼­ ȯÇÑ ´ë³·¿¡ ´ëµµ½ÃÀÇ ÇÑ °¡¿îµ¥¼­ ÇàÇØÁö¸ç, ±×°ÍÀº ¸ðµç »ç¶÷µéÀÌ º¼ ¼ö ÀÖ°í, ¼ÓÀÓ¼ö°¡ ³Ê¹«´Ù ¿µ¸®Çϰí, ´É¼÷ÇØ¼­, ºñ·Ï ¸ðµç »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ±×µéÀÇ °¡½¿¼Ó¿¡¼­ ±×°ÍÀÇ ¾Ç¸íÀ» ¾Ë°í ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ±× ¸ðµç °ÍÀÇ °øÆ÷½º·¯¿î °á°úµéÀ» ¾Ë°í ÀÖÁö¸¸, ±×µéÀº ±×°ÍÀ» ¶³ÃÄ ¹ö¸®°í ÀÚÀ¯·Î¿ï ¼ö°¡ ¾ø´Ù.

When one's eyes are opened to this awful deception practiced upon us, one marvels that the teachers of the Christian religion and of morals, the instructors of youth, or even the good-hearted and intelligent parents who are to be found in every society, can teach any kind of moral¡©ity in a society in which it is openly admitted (it is so ad¡©mitted, under all governments and all churches) that mur¡©der and torture form an indispensable element in the life of all, and that there must always be special men trained to kill their fellows, and that any one of us may have to be¡©come such a trained assassin.

¿ì¸®µé¿¡°Ô ½ÇÇàµÇ´Â ÀÌ·± ³î¶ó¿î ±â¸¸¿¡ »ç¶÷ÀÇ ´«ÀÌ ¿­¸°´Ù¸é, ±×´Â ±âµ¶±³ Á¾±³¿Í À±¸®ÀÇ ±³»çµé, ÀþÀºÀ̵éÀÇ ÁöµµÀÚµé, ¶Ç´Â ¸ðµç »çȸ¿¡¼­ º¼ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ¼±ÇÑ ¸¶À½ÀÇ ºÎ¸ðµéÀÌ, »ìÀΰú °í¹®ÀÌ ¸ðµç »ç¶÷µéÀÇ »î¿¡ À־ ¾ø¾î¼­´Â ¾ÈµÈ ¿ä¼Ò¸¦ Çü¼ºÇϸç, ±×µéÀÇ µ¿Æ÷µéÀ» Á×À̱â À§Çؼ­ ¾ðÁ¦³ª Ưº°È÷ ÈÆ·ÃµÈ »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ÇÊ¿äÇϸç, ¿ì¸® ¸ðµÎ°¡ ±×·¸°Ô ÈÆ·ÃµÈ »ìÀÎÀÚ°¡ µÇ¾î¾ß ÇÔÀÌ °ø°³ÀûÀ¸·Î ÀÎÁ¤µÇ´Â(¸ðµç Á¤ºÎµéÀ̳ª ¸ðµç ±³È¸µé ¾Æ·¡¼­ ±×·¸°Ô ÀÎÁ¤µÈ´Ù) »çȸ¿¡¼­µµ, ¾î¶² Á¾·ùÀÇ À±¸®µµ °¡¸£Ä¥ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.

How can children, youths, and people generally be taught any kind of morality-not to speak of teaching in the spirit of Christianity-side by side with the doctrine that murder is necessary for the public weal, and therefore legitimate, and that there are men, of whom each of us may have to be one, whose duty is to murder and torture and commit all sorts of crimes at the will of those who are in possession of authority. If this is so, and one can and ought to murder and torture, there is not, and cannot be, any kind of moral law, but only the law that might is right. And this is just how it is. In reality that is the doctrine- justified to some by the theory of the struggle for existence -which reigns in our society.

¾î¶»°Ô ¾î¸°À̵é, û³âµé, ±×¸®°í »ç¶÷µéÀÌ °ø°øÀÇ º¹¸®¸¦ À§ÇÏ¿© »ìÀεµ ÇÊ¿äÇÏ¸ç ±×·¯¹Ç·Î ÇÕ¹ýÀûÀ̸ç, ¿ì¸®°¡ ±× ÁßÀÇ ÇÑ »ç¶÷ÀÏ ¼öµµ ÀÖ´Â, ±Ç·ÂÀ» ¼ÒÀ¯Çϰí ÀÖ´Â »ç¶÷µéÀÇ ¶æ¿¡ µû¶ó¼­ »ìÀÎÇϰí, °í¹®Çϸç, ¸ðµç Á¾·ùÀÇ ¹üÁ˵éÀ» ÀúÁö¸£´Â °ÍÀÌ ±×µéÀÇ Àǹ«¶ó´Â ±³¸®¿Í ³ª¶õÈ÷ ÇÏ¿©, ÀϹÝÀûÀ¸·Î ¾î¶² Á¾·ùÀÇ À±¸®¸¦-±âµ¶±³ Á¤½ÅÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§Àº ¸»ÇÒ °Íµµ ¾øÀÌ-¹è¿ï ¼ö Àְڴ°¡? ¸¸ÀÏ À̰ÍÀÌ ±×·¸´Ù¸é, ±×¸®°í ±×°¡ »ìÀÎÇÏ°í °í¹®ÇÒ ¼ö Àְųª ±×·¸°Ô ÇØ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù¸é, ¾î¾ Á¾·ùÀÇ À±¸®¹ýµµ ÀÖÁö ¾ÊÀ¸¸ç ÀÖÀ» ¼öµµ ¾øÀ¸¸ç, ¿ÀÁ÷ ÈûÀÌ ¿Ç´Ù´Â ¹ýÀÌ ÀÖÀ» »ÓÀÌ´Ù. ±×¸®°í À̰ÍÀÌ ¹Ù·Î ¾ó¸¶³ª ±×·¯ÇÑÁö¸¦ ¸»ÇÑ´Ù. ½ÇÁ¦·Î ±×°ÍÀÌ ±³¸®ÀÌ´Ù-±×¸®°í ±×°ÍÀº »ýÁ¸À» À§ÇÑ ÅõÀïÀÇ À̷п¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­ ¿ì¸® »çȸ¸¦ Áö¹èÇÏ´Â ´©±º°¡¿¡°Ô ¸ÂÃß¾îÁø ±³¸®ÀÌ´Ù.

And, indeed, what sort of ethical doctrine could admit the legitimacy of murder for any object whatever? It is as impossible as a theory of mathematics admitting that two is equal to three.

±×¸®°í, Á¤¸»·Î, µµ´ëü ¾î¶² Á¾·ùÀÇ À±¸®Àû ±³¸®°¡ ¾î´À ¸ñÀûÀ» À§ÇØ »ìÀÎÀÇ Àû¹ý¼ºÀ» ÀÎÁ¤ÇÒ ¼ö Àִ°¡? ±×°ÍÀº µÑÀÌ ¼Â°ú °°´Ù°í ÀÎÁ¤ÇÏ´Â ¼öÇÐÀÇ ÀÌ·Ð ¸¸Å­À̳ª ºÒ°¡´ÉÇÏ´Ù.

There may be a semblance of mathematics admitting that two is equal to three, but there can be no real science of mathematics. And there can only be a semblance of ethics in which murder in the shape of war and the execu¡©tion of criminals is allowed, but no true ethics. The recognition of the life of every man as sacred is the first and only basis of all ethics.

µÑÀÌ ¼Â°ú °°´Ù°í ÀÎÁ¤ÇÏ´Â ¼öÇаú À¯»çÇÑ °ÍÀÌ ÀÖÀ»Áö´Â ¸ð¸¥´Ù, ±×·¯³ª ¾î¶² ½ÇÁ¦ÀÇ ¼öÇеµ ÀÖÀ» ¼ö´Â ¾ø´Ù. ±×¸®°í ÀüÀïÀÇ ¸ð½ÀÀ¸·Î¼­ ±×¸®°í ¹üÁËÀÚµéÀÇ Ã³ÇüÀ¸·Î¼­ »ìÀÎÀÌ Çã¿ëµÇ´Â À±¸®¿Í ¿ÀÁ÷ À¯»çÇÑ °ÍÀÌ ÀÖÀ»Áö´Â ¸ô¶óµµ, ¾î¶² ÁøÁ¤ÇÑ À±¸®´Â ¾ø´Ù. Á¦°¢±â »ç¶÷ÀÇ »ý¸íÀÌ ½Å¼ºÇÏ´Ù°í ÀνÄÇÔÀÌ ¸ðµç À±¸®ÀÇ Ã¹Â°ÀÌÀÚ À¯ÀÏÇÑ ±âÃÊÀÌ´Ù.

The doctrine of an eye for an eye and a tooth for a tooth has been abrogated by Christianity, because it is the justification of immorality, and a mere semblance of equity, and has no real meaning. Life is a value which has no weight nor size, and cannot be compared to any other, and so there is no sense in destroying a life for a life. Be¡©sides, every social law aims at the amelioration of man's life. What way, then, can the annihilation of the life of some men ameliorate men's life? Annihilation of life cannot be a means of the amelioration of life; it is a suicidal act.

´«¿¡´Â ´« ±×¸®°í ÀÌ¿¡´Â ÀÌÀÇ ±³¸®´Â ±âµ¶±³¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­ ÆóÁöµÇ¾ú´Ù, ¿Ö³ÄÇÏ¸é ±×°ÍÀº ºÎµµ´öÇÔÀ» Á¤´çÈ­ÇÔÀ̸ç, ´Ü¼øÈ÷ °øÆòÇÔÀ» ´àÀº °ÍÀÏ »Ó ¾Æ¹«·± ÁøÁ¤ÇÑ Àǹ̸¦ °¡ÁöÁö ¸øÇÑ´Ù. »îÀº ¾Æ¹«·± ¹«°Ôµµ Å©±âµµ °¡ÁöÁö ¸øÇϸç, ´Ù¸¥ ¾î¶² °Í°ú ºñ±³µÉ ¼ö ¾ø´Â °¡Ä¡¸¦ °¡Áø´Ù, ±×·¯¹Ç·Î »îÀ» »î¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ´ë°¡·Î ÆÄ±«ÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø´Ù. °Ô´Ù°¡, ¸ðµç »çȸÀû ¹ýµéÀº Àΰ£ÀÇ »îÀÇ °³¼±À» ¸ñÀûÀ¸·ÎÇÑ´Ù. ±×·¸´Ù¸é, ¹«½¼ ¼ö·Î ¾î¶² »ç¶÷µéÀÇ »îÀ» ¾ø¾Ö´Â °ÍÀÌ »ç¶÷µéÀÇ »îÀ» °³¼±ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ü ¸»Àΰ¡? »îÀ» ¸ê¸Á½ÃÅ´Àº »îÀÇ °³¼±ÀÇ ¼ö´ÜÀÌ µÉ ¼ö ¾ø´Ù; ±×°ÍÀº ÀÚ»ìÇàÀ§ÀÌ´Ù.

To destroy another life for the sake of justice is as though a man, to repair the misfortune of losing one arm, should cut off the other arm for the sake of equity.

Á¤ÀǸ¦ À§Çؼ­ ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷ÀÇ »îÀ» ÆÄ±«ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº, ¸¶Ä¡ ÇÑ ÆÈÀ» ÀÒ¾î¹ö¸° ºÒÇàÀ» º¸»óÇÏ·Á¸é, °øÆòÀ» ±âÇϱâ À§Çؼ­ ´Ù¸¥ ÆÈµµ Àß¶ó ¹ö·Á¾ß ÇÏ´Â °Í°ú °°´Ù.

But putting aside the sin of deluding men into regarding the most awful crime as a duty, putting aside the revolting sin of using the name and authority of Christ to sanction what he most condemned, not to speak of the curse on those who cause these "little ones" to offend-how can people who cherish their own way of life, their progress, even from the point of view of their personal security, allow the formation in their midst of an overwhelming force as senseless, cruel, and destructive as every govern¡©ment is organized on the basis of an army? Even the most cruel band of brigands is not so much to be dreaded as such a government.

±×·¯³ª »ç¶÷µéÀ» ±â¸¸ÇÏ¿© °¡Àå ¹«¼­¿î ¹üÁ˸¦ Àǹ«¶ó°í ¿©±âµµ·Ï ÇÏ´Â Á˾ÇÀ» ±×¸¸ µÎ´õ¶óµµ, ÀÌµé ¡°ÀÛÀº ¾ÆÀ̵éÀ»¡± ¼º³ª°Ô ÇÏ´Â Àڵ鿡 ´ëÇÑ ÀúÁÖ´Â ¸»ÇÒ °Íµµ ¾øÀÌ, ±×¸®½ºµµ°¡ °¡Àå ºñ³­ÇÏ´ø °ÍÀ» Çã¶ôÇϱâ À§ÇÏ¿© ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ À̸§°ú ±Ç´ÉÀ» »ç¿ëÇÏ´Â Çø¿À½º·¯¿î Á˾ÇÀ» ±×¸¸ µÎ´õ¶óµµ-¾î¶»°Ô ÀÚ±â ÀڽŵéÀÇ »îÀÇ ¹æ½Ä°ú ½ÉÁö¾î ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ °³ÀÎÀûÀÎ ¾ÈÀüÀÇ °üÁ¡À¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ±×µéÀÇ Áøº¸¸¦ ¼ÒÁßÈ÷ ÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷µéÀÌ, ¾ÐµµÀûÀÎ ±Ç·ÂÀ» °¡Áø ±×µéÀÇ ÇѰ¡¿îµ¥¼­, ±º´ë¸¦ ±âÃÊ·ÎÇÏ¿© Á¶Á÷µÇ´Â ¸ðµç Á¤ºÎó·³ ¹«ºÐº°Çϸç, ÀÜÀÎÇÏ°í ÆÄ±«ÀûÀÎ Á¶Á÷À» Çã¶ôÇÒ ¼ö Àִ°¡? ½ÉÁö¾î °¡Àå ÀÜÀÎÇÑ »êÀûÀÇ ¹«¸®µéµµ ±×·± Á¤ºÎ¸¸Å­ ¹«¼­¿öÇÒ ´ë»óÀº ¾Æ´Ï´Ù.

The power of every brigand chief is at least so far limited that the men of his band preserve at least some human liberty, and can refuse to commit acts opposed to their conscience. But, owing to the perfection to which the discipline of the army has been brought, there is no limit to check men who form part of a regularly organized government. There are no crimes so revolting that they would not readily be committed by men who form part of a government or army, at the will of anyone (such as Boulanger, Napoleon, or Pougachef) who may chance to be at their head.

Á¦°¢±â »êÀûµéÀÇ µÎ¸ñÀÇ ±Ç·ÂÀº Àû¾îµµ »ó´çÈ÷ Á¦ÇѵǾî À־ ±×ÀÇ ¹«¸®ÀÇ »ç¶÷µéÀº Àû¾îµµ ¾à°£ÀÇ Àΰ£ÀûÀÎ ÀÚÀ¯¸¦ °¡Áö°í ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ±×µéÀÇ ¾ç½É¿¡ ¹Ý´ëµÇ´Â ÇàÀ§µéÀ» ¹üÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ» °ÅºÎÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª, ±º´ëÀÇ ±ÔÀ²ÀÌ µµ´ÞµÇ¾î Áö´Â ¿Ï¼º¿¡ µû¶ó¼­,±ÔÄ¢ÀûÀ¸·Î Á¶Á÷È­µÈ Á¤ºÎÀÇ ºÎºÐÀ» ±¸¼ºÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷µéÀ» Á¦ÁöÇÏ´Â ÇѰ谡 ¾ø´Ù. Á¤ºÎÀÇ ÀϺθ¦ ±¸¼ºÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷µé¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­, ¿ì¿¬È÷ ±×µéÀÇ ¿ìµÎ¸Ó¸®°¡ µÇ´Â ¾î¶² »ç¶÷ÀÇ(¿¹µé µé¸é ºÒ¶û°Ô, ³ªÆú·¹¿Ë, ¶Ç´Â Ǫ°¡Ã¼ÇÁ) ¶æ¿¡ µû¶ó¼­, ½±»ç¸® ÀÚÇàµÇ´Â ¹üÁËµé ¸¸Å­ Çø¿À½º·¯¿î ¹üÁ˵éÀº ¾ø´Ù.

Often when one sees conscription levies, military drills and maneuvers, police officers with loaded revolvers, and sentinels at their posts with bayonets on their rifles; when one hears for whole days at a time (as I hear it in Hamovniky where I live) the whistle of balls and the dull thud as they fall in the sand; when one sees in the midst of a town where any effort at violence in self-defense is for¡©bidden, where the sale of powder and of chemicals, where furious driving and practicing as a doctor without a di¡©ploma, and so on, are not allowed, thousands of disciplined troops, trained to murder, and subject to one man's will; one asks oneself how can people who prize their security quietly allow it, and put up with it? Apart from the immorality and evil effects of it, nothing can possibly be more unsafe. What are people thinking about? I don't mean now Christians, ministers of religion, philanthropists, and moralists, but simply people who value their life, their security, and their comfort. This organization, we know, will work just as well in one man's hands as another's. Today, let us assume, power is in the hands of a ruler who can be endured, but tomorrow it may be seized by a Byron, an Elizabeth, a Catherine, a Pougachef, a Napoleon I., or a Napoleon III.

°¡²û ¡Áýº´µé, ±º»ç ÈÆ·Ã, ±âµ¿ ÀÛÀü, ÀåÀüµÈ ±ÇÃѵéÀ» °¡Áø °æÂû°üµé, ±×¸®°í ÃѰËÀ» °¡Áö°í º¸Ãʸ¦ ¼­°í ÀÖ´Â ÆÄ¼öº´µéÀ» º¼ ¶§; ¾î¶² ¶§´Â ÇÏ·ç Á¾ÀÏ Æ÷źÀÌ ³ª¸£´Â ¼Ò¸® ±×¸®°í ±×°ÍµéÀÌ ¸ð·¡¿¡ ¶³¾îÁö´Â µÐŹÇÑ ¼Ò¸®À» µéÀ» ¶§ (³»°¡ »ç´Â ÇϸðÇÁ´ÏŰ¿¡¼­ ³ª´Â ±× ¼Ò¸®¸¦ µè´Â´Ù); Àڱ⠹æ¾î¸¦ ÇÔ¿¡¼­ Æø·ÂÀ» »ç¿ëÇÏ´Â ¾î¶² ³ë·Âµµ ±ÝÁöµÈ µµ½ÃÀÇ ÇÑ °¡¿îµ¥¿¡, ±×°÷¿¡¼­ È­¾à°ú È­ÇÐǰµéÀÇ ¸Å¸Å, ¸éÇã ¾ø´Â ÀÇ»ç·Î¼­ ³­ÆøÇÑ ¿îÀü°ú Áø·á, µîµîÀÌ Çã¶ôµÇÁö ¾ÊÀ½¿¡µµ, ÇÑ »ç¶÷ÀÇ ¶æ¿¡ µû¶ó¼­ »ìÀÎÇϵµ·Ï ÈÆ·Ã¹ÞÀº ¼öõ¸íÀÇ ±º´ëµéÀ» º¼ ¶§¿¡; ¿ì¸®´Â ½º½º·Î¿¡°Ô ¹¯´Â´Ù: ¾î¶»°Ô ÇØ¼­ ÀڽŵéÀÇ ¾ÈÀüÀ» ±ÍÁßÇÏ°Ô ¿©±â´Â »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ±×°ÍÀ» Çã¿ëÇÏ¸ç ±×°ÍÀ» ÂüÀ» ¼ö Àִ°¡? ±×°ÍÀÌ ÁÖ´Â ºÎµµ´ö¼º°ú ¾ÇÇÑ ¿µÇâµé ¿Ü¿¡, ¾î´À °Íµµ »ç½Ç ±×º¸´Ùµµ ´õ ºÒ¾ÈÀüÇÒ ¼ö°¡ ¾ø´Ù. »ç¶÷µéÀº ¹«¾ùÀ» »ý°¢Çϰí Àִ°¡? ³ª´Â Áö±Ý ±âµ¶±³Àεé, Á¾±³ÀÇ ¼ºÁ÷ÀÚµé, ¹Ú¾ÖÁÖÀÇÀÚµé, ¹× µµ´öÁÖÀÇÀÚµéÀ» ÀǹÌÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, ´Ü¼øÈ÷ ÀڽŵéÀÇ »î, ÀڽŵéÀÇ ¾ÈÀü ¹× ÀڽŵéÀÇ Æí¾ÈÇÔÀ» ±ÍÁßÇÏ°Ô ¿©±â´Â »ç¶÷µéÀ» ¸»ÇÑ´Ù. ¿ì¸®°¡ ¾Ë´Ù½ÃÇÇ, ÀÌ·± Á¶Á÷Àº, ÇÑ »ç¶÷ÀÇ ¼Õ¿¡¼­ »Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷ÀÇ ¼Õ¿¡¼­µµ Àß ¿î¿µµÉ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ¿À´Ã³¯, ±Ç·ÂÀÌ ¿ì¸®°¡ °ßµô ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ÅëÄ¡ÀÚÀÇ ¼Õ¿¡ ÀÖÁö¸¸, ³»ÀÏÀº ¹ÙÀÌ·±, ¿¤¸®ÀÚº£½º, ij´õ¸°, Ǫ°¡Ã¼ÇÁ, ³ªÆú·¹¿Ë 1¼¼, ¶Ç´Â ³ªÆú·¹¿Ë 3¼¼ °°Àº »ç¶÷µéÀÌ Àâ´Â´Ù°í °¡Á¤ÇØ º¸ÀÚ.

And the man in authority, endurable today, may become a brute tomorrow, or may be succeeded by a mad or im¡©becile heir, like the King of Bavaria or our Paul I.

±×¸®°í ±Ç·ÂÀ» Â÷ÁöÇÑ »ç¶÷Àº, ¿ì¸®°¡ ¿À´ÃÀº ÂüÀ» ¼ö ÀÖÁö¸¸, ¾Æ¸¶µµ ³»ÀÏÀº Áü½Âó·³ µÇ°Å³ª, ¹Ù¹Ù¸®¾ÆÀÇ ¿Õ ¶Ç´Â ¿ì¸®ÀÇ ¹Ù¿ï 1¼¼Ã³·³, ¹ÌÄ¡±¤À̰ųª Àú´ÉÇÑ ÈİèÀÚ¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­ À̾îÁú ¼öµµ ÀÖ´Ù.

And not only the highest authorities, but all little satraps scattered over everywhere, like so many General Baranovs, governors, police officers even, and commanders of com¡©panies, can perpetrate the most awful crimes before there is time for them to be removed from office. And this is what is constantly happening.

±×¸®°í °¡Àå ³ôÀº ±Ç·Âµé »Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ¾î´À °÷¿¡³ª Èð¾îÁ® ÀÖ´Â ¸ðµç Áö¹æ Ãѵ¶µéµµ, ±×Åä·Ï ¸¹Àº ¹Ù¶ó³ëÇÁ À屺µé, Ãѵ¶µé, ½ÉÁö¾î °æÂû°üµé, ±×¸®°í ºÎ´ëÀÇ ÁöÈÖÀÚµéÀÌ ±×µéÀÌ Á÷À§¿¡¼­ Á¦°ÅµÉ ¶§°¡ ¿À±â Àü¿¡ °¡Àå ¹«¼­¿î ¹üÁ˵éÀ» ÀúÁö¸¦ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ±×¸®°í À̰ÍÀÌ ²÷ÀÓ¾øÀÌ ¹ß»ýÇϰí ÀÖ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù.

One involuntarily asks how can men let it go on, not from higher considerations only, but from regard to their own safety?

¿ì¸®´Â ¾î¿ ¼ö ¾øÀÌ ¹¯´Â´Ù, ¾îÂîÇÏ¿© »ç¶÷µéÀº, ´õ ³ôÀº Á߿伺 »Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, ±×µé ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ¾ÈÀüÀ» °í·ÁÇÔ ¶§¹®¿¡, ±×°ÍÀ» ¹æÄ¡ÇÒ ¼ö Àִ°¡?

The answer to this question is that it is not all people who do tolerate it (some-the greater proportion-deluded and submissive, have no choice and have to tolerate any¡©thing). It is tolerated by those who only under such an organization can occupy a position of profit. They tolerate it, because for them the risks of suffering from a foolish or cruel man being at the head of the government or the army are always less than the disadvantages to which they would be exposed by the destruction of the organization itself.

ÀÌ Áú¹®¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ´ë´äÀº ¸ðµç »ç¶÷ÀÌ ±×°ÍÀ» ¹¬ÀÎÇÑ´Ù´Â °ÍÀº ¾Æ´Ï´Ù¶ó´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù (¾î¶² »ç¶÷µéÀº-´õ Å« ºñÀ²·Î¼­-±â¸¸´çÇÏ°í ¼øÁ¾ÀûÀ̹ǷÎ, ¼±ÅÃÀÇ ¿©Áö°¡ ¾øÀ¸¸ç ¹«¾ùÀ̵çÁö ¹¬ÀÎÇÒ ¼ö ¹Û¿¡ ¾ø´Ù). ±×°ÍÀº ¿ÀÁ÷ ±×·¯ÇÑ Á¶Á÷ ¾Æ·¡¼­ ÀÌÀÍÀ» ÃëÇÏ´Â ÁöÀ§¸¦ Â÷ÁöÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â »ç¶÷µé¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­ ¹¬ÀεȴÙ. ±×µéÀº ±×°ÍÀ» ¹¬ÀÎÇÑ´Ù, ¿Ö³ÄÇÏ¸é ±×µé¿¡°Ô¼­ ¾î¸®¼®°Å³ª ÀÜÀÎÇÑ »ç¶÷ÀÌ Á¤ºÎ³ª ±º´ëÀÇ ¼ö¹Ý¿¡ ÀÖÀ½À¸·Î¼­ °Þ¾î¾ß ÇÏ´Â À§ÇèµéÀº ¾ðÁ¦³ª Á¶Á÷ ±× Â÷üÀÇ ÆÄ±«·Î ÀÎÇØ¼­ ³ëÃâµÇ´Â ºÒÀÌÀÍ¿¡ ºñÇØ¼­ Àû±â ¶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù.

A judge, a commander of police, a governor, or an officer will keep his position just the same under Boulanger or the republic, under Pougachef or Catherine. He will lose his profitable position for certain, if the existing order of things which secured it to him is destroyed. And so all these people feel no uneasiness as to who is at the head of the organization, they will adapt themselves to anyone; they only dread the downfall of the organization itself, and that is the reason-though often an unconscious one-that they support it.

¹ý°ü, °æÂûÀÇ ÁöÈÖÀÚ, Ãѵ¶, ¶Ç´Â Àå±³´Â ºÒ¶ûÁ¦ ¶Ç´Â °øÈ­±¹¾Æ·¡¼­, Ǫ°¡Ã¼ÇÁ³ª ij´õ¸° Ä¡ÇÏ¿¡¼­ Á¤¸» ¶È°°ÀÌ ±×ÀÇ ÁöÀ§¸¦ °í¼öÇÏ·Á ÇÒ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ¸¸ÀÏ ±×¿¡°Ô È®º¸µÈ ±âÁ¸ ¼¼»ó Áú¼­°¡ ÆÄ±«µÈ´Ù¸é Ʋ¸²¾øÀÌ ±×´Â ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ÀÌÀÍÀ̵Ǵ ÁöÀ§¸¦ ÀÒÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ±×¸®°í ±×·¯¹Ç·Î ÀÌ ¸ðµç »ç¶÷µéÀº Á¶Á÷ÀÇ ¼ö¹Ý¿¡ ÀÖ´Â »ç¶÷¿¡ ´ëÇØ¼­ ¾Æ¹«·± ºÒÆíÇÔÀ» ´À³¢Áö ¾ÊÀ¸¸ç, ±×µéÀº ´©±¸¿¡°Ô¶óµµ ¼øÀÀÇÒ °ÍÀÌ´Ù; ±×µéÀº ¿ÀÁ÷ Á¶Á÷ ÀÚüÀÇ ¸ô¶ôÀ» µÎ·Á¿öÇÑ´Ù, ±×¸®°í ±×°ÍÀÌ ¹Ù·Î ±×µéÀÌ ±×°ÍÀ» ÁöÁöÇÏ´Â-ºñ·Ï °¡²ûÀº ¹«ÀǽÄÀûÀÎ °ÍÀÌ´õ¶óµµ- ÀÌÀ¯ÀÌ´Ù.

One often wonders why independent people, who are not forced to do so in any way, the so-called elite of society, should go into the army in Russia, England, Germany, Austria, and even France, and seek opportunities of be¡©coming murderers. Why do even high-principled parents send their boys to military schools? Why do mothers buy their children toy helmets, guns, and swords as play¡©things? (The peasant's children never play at soldiers, by the way). Why do good men and even women, who have certainly no interest in war, go into raptures over the various exploits of Skobeloff and others, and vie with one another in glorifying them? Why do men, who are not obliged to do so, and get no fee for it, devote, like the marshals of nobility in Russia, whole months of toil to a business physically disagreeable and morally painful- the enrolling of conscripts? Why do all kings and emperors wear the military uniform? Why do they all hold military reviews, why do they organize maneuvers, distribute rewards to the military, and raise monuments to generals and successful commanders? Why do rich men of independent position consider it an honor to perform a valet's duties in attendance on crowned personages, flatter¡©ing them and cringing to them and pretending to believe in their peculiar superiority? Why do men who have ceased to believe in the superstitions of the mediaeval Church, and who could not possibly believe in them seriously and consistently, pretend to believe in and give their support to the demoralizing and blasphemous institution of the church? Why is it that not only governments but private persons of the higher classes, try so jealously to maintain the ignorance of the people? Why do they fall with such fury on any effort at breaking down religious superstitions or really enlightening the people? Why do historians, novelists, and poets, who have no hope of gaining anything by their flatteries, make heroes of kings, emperors, and con¡©querors of past times? Why do men, who call themselves learned, dedicate whole lifetimes to making theories to prove that violence employed by authority against the people is not violence at all, but a special right? One often wonders why a fashionable lady or an artist, who, one would think, would take no interest in political or military questions, should always condemn strikes of working peo¡©ple, and defend war; and should always be found without hesitation opposed to the one, favorable to the other.

¿ì¸®´Â Á¾Á¾, ¿Ö µ¶¸³ÀûÀÎ »ç¶÷µéÀÌ, ±×µéÀº ¾î·µç ±×·¸°Ô Çϵµ·Ï °­¿ä¹ÞÁö ¾ÊÀ¸¸é¼­µµ, ¼ÒÀ§ »çȸÀÇ ¿¤¸®Æ®µéÀÌ, ·¯½Ã¾Æ, ¿µ±¹, µ¶ÀÏ, ¿À½ºÆ®¸®¾Æ, ±×¸®°í ½ÉÁö¾î ÇÁ¶û½º¿¡¼­, ¹Ýµå½Ã ±º´ë¿¡ °¡¾ßÇÏ´ÂÁö, ±×¸®°í »ìÀÎÀÚµéÀÌ µÇ°íÀÚ ÇÏ´Â ±âȸµéÀ» ãÀ¸·ÁÇÏ´ÂÁö Àǹ®À» °¡Áø´Ù. ¿Ö ½ÉÁö¾î °í±ÍÇÑ ½Å³äÀ» °¡Áø ºÎ¸ðµéÀÌ ±×µéÀÇ ÀÚ³àµéÀ» ±º´ë½Ä Çб³¿¡ º¸³»´Â°¡? ¿Ö ºÎ¸ðµéÀÌ ÀÚ³àµé¿¡°Ô Àå³­°¨ Åõ±¸µé, Ãѵé, ±×¸®°í Ä®µéÀ» ³îÀ̰¨À¸·Î »çÁִ°¡? (±×·¯³ª, ³óºÎÀÇ ¾ÆÀ̵éÀº °áÄÚ º´Á¤ ³îÀ̸¦ ÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù). ¿Ö ¼±ÇÑ ³²ÀÚµé°ú ½ÉÁö¾î ¿©ÀÚµéÀÌ, ºÐ¸íÈ÷ ÀüÀï¿¡ ¾Æ¹« °ü½Éµµ ¾øÀ¸¸é¼­, ½ºÄÚº§·ÎÇÁ¿Í ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷µéÀÇ °øÀû¿¡ ´ëÇØ ³ÌÀ» ÀÒ°í, ±×µéÀ» μÛÇϱâ À§Çؼ­ ¼­·Î °æÀïÇϴ°¡? ¿Ö ³²ÀÚµéÀº, ±×·¸°Ô ÇØ¾ßÇÒ Àǹ«°¡ ¾øÀ¸¸ç, ±×°Í¿¡ ´ëÇØ ¾Æ¹«·± º¸¼öµµ ¹ÞÁö ¾ÊÀ¸¸é¼­, ·¯½Ã¾ÆÀÇ ±ÍÁ· °í°üµé ó·³, À°Ã¼ÀûÀ¸·Î ºÒÄèÇÏ°í µµ´öÀûÀ¸·Î °íÅ뽺·¯¿î Àϵ鿡 ÇÑ´Þ ³»³» °í¿ª½º·¯¿î-¡Áýº´À» µî·ÏÇÏ´Â-ÀÏ·Î Çå½ÅÇϴ°¡ ? ¿Ö ¸ðµç ¿Õµé°ú ȲÁ¦µéÀº ±ºº¹À» ÀԴ°¡? ¿Ö ±×µéÀº ¸ðµÎ ¿­º´½ÄÀ» Çϴ°¡, ±×µéÀº ¿Ö ±âµ¿ÈÆ·ÃÀ» Á¶Á÷Çϸç, ±º´ë¿¡ Æ÷»óÀ» Çϸç, À屺µé°ú ¼º°øÀûÀÎ ÁöÈÖ°üµé¿¡°Ô ±â³äºñ¸¦ ¼¼¿ì´Â°¡? ¿Ö µ¶¸³ÀûÀÎ ÁöÀ§¸¦ °¡Áø ºÎÀ¯ÇÑ »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ¿ÕÁ·ÀÇ Àι°µé¿¡ ½ÃÁßµé°í, ±×µé¿¡°Ô ¾ÆºÎÇϸç, ¾ÆÃ·Çϰí, ±×µé ƯÀ¯ÀÇ ¿ì¿ù¼ºÀ» ¹Ï´Â üÇϸ鼭 ÇÏÀÎÀÇ Àǹ«µéÀ» ¼öÇàÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ» ¿µ±¤À¸·Î ¿©±â´Â°¡? ¿Ö Áß¼¼ ±³È¸ÀÇ ¹Ì½ÅµéÀ» ¹Ï±â¸¦ ±×¸¸ µÐ »ç¶÷µéÀÌ, ±×°ÍµéÀ» ÁøÁöÇÏ°Ô ²ÙÁØÈ÷ ¹ÏÁöµµ ¾ÊÀ¸¸é¼­, ±³È¸ÀÇ Å¸¶ôÀûÀÌ¸ç ½Å¼º¸ðµ¶ÀûÀÎ ±â°üÀ» ¹Ï°í Áö¿øÇϴ üÇϴ°¡? ¿Ö Á¤ºÎµé »Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó °íÀ§ °è±ÞµéÀÇ °³ÀÎÀûÀÎ »ç¶÷µéÀÌ, ±×Åä·Ï ¿­½ÉÈ÷ »ç¶÷µéÀÇ ¹«Áö¸¦ À¯ÁöÇÏ·Á Çϴ°¡? ¿Ö ±×µéÀº Á¾±³ÀûÀÎ ¹Ì½ÅµéÀ» ±ú°Å³ª ¶Ç´Â ½ÇÁ¦·Î »ç¶÷µéÀ» °è¸ùÇÏ´Â °Í¿¡ ´ëÇØ ±×Åä·Ï ºÐ³ëÇϸ鼭 °ø°ÝÇϴ°¡? ¿Ö ¿ª»ç°¡µé, ¼Ò¼³°¡µé, ±×¸®°í ½ÃÀεéÀº, ±×µéÀÇ ¾ÆÃ·À¸·Î¼­ ¾î¶² °ÍÀ» ¾òÀ» Èñ¸Áµµ ¾ø´Âµ¥, ¿Õµé, ȲÁ¦µé, ±×¸®°í °ú°Å ½Ã´ëÀÇ Á¤º¹ÀÚµéÀ» ¿µ¿õÀ¸·Î ¸¸µå´Â°¡? ¿Ö »ç¶÷µéÀº, ½º½º·Î¸¦ ÇÐÀÚ¶ó°í ºÎ¸£¸é¼­, Àüü ÀÏ»ýÀ» ±Ç·ÂµéÀÌ »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô »ç¿ëÇÑ Æø·ÂÀ» ÀüÇô Æø·ÂÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¸ç Ưº°ÇÑ ±Ç¸®¶ó°í Áõ¸íÇÏ·Á´Â À̷еéÀ» ¸¸µå´Âµ¥ Çå½ÅÇϴ°¡? ¿ì¸®´Â Á¾Á¾ Àǹ®À» °¡Áø´Ù, ¿Ö »ç±³°èÀÇ ºÎÀÎÀ̳ª ¿¹¼ú°¡´Â, ¿ì¸®µéÀÌ »ý°¢Çϱ⿡, Á¤Ä¡³ª ±º»ç ¹®Á¦¿¡ ¾Æ¹«·± °ü½Éµµ ¾øÀ¸¸é¼­, ¾ðÁ¦³ª ³ëµ¿ÀÚµéÀÇ ÆÄ¾÷À» ºñ³­Çϰí ÀüÀïÀ» ¿ËÈ£ÇØ¾ß Çϴ°¡; ±×¸®°í ¿Ö ¾ðÁ¦³ª ÁÖÀúÇÔÀÌ ¾øÀÌ ÀüÀÚ´Â ¹Ý´ëÇϰí ÈÄÀÚ¸¦ ¼±È£Çϴ°¡?

But one no longer wonders when one realizes that in the higher classes there is an unerring instinct of what tends to maintain and of what tends to destroy the organization by virtue of which they enjoy their privileges. The fashion¡©able lady had certainly not reasoned out that if there were no capitalists and no army to defend them, her husband would have no fortune, and she could not have her enter¡©tainments and her ball-dresses. And the artist certainly does not argue that he needs the capitalists and the troops to defend them, so that they may buy his pictures. But instinct, replacing reason in this instance, guides them unerringly. And it is precisely this instinct which leads all men, with few exceptions, to support all the religious, political, and economic institutions which are to their advantage.

±×·¯³ª, °íÀ§ °è±Þµé¿¡¼­´Â ±×µéÀÌ ´©¸®´Â ÀڽŵéÀÇ Æ¯±ÇµéÀ» ÀÌÀ¯·Î Á¶Á÷À» À¯ÁöÇϰųª ÆÄ±«Çϱ⠽¬¿î Á¶±Ýµµ Ʋ¸®Áö ¾Ê´Â º»´ÉÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ¿ì¸®°¡ ±ú´ÞÀ» ¶§, ¿ì¸®´Â ´õ ÀÌ»ó ±Ã±ÝÇÏ°Ô ¿©±âÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù. »ç±³°èÀÇ ºÎÀεéÀº ¸¸ÀÏ ±×µéÀ» º¸È£ÇÒ ÀÚº»°¡µéÀÌ ¾ø°í ±º´ë°¡ ¾ø´Ù¸é, ±×³àÀÇ ³²ÆíÀº ¾Æ¹«·± Àç»êµµ ¾øÀ» °ÍÀ̸ç, ±×³àÀÇ À¯Èñµé°ú ¹«µµº¹µéÀ» °¡ÁöÁö ¸øÇÒ °ÍÀÓÀ» ºÐ¸íÈ÷ »ý°¢ÇØ ³»Áö ¸øÇßÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ±×¸®°í ¿¹¼ú°¡µéÀº ±×µéÀ» º¸È£Çϱâ À§Çؼ­ ÀÚº»°¡µé°ú ±º´ëµéÀÌ ÇÊ¿äÇϸç, ±×·¡¼­ ±×µéÀÌ ±×ÀÇ ±×¸²µéÀ» »ì °ÍÀ̶ó°í ºÐ¸íÈ÷ ÁÖÀåÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù. ±×·¯³ª º»´ÉÀº, ÀÌ·± °æ¿ì¿¡ À־ À̼ºÀ» ´ëüÇϸ鼭, Á¶±Ýµµ Ʋ¸®Áö ¾Ê°Ô ±×µéÀ» ÀεµÇÑ´Ù. ±×¸®°í ±×°ÍÀº, ¸ðµç »ç¶÷µéÀ», °ÅÀÇ ¿¹¿Ü ¾øÀÌ, ±×µéÀÇ ÀÌÀÍ¿¡ ºÎÇÕÇÏ´Â ¸ðµç Á¾±³Àû, Á¤Ä¡Àû, ±×¸®°í °æÁ¦ÀûÀÎ ±â°üµéÀ» Áö¿øÇϵµ·Ï ÀεµÇÏ´Â, ¹Ù·Î ÀÌ·± º»´ÉÀÌ´Ù.

But is it possible that the higher classes support the existing order of things simply because it is to their advantage? Cannot they see that this order of things is essentially irrational, that it is no longer consistent with the stage of moral development attained by people, and with public opinion, and that it is fraught with perils? The governing classes, or at least the good, honest, and intelli¡©gent people of them, cannot but suffer from these funda¡©mental inconsistencies, and see the dangers with which they are threatened. And is it possible that all the millions of the lower classes can feel easy in conscience when they commit such obviously evil deeds as torture and murder from fear of punishment? Indeed, it could not be so, neither the former nor the latter could fail to see the irrationality of their conduct, if the complexity of government organization did not obscure the unnatural senselessness of their actions.

±×·¯³ª °íÀ§ °è±ÞµéÀÌ ´Ü¼øÈ÷ ±×°ÍÀÌ ±×µéÀÇ ÀÌÀÍ¿¡ ºÎÇÕÇϱ⠶§¹®¿¡ ¼¼»óÀÇ ±âÁ¸ Áú¼­À» Áö¿øÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ °¡´ÉÇѰ¡? ÀÌ·± ¼¼»ó Áú¼­´Â º»ÁúÀûÀ¸·Î ºñÀ̼ºÀûÀ̸ç, »ç¶÷µé¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­ ´Þ¼ºµÇ´Â µµ´öÀûÀÎ ¹ßÀüÀÇ ´Ü°è¿Í, ¿©·Ð°ú ´õ ÀÌ»ó ÀÏÄ¡µÇÁö ¾ÊÀ¸¸ç, ±×¸®°í ±×°ÍÀº À§Çèµé·Î °¡µæÂ÷ ÀÖ´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ±×µéÀº ±ú´ÞÀ» ¼ö ¾øÀ»±î? Áö¹è °è±Þµé, ¾Æ´Ï Àû¾îµµ ±×µé Áß¿¡¼­ ¼±Çϰí, Á¤Á÷Çϸç, ÃѸíÇÑ »ç¶÷µéÀº, ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ±Ùº»ÀûÀÎ ¸ð¼øµéº¸ºÎÅÍ °íÅë¹ÞÁö ¾ÊÀ» ¼ö°¡ ¾øÀ¸¸ç, ±×µéÀÌ À§Çù¹Þ°í ÀÖ´Â À§ÇèµéÀ» º¸Áö ¾ÊÀ» ¼ö°¡ ¾ø´Ù. ±×¸®°í ¸ðµç ¼ö¹é¸¸ÀÇ ³·Àº °è±ÞÀÇ »ç¶÷µéÀº ó¹úÀÌ µÎ·Á¿ö¼­ °í¹®°ú »ìÀÎ °°ÀÌ ¸í¹éÈ÷ ¾ÇÇÑ ÇàÀ§µéÀ» ÀúÁö¸¦ ¶§¿¡ Æí¾ÈÇÔÀ» ´À³¥ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù´Â °ÍÀÌ °¡´ÉÇѰ¡? Á¤¸»·Î, ±×·² ¼ö°¡ ¾ø´Ù, ¸¸ÀÏ Á¤ºÎ Á¶Á÷ÀÇ º¹ÀâÇÔÀÌ ±×µéÀÇ ÇൿµéÀÇ ºÎÀÚ¿¬½º·± ¹«ÀǹÌÇÔÀ» È帮Áö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù¸é, ÀüÀÚ³ª ÈÄÀÚ³ª ±×µé ÇàÀ§ÀÇ ºñÀ̼ºÀûÀÓÀ» ±ú´ÝÁö ¾ÊÀ» ¼ö°¡ ¾ø´Ù.

So many instigate, assist, or sanction the commission of every one of these actions that no one who has a hand in them feels himself morally responsible for it.

ÀÌ·± ÇàÀ§µé Çϳª ÇϳªÀÇ ½ÇÇàÀ» ³Ê¹«³ª ¸¹Àº »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ºÎÃß±â°í, ¹æÁ¶Çϰųª ¿ëÀÎÇÏ¿©¼­, ±×°Íµé¿¡ ¼ÕÀ» µé¿© ³õÀº ¾î´À ´©±¸µµ ½º½º·Î°¡ µµ´öÀûÀ¸·Î Ã¥ÀÓÀ» ´À³¢Áö ¾Ê´Â´Ù.

It is the custom among assassins to oblige all the wit¡©nesses of a murder to strike the murdered victim, that the responsibility may be divided among as large a number of people as possible. The same principle in different forms is applied under the government organization in the per¡©petration of the crimes, without which no government organization could exist. Rulers always try to implicate as many citizens as possible in all the crimes committed in their support.

»ìÀο¡ ´ëÇÑ ¸ðµç ¸ñ°ÝÀÚµéÀÌ »ìÇØµÈ Èñ»ýÀÚ¸¦ µÎµé°Ü ÆÐ¼­, ±× Ã¥ÀÓÀÌ °¡´ÉÇÑ ¸¹Àº ¼öÀÇ »ç¶÷µé »çÀÌ¿¡ ³ª´©¾î Áöµµ·Ï ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ »ìÀÎÀÚµé »çÀÌÀÇ °ü½ÀÀÌ´Ù. »óÀÌÇÑ Çüŵ鿡 ´ã±ä ¶È °°Àº ½ÅÁ¶µéÀÌ ¹üÁ˵éÀÇ ½ÇÇà¿¡ À־ Á¤ºÎ Á¶Á÷ ¾Æ·¡¼­ Àû¿ëµÇ¸ç, ±×°ÍÀÌ ¾ø´Ù¸é Á¤ºÎ Á¶Á÷Àº Á¸ÀçÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø´Ù. ÅëÄ¡ÀÚµéÀº ¾ðÁ¦³ª ±×µéÀ» ÁöÁöÇϱâ À§Çؼ­ ÀúÁú·¯Áö´Â ¸ðµç ¹üÁ˵鿡 °¡´ÉÇÑ ¸¹Àº ½Ã¹ÎµéÀ» ¿¬·ç½ÃŰ·Á°í ³ë·ÂÇÑ´Ù.

Of late this tendency has been expressed in a very obvious manner by the obligation of all citizens to take part in legal processes as jurors, in the army as soldiers, in the local government, or legislative assembly, as electors or members.

ÃÖ±Ù¿¡ ÀÌ·± °æÇâÀº ¹ýÀûÀÎ ÀýÂ÷¿¡ ¹è½É¿øÀ¸·Î, ±º´ë¿¡ º´»ç·Î, Áö¹æ Á¤ºÎ³ª ÀÔ¹ý ±â±¸¿¡¼­ À¯±ÇÀÚ³ª ȸ¿øµé·Î¼­ Âü¿©ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ» ¸Å¿ì ¸í¹éÇÏ°Ô ¸ðµç ½Ã¹ÎµéÀÇ Àǹ«·Î¼­ Ç¥ÇöµÇ¾ú´Ù.

Just as in a wicker basket all the ends are so hidden away that it is hard to find them, in the state organization the responsibility for the crimes committed is so hidden away that men will commit the most atrocious acts without seeing their responsibility for them.

¹öµé°¡Áö ¹Ù±¸´Ï¿¡¼­ ¸ðµç ³¡µéÀÌ ²À²À ¼û°ÜÁ®¼­ ã±â°¡ ¾î·Á¿î °Íó·³, ±¹°¡ Á¶Á÷¿¡¼­ ÀúÁú·¯Áø ¹üÁ˵鿡 ´ëÇÑ Ã¥ÀÓÀÌ ³Ê¹« ±íÀÌ ¼û°ÜÁ® À־ »ç¶÷µéÀº °¡Àå ÀÜÀÎÇÑ ÇàÀ§µéÀ» ±×°Íµé¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ±×µéÀÇ Ã¥ÀÓÀ» ±ú´ÝÁö ¾Ê°í¼­ ÀúÁö¸¦ °ÍÀÌ´Ù.

In ancient times tyrants got credit for the crimes they committed, but in our day the most atrocious infamies, in¡©conceivable under the Neros, are perpetrated and no one gets blamed for them.

¸Õ ¿¾³¯¿¡ Æø±ºµéÀº ±×µéÀÌ ÀúÁö¸¥ ¹üÁ˵鿡 ´ëÇØ¼­ ½ÃÀÎÀ» Çß´Ù, ±×·¯³ª ¿ì¸® ½Ã´ë¿¡´Â, ³×·Î°¡ ´Ù½º¸± ¶§¿¡µµ »ý°¢Áö ¸øÇÒ, °¡Àå ÀÜÀÎÇÑ ¾ÇÇàµéµµ ÀúÁú·¯ Áö¸ç ¾Æ¹«µµ ±×°Íµé¿¡ ´ëÇØ ýÀÓÀ» ÁöÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù.

One set of people have suggested, another set have pro¡©posed, a third have reported, a fourth have decided, a fifth have confirmed, a sixth have given the order, and a seventh set of men have carried it out. They hang, they flog to death women, old men, and innocent people, as was done recently among us in Russia at the Yuzovsky factory, and is always being done everywhere in Europe and America in the struggle with the anarchists and all other rebels against the existing order; they shoot and hang men by hundreds and thousands, or massacre millions in war, or break men's hearts in solitary confinement, and ruin their souls in the corruption of a soldier's life, and no one is responsible.

ÇÑ ¹«¸®ÀÇ »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ²¨³»°í, ´Ù¸¥ ¹«¸®´Â Á¦¾ÈÇϰí, ¼¼¹øÂ°´Â º¸°íÇϰí, ³×¹øÂ°´Â °áÁ¤Çϰí, ´Ù¼¸¹øÂ°´Â ºñÁØÇϰí, ¿©¼¸¹øÂ°´Â ¸í·ÉÀ» ³»¸®°í, ±×¸®°í Àϰö¹øÂ°ÀÇ ¹«¸®ÀÇ »ç¶÷µéÀº ±×°ÍÀ» ½ÇÇàÇß´Ù. ÃÖ±Ù¿¡ ·¯½Ã¾ÆÀÇ À¯Á¶ÇÁ½ºÅ° °øÀå¿¡¼­ ¿ì¸®µé »çÀÌ¿¡¼­ ÇàÇØÁ³µíÀÌ ±×¸®°í À¯·´À̳ª ¾Æ¸Þ¸®Ä« ´ë·ú ¾îµð¿¡¼­³ª ±âÁ¸ Áú¼­¿¡ ¹Ý´ëÇÏ´Â ¹«Á¤ºÎÁÖÀÇÀÚµé°ú ´Ù¸¥ ¸ðµç ¹Ý¶õÀÚµé°úÀÇ ÅõÀï¿¡¼­ ¾ðÁ¦³ª ÇàÇØÁö°í ÀÖµíÀÌ, ±×µéÀº ¿©ÀÚµé, ³ªÀÌ ¸¹Àº »ç¶÷µéÀ» ¸Å´Þ°í ¸ÅÁúÇÏ¿© Á׿´´Ù; ±×µéÀº ¼ö¹é, ¼öõÀÇ »ç¶÷µéÀ» ÃÑÁúÇϰųª ¸ñ¸Å´Þ°Å³ª, ÀüÀï¿¡¼­ ¼ö¹é¸¸ ¸íÀ» ÇлìÇϰųª, µ¶¹æ¿¡ °¨±ÝÇÏ¿© »ç¶÷µéÀÇ °¡½¿µéÀ» ¹¶°³¾î ¹ö¸®°í º´»çµéÀÇ »îÀ» ºÎÆÐÇÏ°Ô ÇÏ¿© ±×µéÀÇ ¿µÈ¥À» ¸ê¸Á½ÃŲ´Ù, ±×¸®°í ¾Æ¹«µµ Ã¥ÀÓÁöÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù.

At the bottom of the social scale soldiers, armed with guns, pistols, and sabers, injure and murder people, and compel men through these means to enter the army, and are absolutely convinced that the responsibility for the actions rests solely on the officers who command them.

»çȸÀû °è±ÞÀÇ ¹Ø¹Ù´Ú¿¡¼­, º´»çµéÀº, ¼ÒÃѵé, ÇǽºÅç, ±×¸®°í Ä®µé·Î ¹«ÀåÇÏ¿©¼­, »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô »óó¸¦ ÁÖ°í »ìÀÎÇϸç, ÀÌ·± ¼ö´Üµé·Î¼­ »ç¶÷µéÀ» °­¾ÐÀûÀ¸·Î ±º´ë¿¡ µé¾î°¡µµ·Ï ¸¸µç´Ù, ±×¸®°í ±×·¯ÇÑ ÇàÀ§µé¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Ã¥ÀÓÀº ¿ÀÁ÷ ±×°ÍÀ»À» ¸í·ÉÇÑ Àå±³µé¿¡°Ô¸¸ µ¹¾Æ°£´Ù°í Àý´ëÀûÀ¸·Î ¹Ï´Â´Ù.

At the top of the scale-the Tzars, presidents, ministers, and parliaments decree these tortures and murders and military conscription, and are fully convinced that since they are either placed in authority by the grace of God or by the society they govern, which demands such decrees from them, they cannot be held responsible. Between these two extremes are the intermediary personages who superintend the murders and other acts of violence, and are fully con¡©vinced that the responsibility is taken off their shoulders partly by their superiors who have given the order, partly by the fact that such orders are expected from them by all who are at the bottom of the scale.

°è±ÞÀÇ »óÃþºÎ¿¡¼­-ȲÁ¦µé, ´ëÅë·Éµé, °¢·áµé, ±×¸®°í ÀÇȸµéÀº ÀÌ·± °í¹®µé°ú »ìÀÎµé ±×¸®°í ±º»ç ¡ÁýÀ» ¸í·ÉÇÑ´Ù, ±×¸®°í ±×µéÀº Çϳª´ÔÀÇ ÀºÃÑÀ̳ª ±×µéÀÌ Áö¹èÇÏ´Â »çȸ¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­ ±Ç·Â¿¡ ¿Ã¶ú°í, ±×µéÀÌ ±×µé¿¡°Ô ±×·¯ÇÑ ¸í·ÉÀ» ¿ä±¸Çϱ⠶§¹®¿¡, Ã¥ÀÓÀ» Áú ¼ö ¾ø´Ù°í ÀüÀûÀ¸·Î ¹Ï´Â´Ù. ÀÌ µÎ°¡Áö ±Ø´ÜÀÇ »çÀÌ¿¡ Áß°£¿¡ ÀÖ´Â »ç¶÷µé·Î¼­ »ìÀεé°ú ´Ù¸¥ Æø·Â ÇàÀ§µéÀ» Áö½ÃÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù, ±×¸®°í ±×µéÀº, ÀϺκÐÀº ¸í·ÉÀ» ³»¸° »ó±ÞÀڵ鿡 ÀÇÇØ¼­, ´Ù¸¥ ÀϺκÐÀº ±×·± ¸í·ÉµéÀÌ °è±ÞÀÇ ¹Ù´Ú¿¡ ÀÖ´Â ¸ðµç »ç¶÷µé¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­ Àڽŵé·ÎºÎÅÍ ¿¹»óµÈ´Ù´Â »ç½Ç¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­, ±× Ã¥ÀÓÀÌ ÀڽŵéÀÇ ¾î±ú¿¡¼­ ¹þ¾î³­´Ù°í ÀüÀûÀ¸·Î ¹Ï°í ÀÖ´Ù.

The authority who gives the orders and the authority who executes them at the two extreme ends of the state organization, meet together like the two ends of a ring; they support and rest on one another and enclose all that lies within the ring.

¸í·ÉµéÀ» ³»¸®´Â ±Ç·Â°ú ±×°ÍµéÀ» ÁýÇàÇÏ´Â ±Ç·ÂÀº ±¹°¡ Á¶Á÷ÀÇ ¾çÂÊ ±Ø´Üµé¿¡¼­, °í¸®ÀÇ µÎ ³¡Ã³·³ ÇÔ²² ¸¸³­´Ù; ±×µéÀº ¼­·Î ¼­·Î¸¦ ÁöÁöÇϸç ÀÇÁ¸ÇÑ´Ù ±×¸®°í ±× °í¸® ¾È¿¡ ³õÀÎ ¸ðµç °ÍÀ» ¿¡¿ö½Ñ´Ù.

Without the conviction that there is a person or persons who will take the whole responsibility of his acts, not one soldier would ever lift a hand to commit a murder or other deed of violence.

ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ÇàÀ§µé¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÀüÀûÀΠåÀÓÀ» Áö´Â »ç¶÷À̳ª »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù´Â È®½ÅÀÌ ¾ø´Ù¸é, ´Ü ÇÑ ¸íÀÇ º´»çµµ »ìÀÎÀ̳ª ´Ù¸¥ Æø·Â ÇàÀ§¸¦ ÀúÁö¸£·Á°í ¼ÕÀ» µéÀÌ ¾ÊÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù.

Without the conviction that it is expected by the whole people not a single king, emperor, president, or parliament would order murders or acts of violence.

Àüü »ç¶÷µé¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­ ±×°ÍÀÌ ¿¹»óµÈ´Ù´Â È®½ÅÀÌ ¾ø´Ù¸é, ´Ü ÇÑ ¸íÀÇ ¿Õ, ȲÁ¦, ´ëÅë·É ¶Ç´Â ÀÇȸµµ »ìÀεéÀ̳ª Æø·ÂÇàÀ§µéÀ» ¸í·ÉÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù.

Without the conviction that there are persons of a higher grade who will take the responsibility, and people of a lower grade who require such acts for their welfare, not one of the intermediate class would superintend such deeds.

Ã¥ÀÓÀ» Áö°íÀÚ ÇÏ´Â »óÀ§ °è±ÞÀÇ »ç¶÷µéÀÌ, ±×¸®°í ±×·± ÇàÀ§µéÀ» ÀڽŵéÀÇ ÇູÀ¸·Î¼­ ¿ä±¸ÇÏ´Â ÇÏÀ§ °è±ÞÀÇ »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù´Â È®½ÅÀÌ ¾øÀ¸¸é, ´Ü ÇÑ ¸íÀÇ Áß°£ °è±ÞÀÌ¶óµµ ±×·¯ÇÑ ÇàÀ§µéÀ» Áö½ÃÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù.

The state is so organized that wherever a man is placed in the social scale, his irresponsibility is the same. The higher his grade the more he is under the influence of demands from below, and the less he is controlled by orders from above, and vice versa.

±¹°¡´Â ±×·¸°Ô Á¶Á÷µÇ¾úÀ¸¹Ç·Î, ¾î¶² »ç¶÷ÀÌ »çȸÀû °èÃþ¿¡ ³õ¿© ÀÖ´Ù¸é, ±×ÀÇ Ã¥ÀÓÀº ¶È°°´Ù. ±×ÀÇ °è±ÞÀÌ ³ôÀ¸¸é ³ôÀ»¼ö·Ï ¾Æ·¡·ÎºÎÅÍÀÇ ¿ä±¸µéÀÇ ¿µÇâ¾Æ·¡ ³õÀ̸ç, ³·À¸¸é ³·À»¼ö·Ï À§·ÎºÎÅÍÀÇ ¸í·Éµé¿¡ Á¦¾îµÈ´Ù, ±×¸®°í ±× ¹Ý´ëµµ ¸¶Âù°¡ÁöÀÌ´Ù.

All men, then, bound together by state organization, throw the responsibility of their acts on one another, the peasant soldier on the nobleman or merchant who is his officer, and the officer on the nobleman who has been appointed governor, the governor on the nobleman or son of an official who is minister, the minister on the member of the royal family who occupies the post of Tzar, and the Tzar again on all these officials, noblemen, merchants, and peasants. But that is not all. Besides the fact that men get rid of the sense of responsibility for their actions in this way, they lose their moral sense of responsi¡©bility also, by the fact that in forming themselves into a state organization they persuade themselves and each other so continually, and so indefatigably, that they are not all equal, but "as the stars apart," that they come to believe it genuinely themselves. Thus some are per¡©suaded that they are not simple people like everyone else, but special people who are to be specially honored. It is instilled into another set of men by every possible means that they are inferior to others, and therefore must submit without a murmur to every order given them by their superiors.

±×·¸°Ô ÇØ¼­, ¸ðµç »ç¶÷µéÀº ±¹°¡ Á¶Á÷¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­ ÇÔ²² ¹­¿©¼­, ÀڽŵéÀÇ ÇàÀ§µé¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Ã¥ÀÓÀ» ¼­·Î¿¡°Ô Àü°¡ÇÑ´Ù, ³óºÎÃâ½ÅÀÇ º´»ç´Â ±×ÀÇ Àå±³ÀÎ ±ÍÁ·À̳ª »óÀο¡°Ô, ±×¸®°í Àå±³´Â Ãѵ¶ÀÌ µÈ ±ÍÁ·¿¡°Ô, Ãѵ¶Àº ±ÍÁ·À̳ª °¢·áÀÎ °ü¸®ÀÇ ¾Æµé¿¡°Ô, °¢·á´Â ȲÁ¦ÀÇ Á÷À§¸¦ Â÷ÁöÇÏ´Â ¿Õ°¡ÀÇ ÀÏ¿ø¿¡°Ô, ±×¸®°í ȲÁ¦´Â ´Ù½Ã ÀÌ ¸ðµç °ü¸®µé, ±ÍÁ·µé, »óÀεé, ±×¸®°í ³óºÎµé¿¡°Ô Àü°¡ÇÑ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ±×°ÍÀÌ ¸ðµÎ°¡ ¾Æ´Ï´Ù. »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ÀÌ·± ½ÄÀ¸·Î ±×µéÀÇ ÇàÀ§µé¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Ã¥ÀÓ ÀǽÄÀ» Á¦°ÅÇÏ´Â »ç½Ç ¿Ü¿¡µµ, ±×µéÀº ¶ÇÇÑ ½º½º·Î¸¦ ±¹°¡ Á¶Á÷À¸·Î Çü¼ºÇÔ¿¡ À־ ½º½º·Î³ª ¼­·Î¿¡°Ô ³Ê¹«³ª Áö¼ÓÀûÀ¸·Î ±×¸®°í ÁöÄ¥ÁÙ ¸ð¸£°í ¼³µæÇÔÀ¸·Î½á, ±×µéÀÌ ¸ðµÎ °°Àº °ÍÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, ¡°¸¶Ä¡ º°µéÀÌ ºÐ¸® µÇµíÀÌ,¡± ±×µéÀº ±×°ÍÀÌ ÁøÁ¤À¸·Î ÀڽŵéÀ̶ó°í ¹Ï°Ô µÇ¾ú´Ù. ÀÌ·¸°Ô ÇØ¼­ ¾î¶² »ç¶÷µéÀº ±×µéÀÌ ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷µéó·³ ´Ü¼øÇÑ »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, Ưº°È÷ Á¸°æ¹Þ¾Æ¾ß Çϴ Ưº°ÇÑ »ç¶÷À¸·Î ¾Ë°í ÀÖ´Ù. ±×°ÍÀº ¸ðµç °¡´ÉÇÑ ¹æ¹ýµé·Î¼­ ´Ù¸¥ ¹«¸®ÀÇ »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô ÁÖÀԵǾ, ±×µéÀÌ ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷µéº¸´Ù ¿­µîÇϸç, ±×·¯¹Ç·Î ¹Ýµå½Ã ±×µéº¸´Ù ¿ì¿ùÇÑ ÀÚµéÀÌ ³»¸®´Â ¸ðµç ¸í·ÉÀ» ºÒÆò¾øÀÌ º¹Á¾ÇØ¾ß´Ù°í ¹Ï°í ÀÖ´Ù.

On this inequality, above all, on the elevation of some and the degradation of others, rests the capacity men have of being blind to the insanity of the existing order of life, and all the cruelty and criminality of the deception prac¡©ticed by one set of men on another.

ÀÌ·± ºÒÆòµî¿¡, ¹«¾ùº¸´Ùµµ, ¾î¶² »ç¶÷µéÀ» ³ôÀÌ°í ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷µéÀ» ³·Ãã¿¡, ±âÁ¸ »îÀÇ Áú¼­ÀÇ Á¤½Å ÀÌ»ó »óÅ¿Í, ÇÑ ¹«¸®ÀÇ »ç¶÷ÀÌ ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô ÇàÇÏ´Â ±â¸¸ÀÇ ¸ðµç ÀÜÀÎÇÔ°ú ¹üÁ˼º¿¡ ´«ÀÌ ¸Õ °Í¿¡ ´ëÇØ »ç¶÷µéÀÌ °¡Áö´Â ´É·ÂÀÌ ´Þ·Á ÀÖ´Ù.

Those in whom the idea has been instilled that they are invested with a special supernatural grandeur and conse¡©quence, are so intoxicated with a sense of their own imag¡©inary dignity that they cease to feel their responsibility for what they do.

ÀڽŵéÀÌ Æ¯º°ÇÑ ÃÊÀÚ¿¬ÀûÀÎ À§´ëÇÔ°ú Á߿伺À» ºÎ¿©¹Þ¾Ò´Ù´Â »ç¾ÓÀ» ÁÖÀÔ¹ÞÀº »ç¶÷µéÀº, ±×µé ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ »ó»óÀÇ À§¾öÀÇ »ý°¢À¸·Î ³Ê¹«³ª ÃëÇØ À־ ±×µéÀÌ ÇàÇÏ´Â °Í¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Ã¥ÀÓÀ» ´À³¦À» ±×¸¸ µÐ´Ù.

While those, on the other hand, in whom the idea is fostered that they are inferior animals, bound to obey their superiors in everything, fall, through this perpetual humil¡©iation, into a strange condition of stupefied servility, and in this stupefied state do not see the significance of their actions and lose all consciousness of responsibility for what they do.

ÇÑÆí, ±×µéÀº, ´Ù¸¥ ¸é¿¡¼­, ÀڽŵéÀÌ ¿­µîÇÑ µ¿¹°µéÀ̸ç, ±×µéº¸´Ù ¿ì¿ùÇÑ ¸ðµç °Í¿¡ º¹Á¾Çؾ߸¸ ÇÑ´Ù´Â »ç»óÀ¸·Î ÀÚ¶õ »ç¶÷µéÀº, ÀÌ·± ¿µ¼ÓÀûÀÎ ±¼¿åÀ» ÅëÇØ¼­, ¸¶ºñµÈ ³ë¿¹±Ù¼º °°Àº ÀÌ»óÇÑ »óÅ·ΠºüÁø´Ù, ±×¸®°í ÀÌ·± ¸¶ºñµÈ »óÅ´ ±×µéÀÇ ÇàÀ§µé¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Àǹ̸¦ ±ú´ÝÁö ¸øÇÏ°í ±×µéÀÌ ÇàÇÏ´Â °Í¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¸ðµç Ã¥ÀÓ°¨À» ÀÚ°¢ÇÔÀ» ÀÒ¾î ¹ö¸°´Ù.

The intermediate class, who obey the orders of their superiors on the one hand and regard themselves as superior beings on the other, are intoxicated by power and stupefied by servility at the same time and so lose the sense of their responsibility.

Áß°£ °è±ÞÀº, ÇÑÆíÀ¸·Î´Â ±×µéÀÇ »ó±ÞÀÚµéÀÇ ¸í·Éµé¿¡ º¹Á¾Çϸ鼭, ´Ù¸¥ ÇÑÆíÀ¸·Î´Â ÀڽŵéÀ» ¿ì¿ùÇÑ Á¸Àç·Î ¿©±â´Âµ¥, µ¿½Ã¿¡ ±Ç·Â¿¡ ÃëÇϰí, ³ë¿¹±Ù¼ºÀ¸·Î ¸¶ºñµÇ¾î¼­ ±×µéÀÇ Ã¥ÀÓ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ °¨°¢À» ÀÒ¾î ¹ö¸°´Ù.

One need only glance during a review at the commander-in-chief, intoxicated with self-importance, followed by his retinue, all on magnificent and gaily appareled horses, in splendid uniforms and wearing decorations, and see how they ride to the harmonious and solemn strains of music before the ranks of soldiers, all presenting arms and petri¡©fied with servility. One need only glance at this spectacle to understand that at such moments, when they are in a state of the most complete intoxication, commander-in-chief, soldiers, and intermediate officers alike, would be capable of committing crimes of which they would never dream under other conditions.

¿ÀÁ÷ ¿­º´½Ä¿¡¼­ ÃÖ°í »ç·É°üÀ» ÃÄ´Ù º¼ Çʿ䰡 ÀÖ´Ù. ±×´Â ÀÚ¸¸½É¿¡ µµÃëµÇ¾î, ±×ÀÇ ¼öÇà¿øÀ» ´ëµ¿ÇÏ¿´´Âµ¥, ±×µéÀº ¸ðµÎ ¿õÀåÇϰí È­·ÁÇÏ°Ô Àå½ÄÇÑ ¸»µéÀ» Ÿ°í ´«ÀÌ ºÎ½Å Á¦º¹µé°ú ÈÆÀåµéÀ» ´Þ°í ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ¸ðµç º´»ç°¡ ¹«±âµéÀ» µé°í¼­ ³ë¿¹Ã³·³ ±»¾î ÀÖ´Â ´ë¿­ ¾Õ¿¡¼­, ¾Æ¸§´Ù¿î ¼±À²°ú ¾ö¼÷ÇÑ À½¾Ç¿¡ ¸ÂÃß¾î ¸»À» Ÿ°í °¡´Â ±×ÀÇ ¸ð½ÀÀ» º¸¶ó. ¿ì¸®´Â ¿ÀÁ÷ ÀÌ·± ±¤°æÀ» º½À¸·Î½á, ±×·¯ÇÑ ¼ø°£µé¿¡, ±×µéÀÌ °¡Àå ¿ÏÀüÈ÷ µµÃëµÈ »óÅ¿¡ ÀÖÀ» ¶§, ÃÖ°í »ç·É°ü, º´»çµé, ±×¸®°í Áß°£ °è±ÞÀÇ Àå±³µé ¸ðµÎ°¡, ´Ù¸¥ »óȲ¿¡¼­´Â °áÄÚ ²Þ²ÙÁö ¸øÇÒ ¹üÁ˵éÀ» ÀúÁö¸¦ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ÀÌÇØÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.

The intoxication produced by such stimulants as parades, reviews, religious solemnities, and coronations, is, however, an acute and temporary condition; but there are other forms of chronic, permanent intoxication, to which those are liable who have any kind of authority, from that of the Tzar to that of the lowest police officer at the street corner, and also those who are in subjection to authority and in a state of stupefied servility. The latter, like all slaves, always find a justification for their own servility, in ascrib¡©ing the greatest possible dignity and importance to those they serve.

¿­º´½Äµé, »ç¿­½Äµé, Á¾±³Àû ÀǷʵé, ±×¸®°í ´ë°ü½Ä °°Àº ÀÚ±ØÁ¦µé·Î ¿¬ÃâµÇ´Â µµÃë´Â, ±×·¯³ª, °Ý·ÄÇϸç ÀϽÃÀûÀÎ »óÅÂÀÌÁö¸¸, ¸¸¼ºÀûÀ̸ç, ¿µ±¸ÀûÀÎ µµÃë °°Àº ´Ù¸¥ ÇüŵéÀÌ À־, ȲÁ¦ÀÇ ±Ç·Â¿¡¼­ºÎÅÍ °Å¸® ±¸¼®ÀÇ °¡Àå ³·Àº °æÂû°üÀÇ ±Ç·Â±îÁö, ¾î¶² Á¾·ùÀÇ ±Ç·ÂÀÌ¶óµµ °¡Áö°í ÀÖ´Â »ç¶÷µé°ú, ±Ç·Â¿¡ Á¾¼ÓµÇ¾î ÀÖ°í ¸¶ºñµÈ ³ë¿¹ »óÅ¿¡ ÀÖ´Â »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ½±°Ô ºüÁ®µé ¼ö ÀÖ´Â µµÃë°¡ ÀÖ´Ù. ÈÄÀÚ´Â, ´Ù¸¥ ¸ðµç ³ë¿¹µéó·³, ±×µéÀÌ ¼¶±â´Â »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô °¡´ÉÇÑ ÃÖ´ëÇÑÀÇ À§¾ö°ú Á߿伺À» ºÎ¿©Çϸ鼭, ¾ðÁ¦³ª ±×µé ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ³ë¿¹ »óÅ¿¡ ´ëÇÏ¿© ±¸½ÇÀ» ã´Â´Ù.

It is principally through this false idea of inequality, and the intoxication of power and of servility resulting from it, that men associated in a state organization are enabled to commit acts opposed to their conscience without the least scruple or remorse.

ÁÖ·Î ÀÌ·± ºÒÆòµî¿¡ ´ëÇÑ °ÅÁþµÈ »ç»ó°ú, ±×°ÍÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ÃÊ·¡µÇ´Â ±Ç·Â°ú º¹Á¾¿¡ ´ëÇÑ µµÃ븦 ÅëÇÏ¿©, ±¹°¡ Á¶Á÷°ú °ü·ÃµÇ¾î ÀÖ´Â »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ±×µéÀÇ ¾ç½É°ú ´ëÄ¡µÇ´Â ÇàÀ§µéÀ» ÃÖ¼ÒÇÑÀÇ °¡Ã¥°ú ÈĿܵµ ¾øÀÌ ÀúÁö¸¦ ¼ö ÀְԵȴÙ.

Under the influence of this intoxication, men imagine themselves no longer simply men as they are, but some special beings-noblemen, merchants, governors, judges, officers, tzars, ministers, or soldiers-no longer bound by ordinary human duties, but by other duties far more weighty-the peculiar duties of a nobleman, merchant, governor, judge, officer, tzar, minister, or soldier.

ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ µµÃëÀÇ ¿µÇ⠾Ʒ¡¼­, »ç¶÷µéÀº ´õ ÀÌ»ó ÀڽŵéÀ» ´Ü¼øÈ÷ ÀÖ´Â ±×´ë·ÎÀÇ »ç¶÷À¸·Î¼­°¡ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, ¾à°£ Ưº°ÇÑ Á¸Àçµé-±ÍÁ·µé, »óÀεé, Ãѵ¶µé, ¹ý°üµé, ȲÁ¦µé, Àå°üµé, ¶Ç´Â º´»çµé-·Î¼­, Æò¹üÇÑ Àΰ£ÀÇ Àǹ«µé¿¡ ´õ ÀÌ»ó ±¸¼ÓµÇÁö ¾ÊÀ¸¸ç, ÇÏÁö¸¸ ÈξÀ ´õ ¹«°ÔÀÖ´Â ´Ù¸¥ Àǹ«µé-±ÍÁ·, »óÀÎ, Ãѵ¶, ¹ý°ü, Àå±³, ȲÁ¦, Àå°ü, ¶Ç´Â º´»çÀÇ Æ¯ÀÌÇÑ Àǹ«µé¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­ ±¸¼ÓµÈ´Ù°í »ó»óÇÑ´Ù.

Thus the landowner, who claimed the forest, acted as he did only because he fancied himself not a simple man, hav¡©ing the same rights to life as the peasants living beside him and everyone else, but a great landowner, a member of the nobility, and under the influence of the intoxication of power he felt his dignity offended by the peasants¡¯ claims. It was only through this feeling that, without considering the consequences that might follow, he sent in a claim to be reinstated in his pretended rights.

ÀÌ·¸°Ô ÇØ¼­, ½£À» ÁÖÀåÇÑ ÁöÁÖ´Â, ±×ÀÇ ¿·¿¡ »ì°í ÀÖ´Â ³óºÎµé°ú ´Ù¸¥ ¸ðµç »ç¶÷µéó·³ »î¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¶È°°Àº ±Ç¸®µéÀ» °¡Áö°í ÀÖ´Â ´Ü¼øÇÑ »ç¶÷ÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, À§´ëÇÑ ÁöÁÖ, ±ÍÁ·ÀÇ ÀÏ¿øÀ¸·Î »ó»óÇßÀ¸¸ç, ±Ç·Â¿¡ µµÃëµÈ ¿µÇ⠾Ʒ¡¼­ ±×´Â ³óºÎµéÀÇ ÁÖÀåÀ¸·Î ÀÎÇØ¼­ ±×ÀÇ À§¾öÀÌ ¼Õ»ó¹Þ¾Ò´Ù°í ´À²¼´Ù. µÚµû¶ó ¿Ã °á°úµéÀ» °í·ÁÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀº ä, ±×°¡ °¡Á¤ÇÑ ±Ç¸®µéÀÌ È¸º¹µÇ¾î¾ß ÇÑ´Ù´Â ÁÖÀåÀ» Á¦ÃâÇÑ °ÍÀº ¿ÀÁ÷ ¹Ù·Î ÀÌ·± °¨Á¤¿¡¼­ ³ª¿Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù.

In the same way the judges, who wrongfully adjudged the forest to the proprietor, did so simply because they fancied themselves not simply men like everyone else, and so bound to be guided in everything only by what they consider right, but, under the intoxicating influence of power, imagined themselves the representatives of the justice which cannot err; while under the intoxicating influence of servility they imagined themselves bound to carry out to the letter the instructions inscribed in a certain book, the so-called law. In the same way all who take part in such an affair, from the highest representative of authority who signs his assent to the report, from the superintendent presiding at the recruiting sessions, and the priest who deludes the recruits, to the lowest soldier who is ready now to fire on his own brothers, imagine, in the intoxication of power or of servility, that they are some conventional characters. They do not face the ques¡©tion that is presented to them, whether or not they ought to take part in what their conscience judges an evil act, but fancy themselves various conventional personages- one as the Tzar, God's anointed, an exceptional being, called to watch over the happiness of one hundred millions of men; another as the representative of nobility; another as a priest, who has received special grace by his ordination; another as a soldier, bound by his military oath to carry out all he is commanded without reflection.

¶È°°Àº ¹æ¹ýÀ¸·Î ½£ÀÇ ¼ÒÀ¯±ÇÀ» ±×¸©µÇ°Ô ÆÇ°áÇÑ ¹ý°üµéÀº, ÀڽŵéÀÌ ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷µé °°ÀÌ ´Ü¼øÇϰí, ¿ÀÁ÷ ±×µéÀÌ ¿Ç´Ù°í »ý°¢ÇÏ´Â °Í¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­ ¸ðµç °Í¿¡ ±íÀÌ ±¸¼ÓµÇ´Â »ç¶÷µé·Î »ó»óÇÑ °ÍÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, ±Ç·ÂÀÇ Áßµ¶¼º ¿µÇ⠾Ʒ¡¼­, ÀڽŵéÀ» À߸øÀ̶ó°í´Â ¾ø´Â Á¤ÀÇÀÇ ´ëº¯ÀÚµé·Î »ó»óÇÏ¿´±â ¶§¹®¿¡ ±×·¸°Ô ÇൿÇß´Ù; ÇÑÆí ³ë¿¹ ±Ù¼ºÀÇ Áßµ¶¼º ¿µÇâ¾Æ·¡¼­, ±×µéÀº ¼ÒÀ§ ¹ýÀüÀ̶ó°í Çϴ ƯÁ¤ÇÑ Ã¥¿¡ »õ°ÜÁø ¸í·ÉµéÀ» ±ÛÀÚ ±×´ë·Î ¼öÇàÇØ¾ß¸¸ ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ¸·Î ÀڽŵéÀ» »ó»óÇß´Ù. ¶È °°Àº ¹æ¹ýÀ¸·Î, ±×·± ¹®Á¦¿¡ °³ÀÔÇÑ ¸ðµç »ç¶÷µéÀº, ±× º¸°í¼­¿¡ ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ µ¿ÀǸ¦ ¼­¸íÇÑ ±Ç·ÂÀÇ ÃÖ°í ´ëÇ¥ÀڷκÎÅÍ, ½Åº´ ¸ðÁý ±â°£À» ÁÖÀçÇÏ´Â °¨µ¶ÀÚ, ±×¸®°í ½Åº´µéÀ» ±â¸¸ÇÏ´Â ¼ºÁ÷ÀÚµé·ÎºÎÅÍ, ÀÌÁ¦ ÀÚ±â ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ÇüÁ¦µé¿¡°Ô ¹ßÆ÷ÇÒ Å¼¼°¡ µÇ¾î ÀÖ´Â ÃÖ ÇÏ±Þ º´»çµé±îÁö, ±Ç·Â ¶Ç´Â ³ë¿¹±Ù¼º¿¡ µµÃëµÇ¾î¼­, ÀڽŵéÀÌ ¾î¶² °ü½ÀÀûÀÎ Àι°µé·Î »ó»óÇÑ´Ù. ±×µéÀº, ±×µéÀÇ ¾ç½ÉÀÌ ¾ÇÇÑ ÇàÀ§¶ó°í ÆÇ´ÜÇÏ´Â °Í¿¡ Âü¿©Çؾ߸¸ ÇÏµç ¸»µç, Àڽŵ鿡°Ô Á¦½ÃµÈ ¹®Á¦¸¦ Á÷¸éÇÏ·Á ÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀ¸¸é¼­, ÀڽŵéÀÌ ´Ù¾çÇÑ °ü½ÀÀûÀÎ Àι°µé·Î¼­-ÇÑ »ç¶÷Àº, ÀϾïÀ̳ª µÇ´Â »ç¶÷µéÀÇ ÇູÀ» ¼öÈ£Ç϶ó°í ºÎ¸§ ¹ÞÀº Çϳª´ÔÀÌ ±â¸§ºÎÀº ÀÚÀΠȲÁ¦, Áï, ¿¹¿ÜÀûÀÎ Á¸Àç·Î¼­; ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷Àº, ±ÍÁ·ÀÇ ´ëÇ¥·Î¼­; ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷Àº, ¼ºÁ÷ ¼ö¿©½Ä¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­ Ưº°ÇÑ ÀºÃÑÀ» ¹ÞÀº »ç¶÷ÀÎ ¼ºÁ÷Àڷμ­; ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷Àº º´»ç·Î¼­, ¾Æ¹« »ý°¢¾øÀÌ ±×°¡ ¸í·É¹Þ´Â ¸ðµç °ÍÀ» ¼öÇàÇ϶ó´Â ±º´ëÀÇ ¸Í¼¼¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­ ±¸¼ÓµÈ´Ù°í »ó»óÇÑ´Ù.

Only under the intoxication of the power or the servility of their imagined positions could all these people act as they do.

¿ÀÁ÷ ±Ç·ÂÀ̳ª ±×µéÀÇ °¡»óÀÇ ÁöÀ§µéÀÇ ³ë¿¹¼º¿¡ µµÃëµÊÀÇ ¿µÇ⠾Ʒ¡¿¡, ÀÌ ¸ðµç »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ±×µéÀÌ ÇàÇÔ°°ÀÌ ÇൿÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ¾ú´Ù.

Were not they all firmly convinced that their respective vocations of tzar, minister, governor, judge, nobleman, landowner, superintendent, officer, and soldier are some¡©thing real and important, not one of them would even think without horror and aversion of taking part in what they do now.

¸¸ÀÏ ±×µéÀÌ ¸ðµÎ°¡ ÀÚ½Åµé °¢ÀÚ°¡, ȲÁ¦, Àå°ü, Ãѵ¶, ¹ý°ü, ±ÍÁ·, ÁöÁÖ, °ü¸®ÀÚ, Àå±³ ±×¸®°í º´»ç·Î¼­ÀÇ Á÷¾÷µéÀÌ »ç½ÇÀûÀ̸ç Áß¿äÇÑ ¾î¶² °ÍÀ̶ó°í ±»°Ô ¹ÏÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù¸é, ±×µé ÁßÀÇ ÇÑ »ç¶÷µµ ½ÉÁö¾î ±×µéÀÌ Áö±Ý ÇàÇϰí ÀÖ´Â °Í¿¡ Âü¿©ÇÔÀ» °øÆ÷¿Í Çø¿À ¾øÀÌ´Â »ý°¢ÇÏÁöµµ ¾ÊÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù.

The conventional positions, established hundreds of years, recognized for centuries and by everyone, distin¡©guished by special names and dresses, and, moreover, con¡©firmed by every kind of solemnity, have so penetrated into men's minds through their senses, that, forgetting the ordinary conditions of life common to all, they look at themselves and everyone only from this conventional point of view, and are guided in their estimation of their own actions and those of others by this conventional standard.

°ü½ÀÀûÀÎ ÁöÀ§µé, ¸ðµç »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô ¼ö¹é³â µ¿¾È ´ÙÁ®Áö°í, ¼ö¼¼±â µ¿¾È ÀÎÁ¤µÇ¾î¼­, Ưº°ÇÑ ¸íΰú ÀÇ»óµé·Î ±¸º°µÇ°í, °Ô´Ù°¡ ¸ðµç Á¾·ùÀÇ ¿¹½Äµé·Î È®ÀεǾ, ³Ê¹«³ª »ç¶÷µéÀÇ Áö°¢µéÀ» ÅëÇØ¼­ ±×µéÀÇ ¸¶À½¿¡ ±íÀÌ Ä§ÅõÇÏ¿©¹ö¸° °á°ú, ¸ðµç »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô °øÅëÀÎ »îÀÇ ÀϹÝÀûÀÎ »óŵéÀ» Àؾî¹ö¸®°í, ±×µéÀº Àڽŵé°ú ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷µéÀ» ¿ÀÁ÷ ÀÌ·± °ü½ÀÀûÀÎ °üÁ¡À¸·Î ¹Ù¶óº¸¸é¼­, ÀÌ·± °ü½ÀÀûÀÎ ±âÁØÀ¸·Î¼­ ±×µé ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ÇàÀ§µé°ú ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷µéÀÇ ÇàÀ§µé¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ±×µéÀÇ Æò°¡¿¡ À̸£°Ô µÈ´Ù.

Thus we see a man of perfect sanity and ripe age, simply because he is decked out with some fringe, or embroidered keys on his coat tails, or a colored ribbon only fit for some gayly dressed girl, and is told that he is a general, a chamberlain, a knight of the order of St. Andrew, or some similar nonsense, suddenly become self-important, proud, and even happy, or, on the contrary, grow melancholy and unhappy to the point of falling ill, because he has failed to obtain the expected decoration or title. Or what is still more striking, a young man, perfectly sane in every other matter, independent and beyond the fear of want, simply because he has been appointed judicial prosecutor or dis¡©trict commander, separates a poor widow from her little children, and shuts her up in prison, leaving her children uncared for, all because the unhappy woman carried on a secret trade in spirits, and so deprived the revenue of twenty-five rubles, and he does not feel the least pang of remorse. Or what is still more amazing; a man, other¡©wise sensible and good-hearted, simply because he is given a badge or a uniform to wear, and told that he is a guard or customs officer, is ready to fire on people, and neither he nor those around him regard him as to blame for it, but, on the contrary, would regard him as to blame if he did not fire. To say nothing of judges and juries who condemn men to death, and soldiers who kill men by thousands without the slightest scruple merely because it has been instilled into them that they are not simply men, but jurors, judges, generals, and soldiers.

ÀÌ·¸°Ô ÇØ¼­ ¿ì¸®´Â ¿ÏÀüÈ÷ ¿ÂÀüÇÑ Á¤½Å°ú ¼º¼÷ÇÑ ³ªÀ̸¦ ¸ÔÀº ³²ÀÚ°¡, ´Ü¼øÈ÷ ±×°¡ ±×ÀÇ ¿ÊÀÚ¶ô¿¡ ¾à°£ÀÇ ¼úÀ̳ª, ¼ö¸¦ ³õÀº ´ÜÃß ¶Ç´Â ¹ß¶öÇÏ°Ô Â÷·ÁÀÔÀº ¾î¶² ¿©ÀÚ¿¡°Ô³ª ¿ÀÁ÷ ÀûÇÕÇÑ »öÀ» ³ÖÀº ¸®º»À¸·Î Àå½ÄÇÏ¿´°í, ±×¸®°í ±×°¡ À屺, °í°ü, ¼º ¾Øµå·ù ±â»ç´Ü, ¶Ç´Â À¯»çÇÑ Å͹«´Ï ¾ø´Â °ÍÀ¸·Î ºÒ¸®±â ¶§¹®¿¡, °©Àڱ⠰Ÿ¸Çϰí, ±³¸¸Çϸç, ½ÉÁö¾î Çàº¹ÇØÁö°Å³ª ¾Æ´Ï¸é, ¹Ý´ë·Î, ±â´ëÇÑ ÈÆÀåÀ̳ª ÀÛÀ§¸¦ ¾òÁö ¸øÇÏ¿´À¸¹Ç·Î º´ÀÌ µé Á¤µµ·Î ¿ì¿ïÇϰųª ºÒÄèÇÏ°Ô µÇ´Â °ÍÀ» º»´Ù. ¾Æ´Ï ÈξÀ ´õ ³î¶ó¿î °ÍÀº, ´Ù¸¥ ¸ðµç ¹®Á¦¿¡¼­´Â, µ¶¸³ÀûÀÌ¸ç °áÇÌÀÇ µÎ·Á¿òÀ» ¹þ¾î³ª, ¿ÏÀüÈ÷ Á¤»óÀΠû³âÀÌ, ´Ü¼øÈ÷ ÀÚ½ÅÀÌ °ËÂû°üÀ̳ª Áö¹æ ÁöÈÖ°üÀÌ µÇ¾ú´Ù°í ÇØ¼­, °¡·ÃÇÑ °úºÎ¸¦ ±×³àÀÇ ¾î¸° ÀÚ³àµé·ÎºÎÅÍ °Ý¸®ÇÏ¿© °¨¿Á¿¡ °¡µÎ°í, ±×³àÀÇ ÀÚ³àµéÀ» ¹ö·ÁµÎ°Ô ¸¸µç´Ù, ÀÌ ¸ðµç ÀÌÀ¯´Â, ±× ºÒÇàÇÑ ¿©ÀÚ°¡ ÁÖ·ù¸¦ ¹Ð°Å·¡Çϰí, ÀÌ½Ê ¿À ·çºÒÀÇ ¼¼±ÝÀ» Æ÷Å»ÇÏ¿´±â ¶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù. ±×¸®°í ±×´Â ÀüÇô ¾ç½ÉÀÇ °¡Ã¥À» ´À³¢Áö ¾Ê´Â´Ù. ¾Æ´Ï, ´õ¿í ´õ ³î¶ó¿î °ÍÀº; ´Ù¸¥ ¸é¿¡¼­´Â ºÐº°·ÂÀÌ ÀÖ°í, Ä£ÀýÇÑ »ç¶÷ÀÌ, ´Ü¼øÈ÷ ±×°¡ ¹èÁö³ª Á¦¸ñÀ» À԰Եǰí, ±×°¡ °æºñ´ë ¶Ç´Â ¼¼°ü¿øÀ̶ó°í ÇØ¼­, »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô ½±°Ô ¹ßÆ÷Çϸç, ±×³ª ±×ÀÇ ÁÖº¯ÀÇ »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ±× ÀÏ¿¡ ´ëÇØ¼­ ±×µé ºñ³­ÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù, ±×·¯³ª, ¹Ý´ë·Î, ±×°¡ ¹ßÆ÷ÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù¸é ±×µé ºñ³­ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ±×Àú ÀڽŵéÀÌ Æò¹üÇÑ »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, ¹è½É¿øµé, ¹ý°üµé, À屺µé, ±×¸®°í º´»çµéÀ̶ó°í ÁÖÀÔ¹Þ¾ÒÀ¸¹Ç·Î, Àϸ¸ÀÇ ¾ç½ÉÀÇ °¡Ã¥µµ ¾øÀÌ»ç¶÷µéÀ» »çÇü¿¡ óÇÏ´Â ¹ý°ü°ú ¹è½É¿øµé, ±×¸®°í ¼öõ¸íÀÇ »ç¶÷µéÀ» »ìÇØÇÏ´Â º´»çµéÀº ¸»ÇÒ °Íµµ ¾ø´Ù.

This strange and abnormal condition of men under state organization is usually expressed in the following words: "As a man, I pity him; but as guard, judge, general, governor, tzar, or soldier, it is my duty to kill or torture him." Just as though there were some positions conferred and recognized, which would exonerate us from the obliga¡©tions laid on each of us by the fact of our common humanity.

±¸°¡ Á¶Á÷ÇÏ¿¡¼­ÀÇ »ç¶÷µéÀÇ ÀÌ·± ÀÌ»óÇÏ°í ºñÁ¤»óÀûÀÎ »óÅ´ ÁÖ·Î ´ÙÀ½°ú °°Àº ¸»·Î Ç¥ÇöµÈ´Ù: ¡°»ç¶÷À¸·Î¼­, ³ª´Â ±×¸¦ µ¿Á¤ÇÑ´Ù; ±×·¯³ª, ÆÄ¼öº´, ¹ý°ü, À屺, Ãѵ¶, ȲÁ¦ ¶Ç´Â º´»ç·Î¼­´Â ±×¸¦ »ìÀÎÇϰųª °í¹®ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ ³ªÀÇ Àǹ«ÀÌ´Ù.¡± Á¤¸»·Î ¸¶Ä¡ ¼ö¿©µÇ°í ÀÎÁ¤µÈ ¾î¶² Á÷À§µéÀÌ À־, ±×°ÍµéÀÌ ¿ì¸®°¡ °øÅëµÈ Àηù¶ó´Â »ç½Ç¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­ ¿ì¸® °¢ÀÚ¿¡°Ô ºÎ°úµÈ Àǹ«µé·ÎºÎÅÍ ¸éÁ¦ÇÏ¿© ÁÖ´Â °Í °°´Ù.

So, for example, in the case before us, men are going to murder and torture the famishing, and they admit that in the dispute between the peasants and the landowner the peasants are right (all those in command said as much to me). They know that the peasants are wretched, poor, and hungry, and the landowner is rich and inspires no sympathy. Yet they are all going to kill the peasants to secure three thousand rubles for the landowner, only because at that moment they fancy themselves not men but governor, official, general of police, officer, and soldier, respectively, and consider themselves bound to obey, not the eternal demands of the conscience of man, but the casual, temporary demands of their positions as officers or soldiers.

±×·¡¼­, ¿¹·Îµé¸é, ¿ì¸® ¾Õ¿¡ ÀÖ´Â »ç°ÇµéÀÇ °æ¿ì, »ç¶÷µéÀº ±¾ÁÖ¸®´Â »ç¶÷µéÀ» »ìÀÎÇÏ°í °í¹®ÇÏ·ÁÇÑ´Ù, ±×¸®°í ±×µéÀº ³óºÎµé°ú ÁöÁÖ »çÀÌÀÇ ºÐÀï¿¡¼­ ³óºÎµéÀÌ ¿Ç´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ÀÎÁ¤ÇÑ´Ù (¸í·ÉÇÏ´Â À§Ä¡ÀÇ ¸ðµç »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ³ª¿¡°Ô ±×¿Í°°ÀÌ ¸»Çß´Ù). ±×µéÀº ³óºÎµéÀÌ ºÒ½ÖÇϰí, °¡³­Çϸç, ¹è°íÇÁ¸ç, ±×¸®°í ÁöÁÖ´Â ºÎÀ¯ÇÏ¸ç ¾Æ¹«·± µ¿Á¤µµ ºÒ·¯ ÀÏÀ¸Å°Áö ¾Ê´Â´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ¾È´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ±×µéÀº ÁöÁÖ¿¡°Ô »ïõ ·çºÒÀ» È®º¸ÇÏ¿© ÁÖ±â À§Çؼ­ ³óºÎµéÀ» Á×ÀδÙ, ±×°ÍÀº ¿ÀÁ÷ ±× ´ç½Ã¿¡ ±×µéÀº ÀڽŵéÀ» »ç¶÷ÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, °¢°¢, Ãѵ¶, °ü¸®, °æÂû±¹Àå, Àå±³, ±×¸®°í º´»ç¶ó°í »ó»óÇϸç, »ç¶÷ÀÇ ¾ç½ÉÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍÀÇ ¿µ¿øÇÑ ¸í·ÉµéÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, Àå±³µéÀ̳ª º´»çµé·Î¼­ÀÇ ±×µéÀÇ Á÷Ã¥ÀÌ ³»¸®´Â ¿ì¿¬Çϸç ÀϽÃÀûÀº ¸í·Éµé¿¡ ¹Ýµå½Ã º¹Á¾ÇØ¾ß ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ¸·Î ¿©±â±â ¶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù.

Strange as it may seem, the sole explanation of this astonishing phenomenon is that they are in the condition of the hypnotized, who, they say, feel and act like the creatures they are commanded by the hypnotizer to repre¡©sent. When, for instance, it is suggested to the hypnotized subject that he is lame, he begins to walk lame, that he is blind, and he cannot see, that he is a wild beast, and he begins to bite. This is the state, not only of those who were going on this expedition, but of all men who fulfill their state and social duties in preference to and in detri¡©ment of their human duties.

ÀÌ»óÇÏ°Ô º¸ÀÏÁö ¸ð¸£Áö¸¸, ÀÌ·± ³î¶ó¿î Çö»óÀÇ À¯ÀÏÇÑ ¼³¸íÀº ±×µéÀÌ Ãָ鿡 °É¸° »ç¶÷ÀÇ »óÅ¿¡ ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ±×µéÀº, ÀڽŵéÀÌ ¸»Çϱâ·Î, ÃÖ¸é¼ú»ç¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­ ÇൿÇ϶ó°í ¸í·É¹ÞÀº »ç¶÷µéó·³ ´À³¢°í ÇൿÇÑ´Ù°í ÇÑ´Ù. ¿¹¸¦ µé¸é, Ãָ鿡 °É¸° ÇÇÇèÀÚ¿¡°Ô ±×°¡ Àý¸§¹ßÀ̶ó°í ¾Ï½ÃÇϸé, ±×´Â Àý¸é¼­ °ÉÀ¸¸ç, ±×°¡ ¸ÍÀÎÀ̶ó°í Çϸé, ±×´Â º¼ ¼ö°¡ ¾ø°í, ±×°¡ µé Áü½ÂÀ̶ó°í Çϸé, ±×´Â ¹°±â ½ÃÀÛÇÑ´Ù. À̰ÍÀº ÀÌ·± ¿øÁ¤À» ³ª¼­´Â »ç¶÷µéÀÇ »óÅ »Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, ±×µéÀÇ Àΰ£Àû Àǹ«¸¦ ¼±È£ÇÔº¸´Ù, ±×¸®°í Àΰ£Àû Àǹ«µé¿¡ ÇØ°¡ µÊ¿¡¼­, ±¹°¡¿Í »çȸÀÇ Àǹ«µéÀ» ¼öÇàÇÏ´Â ¸ðµç »ç¶÷µéÀÇ »óÅÂÀÌ´Ù.

The essence of this state is that under the influence of one suggestion they lose the power of criticising their actions, and therefore do, without thinking, everything con¡©sistent with the suggestion to which they are led by example, precept, or insinuation.

ÀÌ·± »óÅÂÀÇ º»ÁúÀº ÇÑ °¡Áö Á¦¾È ¾Æ·¡¼­ ±×µéÀº ÀڽŵéÀÇ ÇൿµéÀ» ºñÆÇÇÏ´Â ÈûÀ» ÀҴ´Ù, ±×·¯¹Ç·Î, »ý°¢Áöµµ ¾Ê°í¼­, ¼±·Ê, ó¼¼¼ú, ¶Ç´Â ¾Ï½Ã¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ Á¦¾È¿¡ ÀÏÄ¡ÇÏ´Â ¸ðµç °ÍÀ» ÇàÇÑ´Ù.

The difference between those hypnotized by scientific men and those under the influence of the state hypnotism, is that an imaginary position is suggested to the former suddenly by one person in a very brief space of time, and so the hypnotized state appears to us in a striking and surprising form, while the imaginary position suggested by state influence is induced slowly, little by little, impercep¡©tibly from childhood, sometimes during years, or even generations, and not in one person alone but in a whole society.

°úÇÐÀÚ¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­ ÃÖ¸é´çÇÑ »ç¶÷µé°ú ±¹°¡ÀÇ ÃÖ¸éÀÇ ¿µÇâ¾Æ·¡ ÀÖ´Â »ç¶÷µéÀÇ Â÷ÀÌ´Â, °¡»óÀÇ ÁöÀ§°¡ ¸Å¿ì ªÀº ½Ã°£ °£°Ý ¾È¿¡¼­ ÇÑ »ç¶÷¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­ °©ÀÚ±â ÀüÀÚÀÇ »ç¶÷¿¡°Ô ¾Ï½ÃµÇ¸ç, ±×¸®°í ±×·¡¼­ ÃÖ¸é´çÇÑ »óÅ´ ¿ì¸®¿¡°Ô Ãæ°ÝÀûÀÌ¸ç ³î¶ó¿î ÇüÅ·Π³ªÅ¸³ª º¸ÀδÙ, ¹Ý¸é¿¡ ±¹°¡ÀÇ ¿µÇâ¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­ ¾Ï½ÃµÇ´Â °¡»óÀÇ ÁöÀ§´Â, Á¶±Ý¾¿, ¾î¸° ½ÃÀýºÎÅÍ ´À³¢Áö ¸øÇϰÔ, ¶§·Î´Â ¼ö³â µ¿¾È, ¶Ç´Â ¼ö ¼¼´ë µ¿¾È, ÇÑ »ç¶÷ ¾È¿¡¼­°¡ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó Àüü »çȸ ¾È¿¡¼­ ÃÊ·¡µÇ¾î Áø´Ù.

"But," it will be said, "at all times, in all societies, the majority of persons-all the children, all the women absorbed in the bearing and rearing of the young, all the great mass of the laboring population, who are under the necessity of incessant and fatiguing physical labor, all those of weak character by nature, all those who are abnormally enfeebled intellectually by the effects of nicotine, alcohol, opium, or other intoxicants-are always in a condition of incapacity for independent thought, and are either in sub¡©jection to those who are on a higher intellectual level, or else under the influence of family or social traditions, of what is called public opinion, and there is nothing unnatural or incongruous in their subjection."

¡°±×·¯³ª, ¾ðÁ¦³ª, ¸ðµç »çȸ ¾È¿¡¼­, ´ëºÎºÐÀÇ »ç¶÷µéÀÌ-¸ðµç ¾î¸°À̵é, ¾ÆÀ̸¦ º£°í ¾çÀ°ÇÔ¿¡ ¿­ÁßÇÏ´Â ¿©ÀÚµé, ²÷ÀÓ ¾øÀÌ ÇǰïÇÔÀ» ÁÖ´Â ½ÅüÀû ³ëµ¿ÀÇ ÇÊ¿ä ¾Æ·¡ÀÖ´Â, ³ëµ¿ÇÏ´Â Àα¸ÀÇ ¸ðµç ¸¹Àº ¹ÎÁßµé, ¼±ÃµÀûÀ¸·Î ³ª¾àÇÑ ¼º°ÝÀ» °¡Áø ¸ðµç »ç¶÷µé, ´ÏÄÚÆ¾, ¾ËÄÚ¿Ã, ¾ÆÆí, ¶Ç´Â ´Ù¸¥ ¸¶¾àµé¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­ ºñÁ¤»óÀûÀ¸·Î ÁöÀûÀ¸·Î ³ª¾àÇØÁø ¸ðµç »ç¶÷µé-Àº ¾ðÁ¦³ª µ¶¸³ÀûÀÎ »ç»óÀÌ ºÒ°¡´ÉÇÑ »óÅ¿¡ ÀÖ´Ù, ±×¸®°í ³Ê ³ôÀº ÁöÀûÀÎ ¼öÁØ¿¡ ÀÖ´Â »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô Á¾¼ÓµÇ¾î Àְųª, ±âŸ °¡Á·À̳ª »çȸÀû ÀüÅëµé, Áï ¼ÒÀ§ ¿©·ÐÀ̶ó´Â °ÍÀÇ ¿µÇâ¾Æ·¹ ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ±×µéÀÇ Á¾¼Ó »óÅ´ ¾Æ¹«·± ºÎÀÚ¿¬½º·´°Å³ª ºÎÀûÀýÇÑ °ÍÀÌ ¾ø´Ù.¡±¶ó°í ¸»ÇÒ °ÍÀÌ´Ù.

And truly there is nothing unnatural in it, and the tend¡©ency of men of small intellectual power to follow the lead of those on a higher level of intelligence is a constant law, and it is owing to it that men can live in societies and on the same principles at all. The minority consciously adopt certain rational principles through their correspondence with reason, while the majority act on the same principles unconsciously because it is required by public opinion.

±×¸®°í ÁøÁ¤À¸·Î ±×°Í¿¡´Â ¾Æ¹«°Íµµ ºÎÀÚ¿¬½º·¯¿î °ÍÀÌ ¾ø´Ù, ±×¸®°í ÀûÀº ÁöÀûÀÎ ´É·ÂÀÇ »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ´õ ³ôÀº ¼öÁØÀÇ Áö¼ºÀ» °¡Áø »ç¶÷µéÀÇ Àεµ¿¡ µû¸¥´Â °æÇâÀº ºÒº¯ÀÇ ¹ýÄ¢ÀÌ´Ù, ±×¸®°í ±×°Í¿¡ µû¶ó¼­¾ß ¸»·Î »ç¶÷µéÀº »çȸµé ¾È¿¡¼­ »ì ¼ö ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ¶È °°Àº ¿ø¸®µé¿¡¼­ »ì¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ¼Ò¼öÀÇ »ç¶÷µéÀº ÀǽÄÀûÀ¸·Î À̼º°úÀÇ ±³·ù¸¦ ÅëÇØ¼­ ƯÁ¤ÇÑ À̼ºÀûÀÎ ³í¸®µéÀ» äÅÃÇÑ´Ù, ¹Ý¸é¿¡ ´ëºÎºÐÀÇ »ç¶÷µéÀº ¹«ÀǽÄÀûÀ¸·Î ¶È °°Àº ¿ø¸®µé¿¡ µû¶ó¼­ ÇൿÇϴµ¥, ¿©·Ð¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­ ±×°ÍÀÌ ¿ä±¸µÇ±â ¶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù.

Such subjection to public opinion on the part of the unintellectual does not assume an unnatural character till the public opinion is split into two.

ºñÁö¼ºÀûÀÎ ÂÊ¿¡¼­ÀÇ ¿©·Ð¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ±×·¯ÇÑ Á¾¼ÓÀº ¿©·ÐÀÌ µÑ·Î ³ª´©¾îÁö±â Àü±îÁö´Â ºÎÀÚ¿¬½º·± ¼º°ÝÀ» ¶ìÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù.

But there are times when a higher truth, revealed at first to a few persons, gradually gains ground till it has taken hold of such a number of persons that the old public opinion, founded on a lower order of truths, begins to totter and the new is ready to take its place, but has not yet been firmly established. It is like the spring, this time of tran¡©sition, when the old order of ideas has not quite broken up and the new has not quite gained a footing. Men begin to criticize their actions in the light of the new truth, but in the meantime in practice, through inertia and tradition, they continue to follow the principles which once represented the highest point of rational consciousness, but are now in flagrant contradiction with it.

±×·¯³ª ³·Àº µî±ÞÀÇ Áø¸®µé À§¿¡ ±âÃʵÈ, ½Ã´ë°¡ Áö³­ ¿©·ÐÀÌ, ºñƲ°Å¸®¸ç »õ·Î¿î °ÍÀÌ ±× ÀÚ¸®¸¦ Â÷ÁöÇÏÁö¸¸, ¾ÆÁ÷µµ ´Ü´ÜÈ÷ È®¸³µÇÁö ¾Ê¾ÒÀ½ÀÌ ¸¹Àº »ç¶÷µéÀ» Â÷ÁöÇÒ ¶§±îÁö´Â, óÀ½¿¡ ¸î ¸íÀÇ »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô ¹àÇôÁø ´õ ³ôÀº Áø¸®°¡ ¼­¼­È÷ ÁöÁö¸¦ ¾ò¾î°¡´Â ¶§°¡ ÀÖ´Ù. ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ º¯È­ÀÇ ½Ã±â´Â, ½Ã´ë°¡ Áö³­ »ç»óµéÀÌ ¾ÆÁ÷ ±ú¾îÁöÁö ¾Ê¾ÒÀ¸¸ç »õ·Î¿î °Íµµ ¾ÆÁ÷ ÀÚ¸®¸¦ ÀâÁö ¾ÊÀº, º½°ú °°´Ù. »ç¶÷µéÀº »õ·Î¿î Áø¸®¿¡ ºñÃ߾ ±×µéÀÇ ÇàÀ§µéÀ» ºñ³­Çϱ⠽ÃÀÛÇÑ´Ù, ±×·¯³ª ÇÑÆí, ½ÇÁ¦¿¡ À־, ¹«±â·ÂÇÔ°ú ÀüÅë ¶§¹®¿¡, ±×µéÀº À̼ºÀû ÀÚ°¢À¸·Î¼­ °¡Àå ³ôÀº Áö³ÑÀ¸·Î ÀÌÀü¿¡ Á¦½ÃµÇ¾ú´ø ¿ø¸®µéÀ» °è¼ÓÇØ¼­ µû¸£Áö¸¸, ÀÌÁ¦´Â ±×°Í°ú ÇöÀúÇÑ ¸ð¼ø¿¡ µé°Ô µÈ´Ù.

Then men are in an abnormal, wavering condition, feeling the necessity of following the new ideal, and yet not bold enough to break with the old-established traditions.

±×¸®°í »ç¶÷µéÀº »õ·Î¿î ÀÌ»óÀ» µû¶ó¾ß ÇÏ´Â Çʿ伺À» ´À³¢¸é¼­µµ, ¾ÆÁ÷ ±âÁ¸ÀÇ È®¸³µÈ ÀüÅëµéÀ» ŸÆÄÇÒ ¸¸Å­ ´ë´ãÇÏÁö ¸øÇÏ¿©, ºñÁ¤»óÀûÀÌ¸ç °¥ÆÎÁúÆÎÇÏ´Â »óÅ¿¡ ÀְԵȴÙ.

Such is the attitude in regard to the truth of Christian¡©ity not only of the men in the Toula train, but of the majority of men of our times, alike of the higher and the lower orders.

¹Ù·Î ±×·¯ÇÔÀÌ, ³ô°Å³ª ³·Àº °è±Þµé °øÈ÷, ±âµ¶±³ÀÇ Åø¶ó ¿­Â÷ÀÇ »ç¶÷µé »Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, ¿ì¸® ½Ã´ëÀÇ ´ëºÎºÐÀÇ »ç¶÷µéÀÇ Áø¸®¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÅµµÀÌ´Ù.

Those of the ruling classes, having no longer any reason¡©able justification for the profitable positions they occupy, are forced, in order to keep them, to stifle their higher rational faculty of loving, and to persuade themselves that their positions are indispensable. And those of the lower classes, exhausted by toil and brutalized of set purpose, are kept in a permanent deception, practiced deliberately and continuously by the higher classes upon them.

Áö¹è °è±ÞµéÀÇ »ç¶÷µéÀº, ÀÌÁ¦ ´õ ÀÌ»ó ±×µéÀÌ Â÷ÁöÇÑ ÀÌÀÍÀ» ÁÖ´Â ÁöÀ§µé¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÇÕ¸®Àû Á¤´ç¼ºÀ» °®Áö ¸øÇϹǷÎ, ±×°ÍµéÀ» À¯ÁöÇϱâ À§ÇÏ¿©, ±×µéÀÇ ´õ ³ôÀº »ç¶ûÀÇ ´É·ÂÀ» ¾ïÁ¦Çϰí, ÀڽŵéÀÇ ÁöÀ§µéÀÌ ¾ø¾î¼­´Â ¾ÈµÇ´Â °ÍÀ̶ó°í È®½ÅÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀ» ¼ö ¾ø°Ô µÈ´Ù. ±×¸®°í ³·Àº °è±ÞµéÀÇ »ç¶÷µéÀº, °í¿ª¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­ ÁöÄ¡°í Á¤ÇØÁø ¸ñÀû´ë·Î Áü½Âó·³ µÇ¾î¼­, ³ôÀº °è±Þµé¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­, °íÀÇÀûÀ̸ç Áö¼ÓÀûÀ¸·Î °¡ÇØÁö´Â, ¿µ±¸ÀûÀÎ ±â¸¸¿¡ °®È÷°Ô µÈ´Ù.

Only in this way can one explain the amazing contradic¡©tions with which our life is full, and of which a striking example was presented to me by the expedition I met on the 9th of September; good, peaceful men, known to me personally, going with untroubled tranquility to perpetrate the most beastly, senseless, and vile of crimes. Had not they some means of stifling their conscience, not one of them would be capable of committing a hundredth part of such a villainy.

ÀÌÁ÷ ÀÌ·± ¹æ¹ýÀ¸·Î¸¸ÀÌ, ³î¶ó¿î ¸ð¼øµéÀÌ ¼³¸íµÉ ¼ö ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ¿ì¸® »îÀº ±×¿Í °°Àº °ÍÀ¸·Î °¡µæÂ÷ ÀÖ°í, ±×°Í¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¿¹´Â 9¿ù 9ÀÏ ³»°¡ ¸¸³­ ¿øÁ¤´ë¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­ ³»°Ô Á¦½ÃµÇ¾ú´Ù; ³»°Ô °³ÀÎÀûÀ¸·Î´Â, ¼±Çϸç, ÆòÈ­½º·± »ç¶÷µéÀÌ °¡Àå Áü½Â°°À¸¸ç, ¸ôÁö°¢Çϸç, ¹üÁ˵é·Î Ÿ¶ôÇÑ ÇàÀ§µéÀ» ÀÚÇàÇÏ·¯ Áö±ØÈ÷ Å¿¬ÇÏ°Ô Ã⵿Çϰí ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. ±×µéÀÌ ÀڽŵéÀÇ ¾ç½ÉÀ» ¾ïÁ¦ÇÏ´Â ¾î¶² ¹æ¹ýµéÀ» °¡ÁöÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù¸é, ±×µé ÁßÀÇ ÇÑ »ç¶÷µµ ±×·¯ÇÑ ±Ø¾Ç ¹«µµÇÑ ÇàÀ§ÀÇ ¹éºÐÀÇ Àϵµ ÀúÁö¸¦ ¼ö ¾øÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù.

It is not that they have not a conscience which forbids them from acting thus, just as, even three or four hundred years ago, when people burnt men at the stake and put them to the rack they had a conscience which prohibited it; the conscience is there, but it has been put to sleep-in those in command by what the psychologists call auto-sug¡©gestion; in the soldiers, by the direct conscious hypnotiz¡©ing exerted by the higher classes.

½ÉÁö¾î »ï»ç¹é ³â Àü¿¡, »ç¶÷µéÀÌ »ç¶÷µéÀ» È­Çü¿¡ ½ÃŰ°í °í¹®¿¡ óÇÒ ¶§, ±×°ÍÀ» ±ÝÁöÇÏ´Â ¾ç½ÉÀ» °¡Áö°í ÀÖ¾ú´ø °Íó·³, ±×µéÀÌ ±×·¸°Ô ÇàÇÔÀ» ±ÝÁöÇÏ´Â ¾ç½ÉÀ» °¡ÁöÁö ¾Ê¾ÒÀ½ÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó; ¾ç½ÉÀÌ ±×°÷¿¡ ÀÖ¾úÁö¸¸, ³ôÀº °è±ÞµéÀÌ Çà»çÇÑ Á÷Á¢Àû ÀǽÄÀû Ãָ鿡 ÀÇÇØ¼­-½É¸®ÇÐÀÚµéÀÌ ºÎ¸£´Â Àڱ⠾Ͻÿ¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­, ÁöÈÖ±ÇÀ» °¡Áø »ç¶÷µé ¾È¿¡¼­; º´»çµé ¾È¿¡¼­-±×°ÍÀº Àáµé¾î ÀÖ¾ú´Ù.

Though asleep, the conscience is there, and in spite of the hypnotism it is already speaking in them, and it may awake.

ºñ·Ï Àáµé¾î ÀÖÁö¸¸, ¾ç½ÉÀº °Å±â¿¡ ÀÖ´Ù, ±×¸®°í Ãָ鿡µµ ºÒ±¸Çϰí, ±×°ÍÀº ÀÌ¹Ì ±×µé ¾È¿¡¼­ ¸»Çϰí ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ±×°ÍÀº ±ú¾î ÀÖÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù.

All these men are in a position like that of a man under hypnotism, commanded to do something opposed to every¡©thing he regards as good and rational, such as to kill his mother or his child. The hypnotized subject feels himself bound to carry out the suggestion-he thinks he cannot stop-but the nearer he gets to the time and the place of the action, the more the benumbed conscience begins to stir, to resist, and to try to awake. And no one can say beforehand whether he will carry out the suggestion or not; which will gain the upper hand, the rational conscience or the irrational suggestion. It all depends on their rela¡©tive strength.

ÀÌ ¸ðµç »ç¶÷µéÀº ÃÖ¸é´çÇÑ »ç¶÷ÀÇ »óÅÂ¿Í °°Àº À§Ä¡¿¡ Ã³ÇØÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ÀÚ½ÅÀÌ ¼±Çϸç À̼ºÀûÀ̶ó°í ¿©±â´Â ¸ðµç °Í¿¡ ´ëÄ¡µÇ´Â ¾î¶² °Í, Áï, ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ¾î¸Ó´Ï³ª ¾ÆÀ̸¦ Á×À̶ó´Â °ÍÀ», ¸í·É¹Þ´Â´Ù. ÃÖ¸é ´çÇÑ ÇÇÇèÀÚ´Â ±× ¾Ï½Ã¸¦ ¹Ýµå½Ã ÇàÇØ¾ß µÈ´Ù°í ´À³¤´Ù-±×´Â ¸ØÃâ ¼ö ¾ø´Ù°í »ý°¢ÇÑ´Ù-±×·¯³ª Çàµ¿ÇØ¾ßÇÒ ½Ã°£°ú Àå¼Ò¿¡ °¡±îÀÌ ´Ù°¡°¡¸é °¥¼ö·Ï, ±×ÀÇ ¹«°¨°¢ÇÏ´ø ¾ç½ÉÀÌ µ¿¿äÇϰí, ÀúÇ×Çϸç, ±ú¾î ³ª·Á°í ÇÑ´Ù. ±×¸®°í ¾Æ¹«µµ »çÀü¿¡ ÀÚ½ÅÀÌ ±× ¾Ï½Ã¸¦ ½ÇÇàÇÒ °ÍÀÎÁö ¾Æ´ÑÁö, ±×·¡¼­ À̼ºÀûÀÎ ¾ç½É ¶Ç´Â ºñÀ̼ºÀûÀÎ ¾Ï½Ã Áß¿¡¼­ ¾î´ÀÂÊÀÌ À̱æÁö ¸»ÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø´Ù. ±× ¸ðµç °ÍÀº ±×µéÀÇ »ó´ëÀûÀÎ Èû¿¡ ´Þ·Á ÀÖ´Ù.

That is just the case with the men in the Toula train and in general with everyone carrying out acts of state violence in our day.

±×°ÍÀÌ ¸¶·Î Åø¶óÇà ¿­Â÷¿¡ ź »ç¶÷µé°ú, ±×¸®°í ÀϹÝÀûÀ¸·Î ¿ì¸® ½Ã´ë¿¡ ±¹°¡ Æø·ÂÀÇ ÇàÀ§µéÀ» ¼öÇàÇÏ´Â ¸ðµç »ç¶÷µéÀÇ °æ¿ìÀÌ´Ù.

There was a time when men who set out with the object of murder and violence, to make an example, did not return till they had carried out their object, and then, untroubled by doubts or scruples, having calmly flogged men to death, they returned home and caressed their children, laughed, amused themselves, and enjoyed the peaceful pleasures of family life. In those days it never struck the landowners and wealthy men who profited by these crimes, that the privileges they enjoyed had any direct connection with these atrocities. But now it is no longer so. Men know now, or are not far from knowing, what they are doing and for what object they do it. They can shut their eyes and force their conscience to be still, but so long as their eyes are opened and their conscience undulled, they must all -those who carry out and those who profit by these crimes alike-see the import of them. Sometimes they realize it only after the crime has been perpetrated, sometimes they realize it just before its perpetration. Thus those who com¡©manded the recent acts of violence in Nijni-Novgorod, Saratov, Orel, and the Yuzovsky factory realized their sig¡©nificance only after their perpetration, and now those who commanded and those who carried out these crimes are ashamed before public opinion and their conscience. I have talked to soldiers who had taken part in these crimes, and they always studiously turned the conversation off the subject, and when they spoke of it, it was with horror and bewilderment. There are cases, too, when men come to themselves just before the perpetration of the crime. Thus I know the case of a sergeant-major who had been beaten by two peasants during the repression of disorder and had made a complaint. The next day, after seeing the atroci¡©ties perpetrated on the other peasants, he entreated the commander of his company to tear up his complaint and let off the two peasants. I know cases when soldiers, com¡©manded to fire, have refused to obey, and I know many cases of officers who have refused to command expeditions for torture and murder. So that men sometimes come to their senses long before perpetrating the suggested crime, sometimes at the very moment before perpetrating it, sometimes only afterward.

¿¹¸¦ µéÀÚ¸é, »ìÀΰú Æø·ÂÀ» ¸ñÀûÀ¸·Î Ãâ¹ßÇÑ »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ±×µéÀÇ ¸ñÀûÀ» ½ÇÇàÇÒ ¶§±îÁö µ¹¾Æ ¿ÀÁö ¾ÊÀ¸¸ç, ±×¸®°í, ÀÇȤµéÀ̳ª ¾ç½ÉÀÇ °¡Ã¥µé¿¡ ±¸¾Ö¹ÞÁö ¾Ê°í, Ä§ÂøÇÏ°Ô »ç¶÷µéÀ» ¸ÅÁúÇÏ¿© Á×À̰í, °íÇâÀ¸·Î µ¹¾Æ¿Í¼­ ±×µéÀÇ ÀÚ³àµé ²¸¾ÉÀ¸¸ç, ¿ô°í, Áñ°Å¿öÇÏ°í °¡Á· »ýȰÀÇ Æò·Î·Î¿î Áñ°Å¿òÀ» ´©¸± ¶§°¡ ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. ±× ½Ã´ë¿¡´Â ÀÌ·± ¹üÁ˵é·Î¼­ ÀÌÀÍÀ» º¸´Â ÁöÁÖµéÀ̳ª ºÎÀ¯ÇÑ »ç¶÷µéÀÌ, ±×µéÀÌ ´©¸° Ư±ÇµéÀÌ ÀÌ·± ±Ø¾Ç¹«µµÇÔµé°ú ¾î¶² Á÷Á¢ÀûÀÎ °ü·ÃÀ» °¡Áø´Ù´Â »ý°¢À» °áÄÚ ÇÏÁö ¸øÇß´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ÀÌÁ¦ ´õ ÀÌ»ó ±×·¸Áö ¾Ê´Ù. »ç¶÷µéÀº ÀÌÁ¦, ±×µéÀÌ ÇàÇÏ´Â °Í°ú ±×°ÍÀ» ÇàÇÏ´Â ¸ñÀûÀ» ¾Ë°Å³ª, ¾Æ´Â °Í¿¡¼­ ¸ÖÁö ¾Ê´Ù. ±×µéÀº ÀڽŵéÀÇ ´«À» °¨À» ¼ö ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ±×µéÀÇ ¾ç½ÉÀ» ħ¹¬ÄÉ ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù, ±×·¯³ª ´«À» ¿­°í, ¾ç½ÉÀÌ »ì¾Æ³ª¸é, ±×µé ¸ðµÎ´Â ¹Ýµå½Ã-ÀÌµé ¹üÁ˵éÀ» ½ÇÇàÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷µé°ú À̸¦ ÀÌ¿ëÇØ¼­ ÀÌÀÍÀ» º¸´Â »ç¶÷µéÀº-±×°ÍµéÀÇ Àǹ̸¦ ¾Ë °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ¶§·Î´Â ±×µéÀº ¿ÀÁ÷ ¹üÁ˰¡ ÀÚÇàµÈ ´ÙÀ½¿¡¼­¾ß ±×°ÍÀ» ±ú´ÞÀ» °ÍÀ̸ç, ¶§·Î´Â ±×°ÍÀÌ ÀÚÇàµÇ±â Àü¿¡ ±ú´ÞÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ÀÌ·¸°Ô ÇØ¼­, ´ÏÁî´Ï ³ëº¸°í·Îµå, »ç¶óÅäÇÁ, ¿À·¼ ¹× À¯ÁîÄÚÇÁ½ºÅ° °øÀå¿¡¼­ ÃÖ±ÙÀÇ Æø·Â ÇàÀ§µéÀ» Áö½ÃÇÑ »ç¶÷µéÀº, ±×µéÀÇ ¹üÁ˰¡ ÀÚÇàµÈ ÈÄ¿¡¾ß ±×°ÍµéÀÇ Àǹ̸¦ ±ú´Þ¾ÒÀ¸¸ç, ±×¸®°í ÀÌÁ¦ ÀÌµé ¹üÁ˵éÀ» ¸í·ÉÇÏ°í ½ÇÇàÇÑ »ç¶÷µéÀº ¿©·Ð°ú ±×µéÀÇ ¾ç½É ¾Õ¿¡¼­ ºÎ²ô·¯¿öÇÑ´Ù. ³ª´Â ÀÌ·± ¹üÁ˵鿡 Âü¿©ÇÑ º´»çµé¿¡°Ô ¸»Çß´Ù, ±×·¯¸é ±×µéÀº ¾ðÁ¦³ª ¾Ö½á¼­ ÁÖÁ¦·ÎºÎÅÍ ´ëÈ­¸¦ ȸÇÇÇß´Ù, ±×¸®°í ±×µéÀÌ ±×°ÍÀ» ¸»ÇÒ ¶§¸é, °øÆ÷¿Í ´çȤ°¨À¸·Î Â÷ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. ¹°·Ð »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ¹üÁ˸¦ ÀúÁö¸£±â Á÷Àü¿¡ Á¦Á¤½ÅÀ¸·Î µ¹¾Æ¿Â °æ¿ìµéµµ ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. ±×·¡¼­ ³ª´Â ¼Ò¿ä¸¦ Áø¾ÐÇÏ´Â °úÁ¤¿¡¼­ µÎ »ç¶÷ÀÇ ³óºÎµé¿¡°Ô ¸ÅÀ» ¸Â°í¼­ °í¼Ò¸¦ ÇÑ ÁÖÀÓ »ó»çÀÇ »ç°ÇÀ» ¾Ë°í ÀÖ´Ù. ´ÙÀ½³¯, ´Ù¸¥ ³óºÎµé¿¡°Ô ÀÚÇàµÈ ÀÜÇÐÇàÀ§µéÀ» º¸°í³ª¼­, ±×´Â ±×ÀÇ Áß´ëÀÇ ÁöÈÖÀÚ¿¡°Ô ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ °í¼ÒÀåÀ» Âõ¾î¹ö¸®°í µÎ¸íÀÇ ³óºÎµéÀ» Ç®¾î ÁÖ¶ó°í °£Ã»Çß´Ù. ¹ßÆ÷Ç϶ó°í ¸í·É¹Þ°í¼­ º¹Á¾À» °ÅºÎÇÑ »ç°ÇµéÀ» ³ª´Â ¾Ë°í ÀÖ´Ù, ±×¸®°í °í¹®°ú »ìÀÎÀ» ¸ñÀûÀ¸·ÎÇÏ´Â ¿øÁ¤µéÀ» ÁöÈÖÇϱ⸦ °ÅºÎÇÑ Àå±³µé¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¸¹Àº °æ¿ìµéÀ» ¾Ë°í ÀÖ´Ù. ±×·¡¼­ »ç¶÷µéÀº ¶§¶§·Î ¾Ï½ÃµÈ ¹üÁ˸¦ ÀúÁö¸£±â ¿À·¡ Àü¿¡, ¶§·Î´Â ±×°ÍÀ» ÀúÁö¸£±â Á÷Àü¿¡, ¶§·Î´Â ÀÌÈÄ¿¡ Á¤½ÅÀ» Â÷¸°´Ù.

The men traveling in the Toula train were going with the object of killing and injuring their fellow-creatures, but none could tell whether they would carry out their object or not. However obscure his responsibility for the affair is to each, and however strong the idea instilled into all of them that they are not men, but governors, officials, officers, and soldiers, and as such beings can violate every human duty, the nearer they approach the place of the execution, the stronger their doubts as to its being right, and this doubt will reach its highest point when the very moment for carrying it out has come.

Åø¶óÇà ¿­Â÷¸¦ Ÿ°í ¿©ÇàÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷µéÀº ±×µéÀÇ µ¿Æ÷¸¦ »ìÇØÇϰí ÇØÇÏ·Á´Â ¸ñÀûÀ¸·Î Ã⵿Çϰí ÀÖ¾ú´Ù, ±×·¯³ª ¾Æ¹«µµ ±×µéÀÇ ±×µéÀÇ ¸ñÀûÀ» ½ÇÇàÇÒÁö ¾Æ´ÑÁö´Â ¾Ë ¼ö °¡ ¾ø´Ù. °¢ÀÚ¿¡°Ô ±× »ç°Ç¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Ã¥ÀÓÀÌ ºÒºÐ¸íÇÏ´õ¶ó°í, ±×¸®°í ¾Æ¹«¸® °­ÇÑ »ç»óÀÌ ±×µé ¸ðµÎ¿¡°Ô, ±×µéÀÌ »ç¶÷ÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, Ãѵ¶µé, °ü¸®µé, Àå±³µé, ±×¸®°í º´»çµéÀ̸ç, ±×·¯ÇÑ Á¸ÀçµéÀº °¢±â »ç¶÷ÀÇ Àǹ«¸¦ ¹üÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù°í ÁÖÀÔ½ÃÄѵµ, ±×µéÀÌ Ã³Çü Àå¼Ò·Î ´Ù°¡°¡¸é °¥¼ö·Ï, ±×°ÍÀÌ Á¤´çÇÑÁö¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÀÇȤµéÀº ´õ¿í °­ÇØÁö°í, ÀÌ·± ÀÇȤÀº ±×°ÍÀ» ½ÇÇàÇØ¾ß ÇÏ´Â ¹Ù·Î ±× ¼ø°£ÀÌ ´Ù°¡¿À¸é °¡Àå ³ôÀº ÁöÁ¡¿¡ ´Ù´Ù¸¥´Ù.

The governor, in spite of all the stupefying effect of his surroundings, cannot help hesitating when the moment comes to give final decisive command. He knows that the action of the Governor of Orel has called down upon him the disapproval of the best people, and he himself, influ¡©enced by the public opinion of the circles in which he moves, has more than once expressed his disapprobation of him. He knows that the prosecutor, who ought to have come, flatly refused to have anything to do with it, because he regarded it as disgraceful. He knows, too, that there may be changes any day in the government, and that what was a ground for advancement yesterday may be the cause of disgrace tomorrow. And he knows that there is a press, if not in Russia, at least abroad, which may report the affair and cover him with ignominy forever. He is already conscious of a change in public opinion which con¡©demns what was formerly a duty. Moreover, he cannot feel fully assured that his soldiers will at the last moment obey him. He is wavering, and none can say beforehand what he will do.

ÁÖº¯ÀÇ ¸ðµç ¸¶ºñ½ÃŰ´Â È¿°ú¿¡µµ ºÒ±¸Çϰí, Ãѵ¶Àº ¸¶Áö¸·ÀÇ °áÁ¤ÀûÀÎ ¸í·ÉÀ» ³»¸®´Â ¼ø°£ÀÌ ¿Ã ¶§¸é ¸Ó¹µ°Å¸®Áö ¾ÊÀ» ¼ö ¾ø´Ù. ±×´Â ¿À·¼ÀÇ Ãѵ¶ÀÇ ÇàÀ§°¡ ±×¿¡°Ô °¡Àå ÁÁÀº »ç¶÷µéÀÇ ºÒÂù¼ºÀ» ÃÊ·¡ÇßÀ¸¸ç, ±× Àڽŵµ, ±×°¡ ¿òÁ÷ÀÌ´Â ÁÖº¯ÀÇ ¿©·Ð¿¡ ÀÇÇØ ¿µÇâÀ» ¹Þ¾Æ¼­, ÇÑ ¹ø ÀÌ»ó ±×¿¡ ´ëÇØ ºÒÂù¼ºÀ» Ç¥ÇöÇß´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ¾Ë°í ÀÖ´Ù. ±×´Â, ¹Ýµå½Ã ¿Ô¾î¾ß ÇÏ´Â °Ë»ç°¡, ±×°ÍÀÌ ºÒ¸í¿¹½º·´´Ù°í ¿©±â¹Ç·Î, ±× ÀÏ¿¡ °ü°èÇϱ⸦ ´ÜÈ£ÇÏ°Ô °ÅÀýÇß´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ¾È´Ù. ±× ¿ª½Ãµµ ¾ðÁ¨°¡´Â Á¤ºÎ¿¡ º¯È­µéÀÌ ÀÖÀ» °ÍÀ̸ç, ¾îÁ¦¿¡ Áøº¸ÀÌ´ø °ÍÀÌ ³»ÀÏÀÇ ºÒ¸í¿¹ÀÇ ¿øÀÎÀÌ µÉ ¼öµµ ÀÖ´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ¾È´Ù. ±×¸®°í, ·¯½Ã¾Æ¿¡¼­´Â ¾Æ´Ï´õ¶óµµ, Àû¾îµµ ¿Ü±¹¿¡ ¾ð·ÐÀÌ ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ±× »ç°ÇÀ» º¸µµÇÒ °ÍÀÌ¸ç ¿µ¿øÈ÷ ±×¿¡ ´ëÇØ ºÒ¸í¿¹·Î ´Ù·ê °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ±×´Â °ú°Å¿¡ Àǹ«ÀÌ´ø °ÍÀ» ºñ³­ÇÏ´Â ¿©·ÐÀÇ º¯È­¸¦ ÀÌ¹Ì ÀǽÄÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù. °Ô´Ù°¡, ±×´Â ±×ÀÇ º´»çµéÀÌ ¸¶Áö¸· ¼ø°£¿¡ Àڽſ¡°Ô º¹Á¾ÇÒ °ÍÀÎÁö ¿ÏÀüÈ÷ È®½ÅÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø´Ù. ±×´Â Èçµé±â°í ÀÖ´Ù, ±×¸®°í ¾Æ¹«µµ ±×°¡ ¹«¾ùÀ» ÇÒ Áö »çÀü¿¡ ¸»ÇÒ ¼ö°¡ ¾ø´Ù.

All the officers and functionaries who accompany him experience in greater or less degree the same emotions. In the depths of their hearts they all know that what they are doing is shameful, that to take part in it is a discredit and blemish in the eyes of some people whose opinion they value. They know that after murdering and torturing the defenseless, each of them will be ashamed to face his betrothed or the woman he is courting. And besides, they too, like the governor, are doubtful whether the soldiers' obedience to orders can be reckoned on. What a con¡©trast with the confident air they all put on as they sauntered about the station and platform! Inwardly they were not only in a state of suffering but even of suspense. Indeed they only assumed this bold and composed manner to con¡©ceal the wavering within. And this feeling increased as they drew near the scene of action.

±×¸¦ ¼öÇàÇÏ´Â ¸ðµç Àå±³µé°ú °ø¹«¿øµéÀº ¸¹°Å³ª Àû°Å³ª °£¿¡ ¶È °°Àº °¨Á¤µéÀ» ´À³¤´Ù. ±×µé ¸ðµÎÀÇ ¸¶À½ ±íÀº °÷¿¡¼­´Â ±×µéÀÌ ÇàÇϰí ÀÖ´Â °ÍÀÌ ¼öÄ¡½º·¯¿î °ÍÀ̸ç, ±×°ÍÀ» ÇÔ²² ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº ±×µéÀÌ ±ÍÁßÈ÷ ¿©±â´Â ¿©·ÐÀ» Ç¥½ÃÇÏ´Â ¾î¶² »ç¶÷µéÀÇ ´«¿¡ ºÒ½Å°ú ¿ÀÁ¡ÀÌ µÈ´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ¾Ë°í ÀÖ´Ù. ¹æ¾îÇÒ ÈûÀÌ ¾ø´Â »ç¶÷µéÀ» »ìÇØÇÏ°í °í¹®ÇÑ µÚ¿¡, ±×µé °¢ÀÚ´Â ±×ÀÇ ¾àÈ¥ÀÚ³ª, ±×°¡ ±¸¾ÖÇÏ´Â ¿©ÀÚÀÇ ¾ó±¼À» º¼ ¸é¸ñÀÌ ¾øÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ±×¸®°í, °Ô´Ù°¡, ±×µé ¿ª½Ã Ãѵ¶Ã³·³ º´»çµéÀÇ ¸í·Éµé¿¡ ´ëÇÑ º¹Á¾ÀÌ ¹ÏÀ»¸¸ ÇÑ °ÍÀÎÁö ÀÇȤÀ» °¡Áø´Ù. ±âÂ÷¿ª°ú Ç÷§Æû¿¡¼­ ¾î½½··°Å¸± ¶§Ã³·³ °¡Áö°í ÀÖ´ø È®½Å°ú´Â ¾ó¸¶³ª ´ëÁ¶ÀûÀΰ¡! ³»½ÉÀ¸·Î ±×µéÀº °íÅ뽺·± »óÅ¿¡ ÀÖÀ» »Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, ½ÉÁö¾î Áö¼ÓÀûÀÌ ±ä»ó »óÅ¿¡ ÀÖ´Ù. »ç½Ç, ±×µéÀº ¼ÓÀ¸·Î µ¿¿äÇϰí ÀÖÀ½À» ¼û±â±â À§Çؼ­ ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ´ë´ãÇϰí Ä§ÂøÇÑ Åµµ¸¦ °ßÁöÇÏ¿´´ø °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ±×¸®°í ÀÌ ´À³¦Àº ÇൿÀÇ Àå¼Ò·Î ´Ù°¡°¨¿¡ µû¶ó¼­ °íÁ¶µÇ¾î °¡°í ÀÖ¾ú´Ù.

And imperceptible as it was, and strange as it seems to say so, all that mass of lads, the soldiers, who seemed so submissive, were in precisely the same condition.

±×¸®°í ºñ·Ï ±×°ÍÀÌ ´À³¥ ¼ö ¾ø¾úÀ¸¸ç, ±×·¸´Ù°í ¸»ÇÑ´Ù¸é ÀÌ»óÇϰÚÁö¸¸, ¸ðµç ¹«¸®ÀÇ Ã»³âµé, º´»çµéÀº ±×Åä·Ï ¼øÁ¾ÀûÀ¸·Î º¸¿´Áö¸¸, Á¤È®È÷ ¶È °°Àº »óȲ¿¡ ³õ¿© ÀÖ¾ú´Ù.

These are not the soldiers of former days, who gave up the natural life of industry and devoted their whole exist¡©ence to debauchery, plunder, and murder, like the Roman legionaries or the warriors of the Thirty Years' War, or even the soldiers of more recent times who served for twenty-five years in the army. They have mostly been only lately taken from their families, and are full of the recollections of the good, rational, natural life they have left behind them.

°ú°Å ½Ã´ëÀÇ º´»çµéÀº ¾ø´Ù. °ú°ÅÀÇ º´»çµéÀº ·Î¸¶ º´»çµé ¶Ç´Â »ï½Ê³â ÀüÀïÀÇ ¿ë»çµé, ¶Ç´Â ½ÉÁö¾î °¡Àå ÃÖ±Ù¿¡ 25³â°£ ±º´ë¿¡ º¹¹«ÇÑ º´»çµé °°ÀÌ, ¹æÅÁÇÔ, ¾àÅ», ±×¸®°í »ìÀÎÀ» À§Çؼ­ ±Ù¸éÇÑ ÀÚ¿¬ÀûÀÎ »îÀ» Æ÷±âÇÏ°í ±×µéÀÇ ¸ðµç Á¸À縦 Çå½ÅÇÏ¿´´Ù. ±×µéÀº ´ëºÎºÐ ÃÖ±Ù¿¡ ±×µéÀÇ °¡Á·À¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ºÙµé·Á °¬À¸¸ç, ±×µéÀÌ µÚ¿¡ ³²°Ü ³õÀº ¼±Çϸç, À̼ºÀûÀ̸ç ÀÚ¿¬ÀûÀÎ »îÀÇ ±â¾ïµé·Î °¡µæÂ÷ ÀÖ´Ù.

All these lads, peasants for the most part, know what is the business they have come about; they know that the landowners always oppress their brothers the peasants, and that therefore it is most likely the same thing here. Moreover, a majority of them can now read, and the books they read are not all such as exalt a military life; there are some which point out its immorality. Among them are often free-thinking comrades-who have enlisted volun¡©tarily-or young officers of liberal ideas, and already the first germ of doubt has been sown in regard to the uncon¡©ditional legitimacy and glory of their occupation.

ÀÌ ¸ðµç û³âµéÀº, ´ëºÎºÐ ³óºÎµé·Î½á, ±×µéÀÌ Ã³¸®ÇØ¾ß ÇÏ´Â ÀÓ¹«°¡ ¹«¾ùÀÎÁö ¾Ë°í ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ÁöÁÖµéÀÌ ±×µéÀÇ ÇüÁ¦µéÀÎ ³óºÎµéÀ» ¾ï¾ÐÇÑ´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ¾Ë°í ÀÖ´Ù, ±×¸®°í ±×·¯¹Ç·Î ¿©±â¿¡¼­µµ ¶È °°Àº ÀÏÀÌ ÀϾ °¡´É¼ºÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ¾È´Ù.°Ô´Ù°¡, ±×µéÀÇ ´ëºÎºÐÀº ÀÌÁ¦ ÀÐÀ» ¼ö ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ±×µéÀÌ ÀÐÀº Ã¥µéÀº ±º´ëÀÇ »îÀ» Âù¾çÇÏ´Â ±×·± ¸ðµç °ÍµéÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï´Ù; ±×¸®°í ±×°ÍÀÇ ºñµµ´ö¼ºÀ» ÁöÀûÇÏ´Â °Íµéµµ ÀÖ´Ù. ±×µé Áß¿¡´Â °¡²û ÀÚÀ¯ »ç»ó°¡ Ä£±¸µé-±×µéÀº ÀÚ¿øÇؼ­ ÀÔ´ëÇß´Ù-¶Ç´Â ÀÚÀ¯ »ç»óµéÀ» °¡Áø ÀþÀº Àå±³µéµµ ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ÀÌ¹Ì ±×µé Á÷¾÷ÀÇ ¹«Á¶°ÇÀûÀÎ ÇÕ¹ý¼º°ú ¸í¿¹¿¡ °üÇØ¼­ ù¹øÂ° ÀÇȤÀÇ ¾¾¾ÑÀÌ ÀÌ¹Ì ½É¾îÁ³´Ù.

It is true that they have all passed through that terrible, skillful education, elaborated through centuries, which kills all initiative in a man, and that they are so trained to me¡©chanical obedience that at the word of command: "Fire! -All the line!-Fire!" and so on, their guns will rise of themselves and the habitual movements will be performed. But "Fire! "now does not mean shooting into the sand for amusement, it means firing on their broken-down, ex¡©ploited fathers and brothers whom they see there in the crowd, with women and children shouting and waving their arms. Here they are-one with his scanty beard and patched coat and plaited shoes of reed, just like the father left at home in Kazan or Riazan province; one with gray beard and bent back, leaning on a staff like the old grand¡©father; one, a young fellow in boots and a red shirt, just as he was himself a year ago-he, the soldier who must fire upon him. There, too, a woman in reed shoes and panyova, just like the mother left at home.

±×µé ¸ðµÎ°¡ ¼ö¼¼±â¸¦ ÅëÇØ¼­ °í¾ÈµÈ Áöµ¶ÇÏ¸ç ±â¼úÀûÀÎ ±³À°À» Åë°úÇÏ¿´À¸¸ç, ±× ±â¼úµéÀº »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô¼­ ÁøÃ뼺À» ¸»»ì½ÃŰ´Â °ÍÀÌ »ç½ÇÀ̸ç, ±×µéÀº ³Ê¹«³ª ±â°èÀûÀÎ º¹Á¾¿¡ ÈÆ·ÃµÇ¾î¼­, ¡°¹ß»ç!-Áغñ!-¹ß»ç!¡± µî°ú °°Àº ¸í·É¿¡, ±×µéÀÇ ÃѵéÀÌ ÀúÀý·Î ¼¼¿öÁö¸ç ½À°üÀûÀÎ ¿òÁ÷ÀÓµéÀÌ ÁøÇàµÉ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ¡°¹ß»ç!¡± ´Â Áö±Ý Àç¹Ì·Î ¸ð·¹¿¡´Ù ÃÑÀ» ½ð´Ù´Â Àǹ̰¡ ¾Æ´Ï´Ù, ±×°ÍÀº ±ºÁßµé ¼Ó¿¡ ÀÖ´Â ±×µéÀÇ º´µé°í ¾àÅ»´çÇÑ ¾Æ¹öÁöµé°ú ÇüÁ¦µé, ¼Ò¸®Ä¡¸ç ¼ÕÀ» Èçµé°í ÀÖ´Â ¿©ÀÚµé°í ¾ÆÀ̵鿡°Ô ¹ßÆ÷ÇÑ´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ÀǹÌÇÑ´Ù. ¿©±â¿¡ ±×µéÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù-ÇÑ »ç¶÷Àº ±×ÀÇ µë¼ºÇÑ Åμö¿°¿¡ ´©´õ±â ¿ÊÀ» °ÉÄ¡°í °¥´ë·Î ¿«Àº ½Å¹ßµéÀ» ½Å°í¼­ À־, Ä«ÀÜÀ̳ª ¸®¾ÆÀÜ Áö¹æÀÇ °íÇâ¿¡ °è½Ã´Â ¹Ù·Î ¾Æ¹öÁö¿Í ¶È°°°í; ÇÑ »ç¶÷Àº ³ªÀÌ µå½Å ÇҾƹöÁöó·³ Èñ²ô¹«·¹ÇÑ Åμö¿°°ú ±¸ºÎ·¯Áø µî¿¡ ÁöÆÎÀÌ¿¡ ±â´ë¾î ¼­ÀÖ´Ù; ÇÑ »ç¶÷Àº, ÀÏ ³â ÀüÀÇ ¹Ù·Î ÀÚ½Åó·³ ÀåÈ­¸¦ ½Å°í ºÓÀº ¼ÅÃ÷¸¦ ÀÔ°í ÀÖ´Â ÀþÀºÀÌÀÌ´Ù-±×´Â, ±×µéÀ» ÇâÇØ¼­ ÃÑÀ» ½î¾Æ¾ß ÇÏ´Â º´»çÀÌ´Ù. ¹Ù·Î °íÇâ¿¡ ÀÖ´Â ¾î¸Ó´Ï °°ÀÌ ¶ÇÇÑ °¥´ë ½Å¹ß°ú ÆÄ´Ï¿À¹Ù¸¦ ÀÔÀº ¿©ÀÚµµ ÀÖ´Ù.

Is it possible they must fire on them? And no one knows what each soldier will do at the last minute. The least word, the slightest allusion would be enough to stop them.

º´»çµéÀÌ ±×µé¿¡°Ô ÃÑÀ» ½ð´Ù´Â °ÍÀÌ °¡´ÉÇÒ±î? ¸¶Áö¸· ¼ø°£¿¡ °¢±â º´»çµéÀÌ ¹«¾ùÀ» ÇÒ Áö ¾Æ¹«µµ ¾Ë ¼ö ¾ø´Ù. ÃÖ¼ÒÇÑÀÇ ¸», ¾ÆÁÖ ÀÛÀº ¾Ï½Ã¶óµµ ±×µéÀ» ¸ØÃ߱⿡ ÃæºÐÇÒ °ÍÀÌ´Ù.

At the last moment they will all find themselves in the position of a hypnotized man to whom it has been suggested to chop a log, who coming up to what has been indicated to him as a log, with the ax already lifted to strike, sees that it is not a log but his sleeping brother. He may per¡©form the act that has been suggested to him, and he may come to his senses at the moment of performing it. In the same way all these men may come to themselves in time or they may go on to the end.

¸¶Áö¸· ¼ø°£¿¡ ±×µé ¸ðµÎ´Â ÀڽŵéÀÌ ÃÖ¸é´çÇÑ »ç¶÷ÀÇ »óÅ¿¡ ÀÖ´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ¹ß°ßÇÒ °ÍÀÌ´Ù, ±×¿¡°Ô´Â Å볪¹«¸¦ ÆÐµµ·Ï ¾Ï½ÃµÇ¾úÀ¸¸ç, ÀÌ¹Ì µµ³¢À» µé°í¼­ ³»·Á Ä¡·Á°í, ±×¿¡°Ô Å볪¹«·Î °¡¸®ÄÑÁø °Í¿¡ ´Ù°¡°¡´Ù°¡, ±×°ÍÀº Å볪¹«°¡ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ÀáÀÚ°í ÀÖ´Â ±×ÀÇ ÇüÁ¦ÀÓÀ» ¾Ë°ÔµÈ´Ù. ±×´Â ±×¿¡°Ô ¾Ï½ÃµÈ ÇàÀ§¸¦ ¼öÇàÇÒ Áöµµ ¸ð¸¥´Ù, ±×¸®°í ±×°ÍÀ» ¼öÇàÇÏ´Â ¼ø°£¿¡ Á¤½ÅÀÌ µéÁöµµ ¸ð¸¥´Ù. ¶È °°Àº ¹æ¹ýÀ¸·Î ÀÌ ¸ðµç »ç¶÷µéÀº µµÁßÀ̳ª Á¾¸»¿¡ °¡¼­ Á¦Á¤½ÅÀÌ µéÁöµµ ¸ð¸¥´Ù.

If they do not come to themselves, the most fearful crime will be committed, as in Orel, and then the hypnotic suggestion under which they act will be strengthened in all other men. If they do come to themselves, not only this ter¡©rible crime will not be perpetrated, but many also who hear of the turn the affair has taken will be emancipated from the hypnotic influence in which they were held, or at least will be nearer being emancipated from it.

±×µéÀÌ ¸¸ÀÏ Á¦Á¤½ÅÀÌ µéÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù¸é, °¡Àå ¹«¼­¿î ¹üÁ˰¡ ÀúÁú·¯ Áú °ÍÀÌ´Ù, ¿À·¼¿¡¼­ ó·³, ±×¸®°í³ª¼­ ±×µéÀÌ ÇൿÇÏ´Â ÃÖ¸éÀûÀÎ ¾Ï½Ã´Â ¸ðµç »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô °­È­µÉ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ¸¸ÀÏ »ç¶÷µéÀÌ Á¤½ÅÀ» Â÷¸°´Ù¸é, ÀÌ ¹«¼­¿î ¹üÁË´Â ÀÚÇàµÇÁö ¾ÊÀ» »Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, ±× »ç°ÇÀÇ °á°ú¸¦ µéÀº ¸¹Àº »ç¶÷µé ¿ª½Ã ±×µéÀÌ ÀâÇô ÀÖ´Â ÃÖ¸éÀûÀÎ ¿µÇâ¿¡¼­ ¹þ¾î³ª°Å³ª, Àû¾îµµ °ÅÀÇ ±×°ÍÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ÇØ¹æµÉ °ÍÀÌ´Ù.

Even if a few only come to themselves, and boldly ex¡©plain to the others all the wickedness of such a crime, the influence of these few may rouse the others to shake off the controlling suggestion, and the atrocity will not be perpetrated.

¸¸ÀÏ¿ÀÁ÷ ¸î ¸í¸¸ÀÌ Á¤½ÅÀÌ µé°ÔµÇ¸é, ±×¸®°í ±×·± ¹üÁËÀÇ ¸ðµç »ç¾ÇÇÔÀ» ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô ´ë´ãÇÏ°Ô ¼³¸íÇÑ´Ù¸é, ÀÌ ¸î »ç¶÷µéÀÇ ¿µÇâÀº ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷µé·Î ÇÏ¿©±Ý Áö¹èÀûÀÎ ¾Ï½Ã¸¦ ÅÐ¾î ³»°í, ±× ÀÜÇÐ ÇàÀ§´Â ÀÚÇàµÇÁö ¾ÊÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù.

More than that, if a few men, even of those who are not taking part in the affair but are only present at the prepara¡©tions for it, or have heard of such things being done in the past, do not remain indifferent but boldly and plainly ex¡©press their detestation of such crimes to those who have to execute them, and point out to them all the senselessness, cruelty, and wickedness of such acts, that alone will be productive of good.

±×°Í »Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, ¸¸ÀÏ ¸î ¸íÀÇ »ç¶÷ÀÌ, ±× »ç°Ç¿¡ °³ÀÔÇÏÁö´Â ¾ÊÁö¸¸ ¿ÀÁ÷ ±×°ÍÀ» ÁغñÇÔ¿¡ À־ Âü¼®Çϰųª, °ú°Å¿¡ ±×·¯ÇÑ ÀϵéÀÌ ÇàÇØÁø °ÍÀ» µè°í¼­, ¹«°ü½ÉÇÏÁö ¾Ê°í ´ë´ãÇÏ°í ¸í¹éÇÏ°Ô ±×µéÀÌ ¹üÁ˸¦ ÀúÁú·¯¾ß ÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷µé¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ±×·± ¹üÁ˸¦ ±×µéÀÌ Çø¿ÀÇÔÀ» Ç¥ÇöÇϰí, ±×·± ÇàÀ§µéÀÇ ¸ðµç ¸ôÁö°¢ÇÔ, ÀÜÀÎÇÔ, ¹× »ç¾ÇÇÔÀ» ±×µé¿¡°Ô ÁöÀûÇØ Áشٸé, ±×°Í¸¸À¸·Îµµ ¼±ÇÑ °á°ú¸¦ ³ºÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù.

That was what took place in the instance before us. It was enough for a few men, some personally concerned in the affair and others simply outsiders, to express their dis¡©approval of floggings that had taken place elsewhere, and their contempt and loathing for those who had taken part in inflicting them, for a few persons in the Toula case to express their repugnance to having any share in it; for a lady traveling by the train, and a few other bystanders at the station, to express to those who formed the expedition their disgust at what they were doing; for one of the com¡©manders of a company, who was asked for troops for the restoration of order, to reply that soldiers ought not to be butchers-and thanks to these and a few other seemingly insignificant influences brought to bear on these hypnotized men, the affair took a completely different turn, and the troops, when they reached the place, did not inflict any punishment, but contented themselves with cutting down the forest and giving it to the landowner.

±×°ÍÀÌ ¿ì¸® ¾ÕÀÇ ¿¹¿¡¼­ ÀϾ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ¸î »ç¶÷, ¾î¶² »ç¶÷Àº °³ÀÎÀûÀ¸·Î ±× ¹®Á¦¿¡ °ü½ÉÀÌ ÀÖÀ¸¸ç ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷Àº ´Ü¼øÈ÷ Á¦ »ïÀÚÁö¸¸, ¾îµð¿¡¼±°¡ ÀϾ´Â ¸ÅÁúµé¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ºÒÂù¼ºÀ», ±×¸®°í ±×µé¿¡°Ô °íÅëÀ» ÁÖ´Â ÀÏ¿¡ Âü¿©ÇÑ »ç¶÷µé¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ºñ³­°ú Çø¿À¸¦ Ç¥ÇöÇϰí, Åø¶ó »ç°Ç¿¡¼­ ¸î »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ±× ÀÏ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¾î¶² Âü¿©¿¡µµ ±×µéÀÇ ºÐ³ë¸¦ Ç¥ÇöÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ¸·Îµµ ÃæºÐÇÏ´Ù; ¿­Â÷·Î ¿©ÇàÇÏ´Â ºÎÀÎÀÌ, ±×¸®°í ¿ª¿¡¼­ ´Ù¸¥ ¸î ¸íÀÇ ±¸°æ²ÛµéÀÌ, ¿øÁ¤´ë¸¦ ±¸¼ºÇÑ »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô ±×µéÀÌ Çϰí ÀÖ´Â ÀÏ¿¡ ´ëÇØ Áõ¿À¸¦ Ç¥ÇöÇÏ´Â °Í; Áß´ëÀÇ ÁöÈÖÀÚÁßÀÇ ÇÑ »ç¶÷ÀÌ, ±º´ë¿¡°Ô ¸í·ÉÀÇ È¸º¹À» ¸í·É¹Þ¾ÒÁö¸¸, º´»çµé¿¡°Ô µµ»ìÀÚ°¡ µÇ¾î¼­´Â ¾ÈµÈ´Ù°í ´ë´äÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ ÇÊ¿äÇÏ´Ù-±×¸®°í À̵é ÃÖ¸é´çÇÑ »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô Áö¿öÁö´Â À̰͵é°ú ¸î¸î ´Ù¸¥ ¿Ü°ß»ó Áß¿äÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â ¿µÇâµéÀÌ, ±× »ç°ÇÀ» ¿ÏÀüÈ÷ ´Ù¸¥ ±¹¸éÀ¸·Î º¯ÇÏ°Ô ¸¸µé°í, ±º´ëµéÀº, ÇöÀå¿¡ µµÂøÇÏ¿´À» ¶§, ¾î¶² ó¹úµµ °¡ÇÏÁö ¾Ê°í, ±× ½£À» º£¾î ³Ñ°Ü¼­ ÁöÁÖ¿¡°Ô ³Ñ°ÜÁÖ´Â °ÍÀ¸·Î ¸¸Á·ÇÏ°Ô µÈ´Ù.

Had not a few persons had a clear consciousness that what they were doing was wrong, and consequently influ¡©enced one another in that direction, what was done at Orel would have taken place at Toula. Had this consciousness been still stronger, and had the influence exerted been therefore greater than it was, it might well have been that the governor with his troops would not even have ventured to cut down the forest and give it to the landowner. Had that consciousness been stronger still, it might well have been that the governor would not have ventured to go to the scene of action at all; even that the minister would not have ventured to form this decision or the Tzar to ratify it.

¸¸ÀÏ ¸î ¸íÀÇ »ç¶÷µé ¸¸ÀÌ¶óµµ ±×µéÀÌ ÇàÇϰí ÀÖ´Â °ÍÀÌ ¾ÇÇÏ´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ºÐ¸íÇÏ°Ô ÀÚ°¢ÇÏÁö ¸øÇÏ¿©¼­, °á±¹ ±× ¹æÇâÀ¸·Î ¼­·Î¿¡°Ô ¿µÇâÀ» ÁÖ¾ú´Ù¸é, ¿À·¼¿¡¼­ ÀϾ °ÍÀº Åø¶ó¿¡¼­µµ ÀϾÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ÀÌ ÀÚ°¢ÀÌ ÈξÀ °­ÇÏ¿©¼­, ±×·¯¹Ç·Î, ±× ¿µÇâÀÌ ´õ¿í °­ÇÏ°Ô Çà»çµÇ¾ú´Ù¸é, ±º´ë¸¦ µ¿¿øÇÑ Ãѵ¶µµ ½ÉÁö¾î ½£À» º£¾î ³Ñ°Ü¼­ ±×°ÍÀ» ÁöÁÖ¿¡°Ô ÁÖÁö ¸øÇÏ¿´À» °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ±×·± ÀÚ°¢ÀÌ ÈξÀ ´õ °­ÇÏ¿´´õ¶ó¸é, Ãѵ¶Àº °¨È÷ ±× ÇàÀ§ÀÇ ÇöÀå¿¡ ÀüÇô °¡ º¸·Á°í ÇÏÁöµµ ¾Ê¾ÒÀ» °ÍÀ̸ç; ½ÉÁö¾î Àå°üÀº °¨È÷ ÀÌ·± °áÁ¤À» ¸¸µé°Å³ª, ȲÁ¦·Î ÇÏ¿©±Ý ±×°ÍÀ» ºñÁØÇÏÁö ¾Ê¾ÒÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù.

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