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Ȩ ] À§·Î ] ȸ°³Ç϶ó 1. ] [ È¸°³Ç϶ó 2. ] ȸ°³Ç϶ó 3. ] ȸ°³Ç϶ó 4. ] ȸ°³Ç϶ó 5. ] ȸ°³Ç϶ó 6. ]


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¡°THE KINGDOM OF GOD 
IS WITHIN YOU.¡±

¡°Çϳª´ÔÀÇ  ³ª¶ó´Â  ³ÊÈñ ¾È¿¡ ÀÖ´À´Ï¶ó.¡±


by Leo Tolstoy

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CHAPTER XII.  Á¦ 12 Àå 

CONCLUSION-REPENT YE, FOR THE KINGDOM OF HEAVEN IS AT HAND.

°á·Ð-ȸ°³Ç϶ó, Çϳª´ÔÀÇ ¿Õ±¹ÀÌ °¡±î¿ü´À´Ï¶ó.

2.

2. The Elements that Made up the Force Sent to Toula, and the Con¡©duct of the Men Composing it-How these Men Could Carry Out such Acts-The Explanation is Not to be Found in Ignorance, Conviction, Cruelty, Heartlessness, or Want of Moral Sense-They do these Things Because they are Necessary to Support the Existing Order, which they Consider it Every Man's Duty to Support-The Basis of this Conviction that the Existing Order is Necessary and Inevitable- In the Upper Classes this Conviction is Based on the Advantages of the Existing Order for Themselves-But what Forces Men of the Lower Classes to Believe in the Immutability of the Existing Order, from which they Derive no Advantage, and which they Aid in Main¡©taining, Facts Contrary to their Conscience?-This is the Result of the Lower Classes being Deluded by the Upper, Both as to the Inevi¡©tability of the Existing Order and the Lawfulness of the Acts of Violence Needed to Maintain it-Deception in General-Special Form of Deception in Regard to Military Service-Conscription.

2. Åø¶ó¿¡ ÆÄ°ßµÈ ±º´ë¸¦ ±¸¼ºÇÏ´Â ¿ä¼Òµé, ±×¸®°í ±×°ÍÀ» ±¸¼ºÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷µéÀÇ Åµµµé-ÀÌ »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ¾î¶»°Ô ±×·± ÇàÀ§µéÀ» ¼öÇàÇÒ ¼ö Àִ°¡-¹«Áö, È®½Å, ÀÜÀÎÇÔ, ¸ôÀÎÁ¤ÇÔ, ¶Ç´Â µµ´öÀû °¨°¢ÀÇ °á¿©¿¡¼­ ¼³¸íÀ» ãÀ» ¼ö ¾ø´Ù-±×µéÀº ±âÁ¸ Áú¼­¸¦ ¼öÈ£Çϱâ À§Çؼ­ ÇÊ¿äÇϹǷΠÀÌ·± ÀÏÀ» ÇàÇÑ´Ù, ±×°ÍÀ» ¼öÈ£ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº Á¦°¢±â »ç¶÷µéÀÇ Àǹ«¶ó°í ¿©±ä´Ù-±âÁ¸ Áú¼­°¡ ÇÊ¿äÇϸç ÇÊ¿¬ÀûÀ̶ó´Â È®½ÅÀÇ ±âÃÊ-»óÀ§ °è±Þµé¿¡¼­ ÀÌ È®½ÅÀº ±âÁ¸ Áú¼­°¡ ±×µé¿¡°Ô ÁÖ´Â ÀÌÀÍ¿¡ ±âÃÊÇÑ´Ù-±×·¯³ª ¹«¾ùÀÌ ³¸Àº °è±ÞÀÇ »ç¶÷µé·Î ÇÏ¿©±Ý ±âÁ¸ Áú¼­ÀÇ ºÒº¯¼ºÀ» ¹Ï°Ô °­¿äÇϴ°¡, ±×µéÀº ±×·ÎºÎÅÍ ¾Æ¹«·± ÀÌÀÍÀ» ¾òÁö ¸øÇϸç, ±×°ÍÀÇ À¯Áö¿¡ ±×µéÀÌ µ½°í ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ±×µéÀÇ ¾ç½É¿¡ ¹Ý´ëÇÏ´Â »ç½ÇÀÌ ¾Æ´Ñ°¡?-À̰ÍÀº »ó·ù °è±Þ¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­ ÇÏ·ù °è±ÞÀÌ ±â¸¸´çÇÑ °á°úÀ̸ç, ±×°ÍÀº ±âÁ¸ Áú¼­ÀÇ ºÒ°¡ÇǼº°ú ±×°ÍÀ» À¯ÁöÇÔ¿¡ ÇÊ¿äÇÑ Æø·Â ÇàÀ§µéÀÇ ÇÕ¹ý¼º¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ±â¸¸¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­´Ù-ÀüüÀûÀÎ ±â¸¸-º´¿ª Àǹ«¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Æ¯º°ÇÑ ÇüÅÂÀÇ ±â¸¸-¡º´Á¦.

The train I met on the 9th of September going with soldiers, guns, cartridges, and rods, to confirm the rich landowner in the possession of a small forest which he had taken from the starving peasants, which they were in the direst need of, and he was in no need of at all, was a striking proof of how men are capable of doing deeds directly opposed to their principles and their conscience without perceiving it.

³»°¡ 9 ¿ù 9 Àϳ¯ ¸¸³­, º´»çµé°ú, Ãѵé, ź¾àµé, ±×¸®°í ¸ùµÕÀ̵éÀ» ½Æ°í¼­ ºÎÀ¯ÇÑ ÁöÁÖ°¡ ±¾¾î Á׾´Â ³óºÎµé·ÎºÎÅÍ »©¾ÑÀº Á¶±×¸¸ ½£-±× ½£Àº ³óºÎµé¿¡°Ô´Â ³Ê¹«³ª Àý½ÇÇÏ¿´À¸¸ç, ÁöÁÖ¿¡°Ô´Â ¾Æ¹«·± Çʿ䰡 ¾ø¾ú´Ù-ÀÇ ¼ÒÀ¯À» È®ÀÎÇØ ÁÖ±âÀ§Çؼ­ °¡°í ÀÖ´ø ±âÂ÷´Â, ¾ó¸¶³ª »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ±×µéÀÇ ¿ø¸®µé°ú ±×µéÀÇ ¾ç½É¿¡, À̰ÍÀ» ÀνÄÇÔµµ ¾øÀÌ, Á÷Á¢ÀûÀ¸·Î ¹Ý´ëµÇ´Â ÇàÀ§µéÀ» ÇàÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´ÂÁö¿¡ ´ëÇÑ µÎµå·¯Áø Áõ°Å¿´´Ù.

The special train consisted of one first-class carriage for the governor, the officials, and officers, and several luggage vans crammed full of soldiers. The latter, smart young fellows in their clean new uniforms, were standing about in groups or sitting swinging their legs in the wide open doorways of the luggage vans. Some were smoking, nudging each other, joking, grinning, and laughing, others were munching sunflower seeds and spitting out the husks with an air of dignity. Some of them ran along the plat¡©form to drink some water from a tub there, and when they met the officers they slackened their pace, made their stupid gesture of salutation, raising their hands to their heads with serious faces as though they were doing something of the greatest importance. They kept their eyes on them till they had passed by them, and then set off running still more merrily, stamping their heels on the platform, laughing and chattering after the manner of healthy, good-natured young fellows, traveling in lively company.

±× Ưº° ¿­Â÷´Â Ãѵ¶, °ü¸®µé, ±×¸®°í Àå±³µéÀ» À§ÇÑ Àϵî±Þ ÇÑ ·®°ú, º´»çµé·Î °¡µæÂù ¿©·¯´ëÀÇ ¼öÈ­¹° Â÷·®À¸·Î ±¸¼ºµÇ¾î ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. ÈÄÀÚ´Â, »õ·Î¿î Á¦º¹À» ÀÔÀº »ê¶æÇÑ ÀþÀºÀ̵é·Î, ¹«¸® Áö¾î ¼­ Àְųª, ¼öÈ­¹°Â÷ÀÇ È°Â¦ ¿­¸° ¹®¿¡ ±×µéÀÇ ´Ù¸®µéÀ» Èçµé¸é¼­ ¾É¾Æ ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. ¾î¶² º´»çµéÀº ´ã¹è¸¦ ÇÇ¿ì°í, ¼­·Î¸¦ ÆÈ·Î ¹Ð±âµµ Çϸç, ³ó´ãÇϰí, È÷ÁװŸ®¸ç, ¿ô°í ÀÖ¾úÀ¸¸ç, ´Ù¸¥ º´»çµéÀº ÇØ¹Ù¶ó±â ¾¾¾ÑÀ» ¿ìÀû°Å¸®´Ù°¡ ²®ÁúµéÀ» Á¡ÀÝ°Ô ¹ñ¾Æ³»°ï Çß´Ù. ±×µé ÁßÀÇ ¾î¶² º´»çµéÀº ±×°÷¿¡ ÀÖ´Â ¹°Åë¿¡ ¹°À» ¸¶½Ã±â À§ÇØ Ç÷§ÆûÀ» µû¶ó ¶Ù¾î °¬´Ù, ±×¸®°í Àå±³µéÀ» ¸¸³ªÀÚ ±×µéÀÇ °ÉÀ½À» ´ÊÃß¾î ¹Ùº¸°°ÀÌ °æ·ÊÇÏ´Â ÀÚ¼¼¸¦ ÃëÇϰí´Â, ¸¶Ä¡ ±×µéÀÌ ¹«¾ð°¡ ¾ÆÁÖ Áß¿äÇÑ ÀÏÀ» ÇÏ´Â °Íó·³ ±×µéÀÇ ¼ÕÀ» ¸Ó¸®¿¡ ¿Ã¸®¸ç ÁøÁöÇÑ Ç¥Á¤µéÀ» Áö¾ú´Ù. ±×µéÀº Àå±³µéÀÌ ±×µéÀ» Áö³ª°¥ ¶§°¡Áö ±×µéÀÇ ´«À» °íÁ¤½ÃÄ×´Ù, ±×¸®°í ³ª¼­ ±×µéÀÇ ¹ß±ÁÀ» Ç÷¿Æû¿¡ ÄôÄô°Å¸®¸é¼­ ÈξÀ ´õ Áñ°Ì°Ô ´Þ·Á°¡±â ½ÃÀÛÇßÀ¸¸ç, »ý±â ¹ß¶öÇÑ µ¿¹«µéÀÌ ¿©ÇàÇϵíÀÌ °Ç°­Çϰí, ¸¶À½¾¾ ÁÁÀº ÀþÀº Ä£±¸µé °°Àº ŵµ·Î ¿ô°í Àâ´ãÇÏ¿´´Ù.

They were going to assist at the murder of their fathers or grandfathers just as if they were going on a party of pleasure, or at any rate on some quite ordinary busi¡©ness.

±×µéÀº ÀڽŵéÀÇ ¾Æ¹öÁö³ª ÇҾƹöÁö¸¦ »ìÇØÇÔÀ» µµ¿ì·¯ °¡°í ÀÖ¾ú´Âµ¥, ±×µéÀº ¸¶Ä¡ À¯ÄèÇÑ ÆÄƼ¿¡, ¾Æ´Ï ¾î·µç ¸Å¿ì Æò¹üÇÑ ¾î´À ¾÷¹«¿¡ Âü¼®ÇÏ´Â °Í °°¾Ò´Ù.

The same impression was produced by the well-dressed functionaries and officers who were scattered about the platform and in the first-class carriage. At a table covered with bottles was sitting the governor, who was responsible for the whole expedition, dressed in his half-military uni¡©form and eating something while he chatted tranquilly about the weather with some acquaintances he had met, as though the business he was upon was of so simple and ordi¡©nary a character that it could not disturb his serenity and his interest in the change of weather.

¶È °°Àº ºÐÀ§±â´Â Ç÷§Æû ±Ùó³ª Àϵî±Þ Â÷·® ¾È¿¡ Àß Â÷·ÁÀÔ°í Èð¾îÁ® ÀÖ´Â °ø¹«¿øµéÀ̳ª Àå±³µé¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­µµ ¿¬ÃâµÇ¾ú´Ù. º´µé·Î µ¤¿© ÀÖ´Â Å×ÀÌºí¿¡´Â Ãѵ¶ÀÌ ¾É¾Æ ÀÖ¾ú°í, ±×´Â Àüü ¿øÁ¤À» Ã¥ÀÓÁö°í ÀÖ¾ú´Âµ¥, ±ºº¹°ú À¯»çÇÑ Á¦º¹À» ÀÔ¾úÀ¸¸ç, ºñ·Ï ±×°¡ ¸ÃÀº ¾÷¹«´Â ³Ê¹«³ª ´Ü¼øÇÏ°í Æò¹üÇÑ »ç¾ÈÀÌ¶ó¼­ ³¯¾¾°¡ º¯ÇÑ´Ù°í ÇÏ´õ¶óµµ ±×ÀÇ Å¿¬ÇÔ°ú ±×ÀÇ °ü½ÉÀ» ¾îÁö·´°Ô ÇÒ ¼ö´Â ¾ø¾úÁö¸¸, ±×°¡ ¸¸³ª´Â ¾î¶² »ç¶÷µé°ú ³¯¾¾¿¡ ´ëÇØ¼­ Á¶¿ëÈ÷ ´ã¼ÒÇϸ鼭 ¹«¾ùÀΰ¡¸¦ ¸Ô°í ÀÖ¾ú´Ù.

At a little distance from the table sat the general of the police. He was not taking any refreshment, and had an impenetrable bored expression, as though he were weary of the formalities to be gone through. On all sides officers were bustling noisily about in their red uniforms trimmed with gold; one sat at a table finishing his bottle of beer, another stood at the buffet eating a cake, and brushing the crumbs off his uniform, threw down his money with a self-confident air; another was sauntering before the carriages of our train, staring at the faces of the women.

Å×ÀÌºí¿¡¼­ Á¶±Ý ¶³¾îÁø °÷¿¡´Â °æÂû¼­ÀåÀÌ ¾É¾Æ ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. ºñ·Ï ÁøÇàµÇ´Â ÀýÂ÷µéÀÌ Áö±ßÁö±ßÇßÁö¸¸, ±×´Â ¾Æ¹«·± À½½Äµµ µé°í ÀÖÁö ¾Ê¾Ò°í, ¿Ï°íÇϸ鼭 Áö·çÇÑ Ç¥Á¤À» Çϰí ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. »ç¹æ¿¡¼­ Àå±³µéÀÌ ±Ý»öÀ» µÎ¸¥ ºÓÀº Á¦º¹À» ÀÔ°í¼­ À̸®Àú¸® ½Ã²ô·´°Ô ºÎ»êÀ» ¶³°í ÀÖ¾ú´Ù; ÇÑ »ç¶÷Àº ¸ÆÁÖº´À» ºñ¿ì¸é¼­ ¾É¾Æ ÀÖ¾ú°í, ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷Àº ÄÉÀÌÅ©¸¦ ¸ÔÀ¸¸é¼­ ºÎÆä¿¡ ¼­¼­ ±×ÀÇ Á¦º¹¿¡¼­ ºÎ½º·¯±â¸¦ Åо°í ÀÖ¾úÀ¸¸ç, ¿À¸¸ÇÏ°Ô ±×ÀÇ µ·À» ´øÁ³´Ù; ¶Ç ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷Àº ¿©ÀÚµéÀÇ ¾ó±¼À» ÃÄ´Ù º¸¸é¼­ ¿ì¸® ¿­Â÷ÀÇ Â÷·®µé ¾Õ¿¡¼­ ¾î½½··°Å¸®°í ÀÖ¾ú´Ù.

All these men who were going to murder or to torture the famishing and defenseless creatures who provide them their sustenance had the air of men who knew very well that they were doing their duty, and some were even proud, were "glorying" in what they were doing.

À̵鿡°Ô »ý°è ¼ö´ÜÀ» Á¦°øÇØ Áָ鼭 ±¾ÁÖ¸®°í ¹æ¾îÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø´Â ºÒ½ÖÇÑ »ç¶÷µéÀ» »ìÇØÇϰųª °í¹®ÇÏ·¯ °¡°í ÀÖ´Â ÀÌ ¸ðµç »ç¶÷µéÀº, ÀڽŵéÀÇ Àǹ«¸¦ ÇàÇϰí ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ¾î¶² »ç¶÷µéÀº ±×µéÀÌ Çϰí ÀÖ´Â °ÍÀ» ½ÉÁö¾î ÀÚ¶û½º·¯¿ö ÇßÀ¸¸ç ¿µ±¤½º·¯¿î °ÍÀÓÀ» ³Ê¹«³ª Àß ¾Ë°í ÀÖ¾ú´Ù.

What is the meaning of it?

±×°ÍÀÌ ¹«½¼ ¶æÀϱî?

All these people are within half an hour of reaching the place where, in order to provide a wealthy young man with three thousand rubles stolen from a whole community of famishing peasants, they may be forced to commit the most horrible acts one can conceive, to murder or torture, as was done in Orel, innocent beings, their brothers. And they see the place and time approaching with untroubled serenity.

ÀÌ ¸ðµç »ç¶÷µéÀº, ºÎÀ¯Çϰí ÀþÀº »ç¶÷¿¡°Ô ±¾ÁÖ¸®´Â ³óºÎµéÀÇ Àüü °øµ¿Ã¼·ÎºÎÅÍ µµµÏÁúÇÑ »ïõ ·çºíÀ» º¸ÀåÇØ ÁÖ±âÀ§Çؼ­, ¿À·¼¿¡¼­ ÇàÇØÁ³´ø °Íó·³, ¹«°íÇÑ »ç¶÷µéÀÎ ±×µéÀÇ ÇüÁ¦µé¿¡°Ô »ý°¢ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â °¡Àå ¹«¼­¿î ÇàÀ§µéÀ» ÀÚÇàÇϰí, »ìÀÎÇϰųª °í¹®Çؾ߸¸ ÇÏ´Â °÷À¸·ÎºÎÅÍ »ï½ÊºÐÀÇ °Å¸® ¾È¿¡ ÀÖ´Ù. ±×¸®°í ±×µéÀº Æò¿ÂÇÑ Â÷ºÐÇÔÀ¸·Î ´Ù°¡¿À´Â ¶§¿Í Àå¼Ò¸¦ º¸°í ÀÖ´Ù.

To say that all these government officials, officers, and soldiers do not know what is before them is impossible, for they are prepared for it. The governor must have given directions about the rods, the officials must have sent an order for them, purchased them, and entered the item in their accounts. The military officers have given and re¡©ceived orders about cartridges. They all know that they are going to torture, perhaps to kill, their famishing fellow-creatures, and that they must set to work within an hour.

ÀÌ ¸ðµç Á¤ºÎ °ü¸®µé°ú, Àå±³µé ±×¸®°í º´»çµéÀÌ ±×µé ¾Õ¿¡ ¹«¾ùÀÌ ÀÖ´ÂÁö ¸ð¸¥´Ù°í ¸»ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº ºÒ°¡´ÉÇÏ´Ù, ¿Ö³ÄÇÏ¸é ±×µéÀº ±×°ÍÀ» À§ÇØ ÁغñµÇ¾î Àֱ⠶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù. Ãѵ¶ÀÌ ºÐ¸íÈ÷ ¸ùµÕÀÌ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Áö½Ã»çÇ×À» ÁÖ¾úÀ» °ÍÀ̸ç, °ü¸®µé´Â ºÐ¸íÈ÷ ±×°ÍµéÀ» ÁÖ¹®ÇÏ¿´À» °ÍÀ̰í, ±¸ÀÔÇÏ¿©¼­ ±×µéÀÇ È¸°è ÀåºÎ¿¡ ±â·ÏÇÏ¿´À» °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ±º Àå±³µéÀº ź¾àµé¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¸í·ÉµéÀ» ÁÖ°í ¹Þ¾Ò´Ù. ±×µéÀº ¸ðµÎ ±¾ÁÖ¸®´Â ºÒ½ÖÇÑ µ¿Æ÷µéÀ» °í¹®ÇÏ·¯, ¾Æ¸¶µµ, »ìÀÎÇÏ·¯ °¡°í ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ÇÑ ½Ã°£ À̳»¿¡ ÀÛ¾÷¿¡ Âø¼öÇØ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ¾Ë°í ÀÖ´Ù.

To say, as is usually said, and as they would themselves repeat, that they are acting from conviction of the necessity for supporting the state organization, would be a mistake. For in the first place, these men have probably never even thought about state organization and the necessity of it; in the second place, they cannot possibly be convinced that the act in which they are taking part will tend to support rather than to ruin the state; and thirdly, in reality the ma¡©jority, if not all, of these men, far from ever sacrificing their own pleasure or tranquility to support the state, never let slip an opportunity of profiting at the expense of the state in every way they can increase their own pleasure and ease. So that they are not acting thus for the sake of the abstract principle of the state.

ÈçÈ÷ ¸»ÇÏ´Â °Íó·³, ±×¸®°í ±×µé ½º½º·Î°¡ µÇÇ®ÀÌ ÇϵíÀÌ, ±¹°¡ Á¶Á÷À» À¯ÁöÇϱâ À§ÇÑ Çʿ伺À» È®½ÅÇÔÀ¸·Î½á ÇൿÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù°í ¸»ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº À߸øÀÏ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ¿Ö³ÄÇϸé, ¸ÕÀú, ÀÌ »ç¶÷µéÀº ¾Æ¸¶µµ ½ÉÁö¾î´Â ±¹°¡ Á¶Á÷°ú ±×°ÍÀÇ Çʿ伺À» »ý°¢ÇØ º» Àûµµ ¾ø´Ù; µÎ¹øÂ°·Î, ±×µéÀº ¾Æ¸¶µµ ±×µéÀÌ Âü¿©Çϰí ÀÖ´Â ÇàÀ§°¡ ±¹°¡¸¦ ¸ÁÇÏ°Ô ÇÏ´Â °Í º¸´Ùµµ À¯ÁöÇÔ¿¡ µµ¿òÀÌ µÉ °ÍÀÓÀ» È®½ÅÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø´Ù; ±×¸®°í ¼Â°·Î, Çö½Ç¿¡ À־, ÀÌ »ç¶÷µé ÁßÀÇ ´ëºÎºÐÀº, ÀüºÎ´Â ¾Æ´ÒÁö¶óµµ, ±¹°¡¸¦ ÁöÁöÇϱâ À§Çؼ­ ±×µé ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ Äè¶ôÀ̳ª Æò¾ÈÀ» Èñ»ýÇϱâ´ÂÄ¿³ç, ÀڽŵéÀÇ Äè¶ôÀ̳ª Æò¾ÈÀ» ´ÃÀϼö ÀÖ´Â ¸ðµç ¹æ¹ý¿¡¼­ ±¹°¡¸¦ Èñ»ý½ÃŰ´õ¶óµµ ÀÌÀÍÀ» ì±æ ±âȸ¸¦ °áÄÚ ³õÄ¡Áö ¾Ê´Â´Ù. ±×·¡¼­ ±×µéÀº ±×·¯¹Ç·Î ±¹°¡¶ó´Â Ãß»óÀû ¿ø¸®¸¦ À§ÇÏ¿© ÇൿÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï´Ù.

What is the meaning of it?

±×°ÍÀÇ Àǹ̴ ¹«¾ùÀΰ¡?

Yet I know all these men. If I don't know all of them personally, I know their characters pretty nearly, their past, and their way of thinking. They certainly all have mothers, some of them wives and children. They are certainly for the most part good, kind, even tender-hearted fellows, who hate every sort of cruelty, not to speak of murder; many of them would not kill or hurt an animal. Moreover, they are all professed Christians and regard all violence di¡©rected against the defenseless as base and disgraceful.

±×·¯³ª ³ª´Â ÀÌ ¸ðµç »ç¶÷µéÀ» ¾È´Ù. ¸¸ÀÏ ³»°¡ ±× »ç¶÷µé ¸ðµÎ¸¦ °³ÀÎÀûÀ¸·Î ¸ð¸¥´Ù°í ÇÏ´õ¶óµµ, ³ª´Â ±×µéÀÇ ¼º°ÝµéÀ» ³Ê¹«³ª Á¤È®È÷, ±×µéÀÇ °ú°Å¸¦, ±×¸®°í ±×µéÀÇ »ý°¢ÇÏ´Â ¹æ¹ýÀ» ¾È´Ù. ±×µé ¸ðµÎ´Â Ʋ¸²¾øÀÌ ¾î¸Ó´ÏµéÀÌ ÀÖ°í, ±×µé Áß ¸îÀº ¾Æ³»µé°ú ÀÚ³àµéÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù. ±×µéÀº Ʋ¸²¾øÀÌ ´ëºÎºÐ ÂøÇϰí, Ä£ÀýÇϸç, ½ÉÁö¾î ºÎµå·¯¿î ¸¶À½À» Áö´Ñ Ä£±¸µéÀ̸ç, »ìÀÎÀº ¸»ÇÒ °Íµµ ¾øÀÌ, ¸ðµç Á¾·ùÀÇ ÀÜÀÎÇÔÀ» ¹Ì¿öÇϰí, ±×µé ÁßÀÇ ¸¹Àº »ç¶÷µéÀº µ¿¹° Á¶Â÷µµ Á×À̰ųª ´ÙÄ¡°Ô ÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù. °Ô´Ù°¡, ±×µéÀº ¸ðµÎ ¼±¼­¸¦ ÇÑ ±âµ¶±³ÀÎ µéÀ̸ç, Èû¾ø´Â »ç¶÷µéÀ» ÇâÇÑ ¸ðµç Æø·ÂÀ» ÃßÇÏ°í ºÒ¸í¿¹½º·´°Ô ¿©±ä´Ù.

Certainly not one of them would be capable in everyday life, for his own personal profit, of doing a hundredth part of what the Governor of Orel did. Every one of them would be insulted at the supposition that he was capable of doing anything of the kind in private life.

Ʋ¸²¾øÀÌ ±×µé ÁßÀÇ ÇÑ »ç¶÷µµ ÀÏ»ó »ýȰ¿¡¼­´Â, ÀÚ±â ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ °³ÀÎÀûÀÎ ÀÌÀÍÀ» À§Çؼ­, ¿À·¼ Ãѵ¶ÀÌ ÇàÇÑ °ÍÀÇ 100 ºÐÀÇ 1µµ ÇàÇÒ ¼ö ¾øÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ±×µé °¢ÀÚ´Â °³ÀÎÀûÀÎ »ýȰ¿¡¼­ ±×·± Á¾·ùÀÇ ¾î¶² ÀÏÀ» ÇàÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖÀ¸¸®¶ó´Â »ó»ó¸¸ ÇØµµ ¿åÀ» ¸ÔÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù.

And yet they are within half an hour of reaching the place where they may be reduced to the inevitable neces¡©sity of committing this crime.

±×·¯³ª ±×µéÀº ÀÌ·± ¹üÁ˸¦ ÀúÁú·¯¾ß ÇÏ´Â ÇÇÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø´Â Çʿ伺¿¡ ºüÁ®¾ß ÇÒ Àå¼Ò¿¡ »ï½Ê ºÐ À̳»ÀÇ °Å¸®¿¡ µé¾î ÀÖ´Ù.

What is the meaning of it?

±×°ÍÀÇ Àǹ̴ ¹«¾ùÀΰ¡?

But it is not only these men who are going by train pre¡©pared for murder and torture. How could the men who began the whole business, the landowner, the commis¡©sioner, the judges, and those who gave the order and are responsible for it, the ministers, the Tzar, who are also good men, professed Christians, how could they elaborate such a plan and assent to it, knowing its consequences? The spectators even, who took no part in the affair, how could they, who are indignant at the sight of any cruelty in private life, even the overtaxing of a horse, allow such a horrible deed to be perpetrated? How was it they did not rise in indignation and bar the roads, shouting, "No; flog and kill starving men because they won't let their last possession be stolen from them without resistance, that we won't allow!" But far from anyone doing this, the majority, even of those who were the cause of the affair, such as the commissioner, the landowner, the judge, and those who took part in it and arranged it, as the governor, the ministers, and the Tzar, are perfectly tranquil and do not even feel a prick of conscience. And apparently all the men who are going to carry out this crime are equally undisturbed.

±×·¯³ª »ìÀΰú °í¹®À» ÁغñÇÏ¿© ¿­Â÷·Î °¡°í ÀÖ´Â »ç¶÷µéÀº ¿ÀÁ÷ ÀÌµé »Ó¸¸ÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï´Ù. ±× Àüü »ç°ÇÀ» ½ÃÀÛÇÑ »ç¶÷µé, ÁöÁÖ, °æÂû±¹Àå, ¹ý°üµé, ±×¸®°í ¸í·ÉÀ» ³»¸®°í ±×°ÍÀ» Ã¥ÀÓÁö´ÂÀÚµé, Àå°üµé, ȲÁ¦, ¼±ÇÑ »ç¶÷µéÀÌ¸ç ¼±¼­ÇÑ ±âµ¶±³ÀεéÀÌ ¾î¶»°Ô, ±× ±×µéÀÌ ¾î¶»°Ô ±×·¯ÇÑ °èȹÀ» ²Ù¸ç¼­ ±× °á°úµéÀ» ¾Ë¼ö ÀÖÀ½¿¡µµ, ±×°Í¿¡ µ¿ÀÇÇÒ ¼ö Àִ°¡? ±× »ç°Ç¿¡ °³ÀÔÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀº ±¸°æ²Ûµéµµ ½ÉÁö¾î, »çÀûÀÎ »î¿¡¼­ ¾î¶² ÀÜÀÎÇÔÀ̶óµµ, ½ÉÁö¾î ¸»¿¡ °ú´ÙÇÑ ¼¼±ÝÀ» ¸Å±èÀ» º¸´õ¶óµµ ºÐ³ë¸¦ ´À³¢´Â »ç¶÷µéÀÌ, ±×·¯ÇÑ ¹«¼­¿î ÇàÀ§µéÀÌ ÀúÁú·¯Áö´Â °ÍÀ» Çã¿ëÇÒ ¼ö Àִ°¡? ¾î¶»°Ô ±×µéÀº ºÐ³ëÇÏ¿© ÀϾ¼­ ±æµéÀ» ¸·À¸¸ç, ¡°¾ÈµÈ´Ù; ÀúÇ× ¾øÀÌ´Â ±×µéÀÇ ¸¶Áö¸· ¼ÒÀ¯¹°ÀÌ¶óµµ °­Å»´çÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ» ±×µéÀÌ ¿ë³³ÇÏÁö ¾Ê±â ¶§¹®¿¡ ±¾¾î Á׾´Â »ç¶÷µéÀ» ¸ÅÁúÇÏ°í »ìÇØÇÑ´Ù, ¿ì¸®´Â ±×°ÍÀ» ¿ë³³ÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø´Ù!¡±¶ó°í ¼Ò¸®Ä¡Áö ¾Ê´Â°¡? ±×·¯³ª ¾î´À ´©±¸°¡ ÀÌ·¸°Ô ÇàÇϱâ´ÂÄ¿³ç, ´ëºÎºÐÀº, ½ÉÁö¾î »ç°ÇÀÇ ¿øÀÎÀÌ´ø »ç¶÷µé, ¿¹¸¦ µé¸é, °æÂû±¹Àå, ÁöÁÖ, ¹ý°ü ±×¸®°í ±×°Í¿¡ Âü¿©Çϰí ÁغñÇÑ »ç¶÷µéÀº, ¿¹¸¦ µé¸é, Ãѵ¶, Àå°üµé, ±×¸®°í ȲÁ¦´Â, ³Ê¹«³ª Á¶¿ëÇßÀ¸¸ç, ½ÉÁö¾î´Â Àϸ»ÀÇ ¾ç½ÉÀÇ °¡Ã¥µµ ´À³¢Áö ¾Ê´Â´Ù. ±×¸®°í ¸í¹éÇϰÔ, ÀÌ·± ¹üÁ˸¦ ¼öÇàÇϰíÀÚ ÇÏ´Â ¸ðµç »ç¶÷µéµµ ¶È°°ÀÌ °Å¸®³¦ÀÌ ¾ø´Ù.

The spectators, who one would suppose could have no personal interest in the affair, looked rather with sympathy than with disapproval at all these people preparing to carry out this infamous action. In the same compartment with me was a wood merchant, who had risen from a peasant. He openly expressed aloud his sympathy with such punishments. "They can't disobey the authorities," he said; "that's what the authorities are for. Let them have a lesson; send their fleas flying! They'll give over making commotions, I warrant you. That's what they want."

±¸°æ²ÛµéÀº, ±× »ç°Ç¿¡ ¾Æ¹«·± °³ÀÎÀûÀÎ °ü½Éµµ ¾øÀ¸¸®¶ó°í »ý°¢µÇÁö¸¸, ÀÌ·± Çø¿À½º·¯¿î ÇൿÀ» ¼öÇàÇϱâ À§ÇÏ¿© ÁغñÇÏ´Â ÀÌ ¸ðµç »ç¶÷µéÀ» ¹Ý´ëÇϱ⠺¸´Ù´Â °ø°¨Çϸ鼭 ¹Ù¶óº¸¾Ò´Ù. ³ª¿Í °°Àº Ä­¿¡´Â ¸ñÀç»óÀÌ ÀÖ¾ú´Âµ¥, ±×´Â ³óºÎ¿¡¼­ ¼º°øÇÑ »ç¶÷À̾ú´Ù. ±×´Â °ø°ø¿¬È÷ ¼Ò¸® ³ô¿©¼­ ±×·± ó¹úµé¿¡ ´ëÇØ °ø°¨À» Ç¥ÇöÇß´Ù. ¡°´ç±¹¿¡ º¼º¹Á¾ÇÏ¸é ¾ÈµË´Ï´Ù!,¡± ±×°¡ ¸»Çß´Ù; ¡°±×·¡¼­ ´ç±¹ÀÌ Á¸ÀçÇÏ´Â ÀÌÀ¯ÀÔ´Ï´Ù. ±×µé¿¡°Ô µû²ûÇÑ ¸ÀÀ» º¸¿© ÁÖ¾î¾ß ÇÕ´Ï´Ù; Âï¼Ò¸® ¸øÇÏ°Ô ¸¸µé¾î¾ß ÇÕ´Ï´Ù! ±×µéÀº ¼Ò¿ä¸¦ Æ÷±âÇÒ °ÍÀÔ´Ï´Ù. ±×°Ô ±×µéÀÌ ¿øÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÔ´Ï´Ù.¡±

What is the meaning of it?

±×°ÍÀÇ Àǹ̴ ¹«¾ùÀΰ¡?

It is not possible to say that all these people who have provoked or aided or allowed this deed are such worthless creatures that, knowing all the infamy of what they are doing, they do it against their principles, some for pay and for profit, others through fear of punishment. All of them in certain circumstances know how to stand up for their principles. Not one of these officials would steal a purse, read another man's letter, or put up with an affront without demanding satisfaction. Not one of these officers would consent to cheat at cards, would refuse to pay a debt of honor, would betray a comrade, run away on the field of battle, or desert the flag. Not one of these soldiers would spit out the holy sacrament or eat meat on Good Friday. All these men are ready to face any kind of privation, suffering, or danger rather than consent to do what they regard as wrong. They have therefore the strength to resist doing what is against their principles.

ÀÌ·± ÇàÀ§¸¦ ¾ß±âÇÏ¿´°Å³ª, ¹æÁ¶ÇÏ¿´°Å³ª, ¶Ç´Â Çã¿ëÇÑ ÀÌ ¸ðµç »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ±×·¸°Ô ¾µ¸ð¾ø´Â ºÒ½ÖÇÑ »ç¶÷µéÀ̶ó¼­, ±×µéÀÌ ÇàÇϰí ÀÖ´Â °ÍÀÇ ¸ðµç ¼öÄ¡½º·¯¿òÀ» ¾Ë¸é¼­µµ, ¾î¶² »ç¶÷µéÀº º¸¼ö¿Í ÀÌÀÍÀ» À§Çؼ­, ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷µéÀº ó¹úÀÌ µÎ·Á¿ö¼­ ±×µéÀÇ ½Å³ä¿¡ ´ëÄ¡µÇ°Ô ÇൿÇÑ´Ù°í ¸»ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº ºÒ°¡´ÉÇÏ´Ù. ±× ¸ðµç »ç¶÷µéÀº ƯÁ¤ÇÑ »óȲ¿¡¼­ ¾î¶»°Ô ±×µéÀÇ ½Å³äµéÀ» ³»¼¼¿ö¾ß ÇÏ´ÂÁö ¾Ë°í ÀÖ´Ù. ÀÌµé °ü¸®µé Áß¿¡¼­ ¾î´À ÇÑ »ç¶÷µµ Áö°©À» ÈÉÄ¡°Å³ª, ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷ÀÇ ÆíÁö¸¦ Àаųª, ¶Ç´Â ¹è»ó¾ø´Â ¸ð¿åÀ» ÂüÁö ¾ÊÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù. À̵é Àå±³µé Áß¿¡¼­ ¾î´À ÇÑ »ç¶÷µµ Ä«µå °ÔÀÓ¿¡¼­ ¼ÓÀÌ´Â °ÍÀ» µ¿ÀÇÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀ» °ÍÀ̸ç, ³ë¸§ºúÀ» °±±â¸¦ °ÅºÎÇϰųª, Ä£±¸¸¦ ¹è¹ÝÇϰųª, ÀüÀïÅÍ¿¡¼­ µµ¸Á°¡°Å³ª, ¶Ç´Â ±¹°¡¸¦ ¹è¹ÝÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ÀÌ º´»çµé ÁßÀÇ ¾î´À ÇÑ »ç¶÷µµ ¸Í¼¼¸¦ ¾î±â°Å³ª ¼º ±Ý¿äÀÏ¿¡ °í±â¸¦ ¸ÔÁö ¾ÊÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ÀÌ ¸ðµç »ç¶÷µéÀº ±×µéÀÌ ³ª»Ú´Ù°í ¿©±â´Â °Í¿¡ µ¿ÀÇÇϱ⠺¸´Ù´Â ¾î¶² Á¾·ùÀÇ ±ÃÇÌ, °íÅë ¶Ç´Â À§ÇèÀÌ¶óµµ Á÷¸éÇÒ °¢¿À°¡ µÇ¾î ÀÖ´Ù. ±×µéÀº ±×·¯¹Ç·Î ±×µéÀÇ ½Å³äµé¿¡ ¾î±ß³ª´Â °ÍÀ» ÇàÇÔ¿¡ ÀúÇ×ÇÒ ÈûÀ» °¡Áö°í ÀÖ´Ù.

It is even less possible to assert that all these men are such brutes that it is natural and not distasteful to them to do such deeds. One need only talk to these people a little to see that all of them, the landowner even, and the judge, and the minister and the Tzar and the government, the officers and the soldiers, not only disapprove of such things in the depth of their soul, but suffer from the consciousness of their participation in them when they recollect what they imply. But they try not to think about it.

ÀÌ ¸ðµç »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ±×Åä·Ï Áü½Âµé °°¾Æ¼­ ±×·¯ÇÑ ÇàÀ§µéÀ» ÇàÇÔÀÌ ±×µé¿¡°Ô À־ ´ç¿¬ÇÏ¸ç ½ÈÁö ¾Ê´Ù°í ÁÖÀåÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº ½ÉÁö¾î ´õ °¡´É¼ºÀÌ ¾ø´Ù. ¿ì¸®´Â ÀÌ »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô ¿ÀÁ÷ Á¶±Ý¸¸ À̾߱â ÇØ º¸¸é, ±×µé ¸ðµÎ°¡, ½ÉÁö¾î ÁöÁÖ, ¹ý°ü, ±×¸®°í Àå°ü, ȲÁ¦, Á¤ºÎ, Àå±³µé ¹× º´»çµéÀÌ ±×µéÀÇ ¿µÈ¥ÀÇ ±íÀÌ¿¡¼­ ±×·¯ÇÑ °ÍµéÀ» ÀÎÁ¤ÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀ» »Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, ±×°ÍµéÀÌ ÀǹÌÇÏ´Â ¹Ù¸¦ »ý°¢ÇØ º¼ ¶§, ±×µéÀÌ ±×°Íµé¿¡ Âü¿©ÇÔÀ» ÀǽÄÇÔÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ °íÅë¹Þ´Â´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ¾Ë ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ±×µéÀº ±×°Í¿¡ ´ëÇØ¼­ »ý°¢ÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀ¸·Á°í ³ë·ÂÇÑ´Ù.

One need only talk to any of these who are taking part in the affair from the landowner to the lowest policeman or soldier to see that in the depth of their soul they all know it is a wicked thing, that it would be better to have nothing to do with it, and are suffering from the knowledge.

ÁöÁַκÎÅÍ °¡Àå ³·Àº °æÂû°ü ¶Ç´Â º´»ç¿¡ À̸£±â±îÁö ±× »ç°Ç¿¡ Âü¿©ÇÑ ÀÌ µé ÁßÀÇ ¾î´À »ç¶÷¿¡°Ô¶óµµ ¿ÀÁ÷ ¸»ÀÌ¶óµµ ÇØº¸¸é, ¸ðµÎ°¡ ±×µéÀÇ ¸¶À½ ±íÀÌ¿¡¼­ ±×°ÍÀº »ç¾ÇÇÑ °ÍÀ̸ç, ±×°Í°ú °ü°èÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â °ÍÀÌ ´õ ÁÁ´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ¾Ë°í ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ±×°ÍÀ» ¾ÍÀ¸·Î ÇØ¼­ °íÅë¹Þ°í ÀÖ´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ÀÌÇØÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.

A lady of liberal views, who was traveling in the same train with us, seeing the governor and the officers in the first-class saloon and learning the object of the expedition, began, intentionally raising her voice so that they should hear, to abuse the existing order of things and to cry shame on men who would take part in such proceedings. Every¡©one felt awkward, none knew where to look, but no one contradicted her. They tried to look as though such remarks were not worth answering. But one could see by their faces and their averted eyes that they were ashamed. I noticed the same thing in the soldiers. They too knew that what they were sent to do was a shameful thing, but they did not want to think about what was before them.

°³¹æÀûÀÎ °ßÇØµéÀ» °¡Áø ÇÑ ºÎÀÎÀÌ, ¿ì¸®¿Í ¶È °°Àº ¿­Â÷·Î ¿©ÇàÇϰí ÀÖ¾ú´Âµ¥, Ãѵ¶°ú Àå±³µéÀÌ Àϵ¿¡ ÀÖ´Â °ÍÀ» º¸°í, ¿øÁ¤ÀÇ ¸ñÀûÀ» ¾Ë°í¼­, ±×µéÀÌ µéÀ» ¼ö ÀÖµµ·Ï ÀǵµÀûÀ¸·Î ±×³àÀÇ ¸ñ¼Ò¸®¸¦ ³ôÀ̸鼭 ¼¼»óÀÇ ±âÁ¸ Áú¼­¸¦ ¿åÇϱ⠽ÃÀÛÇÏ¿´À¸¸ç, ±×·¯ÇÑ Á¶Ä¡µé¿¡ Âü¿©ÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô âÇÇÇÑ ÁÙ ¾Ë¶ó°í ºñ³­Çß´Ù. ¸ðµÎ°¡ ³­Ã³ÇÏ°Ô ´À³¢°í, ¾Æ¹«µµ ¾îµð¸¦ ¹Ù¶óº¸¾Æ¾ß ÇÒÁöÀ» ¸ô¶úÀ¸¸ç, ¾Æ¹«µµ ±×³à¸¦ ¹Ý¹ÚÇÏÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù. ±×µéÀº ¸¶Ä¡ ±×·¯ÇÑ ºñ³­Àº ´äº¯ÇÒ °¡Ä¡°¡ ¾ø´Â °Íó·³ º¸ÀÌ·Á°í ³ë·ÂÇß´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ±×µéÀÇ ¾ó±¼°ú ±×µéÀÌ ÇÇÇÏ´Â ´«±æ¿¡¼­ ºÎ²ô·¯¿öÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ¾Ë ¼ö ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. ³ª´Â º´»çµé¿¡°Ô¼­µµ ¶È °°Àº °ÍÀ» ´À²¼´Ù. ±×µé ¿ª½Ãµµ ±×µéÀÌ º¸³»Á®¼­ ÇàÇÒ ÀÏÀº ºÎ²ô·¯¿î °ÍÀÎÁö ¾Ë°í ÀÖ¾úÁö¸¸, ±×µé ¾Õ¿¡ ³õÀÎ ÀÏ¿¡ ´ëÇÏ¿© »ý°¢ÇÏ°í ½ÍÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù.

When the wood merchant, as I suspect insincerely only to show that he was a man of education, began to speak of the necessity of such measures, the soldiers who heard him all turned away from him, scowling and pretending not to hear.

¸ñÀç»óÀº, ±×°¡ ±³À°¹ÞÀº »ç¶÷ÀÓÀ» ¿ÀÁ÷ º¸¿©ÁÖ·Á°í ³»°¡ ¾î·ÅDzÀÌ ÀǽÉÇÑ´ë·Î, ±×·¯ÇÑ ´ëÃ¥µéÀÇ Çʿ伺À» ¸»Çϱ⠽ÃÀÛÇÒ ¶§, ±×ÀÇ ¸»À» µè°í ÀÖ´ø º´»çµéÀº, ¾ó±¼À» Âô±×¸®¸ç µèÁö ¾Ê´Â ôÇϸ鼭,¸ðµÎ ±×¿¡°Ô¼­ ¹°·¯³µ´Ù.

All the men who, like the landowner, the commissioner, the minister, and the Tzar, were responsible for the per¡©petration of this act, as well as those who were now going to execute it, and even those who were mere spectators of it, knew that it was a wickedness, and were ashamed of tak¡©ing any share in it, and even of being present at it.

ÁöÁÖ, °æÂû±¹Àå, Àå°ü, ±×¸®°í ȲÁ¦Ã³·³, ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ÇàÀ§¸¦ ÀúÁö¸§¿¡ Ã¥ÀÓ ÀÖ´Â ¸ðµç »ç¶÷µéÀº, ÀÌÁ¦ ±×°ÍÀ» ÁýÇàÇÏ·Á°í ÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷µé »Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, ½ÉÁö¾î ±×°ÍÀÇ ±¸°æ²ÛÀÎ »ç¶÷µéµµ, ±×°ÍÀº ¾ÇÇÑ ÇàÀ§À̸ç, ±×°Í¿¡ °ü¿©ÇÔ°ú ½ÉÁö¾î ±×°÷¿¡ Âü¼®Çϰí ÀÖÀ½À» ºÎ²ô·¯¿ö Çß´Ù.

Then why did they do it, or allow it to be done?

±×·¸´Ù¸é ¿Ö ±×µéÀº ±×ÀÏÀ» Çߴ°¡, ¾Æ´Ï ±×·± ÀÏÀÌ ÇàÇØÁöµµ·Ï Çã¿ëÇߴ°¡?

Ask them the question. And the landowner who started the affair, and the judge who pronounced a clearly unjust even though formally legal decision, and those who commanded the execution of the decision, and those who, like the policemen, soldiers, and peasants, will execute the deed with their own hands, flogging and killing their brothers, all who have devised, abetted, decreed, executed, or allowed such crimes, will make substantially the same reply.

±×µé¿¡°Ô ±× Áú¹®À» ¹°¾î º¸¶ó. ±×¸®°í ±× »ç°ÇÀ» ½ÃÀÛÇÑ ÁöÁÖ, Çü½ÄÀûÀ¸·Î´Â ÇÕ¹ýÀûÀÌÁö¸¸ ¸í¹éÈ÷ ºÎ´çÇÑ °áÁ¤À» ³»¸° ¹ý°ü, ±×¸®°í ±× °áÁ¤ÀÇ ÁýÇàÀ» ¸í·ÉÇÑ »ç¶÷µé, ±×¸®°í, °æÂû°ü, º´»çµé, ±×¸®°í ³óºÎµé ó·³, ±×µé ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ¼ÕÀ¸·Î ±×µéÀÇ ÇüÁ¦µéÀ» ¸ÅÁúÇÏ°í »ìÀÎÇÏ´Â ÇàÀ§¸¦ ÇÒ »ç¶÷µé, ±×·¯ÇÑ ¹üÁ˵éÀ» ±Ã¸®Çϰí, ±³»çÇϸç, ¼±¾ðÇϰí, ÁýÇàÇϸç, ¶Ç´Â Çã¿ëÇÑ ¸ðµç »ç¶÷µéÀº, ½ÇÁ¦ÀûÀ¸·Î ¶È °°Àº ´ë´äÀ» ÇÒ °ÍÀÌ´Ù.

The authorities, those who have started, devised, and decreed the matter, will say that such acts are necessary for the maintenance of the existing order; the maintenance of the existing order is necessary for the welfare of the country and of humanity, for the possibility of social existence and human progress.

´ç±¹µéÀº, ±× »ç°ÇÀ» ÀÏÀ¸Å°°í, ±Ã¸®Çϰí, ¸í·ÉÇÑ »ç¶÷µéÀº, ±âÁ¸ Áú¼­ÀÇ À¯Áö¸¦ À§Çؼ­ ±×·± ÇàÀ§µéÀÌ ÇÊ¿äÇÏ´Ù°í, ±âÁ¸ Áú¼­ÀÇ À¯Áö´Â ±¹°¡¿Í ÀηùÀÇ º¹Áö¸¦ À§Çؼ­, »çȸÀÇ Á¸Àç¿Í ÀηùÀÇ Áøº¸ÀÇ °¡´É¼ºÀ» À§Çؼ­ ÇÊ¿äÇÏ´Ù°í ¸»ÇÒ °ÍÀÌ´Ù.

Men of the poorer class, peasants and soldiers, who will have to execute the deed of violence with their own hands, say that they do so because it is the command of their superior authority, and the superior authority knows what he is about. That those are in authority who ought to be in authority, and that they know what they are doing ap¡©pears to them a truth of which there can be no doubt. If they could admit the possibility of mistake or error, it would only be in functionaries of a lower grade; the highest authority on which all the rest depends seems to them immaculate beyond suspicion.

ÀڽŵéÀÇ ¼ÕÀ¸·Î Æø·Â ÇàÀ§¸¦ ÁýÇàÇØ¾ß¸¸ ÇÏ´Â °¡³­ÇÑ °è±ÞÀÇ »ç¶÷µéÀº, ³óºÎµé°ú º´»çµéÀº, °íÀ§ ±Ç·ÂÀÇ ¸í·ÉÀ̱⠶§¹®¿¡ ±×·¸°Ô ÇàÇϸç, °íÀ§ ±Ç·ÂÀÌ ±×°¡ ÇàÇÏ´Â ¸ñÀûÀ» ¾È´Ù°í ¸»ÇÑ´Ù. ±Ç·Â¿¡ ÀÖ¾î¾ß ÇÏ´Â ±Ç·Â¿¡ ÀÖ´Ù°í ¸»Çϸç, ±×µéÀÌ ÇàÇϰí ÀÖ´Â °ÍÀº ±×µé¿¡°Ô´Â ¾Æ¹«·± ÀǽÉÀÌ ÀÖÀ» ¼ö ¾ø´Â Áø¸®Ã³·³ º¸Àδٴ °ÍÀ» ±×µéÀº ¾Ë°í ÀÖ´Ù°í ¸»ÇÑ´Ù. ±×µéÀÌ °ú¿À³ª ¿À·ùÀÇ °¡´É¼ºÀ» ÀÎÁ¤ÇÑ´Ù¸é, ±×°ÍÀº ¿ÀÁ÷ ³·Àº °è±ÞÀÇ °ø¹«¿øµéÀÏ °ÍÀÌ´Ù; ¸ðµç ³ª¸ÓÁö »ç¶÷µéÀÌ º¹Á¾Çϰí ÀÖ´Â °íÀ§ ±Ç·ÂÀº ±×µé¿¡°Ô´Â ÀǽÉÇÒ ¿©Áö ¾øÀÌ ¹«°áÇÏ´Ù.

Though expressing the motives of their conduct differ¡©ently, both those in command and their subordinates are agreed in saying that they act thus because the existing order is the order which must and ought to exist at the present time, and that therefore to support it is the sacred duty of every man.

ºñ·Ï ±×µéÀÇ ÇàÀ§ÀÇ µ¿±âµéÀ» »óÀÌÇÏ°Ô Ç¥ÇöÇϰí ÀÖÁö¸¸, ¸í·ÉÀ» ÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷µéÀ̳ª ±×µéÀ» º¹Á¾ÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷µéÀº ¶È°°ÀÌ ±âÁ¸ Áú¼­´Â ÇöÀç¿¡ ¹Ýµå½Ã ±×¸®°í ´ç¿¬È÷ Á¸ÀçÇØ¾ß ÇÏ´Â Áú¼­À̸ç, ±×·¯¹Ç·Î ±×°ÍÀ» À¯ÁöÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº ¸ðµç »ç¶÷µéÀÇ ½Å¼ºÇÑ Àǹ«À̱⠶§¹®¿¡ ±×·¸°Ô ÇൿÇÑ´Ù°í ¸»ÇÔ¿¡ µ¿ÀÇÇÑ´Ù.

On this acceptance of the necessity and therefore immu¡©tability of the existing order, all who take part in acts of violence on the part of government base the argument always advanced in their justification. "Since the existing order is immutable," they say, "the refusal of a single individual to perform the duties laid upon him will effect no change in things, and will only mean that some other man will be put in his place who may do the work worse, that is to say, more cruelly, to the still greater injury of the victims of the act of violence."

±âÁ¸ Áú¼­ÀÇ Çʿ伺À» ¹Þ¾Æ µéÀÓ°ú ±×¿¡ µû¸¥ ºÒº¯¼º¿¡, Á¤ºÎ Ãø¿¡¼­ Æø·ÂÇàÀ§µé¿¡ Âü¿©ÇÏ´Â ¸ðµç »ç¶÷µéÀº, ±×µéÀÇ Á¤´çÈ­¿¡ ¾ðÁ¦³ª ¾ÕÀå¼± ³í¸®¸¦ ±âÃÊÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù. ±×µéÀº ¸»ÇÑ´Ù, ¡°±âÁ¸ Áú¼­´Â º¯ÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø±â ¶§¹®¿¡, ÇÑ °³Àο¡°Ô ÁÖ¾îÁö´Â Àǹ«µéÀ» ¼öÇàÇÒ °ÍÀ» °ÅºÎÇÔÀº »óȲ¿¡ ¾Æ¹«·± º¯È­¸¦ ÁÖÁö ¾ÊÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù, ±×¸®°í ´Ù¸¥ ¾î¶² »ç¶÷ÀÌ ±×ÀÇ ÀÚ¸®¸¦ ´ë½ÅÇÏ¿© ±× ÀÏÀ» ´õ¿í ¾ÇÇÏ°Ô ´Ù½Ã ¸»Çϸé, ´õ¿í ÀÜÀÎÇÏ°Ô ¸¸µé °ÍÀ̸ç, Æø·Â ÇàÀ§ÀÇ Èñ»ýÀÚµéÀÌ ÈξÀ ´õ »óó¸¦ ÀÔµµ·Ï ¸¸µé °ÍÀÌ´Ù.¡±

This conviction that the existing order is the necessary and therefore immutable order, which it is a sacred duty for every man to support, enables good men, of high prin¡©ciples in private life, to take part with conscience more or less untroubled in crimes such as that perpetrated in Orel, and that which the men in the Toula train were going to perpetrate.

±âÁ¸ Áú¼­´Â ÇÊ¿äÇÏ¸ç ±×·¯¹Ç·Î ºÒº¯ÀÇ Áú¼­À̸ç, ±×°ÍÀº ¸ðµç »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ÁöÄѾßÇÏ´Â ½Å¼ºÇÑ Àǹ«¶ó´Â ÀÌ·± È®½ÅÀÌ, °³ÀÎÀûÀÎ »î¿¡¼­ÀÇ ³ôÀº ½Å³äµéÀ» °¡Áø ¼±ÇÑ »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ¿À·¼¿¡¼­ ÀÚÇàµÇ¾úÀ¸¸ç, Åø¶óÇà ¿­Â÷¸¦ Ÿ°í ÀÖ´Â »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ÀÚÇàÇϰíÀÚ ÇÏ´Â °Í°ú °°Àº ¹üÁË¿¡, ´Ù¼Ò°£ °í¹ÎÇÏÁö ¾Ê°í¼­ ¾ç½ÉÀ¸·Î Âü¿©Çϵµ·Ï ¸¸µç´Ù.

But what is this conviction based on? It is easy to un¡©derstand that the landowner prefers to believe that the existing order is inevitable and immutable, because this ex¡©isting order secures him an income from his hundreds and thousands of acres, by means of which he can lead his habitual indolent and luxurious life.

±×·¯³ª ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ½Å³äÀº ¹«¾ù¿¡ ±âÃÊÇϰí Àִ°¡? ±âÁ¸ Áú¼­´Â ±×¿¡°Ô ¼ö¹é ¼öõ ¿¡ÀÌÄ¿ÀÇ ÅäÁö·ÎºÎÅÍ ³ª¿À´Â ¼öÀÔÀ» º¸ÀåÇØÁÖ¸ç, ±× ¶§¹®¿¡ ±×ÀÇ ½À°üÀûÀÎ °ÔÀ¸¸£°í »çÄ¡½º·¯¿î »îÀ» ¿µÀ§ÇÒ ¼ö Àֱ⠶§¹®¿¡, ÁöÁÖ´Â ±âÁ¸ Áú¼­´Â ºÒ°¡ÇÇÇÏ¸ç ºÒº¯ÀÌ´Ù°í ¹Ï±â¸¦ ¼±È£ÇÑ´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ÀÌÇØÇϱâ´Â ½¬¿î ÀÏÀÌ´Ù.

It is easy to understand that the judge readily believes in the necessity of an order of things through which he receives a wage fifty times as great as the most industrious laborer can earn, and the same applies to all the higher officials. It is only under the existing regime that as gov¡©ernor, prosecutor, senator, members of the various councils, they can receive their several thousands of rubles a year, without which they and their families would at once sink into ruin, since if it were not for the position they occupy they would never by their own abilities, industry, or acquire¡©ments get a thousandth part of their salaries. The minister, the Tzar, and all the higher authorities are in the same posi¡©tion. The only distinction is that the higher and the more exceptional their position, the more necessary it is for them to believe that the existing order is the only possible order of things. For without it they would not only be unable to gain an equal position, but would be found to fall lower than all other people. A man who has of his own free will entered the police force at a wage of ten rubles, which he could easily earn in any other position, is hardly dependent on the preservation of the existing regime, and so he may not believe in its immutability. But a king or an emperor, who receives millions for his post, and knows that there are thousands of people round him who would like to dethrone him and take his place, who knows that he will never receive such a revenue or so much honor in any other posi¡©tion, who knows, in most cases through his more or less despotic rule, that if he were dethroned he would have to answer for all his abuse of power-he cannot but believe in the necessity and even sacredness of the existing order. The higher and the more profitable a man's position, the more unstable it becomes, and the more terrible and dan¡©gerous a fall from it for him, the more firmly the man believes in the existing order, and therefore with the more ease of conscience can such a man perpetrate cruel and wicked acts, as though they were not in his own interest, but for the maintenance of that order.

¹ý°üÀº °¡Àå ±Ù¸éÇÑ ³ëµ¿ÀÚ°¡ ¹ö´Â °Íº¸´Ù ¿À½Ê ¹è³ª µÇ´Â ºÀ±ÞÀ» ¹Þ°Ô ÇØÁÖ´Â ÇöÀçÀÇ Áú¼­ÀÇ Çʿ伺À» ½±°Ô ¹ÏÀ¸¸ç, À̰ÍÀÌ ¸ðµç °íÀ§ °øÁ÷µé¿¡°Ôµµ Àû¿ëµÊÀ» ÀÌÇØÇϱâ´Â ½¬¿îÀÏÀÌ´Ù. ¿ÀÁ÷ ±âÁ¸ üÁ¦¾Æ·¡¼­, Ãѵ¶, °ËÂû, ÀÇ¿ø, ¸¹Àº À§¿øÈ¸µéÀÇ ÀÓ¿øµéÀÇ ÀÚ°ÝÀ¸·Î¼­, ±×µéÀº ³â°£ ¼öõ ·çºÒÀ» ¹ÞÀ» ¼ö ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ±×°ÍÀÌ ¾ø´Ù¸é ±×µé°ú ±×µéÀÇ °¡Á·µéÀº ´çÀå ¸ê¸ÁÀ¸·Î °¡¶ó ¾ÉÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù, ¿Ö³ÄÇÏ¸é ¸¸ÀÏ ±×µéÀÌ Â÷ÁöÇϰí ÀÖ´Â ÁöÀ§°¡ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó¸é, °áÄÚ ±×µé ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ´É·Âµé, ±Ù¸é, ¶Ç´Â Áö½Äµé·Î¼­ ±×µé ºÀ±ÞµéÀÇ ÃµºÐÀÇ Àϵµ ¾òÁö ¸øÇÒ °ÍÀ̱⠶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù. °¢·áµé, ȲÁ¦, ±×¸®°í ¸ðµç °íÀ§ ±Ç·ÂµéÀº ¶È °°Àº ÀÔÀå¿¡ ÀÖ´Ù. À¯ÀÏÇÑ ±¸ºÐÀº ±×µé ÁöÀ§¿¡ À־ ³ôÀ¸¸é ³ôÀ»¼ö·Ï ±×¸®°í ¿¹¿ÜÀûÀÌ¸é ¿¹¿ÜÀûÀÏ ¼ö·Ï, ±âÁ¸ Áú¼­´Â À¯ÀÏÇÏ°Ô °¡´ÉÇÑ ¼¼»ó Áú¼­ÀÓÀ» ´õ¿í ±×µéÀÌ ¹ÏÀ» Çʿ䰡 ÀÖ´Ù´Â Á¡ÀÌ´Ù. ¿Ö³ÄÇÏ¸é ±×°ÍÀÌ ¾ø´Ù¸é, ±×µéÀº µ¿µîÇÑ ÁöÀ§¸¦ ¾òÀ» ¼ö ¾øÀ» »Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, ´Ù¸¥ ¸ðµç »ç¶÷µéº¸´Ù ¾Æ·¡·Î ÃÄÁú °ÍÀ̱⠶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù. ÀÚ±â ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ÀÚÀ¯ ÀÇÁö·Î ½Ê ·çºÒÀÇ ºÀ±ÞÀ¸·Î °æÂû º´·Â¿¡ µé¾î °£ »ç¶÷Àº, ±× ºÀ±ÞÀ» ´Ù¸¥ ¾î¶² Á÷Ã¥¿¡ ÀÖ´Ù ÇÏ´õ¶óµµ ½±°Ô ¹ú ¼ö ÀÖÀ¸¹Ç·Î, ±âÁ¸ üüÀÇ À¯Áö¿¡ °ÅÀÇ ÀÇÁ¸ÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù, ±×¸®°í ±×·¯¹Ç·Î ±×´Â ±×°ÍÀÇ ºÒº¯À» ¹ÏÁö ¾ÊÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ¿ÕÀ̳ª ȲÁ¦µéÀÇ °æ¿ì¿¡´Â, ±×ÀÇ ÁöÀ§¿¡ ´ëÇØ¼­ ¼ö¹é¸¸À» ¹Þ°í ÀÖ°í, ±×¸¦ ¸ô¾Æ³»°í ±×ÀÇ ÀÚ¸®¸¦ Â÷ÁöÇÏ°í ½Í¾îÇÏ´Â ¼öõ¸íÀÇ »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ÁÖº¯¿¡ ÀÖ´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ¾Ë°í ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ´Ù¸¥ ¾î¶² ÁöÀ§¿¡¼­µµ ±×¿Í °°Àº ¼öÀÔÀ̳ª ¸í¿¹¸¦ ¾òÀ» ¼ö ¾ø´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ¾Ë°í ÀÖ°í, ±×µéÀÌ ´ëºÎºÐÀÇ °æ¿ì¿¡ ±×ÀÇ ´Ù¼Ò°£ÀÇ µ¶ÀçÀûÀÎ ÅëÄ¡¸¦ ÅëÇØ¼­, ¸¸ÀÏ ±×°¡ ¹°·¯³­´Ù¸é ±×ÀÇ ¸ðµç ±Ç·ÂÀÇ ³²¿ë¿¡ ´ëÇØ Ã¥ÀÓÁ®¾ßÇÑ´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ¾Ë°í ÀÖ´Ù-±×´Â ±âÁ¸ Áú¼­ÀÇ Çʿ伺°ú ½ÉÁö¾î ±× ½Å¼ºÇÔÀ» ¹ÏÀ» ¼ö ¹Û¿¡ ¾ø´Ù. »ç¶÷ÀÇ ÁöÀ§°¡ ³ôÀ¸¸é ³ôÀ»¼ö·Ï, ±×¸®°í ÀÌÀÍÀÌ ¸¹À¸¸é ¸¹À»¼ö·Ï, ±×°ÍÀº ´õ¿í ºÒ¾ÈÇØÁö°í, ´õ¿í ¹«¼·°í À§ÇèÇÑ Ãß¶ôÀÌ ±×¿¡°Ô ÀÖÀ¸¹Ç·Î, ´õ¿í ±âÁ¸ Áú¼­¸¦ ½ÅºÀÇÏ°Ô µÇ¸ç, ±×·¯¹Ç·Î ´õ¿í Æí¾ÈÇÑ ¾ç½ÉÀ¸·Î ±×·¯ÇÑ »ç¶÷µéÀÌ, ºñ·Ï ±×°ÍµéÀÌ ±× ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ °ü½É ¾È¿¡ ¾ø´õ¶óµµ, ±× Áú¼­ÀÇ À¯Áö¸¦ À§Çؼ­ ÀÜÀÎÇÏ¸ç ¾ÇÇÑ ÇàÀ§µéÀ» ÀÚÇàÇÑ´Ù.

This is the case with all men in authority, who occupy positions more profitable than they could occupy except for the present regime, from the lowest police officer to the Tzar. All of them are more or less convinced that the existing order is immutable, because-the chief considera¡©tion-it is to their advantage. But the peasants, the sol¡©diers, who are at the bottom of the social scale, who have no kind of advantage from the existing order, who are in the very lowest position of subjection and humiliation, what forces them to believe that the existing order in which they are in their humble and disadvantageous position is the order which ought to exist, and which they ought to sup¡©port even at the cost of evil actions contrary to their con¡©science?

À̰ÍÀÌ ±Ç·ÂÀ» Áö´Ñ ¸ðµç »ç¶÷µéÀÇ °æ¿ì·Î¼­, ±×µéÀº, ÇÏ±Þ °æÂû°üÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ È²Á¦¿¡ À̸£±â±îÁö, Çö üÁ¦°¡ ¾Æ´Ñ °÷¿¡¼­ Â÷ÁöÇÏ´Â °Íº¸´Ùµµ ´õ ¸¹Àº ÀÌÀÍÀÌ µÇ´Â ÁöÀ§µéÀ» Â÷ÁöÇÑ´Ù. ±×µé ¸ðµÎ´Â ¸¹°Ç Àû°Ç °£¿¡, ÇÙ½É ÀÌÀ¯·Î¼­ ±×°ÍÀÌ ±×µéÀÌ ÀÌÀÍ¿¡ ºÎÇյDZ⠶§¹®¿¡, ±âÁ¸ Áú¼­´Â º¯ÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» È®½ÅÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ³óºÎµé, º´»çµéÀº, ±×µéÀº »çȸÀû °èÃþ¿¡¼­ ¹Ù´Ú¿¡ ÀÖÀ¸¹Ç·Î, ±âÁ¸ÀÇ Áú¼­·ÎºÎÅÍ ¾Æ¹«·± Á¾·ùÀÇ ÀÌÀÍÀ» °®Áö ¾ÊÀ¸¸ç, º¹Á¾°ú ±¼¿åÀÇ °¡Àå ³·Àº ÁöÀ§¿¡ ÀÖÀ½¿¡µµ, ¹«½¼ ÈûµéÀÌ ±×µé·Î ÇÏ¿©±Ý ±×µéÀÌ ¼ÓÇÑ ÃʶóÇÏ°í ºÒ¸®ÇÑ ÁöÀ§ÀÇ ±âÁ¸ Áú¼­°¡ ¹Ýµå½Ã Á¸ÀçÇÏ¿©¾ß Çϸç, ½ÉÁö¾î ±×µéÀÇ ¾ç½É¿¡ ¹Ý´ëµÇ´Â ¾ÇÇÑ ÇàÀ§µéÀ» Ä¡¸£°í¼­¶ó ÁöÁöÇØ¾ß ÇÏ´Â Áú¼­¶ó°í ¹Ï°ÔÇϴ°¡?

What forces these men to the false reasoning that the existing order is unchanging, and that therefore they ought to support it, when it is so obvious, on the contrary, that it is only unchanging because they themselves sup¡©port it?

¹«¾ùÀÌ µµ´ëü ÀÌ »ç¶÷µé·Î ÇÏ¿©±Ý, ±âÁ¸ Áú¼­´Â º¯ÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀ¸¸ç, ±×·¯¹Ç·Î ±×µéÀÌ ±×°ÍÀ» ÁöÁöÇØ¾ß¸¸ ÇÑ´Ù´Â °ÅÁþµÈ ¹ÏÀ½À¸·Î ¸ô°í °¡´Â°¡, ¹Ý´ë·Î ±×µéÀÌ ±×°ÍÀ» ÁöÁöÇϱ⠶§¹®¿¡ ¿ÀÁ÷ º¯ÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù´Â °ÍÀÌ ³Ê¹«³ª ¸í¹éÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â°¡?

What forces these peasants, taken only yesterday from the plow and dressed in ugly and unseemly costumes with blue collars and gilt buttons, to go with guns and sabers and murder their famishing fathers and brothers? They gain no kind of advantage and can be in no fear of losing the position they occupy, because it is worse than that from which they have been taken.

¹«¾ùÀÌ ÀÌµé ³óºÎµé·Î ÇÏ¿©±Ý, °Ü¿ì ¾îÁ¦¿¡¼­¾ß ¹çÀ» °¥´Ù°¡ ¼ÒÁýµÇ¾î Ǫ¸¥»ö ¿Ê±ê°ú ±Ý»ö ´ÜÃßµéÀ» ´Ü ÃßÇÏ°í ¾î¿ï¸®Áö ¾Ê´Â º¹ÀåÀ» ÇÏ°í¼­, ÃÑÄ®µéÀ» µé°í¼­ ±×µéÀÇ ±¾ÁÖ¸° ¾Æ¹öÁöµé°ú ÇüÁ¦µéÀ» Á×ÀÌ·¯ °¡°Ô °­Á¦Çϴ°¡? ±×µéÀº ¾Æ¹«·± ÀÌÀ͵µ ¾òÁö ¾ÊÀ¸¸ç, ±×µéÀÌ Â÷ÁöÇϰí ÀÖ´Â ÁöÀ§¸¦ ÀÒÀ» ¾Æ¹«·± µÎ·Á¿òµµ ÀÖÀ» ¼ö ¾ø´Ù, ¿Ö³ÄÇϸé, ±×µéÀÌ ºÙµé¿© °¡±â Àü¿¡ ÀÖ´ø °÷º¸´Ùµµ ±×°ÍÀÌ ´õ¿í ¿­¾ÇÇϱ⠶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù.

The persons in authority of the higher orders-land¡©owners, merchants, judges, senators, governors, ministers, tzars, and officers-take part in such doings because the existing order is to their advantage. In other respects they are often good and kind-hearted men, and they are more able to take part in such doings because their share in them is limited to suggestions, decisions, and orders. These per¡©sons in authority never do themselves what they suggest, decide, or command to be done. For the most part they do not even see how all the atrocious deeds they have suggested and authorized are carried out. But the unfor¡©tunate men of the lower orders, who gain no kind of advan¡©tage from the existing regime, but, on the contrary, are treated with the utmost contempt, support it even by dragging people with their own hands from their families, handcuffing them, throwing them in prison, guarding them, shooting them.

´õ ³ôÀº µî±ÞÀÇ ±Ç·Â¿¡ ÀÖ´Â »ç¶÷µéÀº-ÁöÁÖµé, »óÀεé, ÆÇ»çµé, ÀÇ¿øµé, Ãѵ¶µé, °¢·áµé, ȲÁ¦µé, ±×¸®°í Àå±³µé-±âÁ¸ Áú¼­°¡ ±×µéÀÇ ÀÌÀÍ¿¡ ºÎÇյǹǷΠ±×·± ÇàÀ§µé¿¡ Âü¿©ÇÑ´Ù. ´Ù¸¥ Á¡µé¿¡¼±, ±×µéÀº Á¾Á¾ ¼±Çϸç Ä£ÀýÇÑ ¸¶À½À» °¡Áø »ç¶÷µéÀÌ´Ù, ±×¸®°í ±×·± Á¡µé¿¡¼­ ±×µéÀÇ ¿ªÇÒÀÌ ±Ç°íµé, °áÁ¤µé, ¹× ¸í·Éµé¿¡ Á¦ÇѵǾî ÀÖÀ¸¹Ç·Î ±×·± ÇàÀ§µé¿¡ ´õ ½±°Ô Âü¿©ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ±Ç·ÂÀ» °¡Áø ÀÌ·± »ç¶÷µéÀº °áÄÚ ÇàÇØÁ®¾ß ÇÒ °ÍÀ» ±×µéÀÌ ±Ç°íÇϰí, °áÁ¤Çϰųª, ¸í·ÉÇÑ °ÍÀ» ½º½º·Î ÇàÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù. ´ëüÀûÀ¸·Î ±×µéÀº ½ÉÁö¾î ±×µéÀÌ ±Ç°íÇϰí Çã°¡ÇÑ ¸ðµç ÀÜȤÇÑ ÇàÀ§µéÀÌ ¾î¶»°Ô ½ÇÇàµÇ´ÂÁö Á¶Â÷ ¸ð¸¥´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ºÒÇàÇÑ ³·Àº µî±ÞÀÇ »ç¶÷µéÀº, ±âÁ¸ üÁ¦¿¡¼­ ¾Æ¹«·± Á¾·ùÀÇ À̵æÀ» °¡ÁöÁö ¾ÊÀ¸¸é¼­µµ, ¹Ý´ë·Î, ±ØµµÀÇ °æ¸ê·Î¼­ ´ëÁ¢À» ¹ÞÀ¸¸é¼­µµ, ½ÉÁö¾î ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ¼ÕÀ¸·Î ±×µéÀÇ °¡Á·µéÀ» ²ø°í°¡¸ç, ¼ö°©À» ä¿ì°í, °¨¿Á¿¡ Åõ¿ÁÇϸç, °¨½ÃÇÏ°í »ç»ìÇÑ´Ù.

Why do they do it? What forces them to believe that the existing order is unchanging and they must support it?

±×µéÀÌ ¿Ö ±×ÁþÀ» Çϴ°¡? µµ´ëü ¹«¾ùÀÌ ±×µé·Î ÇÏ¿©±Ý ±âÁ¸ Áú¼­´Â º¯ÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀ¸¸ç ¹Ýµå½Ã ±×°ÍÀ» ÁöÁöÇØ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù°í ¹Ï°Ô ¸¸µå´Â°¡?

All violence rests, we know, on those who do the beat¡©ing, the handcuffing, the imprisoning, and the killing with their own hands. If there were no soldiers or armed policemen, ready to kill or outrage anyone as they are ordered, not one of those people who sign sentences of death, imprisonment, or galley-slavery for life would make up his mind to hang, imprison, or torture a thousandth part of those whom, quietly sitting in his study, he now orders to be tortured in all kinds of ways, simply because he does not see it nor do it himself, but only gets it done at a distance by these servile tools.

¿ì¸®°¡ ¾Ë´Ù½ÃÇÇ, ¸ðµç Æø·ÂÀº ÀÚ±â ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ¼ÕÀ¸·Î¼­ ¶§¸®°í, ¼ö°©Ã¤¿ì¸ç, Åõ¿ÁÇϰí, »ìÀÎÇϴµ¥¼­ Ãâ¹ßÇÑ´Ù. ¸¸ÀÏ ¸í·É¹ÞÀº ´ë·Î »ìÇØÇϰųª Áþ¹âÀ» Áغñ°¡ µÈ º´»çµéÀ̳ª ¹«ÀåÇÑ °æÂûÀÌ ¾ø´Ù¸é, ´Ü¼øÈ÷ ±×°¡ ±×°ÍÀ» º¸Áöµµ ¾Ê°í ½º½º·Î ÇàÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀ¸³ª, ¿ÀÁ÷ ÀÌ·± ³ë¿¹È­ µµ±¸µé¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­ ¸Õ°Å¸®¿¡¼­ ±×°ÍÀÌ ÇàÇØÁöµµ·Ï Çϱ⠶§¹®¿¡, »çÇü, Åõ¿Á, ¶Ç´Â Æò»ýÀ» ³ë¿¹¼±¿¡ °¨±ÝÅä·Ï ¼­¸íÇÏ´Â ±×·± »ç¶÷µé ÁßÀÇ ÇÑ »ç¶÷µµ, Á¶¿ëÈ÷ ±×ÀÇ ¼­Àç¿¡ ¾É¾Æ¼­, ÀÌÁ¦ ¸ðµç Á¾·ùÀÇ ¹æ¹ýµé·Î¼­ °í¹®¹Þµµ·Ï ¸í·É¹Þ´Â õºÐÀÇ ÀÏÀÇ »ç¶÷ÀÌ¶óµµ ¸ñ¸Å´Þ°í, Åõ¿Á½ÃŰ°Å³ª °í¹®ÇÏ´Â °áÁ¤À» ÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù.

All the acts of injustice and cruelty which are committed in the ordinary course of daily life have only become habitual because there are these men always ready to carry out such acts of injustice and cruelty. If it were not for them, far from anyone using violence against the immense masses who are now ill-treated, those who now command their punishment would not venture to sentence them, would not even dare to dream of the sentences they decree with such easy confidence at present. And if it were not for these men, ready to kill or torture anyone at their commander's will, no one would dare to claim, as all the idle landowners claim with such assurance, that a piece of land, surrounded by peasants, who are in wretchedness from want of land, is the property of a man who does not cultivate it, or that stores of corn taken by swindling from the peasants ought to remain untouched in the midst of a population dying of hunger because the merchants must make their profit. If it were not for these servile instru¡©ments at the disposal of the authorities, it could never have entered the head of the landowner to rob the peasants of the forest they had tended, nor of the officials to think they are entitled to their salaries, taken from the famishing peo¡©ple, the price of their oppression; least of all could anyone dream of killing or exiling men for exposing falsehood and telling the truth. All this can only be done because the authorities are confidently assured that they have always these servile tools at hand, ready to carry all their demands into effect by means of torture and murder.

Æò¹üÇÑ ÀÏ»óÀÇ »îÀÇ °úÁ¤¿¡¼­ ÀúÁú·¯Áö´Â ºÒ¹ý°ú ÀÜÀÎÇÔÀÇ ¸ðµç ÇàÀ§µéÀº ÀÌ¹Ì ±×·± ºÒ¹ý°ú ÀÜÀÎÇÔÀÇ ÇàÀ§µéÀ» ¼öÇàÇÒ Áغñ°¡ µÇ¾îÀÖ´Â ÀÌ »ç¶÷µéÀÌ Àֱ⠶§¹®¿¡ ¿ÀÁ÷ ½À°üÈ­ µÇ¾ú´Ù. ¸¸ÀÏ ±×µéÀÌ ¾ø¾ú´Ù¸é, ¾î´À ´©±¸°¡ Áö±Ý Çдë¹Þ´Â Çì¾Æ¸± ¼ö ¾ø´Â ¹ÎÁßµéÀ» ÇâÇØ¼­ Æø·ÂÀ» Çà»çÇϱâ´ÂÄ¿³ç, Áö±Ý ±×µé¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Ã³¹úÀ» ¸í·ÉÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ±×µé¿¡°Ô °¨È÷ ¼±°íÁ¶Â÷ ³»¸®Áö ¾ÊÀ» °ÍÀ̸ç, ½ÉÁö¾î ±×µéÀÌ ÇöÀç·Î ±×·¸°Ô ½¬¿î È®½ÅÀ¸·Î ¸í·ÉÇÏ´Â ¼±°íµéÀ» °¨È÷ ²Þ²ÙÁöµµ ¾ÊÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ±×¸®°í ¸¸ÀÏ ±×µéÀÇ ÁöÈÖÀÚµéÀÇ ¶æ¿¡ µû¶ó¼­ ´©±¸¶óµµ »ìÇØÇϰųª °í¹®ÇÒ Áغñ°¡ µÇ¾î ÀÖ´Â ÀÌ »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ¾ø´Ù¸é, ¾î¶² »ç¶÷µµ °¨È÷, °ÔÀ¸¸¥ ¸ðµç ÁöÁÖµéÀÌ ±×·¯ÇÑ È®½ÅÀ¸·Î ÁÖÀåÇϵíÀÌ, ¶¥ÀÌ ¾ø¾î¼­ ºñÂüÇÑ ³óºÎµéÀÌ µÑ·¯ ½Î°í ÀÖ´Â ÇÑ »ÂÀÇ ¶¥ÀÌ °æÀÛÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â »ç¶÷ÀÇ Àç»êÀ̶ó°í ÁÖÀåÇϰųª, »óÀεéÀÌ ¹Ýµå½Ã ±×µéÀÇ ÀÌÀÍÀ» ì°Ü¾ß ÇϹǷΠ³óºÎµé·ÎºÎÅÍ ¼ÓÀÓ¼ö¸¦ ½á¼­ ¾òÀº °î½ÄÀÇ Ã¢°í°¡, ±¾ÁÖ¸²À¸·Î Á׾´Â »ç¶÷µé »çÀÌ¿¡ ¼Õµµ ´ëÁö ¾ÊÀº ä ÀÖ¾î¾ß ÇÑ´Ù°í ÁÖÀåÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ¸¸ÀÏ ±Ç·ÂµéÀÌ ¸¶À½´ë·ÎÇÏ´Â ÀÌ·± ³ë¿¹È­ µµ±¸µéÀÌ ¾ø¾ú´Ù¸é, ³óºÎµéÀÌ °¡²Û ½£À» »©¾ÑÀ¸·Á´Â »ý°¢ÀÌ ÁöÁÖÀÇ ¸Ó¸®¿¡ °áÄÚ µé¾î°¥ ¼ö ¾ø¾úÀ» °ÍÀ̸ç, ±¾ÁÖ¸° »ç¶÷µé·ÎºÎÅÍ »©¾ÑÀº °ÍÀ» °¡Áö°í, ¾ï¾ÐÀÇ ´ë°¡·Î¼­ °ü¸®µéÀÌ ºÀ±ÞÀ» ¹ÞÀ» ÀÚ°ÝÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù´Â »ý°¢ÀÌ ¸Ó¸®¿¡ °áÄÚ µé¾î°¥ ¼ö ¾ø¾úÀ» °ÍÀ̰í; °ÅÁþÀ» ¹àÈ÷°í, Áø¸®¸¦ ¸»ÇÑ »ç¶÷µéÀ» »ìÇØÇϰųª Ãß¹æÇϱ⸦ ¾î´À ´©±¸µµ ²Þ²Ü¼ö°¡ ¾ø´Ù. ÀÌ ¸ðµç °ÍÀº ¿ÀÁ÷ ±Ç·ÂµéÀÌ ¾ðÁ¦³ª ÀÌ·± ÇÐ´ë µµ±¸µéÀ» ¼Õ °¡±îÀÌ¿¡ °¡Áö°í¼­, °í¹®°ú »ìÀÎÀ» ÀÌ¿ëÇÏ¿© ±×µéÀÇ ¿ä±¸µéÀ» ½ÇÇàÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù°í ±»°Ô È®½ÅÇϱ⠶§¹®¿¡ ÀÌ·ç¾îÁú ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.

All the deeds of violence of tyrants from Napoleon to the lowest commander of a company who fires upon a crowd, can only be explained by the intoxicating effect of their absolute power over these slaves. All force, there¡©fore, rests on these men, who carry out the deeds of violence with their own hands, the men who serve in the police or the army, especially the army, for the police only venture to do their work because the army is at their back.

³ªÆú¿¡¿ËÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ±ºÁß¿¡°Ô ¹ßÆ÷ÇÏ´Â ±º´ëÀÇ °¡Àå ³·Àº ÁöÈñÀÚ °°Àº Æø±ºµé ±îÁöÀÇ ¸ðµç Æø·Â ÇàÀ§µéÀº, ÀÌ·± ³ë¿¹µé¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ±×µéÀÇ Àý´ëÀû ±Ç·ÂÀÇ ¸¶ÃëÀûÀÎ È¿°ú¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­ ¿ÀÁ÷ ¼³¸íµÉ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ¸ðµç Æø·ÂÀº, ±×·¯¹Ç·Î, ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ¼ÕÀ¸·Î Æø·Â ÇàÀ§µéÀ» ¼öÇàÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷µé, Áï, °æÂûÀ̳ª ±º´ë¿¡ º¹¹«ÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷µé, ƯÈ÷ ±º´ë¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­ ºñ·ÔµÇ´Âµ¥, °æÂûÀº ¿ÀÁ÷ ±º´ë°¡ ±×µéÀÇ µî µÚ¿¡ Àֱ⿡ ºñ·Î¼Ò ±×µéÀÇ ¾÷¹«À» ¼öÇàÇϱ⠶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù.

What, then, has brought these masses of honest men, on whom the whole thing depends, who gain nothing by it, and who have to do these atrocious deeds with their own hands, what has brought them to accept the amazing delu¡©sion that the existing order, unprofitable, ruinous, and fatal as it is for them, is the order which ought to exist?

±×·¸´Ù¸é ¹«¾ùÀÌ À̵é Á¤Á÷ÇÑ »ç¶÷µéÀÇ ¹«¸®µé¿¡°Ô, ¸ðµç ÀÏÀÌ ´Þ·Á ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ±×µéÀº Æø·ÂÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ¾Æ¹« °Íµµ ¾òÀ» ¼ö ¾ø´Âµ¥µµ, ÀÌ·± ±Ø¾Ç¹«µµÇÑ ÇàÀ§µéÀ» ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ¼ÕÀ¸·Î ÇàÇϵµ·Ï Çϴ°¡, ¹«¾ùÀÌ ±×µé¿¡°Ô À̵æÀÌ ¾øÀ¸¸ç, ÇØ·Î¿ì¸ç, Ä¡¸íÀûÀÎ ±âÁ¸ÀÇ Áú¼­°¡ ¹Ýµå½Ã Á¸ÀçÇØ¾ßÇÏ´Â Áú¼­¶ó´Â ³î¶ó¿î ¸Á»óÀ» ¹Þ¾Æ µéÀÌ°Ô ÇÏ¿´´Â°¡?

Who has led them into this amazing delusion?

´©°¡ ±×µéÀ» ÀÌ·± ³î¶ó¿î ¸Á»óÀ¸·Î ²ø¾îµé¿´´Â°¡?

They can never have persuaded themselves that they ought to do what is against their conscience, and also the source of misery and ruin for themselves, and all their class, who make up nine-tenths of the population.

±×µéÀÇ ¾ç½É¿¡ ´ëÄ¡µÇ´Â °ÍÀ», ±×¸®°í ¶ÇÇÑ Àڽŵé°ú Àα¸ÀÇ ½ÊºÐÀÇ ±¸¸¦ Çü¼ºÇÏ´Â ±×µé ¸ðµÎÀÇ °è±Þ¿¡°Ô À־ ºÒÇà°ú ¸ê¸ÁÀÇ ±Ù¿øÀÎ °ÍÀ», ±×µéÀÌ ¹Ýµå½Ã ÇàÇØ¾ßÇÑ´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» °áÄÚ È®½ÅÇÏÁö ¸øÇß´Ù.

"How can you kill people, when it is written in God's commandment: 'Thou shalt not kill'?" I have often inquired of different soldiers. And I always drove them to embarrassment and confusion by reminding them of what they did not want to think about. They knew they were bound by the law of God, "Thou shalt not kill," and knew too that they were bound by their duty as soldiers, but had never reflected on the contradiction between these duties. The drift of the timid answers I received to this question was always approximately this: that killing in war and executing criminals by command of the govern¡©ment are not included in the general prohibition of murder. But when I said this distinction was not made in the law of God, and reminded them of the Christian duty of frater¡©nity, forgiveness of injuries, and love, which could not be reconciled with murder, the peasants usually agreed, but in their turn began to ask me questions. "How does it hap¡©pen," they inquired, "that the government [which accord¡©ing to their ideas cannot do wrong] sends the army to war and orders criminals to be executed." When I answered that the government does wrong in giving such orders, the peasants fell into still greater confusion, and either broke off the conversation or else got angry with me.

¡°Çϳª´ÔÀÇ °è¸í¿¡ ¾²¿© Àֱ⸦: ¡®³ÊÈñ´Â »ìÀÎÇÏÁö ¸»¶ó¡¯¶ó°í Çߴµ¥, ¾îÂîÇÏ¿© ´ç½ÅµéÀº »ç¶÷À» Á×À̴°¡?¡± ÇÏ°í ³ª´Â °¡²û ´Ù¸¥ º´»çµé¿¡°Ô Áú¹®ÇÏ¿´´Ù. ±×¸®°í ³ª´Â Ç×»ó ±×µéÀÌ »ý°¢ÇÏ°í ½Í¾îÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â °ÍÀ» »ó±â½ÃÄÑ ÁÜÀ¸·Î½á ±×µéÀ» ´çȲ°ú È¥¶õÀ¸·Î ¸ô¾Æ ³Ö¾ú´Ù. ±×µéÀº ÀڽŵéÀÌ Çϳª´ÔÀÇ À²¹ý, ¡°³ÊÈñ´Â »ìÀÎÇÏÁö ¸»¶ó,¡±¿¡ ¹­¿© ÀÖ´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ¾Ë¾Ò´Ù, ±×¸®°í ¶ÇÇÑ º´»ç·Î¼­ÀÇ ±×µéÀÇ Àǹ«¿¡ ¹­¿© ÀÖ´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ¾Ë¾ÒÁö¸¸, À̵é Àǹ«µé »çÀÌÀÇ ¸ðµç¿¡ ´ëÇØ¼­ ÀüÇô µÇ»õ°Üº¸Áö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù. ÀÌ Áú¹®¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¼Ò½ÉÇÑ ´ë´äµéÀÇ °æÇâÀº ¾ðÁ¦³ª ´ë°³ À̿Ͱ°´Ù: ÀüÀï¿¡¼­ »ìÀÎÇÏ´Â °Í°ú Á¤ºÎÀÇ ¸í·É¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­ ¹üÁËÀÚµéÀ» óÇüÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº »ìÀÎÀÇ ÀϹÝÀû ±ÝÁö¿¡ Æ÷ÇÔµÇÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ÀÌ·± ±¸ºÐÀº Çϳª´ÔÀÇ À²¹ý¿¡´Â ¸¸µé¾îÁ® ÀÖÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù°í ¸»Çϰí, ±×µé¿¡°Ô »ìÀΰú´Â ŸÇùµÉ ¼ö ¾ø´Â ÇüÁ¦¾Ö, ÇÇÇØµé¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¿ë¼­, ±×¸®°í »ç¶ûÀÇ ±âµ¶±³Àû Àǹ«¸¦ »ó±â½ÃÄÑÁÖ¾úÀ» ¶§, ³óºÎµéÀº ÁÖ·Î Âù¼ºÇß´Ù, ±×·¯³ª ±×µéÀº µ¹¾Æ¼­¼­ ³ª¿¡°Ô Áú¹®µéÀ» ÇÏ¿´´Ù. ±×µéÀÌ ¹¯´Â´Ù, ¡°Á¤ºÎ [±×µéÀÇ »ý°¢¿¡ ±×°ÍÀº ³ª»Û ÀÏÀ» ÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø´Ù]°¡ ±º´ë¸¦ ÀüÀï¿¡ º¸³»°í ¹üÁËÀÚµéÀ» óÇüÇ϶ó°í ¸í·ÉÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº ¾îÂîµÈ ÀÏÀԴϱî?¡± ±×·± ¸í·ÉÀ» ³»¸®°ÍÀº Á¤ºÎ°¡ À߸øÀÌ´Ù¶ó°í ³»°¡ ´ë´äÇßÀ» ¶§, ³óºÎµéÀº ÈξÀ ´õ Å« È¥¶õ¿¡ ºüÁ³´Ù, ±×¸®°í ´ëÈ­¸¦ Áß´ÜÇϰųª ³ª¿¡°Ô È­¸¦ ³»¾ú´Ù.

"They must have found a law for it. The archbishops know as much about it as we do, I should hope," a Russian soldier once observed to me. And in saying this the soldier obviously set his mind at rest, in the full conviction that his spiritual guides had found a law which authorized his ancestors, and the tzars and their descendants, and millions of men, to serve as he was doing himself, and that the question I had put him was a kind of hoax or conundrum on my part.

¡°±×µéÀº ¹Ýµå½Ã ±×¿¡ ´ëÇÑ À²¹ýÀ» °¡Áö°í ÀÖÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù. »ý°¢ÇϰǴë, ´ëÁÖ±³µéÀº ¿ì¸®°¡ ¾Æ´Â °Í¸¸Å­ ±×°Í¿¡ ´ëÇØ ¸¹ÀÌ ¾Ë°í ÀÖ´Ù,¡±¶ó°í ÇÑ ·¯½Ã¾ÆÀÎ º´»ç°¡ ³»°Ô ¸»Çß´Ù. ±×¸®°í ÀÌ·¸°Ô ¸»Çϸ鼭 ÀÌ º´»ç´Â ¸í¹éÈ÷ ±×ÀÇ ¸¶À½À» Æí¾ÈÇÏ°Ô Çϸ鼭, ±×ÀÇ ¿µÀûÀÎ ¹æÇâÀÌ ±×ÀÇ ¼±Á¶µé, ±×¸®°í ȲÁ¦¿Í ±×µéÀÇ Èļյé, ±×¸®°í ¼ö¹é¸¸ÀÇ »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô ÀÚ½ÅÀÌ ÇàÇÏ´Â °Íó·³ ÀÌ¿ëÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖµµ·Ï Çã¶ôÇÏ´Â À²¹ýÀ» ¹ß°ßÇÏ¿´À¸¸ç, ³»°¡ ±×¿¡°Ô ²¨³½ Áú¹®Àº ³»°¡ ¸¸µç ÀÏÁ¾ÀÇ ¼ÓÀÓ¼ö°Å³ª ¼ö¼ö²²³¢¶ó´Â ¿ÏÀüÇÑ È®½ÅÀ¸·Î Â÷ÀÖ¾ú´Ù.

Everyone in our Christian society knows, either by tradi¡©tion or by revelation or by the voice of conscience, that murder is one of the most fearful crimes a man can commit, as the Gospel tells us, and that the sin of murder cannot be limited to certain persons, that is, murder cannot be a sin for some and not a sin for others. Everyone knows that if murder is a sin, it is always a sin, whoever are the victims murdered, just like the sin of adultery, theft, or any other. At the same time from their childhood up men see that murder is not only permitted, but even sanctioned by the blessing of those whom they are accustomed to regard as their divinely appointed spiritual guides, and see their secular leaders with calm assurance organizing murder, proud to wear murderous arms, and demanding of others in the name of the laws of the country, and even of God, that they should take part in murder. Men see that there is some inconsistency here, but not being able to analyze it, involuntarily assume that this apparent inconsistency is only the result of their ignorance. The very grossness and obviousness of the inconsistency confirms them in this conviction.

¿ì¸®ÀÇ ±âµ¶±³ »çȸ¿¡ »ç´Â ¸ðµç »ç¶÷µéÀº, ÀüÅë ¶Ç´Â °è½Ã ¶Ç´Â ¾ç½ÉÀÇ ¼Ò¸®¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­, »ìÀÎÀº º¹À½¼­¿¡¼­ ¿ì¸®¿¡°Ô ¸»ÇϵíÀÌ, »ç¶÷ÀÌ ÀúÁö¸£´Â °¡Àå ¹«¼­¿î ¹üÁËÀ̸ç, »ìÀÎÀÇ ¹üÁ˴ ƯÁ¤ÇÑ »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô¸¸ Á¦ÇÑµÉ ¼ö ¾øÀ¸¸ç, Áï, »ìÀÎÀº ´©±¸¿¡°Ô´Â Á˾ÇÀÌ¸ç ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô´Â Á˾ÇÀÌ ¾Æ´Ò ¼ö°¡ ¾ø´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ¾È´Ù. ¸¸ÀÏ »ìÀÎÀÌ Á˾ÇÀ̶ó¸é, ´©°¡ »ìÇØµÇ´Â Èñ»ýÀÚµéÀ̶ó ÇÏ¿©µµ, ±×°ÍÀº ¾ðÁ¦³ª Á˾ÇÀ̶ó´Â °ÍÀ» ´©±¸³ª ¾Ë°í ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ±×°ÍÀº ¸¶Ä¡ °£À½, µµµÏÁú, ¶Ç´Â ´Ù¸¥ ¾î¶² °Íµéµµ ¸¶Âù°¡ÁöÀÌ´Ù. µ¿½Ã¿¡ ±×µéÀÇ ¾î¸°½ÃÀý ÀÌÈÄ·Î »ç¶÷µéÀº »ìÀÎÀÌ Çã¿ëµÉ »Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, ½ÉÁö¾î Çϳª´ÔÀÌ ÀÓ¸íÇÑ ¿µÀûÀÎ ÁöµµÀÚµé·Î ¿©±è¿¡ Àͼ÷ÇØÁø »ç¶÷µéÀÇ ÃູÀ¸·Î ¿ëÀεǰí ÀÖ´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ¾Ë°í ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, »ìÀÎÀ» Á¶Á÷ÇÏ´Â Á¶¿ëÇÑ È®½ÅÀ» °¡Áø ¼¼¼ÓÀÇ ÅëÄ¡ÀÚµéÀÌ, ÀÚ¶û½º·´°Ô »ìÀÎ ¹«±â¸¦ ÈÞ´ëÇϸç, ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô ±¹°¡ÀÇ ¹ý·üÀ̶ó´Â À̸§À¸·Î, ½ÉÁö¾î´Â Çϳª´ÔÀÇ À̸§À¸·Î, ±×µéÀÌ »ìÀο¡ Âü°¡ÇØ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù°í ¿ä±¸Çϰí ÀÖ´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ¾È´Ù. »ç¶÷µéÀº ¿©±â¿¡ ¾î¶² ¸ð¼øÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ¾È´Ù, ±×·¯³ª ±×°ÍÀ» ºÐ¼®ÇÒ ¼ö ¾øÀ¸¹Ç·Î, ¸¶Áö¸øÇØ ÀÌ ¸í¹éÇÑ ºÒÀÏÄ¡´Â ¿ÀÁ÷ ±×µéÀÇ ¹«½ÄÀÇ ¼Ò»êÀ̶ó°í ¿©±ä´Ù. ¸ð¼øÀÇ ¾öû³²°ú ¸í¹éÇÔ ÀÚü°¡ ÀÌ·± È®½ÅÀ» È®ÀÎÇÏ¿© ÁØ´Ù.

They cannot imagine that the leaders of civilization, the educated classes, could so confidently preach two such opposed principles as the law of Christ and murder. A simple uncorrupted youth cannot imagine that those who stand so high in his opinion, whom he regards as holy or learned men, could for any object whatever mislead him so shamefully. But this is just what has always been and always is done to him. It is done (1) by instilling, by example and direct instruction, from childhood up, into the working people, who have not time to study moral and religious questions for themselves, the idea that torture and murder are compatible with Christianity, and that for cer¡©tain objects of state, torture and murder are not only admissible, but ought to be employed; and (2) by instilling into certain of the people, who have either voluntarily enlisted or been taken by compulsion into the army, the idea that the perpetration of murder and torture with their own hands is a sacred duty, and even a glorious exploit, worthy of praise and reward.

¹®¸íÀÇ ÁöµµÀÚµé, ±³À°¹ÞÀº °è±ÞµéÀÌ ±×Åä·Ï È®½ÅÀ» °¡Áö°í ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ »ìÀÎÀÇ ¹ý°ú °°Àº »ó¹ÝµÇ´Â µÎ°¡Áö ¿ø¸®µé ¼³±³Çϰí ÀÖ´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ±×µéÀº »ó»óÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø´Ù. ¼øÁøÇÏ°í ºÎÆÐµÇÁö ¾ÊÀº ÀþÀºÀÌ´Â ±×ÀÇ »ý°¢¿¡ ¿ì¶Ò ³ôÀÌ ¼­ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ¼º½º·´°Å³ª ÇнÄÀÖ´Â »ç¶÷µéÀ̶ó°í ¿©±â´Â »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ¾î¶² ¸ñÀûÀ̵çÁö ±×¸¦ ±×Åä·Ï ¼öÄ¡½º·´°Ô ¼ÓÀÏ ¼ö ÀÖ´ÂÁö »ó»óÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø´Ù. ±×·¯³ª À̰ÍÀº Á¤¸» ±×¿¡°Ô ¾ðÁ¦³ª ±×¸®ÇÏ¿´À¸¸ç, ¾ðÁ¦³ª ÇàÇØÁö°í ÀÖ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ±×°ÍÀº (1) ¾î¸°½ÃÀý ÀÌÈĺÎÅÍ, ½º½º·Î°¡ µµ´öÀû ¹× Á¾±³ÀûÀÎ Àǹ®À» ¿¬±¸ÇÒ ½Ã°£À» °¡ÁöÁö ¸øÇÑ ³ëµ¿ÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô, °í¹®°ú »ìÀÎÀº ±âµ¶±³¿Í ¾ç¸³ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ±¹°¡ÀÇ Æ¯Á¤ÇÑ ¸ñÀûÀ» À§Çؼ­´Â °í¹®°ú »ìÀÎÀº ÀÎÁ¤µÉ »Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, ¹Ýµå½Ã ÀÌ¿ëµÇ¾îÇÑ´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ÁÖÀÔÀ» ÅëÇØ¼­, º»º¸±â¿Í Á÷Á¢ÀûÀÎ ±³À°À» ÅëÇØ¼­ ÀÌ·ç¾îÁø´Ù; ±×¸®°í (2) ÀÚ¿øÇϰųª °­Á¦·Î ±º´ë¿¡ ¡Áý´çÇÑ Æ¯Á¤ÇÑ »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô, ±×µéÀÇ ¼ÕÀ¸·Î »ìÀΰú °í¹®À» ÀúÁö¸£´Â °ÍÀº ½Å¼ºÇÑ Àǹ«À̸ç, ½ÉÁö¾î ĪÂù°ú º¸»óÀ» ¹ÞÀ» ¸¸ÇÑ ¿µ±¤½º·± ¾÷ÀûÀ̶ó°í ÁÖÀÔ½ÃÅ´À» ÅëÇØ¼­ ÀÌ·ç¾îÁø´Ù.

The general delusion is diffused among all people by means of the catechisms or books, which nowadays replace them, in use for the compulsory education of children. In them it is stated that violence, that is, imprisonment and execution, as well as murder in civil or foreign war in the defense and maintenance of the existing state organization (whatever that may be, absolute or limited monarchy, con¡©vention, consulate, empire of this or that Napoleon or Boulanger, constitutional monarchy, commune or republic) is absolutely lawful and not opposed to morality and Christianity.

º¸ÆíÀûÀÎ ±â¸¸ÀÌ ±³¸® ¹®´äµéÀ̳ª ¼­ÀûµéÀ» ¼ö´ÜÀ¸·ÎÇÏ¿© ¸ðµç »ç¶÷µé »çÀÌ¿¡ ÀüÆÄµÇ¸ç, À̰͵éÀº ¿À´Ã³¯, ¾ÆÀ̵鿡 ´ëÇÑ Àǹ« ±³À°¿¡ »ç¿ëµÈ´Ù. ±×°Íµé ¾È¿¡´Â Æø·ÂÀº, Áï, Åõ¿Á°ú óÇü »Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, ±âÁ¸ ±¹°¡ Á¶Á÷(±×°ÍÀÌ ¾î¶² ÇüÅÂÀ̵ç, Àý´ë ¶Ç´Â Á¦ÇÑ ±ºÁÖÁ¦, Çù¾à, ¿µ»ç, ³ªÆú·¹¿ËÀ̳ª ºÒ¶ûÁ¦ÀÇ ÀÌ·± Àú·± Á¦±¹, ÀÔÇå ±ºÁÖÁ¦, °ø»êÁÖÀÇ ¶Ç´Â °øÈ­±¹ µî)ÀÇ ¹æ¾î¿Í À¯Áö¸¦ ¸ñÀûÀ¸·Î ³»ÀüÀ̳ª ¿Ü±¹°úÀÇ ÀüÀï¿¡¼­ »ìÀÎÀº Àý´ëÀûÀ¸·Î ÇÕ¹ýÀûÀÌ¸ç µµ´öÀ̳ª ±âµ¶±³¿¡ ´ëÄ¡µÇÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù°í ¼±¾ðµÇ¾î ÀÖ´Ù.

This is stated in all catechisms or books used in schools. And men are so thoroughly persuaded of it that they grow up, live and die in that conviction without once entertaining a doubt about it.

À̰ÍÀº Çб³¿¡¼­ »ç¿ëµÇ´Â ¸ðµç ±³¸® ¹®´äµéÀ̳ª Ã¥µé¿¡ ¼±¾ðµÇ¾î ÀÖ´Ù. ±×¸®°í »ç¶÷µéÀº ±×°Í¿¡ ´ëÇØ¼­ ³Ê¹«°ú ±íÀÌ ¹Ï°í À־ ±×°Í¿¡ ´ëÇØ ÇÑ ¹øÀÇ Àǽɵµ ¾ø´Â ±×·± È®½ÅÀ¸·Î Àڶ󳪰í, »ì¾Æ°¡¸ç, Á״´Ù.

This is one form of deception, the general deception instilled into everyone, but there is another special deception practiced upon the soldiers or police who are picked out by one means or another to do the torturing and murdering necessary to defend and maintain the existing regime.

À̰ÍÀº ¸ðµç »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô ÁÖÀÔµÈ ÇÑ °¡Áö ÇüÅÂÀÇ ±â¸¸, Áï, º¸ÆíÀû ±â¸¸ÀÌÁö¸¸, ±âÁ¸ üÁ¦¸¦ ¹æ¾îÇϰí À¯ÁöÇϱâ À§ÇØ ÇÊ¿ä·ÎÇÏ´Â °í¹®ÇÏ°í »ìÀÎÇÏ´Â ÀÏÀ» Çϱâ À§ÇØ ´Ù¾çÇÑ ¹æ¹ýÀ¸·Î ¼±¹ßµÈ º´»çµéÀ̳ª °æÂû¿¡°Ô ÇàÇØÁö´Â ¶Ç ÇϳªÀÇ Æ¯º°ÇÑ ±â¸¸ÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù.

In all military instructions there appears in one form or another what is expressed in the Russian military code in the following words:

¸ðµç ±º´ëÀÇ ¸í·Éµé¿¡´Â, ´ÙÀ½°ú °°Àº ¸»µé·Î ·¯½Ã¾ÆÀÇ ±º´ë ±ÔÁ¤¿¡ Ç¥ÇöµÈ °Íó·³ ´Ù¾çÇÑ ÇüÅ·Π³ªÅ¸³ª´Â °ÍÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù.

Article 87. To carry out exactly and without comment the orders of a superior officer means: to carry out an order received from a superior officer exactly without con¡©sidering whether it is good or not, and whether it is pos¡©sible to carry it out. The superior officer is responsible for the consequences of the order he gives.

Á¦ 87Á¶. »ó°üÀÇ ¸í·ÉµéÀ» Á¤È®ÇÏ°Ô ±×¸®°í ÀÌÀÇÀ» ´ÞÁö ¾Ê°í ¼öÇàÇÔÀº ´ÙÀ½À» ÀǹÌÇÑ´Ù: »ó°üÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ¹ÞÀº ¸í·ÉÀ» ±×°ÍÀÌ ¿Çµç ³ª»Úµç, ±×¸®°í ±×°ÍÀ» ¼öÇàÇÔÀÌ °¡´ÉÇÑÁö¸¦ °í·ÁÇÏÁö ¾Ê°í Á¤È®ÇÏ°Ô ¼öÇàÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ±×¸®°í »ó°üÀº ÀÚ½ÅÀÌ ³»¸®´Â ¸í·ÉÀÇ °á°ú¿¡ ´ëÇØ¼­ Ã¥ÀÓÁø´Ù.

Article 88. The subordinate ought never to refuse to carry out the orders of a superior officer except when he sees clearly that in carrying out his superior officer's com¡©mand, he breaks [the law of God, one involuntarily expects; not at all] his oath of fidelity and allegiance to the Tzar.

Á¦ 88Á¶. ÇϱÞÀÚ´Â ±×ÀÇ »ó°üÀÇ ¸í·ÉÀ» ¼öÇàÇÔ¿¡ À־, ±×°¡ [Çϳª´ÔÀÇ ¹ýÀº, ºÎµæÀÌÇÏ°Ô ¿¹°ßµÈ´Ù; °áÄÚ ¾Æ´Ï´Ù] ȲÁ¦¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ±×ÀÇ Ãæ¼ºÀÇ ¼±¼­ ¹× Çå½ÅÇÔÀ» ¹üÇÔÀ» ¸í¹éÇÏ°Ô ÀνÄÇÒ ¶§ ¿Ü¿¡´Â, »ó°üÀÇ ¸í·ÉµéÀ» ¼öÇàÇÔÀ» °áÄÚ °ÅºÎÇØ¼­´Â ¾ÈµÈ´Ù.

It is here said that the man who is a soldier can and ought to carry out all the orders of his superior without exception. And as these orders for the most part involve murder, it follows that he ought to break all the laws of God and man. The one law he may not break is that of fidelity and allegiance to the man who happens at a given moment to be in power.

À̰÷¿¡¼­´Â º´»çÀÎ »ç¶÷Àº ±×ÀÇ »ó°üÀÇ ¸ðµç ¸í·ÉÀ» ¿¹¿Ü¾øÀÌ ¼öÇàÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ¹Ýµå½Ã ¼öÇàÇØ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù°í ¸»Çϰí ÀÖ´Ù. ±×¸®°í ÀÌ·± ¸í·ÉµéÀº ´ëüÀûÀ¸·Î »ìÀÎÀ» Æ÷ÇÔÇϴµ¥, ±×´Â ¹Ýµå½Ã Çϳª´Ô°ú »ç¶÷ÀÇ ¸ðµç ¹ýµéÀ» ±úÆ®·Á¾ßÇÑ´Ù°í µÇ¾îÀÖ´Ù. ±×°¡ ±úÆ®·Á¼­´Â ¾ÈµÇ´Â ÇÑ °¡Áö ¹ýÀº ÁÖ¾îÁØ ¼ø°£¿¡ À־ ¿ì¿¬È÷ ±Ç·ÂÀ» ÀâÀº »ç¶÷¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Ãæ¼º°ú Çå½ÅÀÌ´Ù.

Precisely the same thing is said in other words in all codes of military instruction. And it could not be other¡©wise, since the whole power of the army and the state is based in reality on this delusive emancipation of men from their duty to God and their conscience, and the substitu¡©tion of duty to their superior officer for all other duties.

±º´ëÀÇ ¸í·ÉÀÇ ¸ðµç ±ÔÁ¤µé¿¡ ÀÖ´Â ´Ù¸¥ ¸»µéµµ Á¤È®ÇÏ°Ô ¶È °°Àº °ÍÀ» ¸»Çϰí ÀÖ´Ù. ±×¸®°í ±×°ÍÀº ´Ù¸¦ ¼ö°¡ ¾ø´Ù, ¿Ö³ÄÇÏ¸é ±º´ë¿Í ±¹°¡ÀÇ Àüü ±Ç·ÂÀº »ç½Ç»ó Çϳª´Ô°ú ¾ç½É¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ±×µéÀÇ Àǹ«·ÎºÎÅÍ »ç¶÷µéÀÇ ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ±â¸¸ÀûÀÎ ÇØ¹æ°ú, ´Ù¸¥ ¸ðµç Àǹ«µé ´ë½Å¿¡ ±×µéÀÌ »ó°ü¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Àǹ«·Î ´ëüÇÔ¿¡ ±âÃÊÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù.

This, then, is the foundation of the belief of the lower classes that the existing regime so fatal for them is the regime which ought to exist, and which they ought there¡©fore to support even by torture and murder.

±×¸®ÇÏ¿©, À̰ÍÀÌ ¹Ù·Î, ±×µé¿¡°Ô ³Ê¹«³ª Ä¡¸íÀûÀÎ ±âÁ¸ üÁ¦°¡ ¹Ýµå½Ã Á¸ÀçÇØ¾ß Çϴ üÁ¦À̸ç, ±×·¯¹Ç·Î ½ÉÁö¾î´Â °í¹®°ú »ìÀο¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­¶óµµ ±×°ÍÀ» ÁöÁöÇØ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù´Â, ³·Àº °è±ÞµéÀÇ ¹ÏÀ½ÀÇ ±âÃÊÀÌ´Ù

This belief is founded on a conscious deception practiced on them by the higher classes.

ÀÌ ¹ÏÀ½Àº »óÀ§ °è±Þµé¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­ ±×µé¿¡°Ô ÇàÇØÁø ÀǽÄÀûÀÎ ±â¸¸¿¡ ±âÃÊÇÑ´Ù.

And it cannot be otherwise. To compel the lower classes, which are more numerous, to oppress and ill treat them¡©selves, even at the cost of actions opposed to their con¡©science, it was necessary to deceive them. And it has been done accordingly.

±×¸®°í ±×°ÍÀº ´Ù¸¦ ¼ö°¡ ¾ø´Ù. ¼ýÀûÀ¸·Î ´õ ¸¹Àº ³·Àº °è±ÞÀ» °­Á¦Çϰí, ½ÉÁö¾î ±×µéÀÇ ¾ç½É¿¡ ´ëÄ¡µÇ´Â ÇàÀ§µéÀ» ´ë°¡·Î Ä¡·ç°í¼­¶óµµ ¾ï¾ÐÇÏ°í ±×µéÀ» ÇдëÇϱâ À§Çؼ­´Â, ±×µéÀ» ±â¸¸ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ ÇÊ¿äÇß´Ù. ±×¸®°í ±×°ÍÀº ±×¿¡ µû¶ó¼­ ÇàÇØÁ³´Ù.

Not many days ago I saw once more this shameless deception being openly practiced, and once more I mar¡©veled that it could be practiced so easily and impudently.

±Ù·¡¿¡ ³ª´Â ÇÑ ¹ø ´õ ÀÌ·± ¼öÄ¡½ÉÀÌ ¾ø´Â ±â¸¸ÀÌ °ø°³ÀûÀ¸·Î ½ÇÇàµÇ´Â °ÍÀ» ¸ñ°ÝÇß´Ù, ±×¸®°í ÇÑ ¹ø ´õ ±×·¸°Ô ½±»ç¸® ±×¸®°í »·»·½º·´°Ô ÇàÇØÁú ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù´Â °Í¿¡ ³î¶ú´Ù.

At the beginning of November, as I was passing through Toula, I saw once again at the gates of the Zemsky Court-house the crowd of peasants I had so often seen before, and heard the drunken shouts of the men mingled with the pitiful lamentations of their wives and mothers. It was the recruiting session.

11¿ù Ãʼø¿¡, ³»°¡ Åø¶ó Áö¹æÀ» Åë°úÇϰí ÀÖÀ» ¶§, ³»°¡ Áª½ºÅ° ¹ý¿ø û»çÀÇ ÀÔ±¸¿¡¼­ ´Ù½Ã ÇÑ ¹ø ÀÌÀü¿¡ ÀÚÁÖ º¸¾Ò´ø ±ºÁßµéÀ» º¸¾ÒÀ¸¸ç, ±×¸®°í ¾Æ³»µé ¹× ¾î¸Ó´ÏµéÀÇ ºñÂüÇÑ Èå´À³¦°ú ÇÔ²² µÚ¼¯ÀÎ ³²ÀÚµéÀÇ ¼úÃëÇÑ °íÇÔ¼Ò¸®µéÀ» µé¾ú´Ù. ±×¶§´Â ¡ÁýÇÏ´Â ±â°£À̾ú´Ù.

I can never pass by the spectacle. It attracts me by a kind of fascination of repulsion. I again went into the crowd, took my stand among the peasants, looked about and asked questions. And once again I was amazed that this hideous crime can be perpetrated so easily in broad daylight and in the midst of a large town.

³ª´Â ±× ±¤°æÀ» °áÄÚ Áö³ªÄ¥ ¼ö ¾ø¾ú´Ù. ±×°ÍÀº ÀÏÁ¾ÀÇ ¹Ý°¨ °°Àº ¸Å·ÂÀ¸·Î ³ª¸¦ ²ø¾î ´ç°å´Ù. ³ª´Â ´Ù½Ã ±ºÁß ¼ÓÀ¸·Î µé¾î°¡¼­ ³óºÎµé »çÀÌ¿¡ ÀÚ¸®¸¦ Àâ¾Æ¼­, ÁÖÀ§¸¦ µÑ·¯º¸¸ç Áú¹®À» ÇÏ¿´´Ù. ±×¸®°í ´Ù½Ã ÇÑ ¹ø, ÀÌ °¡Áõ½º·± ¹üÁ˰¡ ³Ê¹«³ª ½±°Ôµµ ¹éÁÖ¿¡ ´ëµµ½Ã ÇÑ °¡¿îµ¥¼­ ÀÚÇàµÉ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù´Â µ¥ ³î¶ú´Ù.

As the custom is every year, in all the villages and ham¡©lets of the one hundred millions of Russians, on the 1st of November, the village elders had assembled the young men inscribed on the lists, often their own sons among them, and had brought them to the town.

±×·± °üÇàÀÌ ¸Å³â¸¶´Ù ÀÖ¾úÀ¸¹Ç·Î, ¼ö¾ïÀÌ µÇ´Â ·¯½Ã¾ÆÀεéÀÇ ¸ðµç ¸¶À»µé°ú µ¿³×µé¿¡¼­, 11¿ù 1ÀÏ¿¡, ¸¶À»ÀÇ ¿¬ÀåÀÚµéÀÌ Â¡º´ ¸ñ·Ïµé¿¡ ±â·ÏµÈ ÀþÀº »ç¶÷µéÀ», ±×µé Áß¿¡´Â °¡²ûÀº ±×µé ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ¾Æµéµéµµ ÀÖ¾ú´Âµ¥, ¸ð¾Æ¼­´Â ±×µéÀ» µµ½Ã¿¡ µ¥·Á °¬´Ù.

On the road the recruits have been drinking without intermission, unchecked by the elders, who feel that going on such an insane errand, abandoning their wives and mothers and renouncing all they hold sacred in order to become a senseless instrument of destruction, would be too agonizing if they were not stupefied with spirits.

°¡´Â µµÁß¿¡ º¸Ã溴µéÀº ¿¬ÀåÀÚµéÀÇ ÀúÁö¸¦ ¹ÞÁö ¾Ê°í, ¾Æ¹«·± °£¼·¾øÀÌ ¼úÀ» ¸¶¼ÌÀ¸¸ç, ¿¬ÀåÀÚµéÀº, ±×µéÀÇ ¾Æ³»µé°ú ¾î¸Ó´ÏµéÀ» Àú¹ö¸®°í, ÆÄ±«¸¦ À§ÇÑ ¹«ÀǹÌÇÑ µµ±¸°¡ µÇ±â À§ÇÏ¿© ±×µéÀÌ ½Å¼º½ÃÇÏ´ø ¸ðµç °ÍÀ» Æ÷±âÇÏ°í ±×·¯ÇÑ Á¦Á¤½ÅÀÌ ¾Æ´Ñ ºÎ¸§À» ¹Þ°í °¡´Â °ÍÀÌ ¸¸ÀÏ ±×µéÀÌ ¼ú·Î¼­ ¸¶ÃëµÇÁö ¾ÊÀ¸¸é ³Ê¹«³ª °íÅ뽺·¯¿î °ÍÀÓÀ» ´À³¢°í ÀÖ¾ú´Ù.

And so they have come, drinking, swearing, singing, fighting and scuffling with one another. They have spent the night in taverns. In the morning they have slept off their drunkenness and have gathered together at the Zemsky Court-house.

±×¸®°í ±×·¸°Ô ±×µéÀ» ¼ú¸¶½Ã°í, ¸Í¼¼Çϸç, ³ë·¡Çϰí, ½Î¿ì¸é¼­ ±×¸®°í ¼­·Î ¸ö½Î¿òÀ» Çϸ鼭 ¿Ô´Ù. ±×µéÀº ±×³¯ ¹ã ¼úÁý¿¡¼­ º¸³Â´Ù. ¾ÆÄ§¿¡ ±×µéÀº ¼úÃëÇÔ¿¡¼­ ±ú¾î³ª Áª½ºÅ° ¹ý¿øÃ»»ç ¾Õ¿¡ ÇÔ²² ¸ð¿´´Ù.

Some of them, in new sheepskin pelisses, with knitted scarves round their necks, their eyes swollen from drink¡©ing, are shouting wildly to one another to show their cour¡©age; others, crowded near the door, are quietly and mourn¡©fully waiting their turn, between their weeping wives and mothers (I had chanced upon the day of the actual enroll¡©ing, that is, the examination of those whose names are on the list); others meantime were crowding into the hall of the recruiting office.

±×µé ÁßÀÇ ¸î ¸íÀº, »õ·Î¿î ¾ç°¡Á× ¸ðÇǸ¦ ÀÔ¾úÀ¸¸ç, ±×µé ¸ñ¿¡´Â ¶ß°³ÁúÇÑ ¸ñµµ¸®¸¦ °¨¾Ò°í, ±×µéÀÇ ´«µéÀº ¼úÀ» ¸¶¼Å¼­ ºÎ¾î ÀÖ¾ú´Âµ¥, ±×µéÀÇ ¿ë±â¸¦ ¼­·Î¿¡°Ô º¸¿© ÁÖ·Á°í ¸Í·ÄÇÏ°Ô ¼Ò¸®Ä¡°í ÀÖ¾ú´Ù; ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷µéÀº, ¹® ±Ùó¿¡¼­ ºÏÀû°Å¸®°í ÀÖÀ¸¸é¼­, ±×µéÀÇ Èå´À³¢´Â ¾Æ³»µé°ú ¾î¸Ó´Ïµé »çÀÌ¿¡¼­, Á¶¿ëÈ÷ ±×¸®°í ½½Ç ¸ð½ÀÀ¸·Î ±×µéÀÇ Â÷·Ê¸¦ ±â´Ù¸®°í ÀÖ¾úÀ¸¸ç(³ª´Â ¿ì¿¬È÷ ½ÇÁ¦ µî·ÏÀÏ, Áï, À̸§ÀÌ ¸ñ·Ï¿¡ ÀÖ´Â »ç¶÷µéÀÇ °Ë»çÀÏÀ» º¸°Ô µÇ¾ú´Ù) ; ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷µéÀº ÇÑÆí ¡º´ °Ë»ç¼ÒÀÇ ½Ç³»¿¡ ¸ô·Á ÀÖ¾ú´Ù.

Inside the office the work was going on rapidly. The door is opened and the guard calls Piotr Sidorov. Piotr Sidorov starts, crosses himself, and goes into a little room with a glass door, where the conscripts undress. A com¡©rade of Piotr Sidorov's, who has just been passed for service, and come naked out of the revision office, is dress¡©ing hurriedly, his teeth chattering. Sidorov has already heard the news, and can see from his face too that he has been taken. He wants to ask him questions, but they hurry him and tell him to make haste and undress. He throws off his pelisse, slips his boots off his feet, takes off his waistcoat and draws his shirt over his head, and naked, trembling all over, and exhaling an odor of tobacco, spirits, and sweat, goes into the revision office, not knowing what to do with his brawny bare arms.

»ç¹«½Ç ¾È¿¡¼­´Â ºü¸£°Ô ÀÛ¾÷ÀÌ ÁøÇàµÇ°í ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. ¹®ÀÌ ¿­¸®°í, È£À§º´ÀÌ ÇÇ¿äÆ®¸£ ½Ãµµ·ÎÇÁ¸¦ ºÎ¸¥´Ù. ÇÇŸE¸£ ½Ãµµ·ÎÇÁ°¡ Ãâ¹ßÇϰí, ½ÊÀÚ°¡¸¦ ±ß°í¼­, À¯¸®¹®ÀÌ ´Þ¸° ÀÛÀº ½Ç³»·Î µé¾î°£´Ù, ±×¸®°í ±×°÷¿¡¼­ ¡Áýº´Àº ¿ÊÀ» ¹þ´Â´Ù. ÇÇ¿äÆ®¸£ ½Ãµµ·ÎºêÀÇ Ä£±¸´Â, ¸· º´¿ª°Ë»ç¸¦ ÅëÇÏÇÏ°í¼­ ±³Á¤ »ç¹«½Ç¿¡¼­ ¹þÀº ä·Î ³ª¿Í¼­´Â, ¼­µÑ·¯¼­ ¿ÊÀ» ÀԴµ¥, ±×ÀÇ À̰¡ ´Ù´Ú°Å·È´Ù. ½Ãµµ·ÎÇÁ´Â ÀÌ¹Ì ±× ¼Ò½ÄÀ» µé¾ú´Ù, ±×¸®°í ±×ÀÇ ¾ó±¼À» º¸°í¼­ ¿ª½Ã ±×°¡ »ÌÇû´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ¾Ë ¼ö ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. ±×´Â ±×¿¡°Ô ¹°¾îº¸°í ½Í¾îÇÑ´Ù, ±×·¯³ª ±×µéÀÌ ±×µé ÀçÃËÇÑ´Ù ±×¸®°í ±×¿¡°Ô ¼­µÑ·¯¼­ ¿ÊÀ» ¹þÀ¸¶ó°í ¸í·ÉÇÑ´Ù. ±×´Â ¾ç¸ðÇǸ¦ ¹þ¾î ´øÁö°í, ¹ß¿¡¼­ ºÎÃ÷¸¦ ¹þÀ¸¸ç, »óÀǸ¦ ¹þ°í ¼ÅÃ÷¸¦ ¸Ó¸® À§·Î Àâ¾Æ ´ç±ä´Ù, ±×¸®°í ¹þÀº ä·Î, ¿Â ¸öÀ» ¶³¸é¼­, ±×¸®°í ´ã¹è, ¼ú ±×¸®°í ¶¡ ³¿»õ¸¦ µéÀÌ ¸¶½Ã¸ç, ±³Á¤ »ç¹«½Ç·Î µé¾î°¡´Âµ¥, ±×ÀÇ ¾ï¼¾ ¸Ç ÆÈµéÀ» ¾îÂîÇÒ ÁÙÀ» ¸ð¸¥´Ù.

Directly facing him in the revision office hangs in a great gold frame a portrait of the Tzar in full uniform with decora¡©tions, and in the corner a little portrait of Christ in a shirt and a crown of thorns. In the middle of the room is a table covered with green cloth, on which there are papers lying and a three-cornered ornament surmounted by an eagle-the zertzal. Round the table are sitting the revising officers, looking collected and indifferent. One is smoking a cigarette; another is looking through some papers. Directly Sidorov comes in, a guard goes up to him, places him under the measuring frame, raising him under his chin, and straightening his legs.

±³Á¤ »ç¹«½Ç ¾È¿¡¼­ ±×¸¦ Á¤¸éÀ¸·Î ¸¶ÁÖ º¸´Â °÷¿¡ ÈÆÀåµéÀ» °ÉÄ£ ¿ÏÀüÇÑ Á¦º¹À» ÀÔÀº ȲÁ¦ÀÇ ÃÊ»óÈ­°¡ Ä¿´Ù¶õ Ȳ±Ý Ʋ ¾È¿¡ °É·Á ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ±¸¼®¿¡´Â ¼ÅÃ÷¸¦ ÀÔ°í °¡½Ã °üÀ» ¾´ ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ ÃÊ»óÈ­°¡ °É·Á ÀÖ´Ù. ½Ç³»ÀÇ ÇѰ¡¿îµ¥´Â ÃÊ·Ï»ö õÀ¸·Î µ¤ÀΠüÀ̺íÀÌ ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ±× À§¿¡ ¼­·ùµéÀÌ ³õ¿© ÀÖ°í, Á¦Æ®ÀßÀ̶ó°í ÇÏ´Â µ¶¼ö¸®°¡ ¿Ã·ÁÁø »ï°¢ Àå½ÄÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù. Å×ÀÌºí µÑ·¹¿¡´Â ±³Á¤ Àå±³µéÀÌ ¾É¾Æ ÀÖ°í, Å¿¬ÇÏ°í ³Ã´ãÇØ º¸¿´´Ù. ÇÑ »ç¶÷Àº ´ã¹è¸¦ ¹°°í ÀÖ°í; ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷Àº ¾î¶² ¼­·ù¸¦ ¶Õ¾îÁö°Ô º¸°í ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. ½Ãµµ·ÎÇÁ°¡ µé¾î¿ÀÀÚ ¸¶ÀÚ, È£À§º´ ±×¿¡°Ô ´Ù°¡¿Í¼­´Â °èÃø´ë ¹Ø¿¡ ¼¼¿ì°í´Â, ±×¸¦ ±×ÀÇ ÅÎ ¹Ø¿¡ ¿À°ÔÇÏ°í ±×ÀÇ ´Ù¸®µéÀ» Æì°Ô Çß´Ù.

The man with the cigarette-he is the doctor-comes up, and without looking at the recruit's face, but somewhere beyond it, feels his body over with an air of disgust, measures him, tests him, tells the guard to open his mouth, tells him to breathe, to speak. Someone notes something down. At last without having once looked him in the face the doctor says, "Right. Next one!" and with a weary air sits down again at the table. The soldiers again hustle and hurry the lad. He somehow gets into his trousers, wraps his feet in rags, puts on his boots, looks for his scarf and cap, and bundles his pelisse under his arm. Then they lead him into the main hall, shutting him off apart from the rest by a bench, behind which all the conscripts who have been passed for service are wailing. Another village lad like himself, but from a distant province, now a soldier armed with a gun with a sharp-pointed bayonet at the end, keeps watch over him, ready to run him through the body if he should think of trying to escape.

´ã¹è¸¦ ¹°°í ÀÖ´Â ³²ÀÚ°¡-±×´Â Àǻ翴´Ù-´Ù°¡¿Ô´Ù, ±×¸®°í º¸Ã溴ÀÇ ¾ó±¼À» º¸Áöµµ ¾Ê°í, ±× ³Ñ¾î ¾îµò°¡¸¦ º¸¸é¼­, Áö°ã´Ù´Â Ç¥Á¤À¸·Î ±×ÀÇ ¸öÀ» ¸¸Á®º¸°í, Àç¾îº¸¸ç, °Ë»çÇϰí, È£À§º´¿¡°Ô ±×ÀÇ ÀÔÀ» ¹ú¸®¶ó°í ½Ã۰í, ±×¿¡°Ô ¼ûÀ» ½¬¾î º¸¶ó°í ÇÑ´Ù. ¾î¶² »ç¶÷Àº ¹«¾ùÀΰ¡¸¦ Àû°í ÀÖ´Ù. ¸¶Ä§³» ±×ÀÇ ¾ó±¼À» ÇÑ ¹øµµ ÃÄ´Ù º¸Áö ¾Ê°í¼­ ÀÇ»ç´Â ¸»ÇÑ´Ù, ¡°ÇÕ°Ý, ´ÙÀ½ »ç¶÷!¡± ±×¸®°í ÇǰïÇÑ ±â»öÀ¸·Î Å×ÀÌºí¿¡ ´Ù½Ã ¾É´Â´Ù. º´»çµéÀº ´Ù½Ã û³âÀ» ¹Ð¸é¼­ ¼­µÎ¸¥´Ù. ±×´Â ¾î¶µç ¹ÙÁö¸¦ ÀÔ°í, ´©´õ±â·Î ¹ßÀ» ½Î°í, ºÎÃ÷¸¦ ½ÅÀ¸¸ç, ¸ñµµ¸®¿Í ¸ðÀÚ¸¦ ã´Â´Ù, ±×¸®°í ±×ÀÇ ÆÈ ¾Æ·¡ ¾ç¸ðÇǸ¦ ì±ä´Ù. ±×¸®°í ³ªÀÚ ±×µéÀº ±×¸¦ Áß¾Ó È¦¿¡ ²ø°í°¡¼­ º¥Ä¡¸¦ °¡Áö°í ³ª¸ÓÁö »ç¶÷µé·ÎºÎÅÍ ¶¼¾î ³õ´Â´Ù, ±×¸®°í ±× µÚ·Î º¹¹«¿¡ ÇÕ°ÝÇÑ ¸ðµç ¡Áýº´µéÀÌ Åë°îÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù. ±×¿Í °°Àº ´Ù¸¥ ¸¶À»ÀÇ Ã»³âÀº, ¸Õ Áö¹æ¿¡¼­ ¿Ô´Âµ¥, Áö±Ý ³¯Ä«·Î¿î Ä®À» ´Ü ÃÑÀ¸·Î ¹«ÀåÇÑ ÇÑ º´»ç°¡ ±×¸¦ Áö۰í ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ¸¸ÀÏ ±×°¡ µµ¸Á°¥ »ý°¢ÀÌ¶óµµ ÇÑ´Ù¸é ±×ÀÇ ¸öÀ» Â Áغñ°¡ µÇ¾î ÀÖ´Ù.

Meantime the crowd of fathers, mothers, and wives, hustled by the police, are pressing round the doors to hear whose lad has been taken, whose is let off. One of the rejected comes out and announces that Piotr is taken, and at once a shrill cry is heard from Piotr's young wife, for whom this word "taken" means separation for four or five years, the life of a soldier's wife as a servant, often a pros¡©titute.

ÇÑÆí ¾Æ¹öÁöµé, ¾î¸Ó´Ïµé ±×¸®°í ¾Æ³»µéÀÇ ¹«¸®µéÀº, °æÂû¿¡ ÀÇÇØ ¹Ð·Á¼­, ´©±¸Áý û³âÀÌ ¼±¹ßµÇ¾úÀ¸¸ç, ´©°¡ Ç®·Á ³µ´ÂÁö µéÀ¸·Á°í ¹®µéÀ» ¹Ð¸é¼­ ¿¡¿ö½Î°í ÀÖ´Ù. °ÅºÎ´çÇÑ ÇÑ »ç¶÷ÀÌ ³ª¿Í¼­ ÇÇ¿äÆ®¸£°¡ ¼±¹ßµÇ¾ú´Ù°í ÀüÇØÁØ´Ù, ±×¸®°í ±Ý»õ ÇÇ¿äÆ®¸£ÀÇ ¾î¸° ¾Æ³»·ÎºÎÅÍ ³¯Ä«·Î¿î ºñ¸í¼Ò¸®°¡ µé¸°´Ù, ¿Ö³ÄÇÏ¸é ±×³à¿¡°Ô ¡°¼±¹ßµÇ¾ú´Ù¡±´Â °ÍÀº »ç ¿À ³â µ¿¾È À̺°À» ÀǹÌÇϱ⠶§¹®À̸ç, º´»çÀÇ ¾Æ³»ÀÇ »îÀº ÇϳàÀ̰ųª Á¾Á¾ â³à°¡ µÇ´Â °ÍÀ» ÀǹÌÇϱ⠶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù.

But here comes a man along the street with flowing hair and in a peculiar dress, who gets out of his droshky and goes into the Zemsky Court-house. The police clear a way for him through the crowd. It is the "reverend father" come to administer the oath. And this "father," who has been persuaded that he is specially and exclusively devoted to the service of Christ, and who, for the most part, does not himself see the deception in which he lives, goes into the hall where the conscripts are waiting. He throws round him a kind of curtain of brocade, pulls his long hair out over it, opens the very Gospel in which swearing is forbidden, takes the cross, the very cross on which Christ was crucified because he would not do what this false servant of his is telling men to do, and puts them on the lectern. And all these unhappy, defenseless, and deluded lads repeat after him the lie, which he utters with the assurance of familiarity.

±×·¯³ª ¿©±â¿¡ ³¯¸®´Â ¸Ó¸®Ä«¶ô°ú ƯÀÌÇÑ º¹ÀåÀ» ÇÑ »ç¶÷ÀÌ °Å¸®¸¦ µû¶ó¼­ ¿Â´Ù, ±×¸®°í ±×´Â »ç·û ¸¶Â÷¿¡¼­ ³ª¿Í Áª½ºÅ° ¹ý¿ø û»ç¿¡ µé¾î°£´Ù. °æÂûÀÌ ±ºÁßµé Æ´À¸·Î ±×ÀÇ ±æÀ» ¸¶·ÃÇØ ÁØ´Ù. ±×´Â ¼±¼­¸¦ ÁÖ°üÇÏ·¯ ¿À´Â ¡°½ÅºÎ´Ô¡±ÀÌ´Ù. ±×¸®°í ÀÌ ¡°½ÅºÎ¡±´Â Ưº°È÷ ±×¸®°í ¹èŸÀûÀ¸·Î ±×¸®½ºµµ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¿¹¹è¸¦ Àü´ãÇÑ´Ù°í ¹Ï¾îÁö´Âµ¥, ±×´Â ´ëüÀûÀ¸·Î, ½º½º·Î ±×°¡ »ç´Â °÷¿¡¼­´Â »ç±â¸¦ ¸ð¸£´Â »ç¶÷À¸·Î, ¡Áýº´µéÀÌ ±â´Ù¸®°í ÀÖ´Â ½Ç³»·Î µé¾î°£´Ù. ±×´Â ÀÏÁ¾ÀÇ ¾ç´Ü ĿưÀ» °ÉÄ¡°í, ±×ÀÇ ±ä ¸Ó¸®Ä«¶ôÀ» ±× À§·Î ´ç±â¸ç, ¸Í¼¼°¡ ±ÝÁöµÇ¾î ÀÖ´Â ¹Ù·Î ±× º¹À½¼­¸¦ ¿­°í, ½ÊÀÚ°¡¸¦ µç´Ù, ±×·±µ¥, ±×°ÍÀº ÀÌ °ÅÁþµÈ ±×ÀÇ Á¾ÀÌ »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô ÇàÇ϶ó°í ¸»ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ» ±×°¡ ÇàÇÏÁö ¾Ê±â ¶§¹®¿¡ ±×¸®½ºµµ°¡ ¸ø¹ÚÈù ¹Ù·Î ±× ½ÊÀÚ°¡À̸ç, ±×°ÍµéÀ» ¼º¼­´ë À§¿¡ ³õ´Â´Ù. ±×¸®°í ÀÌ ¸ðµç ºÒÇàÇϰí, ¹«·ÂÇϰí, ±â¸¸´çÇÑ Ã»³âµéÀº ±×µé µû¶ó¼­ °ÅÁþ¸»À» ¹Ýº¹Çϸç, ÀÌ °ÅÁþ¸»Àº ½ÅºÎ°¡ ´É¼÷ÇÑ È®½Å°¨À¸·Î ¸»ÇØÁØ´Ù.

He reads and they repeat after him:

±×´Â ÀÐ°í ±×µéÀ» ±×µé µû¶ó ¹Ýº¹ÇÑ´Ù:

"I promise and swear by Almighty God upon his holy Gospel," etc., "to defend," etc., and that is, to murder any¡©one I am told to, and to do everything I am told by men I know nothing of, and who care nothing for me except as an instrument for perpetrating the crimes by which they are kept in their position of power, and my brothers in their condition of misery. All the conscripts repeat these fero¡©cious words without thinking. And then the so-called "father" goes away with a sense of having correctly and conscientiously done his duty. And all these poor deluded lads believe that these nonsensical and incomprehensible words which they have just uttered set them free for the whole time of their service from their duties as men, and lay upon them fresh and more binding duties as soldiers.

¡°³ª´Â Àü´ÉÇϽŠÇϳª´Ô ¾Õ¿¡ ±×ÀÇ ¼º½º·¯¿î º¹À½¼­¿¡,¡± ¹× ±âŸ¡¦¿¡, ¡°¼ÕÀ» ¾ñ°í ¹æ¾îÇÒ °ÍÀ»,¡± ¹× ±âŸ¡¦¸¦ ¡°¾à¼ÓÇÏ¸ç ¸Í¼¼ÇÑ´Ù,¡± ±×¸®°í ´Ù½Ã ¸»Çϸé, ³»°¡ ¸í·É¹ÞÀº ´©±¸¶óµµ »ìÀÎÇϸç, ³»°¡ ¾Æ¹«°Íµµ ¸ð¸£¸ç ±×µéÀÌ ÀڽŵéÀ» ±Ç·ÂÀÇ À§Ä¡¿¡, ±×¸®°í ³ªÀÇ ÇüÁ¦µéÀ» ºÒÇàÀÇ »óÅ¿¡ ºÙµé¾î µÑ ¼ö ÀÖµµ·ÏÇÏ´Â ¹üÁ˵éÀ» ÀúÁö¸£°Ô ÇÏ´Â µµ±¸·Î¼­ ¿Ü¿¡´Â ³ª¿¡ ´ëÇØ °³ÀÇÄ¡ ¾Ê´Â »ç¶÷¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­ ¸í·É¹ÞÀº °ÍÀ» ¹«¾ùÀ̵ç ÇàÇÒ °ÍÀ» ¸»ÇÔÀÌ´Ù. ¸ðµç ¡Áýº´µéÀº À̵é ÀÜÀÎÇÑ ¸»µéÀ» »ý°¢Çغ¸Áöµµ ¾Ê°í µû¶ó ¿Ü¿î´Ù. ±×¸®°í ¼ÒÀ§ ¡°½ÅºÎ¡±´Â ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ Àǹ«¸¦ Á¤È®È÷ ±×¸®°í ¾ç½ÉÀûÀ¸·Î ÇàÇÏ¿´´Ù´Â ´À³¦À» °¡Áö°í °¡ ¹ö¸°´Ù. ±×¸®°í ÀÌ ¸ðµç »ç±â´çÇÑ Ã»³âµéÀº ±×µéÀÌ ¸· ¹ñ¾î³½ ÀÌµé ¹«ÀǹÌÇϸç ÀÌÇØÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø´Â ¸»µéÀÌ ±×µéÀÇ Àüü º¹¹« ±â°£ µ¿¾È »ç¶÷µé·Î¼­ ±×µéÀÇ Àǹ«µé·ÎºÎÅÍ ±×µéÀ» ÀÚÀ¯·Ó°Ô ÇÒ °ÍÀ̶ó°í ¹Ï´Â´Ù, ±×¸®°í ±×°Íµé À§¿¡ º´»ç·Î¼­ÀÇ »õ·Ó°í ´õ¿í ±¸¼ÓµÇ´Â Àǹ«µéÀ» ¼¼¿î´Ù.

And this crime is perpetrated publicly and no one cries out to the deceiving and the deceived: "Think what you are doing; this is the basest, falsest lie, by which not bodies only, but souls too, are destroyed."

±×¸®°í ÀÌ ¹üÁË´Â °ø°³ÀûÀ¸·Î ÀÚÇàµÇ¸ç ¾Æ¹«µµ ¼ÓÀÌ´Â »ç¶÷µé°ú ¼Ó´Â »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô ¼Ò¸®Ä¡Áö ¾Ê´Â´Ù: ¡°´ç½ÅµéÀÌ ¹«¾ùÀ» Çϰí ÀÖ´ÂÁö »ý°¢Ç϶ó; À̰ÍÀº °¡Àå õÇϰí À§¼±ÀûÀÎ °ÅÁþÀÌ´Ù, ±×°ÍÀ¸·Î ÀÎÇÏ¿© À°½Åµé »Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, ¿µÈ¥µé ¶ÇÇÑ ÆÄ±«µÈ´Ù.¡±

No one does this. On the contrary, when all have been enrolled, and they are to be let out again, the military offi¡©cer goes with a confident and majestic air into the hall where the drunken, cheated lads are shut up, and cries in a bold, military voice: "Your health, my lads! I congratu¡©late you on 'serving the Tzar!'" And they, poor fellows (someone has given them a hint beforehand), mutter awk¡©wardly, their voices thick with drink, something to the effect that they are glad.

¾Æ¹«µµ À̰ÍÀ» ÇàÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù. ¹Ý´ë·Î, ¸ðµç »ç¶÷µéÀÌ µî·ÏµÇ°í, ±×µéÀÌ ´Ù½Ã ³ª¿À°Ô µÉ ¶§¸é, ±º Àå±³µéÀº ÀÚ½ÅÀÖ°í À§¾öÀִ ŵµ·Î ¼úÃëÇÏ°í ±â¸¸´çÇÑ Ã»³âµéÀÌ °¤ÇôÀÖ´Â °­´ç¿¡ µé¾î°¡¼­, ¿ë°¨ÇÏ°í ±ºÀÎ´Ù¿î ¸ñ¼Ò¸®·Î ¼Ò¸®Ä£´Ù: ¡°¿©·¯ºÐÀ» ÃàÇÏÇÑ´Ù, û³âµéÀÌ¿©! ¡®È²Á¦²² ºÀ»çÇÏ´Â ´ç½ÅµéÀ»¡¯ ÃàÇÏÇÑ´Ù.¡± ±×¸®°í ±×µéÀº, ºÒ½ÖÇÑ Ä£±¸µéÀº (´©±º°¡°¡ ±×µé¿¡°Ô »çÀü¿¡ ¾Ï½Ã¸¦ ÁÖ¾ú´Ù), ¼úÀ» ¸¶¼Å¼­ °ÉÂïÇØÁø ±×µéÀÇ ¸ñ¼Ò¸®µéÀ», ±×µéÀÌ Áñ°Å¿öÇÏ´Â °Í °°Àº È¿°ú¿¡ ¾î¿ï¸®´Â ¾î¶² ¼Ò¸®¸¦ ¾î»öÇÏ°Ô Áß¾ó°Å¸°´Ù.

Meantime the crowd of fathers, mothers, and wives is standing at the doors waiting. The women keep their tear¡©ful eyes fixed on the doors. They open at last, and out come the conscripts, unsteady, but trying to put a good face on it. Here are Piotr and Vania and Makar trying not to look their dear ones in the face. Nothing is heard but the wailing of the wives and mothers. Some of the lads embrace them and weep with them, others make a show of courage, and others try to comfort them.

ÇÑÆí ¾Æ¹öÁöµé, ¾î¸Ó´Ïµé, ±×¸®°í ¾Æ³»µéÀÇ ¹«¸®µéÀº ¹®¿¡¼­ ±â´Ù¸®¸ç ¼­ ÀÖ´Ù. ¿©ÀÚµéÀº ±×µéÀÇ ´«¹°ÀÌ ±Û½éÀÌ´Â ´«µéÀ» ¹®µé¿¡ °íÁ¤½Ã۰í ÀÖ´Ù. ±×µéÀÌ ¸¶Ä§³» ¹®À» ¿¬´Ù, ±×¸®°í ¡Áýº´µéÀÌ ³ª¿Â´Ù, ºÒ¾ÈÁ¤ÇÏÁö¸¸ ±¦ÂúÀº Ç¥Á¤À» ÁöÀ¸·Á°í ³ë·ÂÇÑ´Ù. ¿©±â¿¡ ÇÇ¿äÆ®¸£ ±×¸®°í ¹Ù´Ï¾Æ ±×¸®°í ¸¶Ä«¸£°¡ ±×µéÀÇ »ç¶ûÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷µéÀ» ¾ó±¼·Î ¸¶ÁÖ ÃÄ´Ùº¸Áö ¾ÊÀ¸·Á°í ¾Ö¸¦ ¾´´Ù. ¿ÀÁ÷ ¾Æ³»µé°ú ¾î¸Ó´ÏµéÀÇ Åë°îÇÏ´Â ¼Ò¸®µé¸¸ µé¸°´Ù. û³âµé ÁßÀÇ ¸î ¸íÀº ±×µéÀ» ²¸¾È°í¼­ ±×µé°ú ÇÔ²² ¿ï°í, ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷µéÀº ¿ë°¨ÇÑ Ã´ÇÏ·Á Çϸç, ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷µéÀº ±×µéÀ» ¾È½É½ÃŰ·Á ¾Ö¸¦ ¾´´Ù.

The wives and mothers, knowing that they will be left for three, four, or five years without their breadwinners, weep and rehearse their woes aloud. The fathers say little. They only utter a clucking sound with their tongues and sigh mournfully, knowing that they will see no more of the steady lads they have reared and trained to help them, that they will come back not the same quiet hard-working labor¡©ers, but for the most part conceited and demoralized, unfitted for their simple life.

¾Æ³»µé°ú ¾î¸Ó´ÏµéÀº, ÀڽŵéÀÌ Áý¾ÈÀÇ ±âµÕµéÀÌ ¾øÀÌ »ï, »ç, ¶Ç´Â ¿À³â µ¿¾È ³²¾Æ ÀÖ°Ô µÉ °ÍÀ» ¾Ë°í¼­, ¿ï¸é¼­ ±×µéÀÇ ºñÅëÇÔÀ» Å«¼Ò¸®·Î ¹Ýº¹ÇÑ´Ù. ¾Æ¹öÁöµéÀº °ÅÀÇ ¸»À» ÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù. ±×µéÀº ¿ÀÁ÷ ÇôÂ÷´Â ¼Ò¸®¸¸ ³¾ »ÓÀ̸ç, ½½ÇÄÀ¸·Î ÇѼû Áþ´Â´Ù, ¿Ö³ÄÇÏ¸é ±×µéÀ̱׵éÀ» µ½µµ·Ï Ű¿ö ¿ÔÀ¸¸ç ÈÆ·Ã½ÃŲ µçµçÇÑ ¾ÆµéµéÀ» ´õ ÀÌ»óÀÌ º¼ ¼ö ¾øÀ¸¸ç, ±×µéÀº Á¶¿ëÈ÷ ¿­½ÉÈ÷ ÀÏÇÏ´Â ³ëµ¿Àڷΰ¡ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, ´ëºÎºÐÀÌ À¸½º´ë¸ç, ÀDZâ¼ÒÄ§ÇØÁö¸ç, ±×µéÀÇ ´Ü¼øÇÑ »î¿¡ ÀûÇÕÇÏÁö ¾Ê°Ô µ¹¾Æ ¿Ã °ÍÀÓÀ» ¾Ë°í Àֱ⠶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù.

And then all the crowd get into their sledges again and move away down the street to the taverns and pot-houses, and louder than ever sounds the medley of singing and sobbing, drunken shouts, and the wailing of the wives and mothers, the sounds of the accordion and oaths. They all turn into the taverns, whose revenues go to the govern¡©ment, and the drinking bout begins, which stifles their sense of the wrong which is being done them.

±×¸®°í³ªÀÚ ¸ðµç ±ºÁßµéÀº ´Ù½Ã ±×µéÀÇ ½ä¸ÅÀ» Ÿ°í °Å¸®ÀÇ ¼±¼úÁýµéÀ̳ª ÁÖ¸·Áýµé·Î ³»·Á°¬´Ù, ±×¸®°í ÀÌÀüº¸´Ù Å« ¼Ò¸®·Î, ³ë·¡ºÎ¸£°í Èå´À³¢¸ç, ¼úÃëÇØ ¼Ò¸®Áö¸£°í, ¾Æ³»µé°ú ¾î¸Ó´ÏµéÀÇ ¿ïºÎ¢´Â ¼Ò¸® ±×¸®°í ¾ÆÄÚµð¿Â°ú ¸Í¼¼ÀÇ ¼Ò¸®µé¸£·Î ½Ã²ô·¯¿ü´Ù. ±×µé ¸ðµÎ ¼úÁýµé·Î ÇâÇÑ´Ù, ±×¸®°í ¼úÁýµéÀÇ ¼öÀÔÀº Á¤ºÎ·Î °£´Ù, ±×¸®°í ¼ú¸¶½Ã±â ½ÃÇÕÀÌ ¹ú¾îÁö¸ç, ±×°ÍÀº ±×µé¿¡°Ô ÇàÇØÁö´Â À߸øµÈ ÀÏ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ºÐº°À» ¸¶ºñ½ÃŲ´Ù.

For two or three weeks they go on living at home, and most of that time they are "jaunting," that is, drinking.

ÀÌ »ï ÁÖ µ¿¾È ±×µéÀº Áý¿¡¼­ °è¼Ó ¸Ó¹«¸¥´Ù, ±×¸®°í ´ëºÎºÐÀÇ ½Ã°£¿¡ ±×µéÀº ³î¸é¼­ ½Ã°£À» º¸³½´Ù, Áï ¼úÀ» ¸¶½Å´Ù.

On a fixed day they collect them, drive them together like a flock of sheep, and begin to train them in the military exercises and drill. Their teachers are fellows like them¡©selves, only deceived and brutalized two or three years sooner. The means of instruction are: deception, stupe¡©faction, blows, and vodka. And before a year has passed these good, intelligent, healthy-minded lads will be as bru¡©tal beings as their instructors.

Á¤ÇØÁø ³¯¿¡ ±×µéÀÌ ±×µéÀ» ¼ÒÁýÇØ¼­, ¾ç¶¼Ã³·³ ±×µéÀ» ÇÔ²² ¸ô°í°¡¸ç, ±º´ëÀÇ¿¬½À°ú ÈÆ·ÃÀ¸·Î ±×µéÀ» ±æµéÀ̱⠽ÃÀÛÇÑ´Ù. ±×µéÀÇ ±³»çµéÀº Àڽŵé°ú °°Àº Ä£±¸µéÀ̸ç, ¿ÀÁ÷ ÀÌ »ï ³â ÀÏÂï ±â¸¸´çÇÏ°í ¾ß¸¸ÀûÀ¸·Î º¯Çß´Ù. ±³À° ¼ö´ÜÀº ´ÙÀ½°ú °°´Ù: ±â¸¸, ¸¶Ãë, ¸ùµÕÀÌ ±×¸®°í ¼úÀÌ´Ù. ±×¸®°í ÀÏ ³âÀÌ Áö³ª±â Àü¿¡, ÀÌµé ¼±Çϰí ÃѸíÇÏ°í °Ç°­ÇÑ ¸¶À½ÀÇ Ã»³âµéÀº ±×µéÀÇ ±³°üµéó·³ ¾ß¸¸ÀûÀÎ Á¸Àç·Î º¯ÇÒ °ÍÀÌ´Ù.

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Ȩ ] À§·Î ] ȸ°³Ç϶ó 1. ] [ È¸°³Ç϶ó 2. ] ȸ°³Ç϶ó 3. ] ȸ°³Ç϶ó 4. ] ȸ°³Ç϶ó 5. ] ȸ°³Ç϶ó 6. ]


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