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| CHAPTER XII. |
12
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|
CONCLUSION-REPENT YE, FOR THE KINGDOM OF HEAVEN IS AT
HAND. |
-ȸ϶,
ϳ ձ
϶.
|
|
|
|
1. |
|
|
1. Chance Meeting with a Train Carrying Soldiers to Restore Order Among
the Famishing Peasants-Reason of the Expedition-How the Decisions of the
Higher Authorities are Enforced in Cases of Insubordination on Part of
the Peasants-What Happened at Orel, as an Example of How the Rights of the
Propertied Classes are Maintained by Murder and Torture-All the Privileges
of the Wealthy are Based on Similar Acts of Violence. |
1.
ָ ε ̿ ȸϱ
¿ - -
Ƿµ ε 쿡 ־ Һ
ǵ鿡 Ǵ°- Ͼ°,
Ǹ ΰ Ǵ
- ڵ Ưǵ
鿡 ϰ ִ. |
|
|
|
I was finishing this book, which I had been working at for two years,
when I happened on the 9th of September to be traveling by rail through
the governments of Toula and Riazan, where the peasants were starving last
year and where the famine is even more severe now. At one of the railway
stations my train passed an extra train which was taking a troop of
soldiers under the conduct of the governor of the province, together with
muskets, cartridges, and rods, to flog and murder these same famishing
peasants. |
Ŵ ִ å
, 9
9
ε
ö ϰ ־µ,
װ ε
غ ־ ݺ
ɰߴ.
ö ź
ѵ ־Ʒ ٷ װ
ε ϰ ϱ Ͽ ,
,
ź,
ӽ ƴ. |
|
The punishment of flogging by way of carrying the decrees of the
authorities into effect has been more and more frequently adopted of late
in Russia, in spite of the fact that corporal punishment was abolished by
law thirty years ago. |
ü Ǿٴ ǿ
ұϰ,
籹 ɵ ϱ
μ ó ٷ þƿ
äõǾ ־. |
|
I had heard of this, I had even read in the newspapers of the fearful
floggings which had been inflicted in Tchernigov, Tambov, Saratov,
Astrakhan, and Orel, and of those of which the governor of Nijni-Novgorod,
General Bara-nov, had boasted. But I had never before happened to see men
in the process of carrying out these punishments. |
̰ ,
üϰ,
Ž,
,
ƽƮĭ 濡 ִ
鿡 ؼ,
װ͵鿡 ؼ
ѵ ٶ 屺 ڶϴ
Ź ؼ о.
̷ ó
ϴ ִ ȸ
. |
|
And here I saw the spectacle of good Russians full of the Christian
spirit traveling with guns and rods to torture and kill their starving
brethren. The reason for their expedition was as follows: |
⼭
ϰ ϱ ؼ Ѱ ̸
ϴ ö Ǹ þε鿡
Ÿ Ҵ.
̵
: |
|
On one of the estates of a rich landowner the peasants had common
rights on the forest, and having always enjoyed these rights, regarded the
forest as their own, or at least as theirs in common with the owner. The
landowner wished to keep the forest entirely to himself and began to
fell the trees. The peasants lodged a complaint. The judges in the first
instance gave an unjust decision (I say unjust on the authority of the
lawyer and governor, who ought to understand the matter), and decided the
case in favor of the landowner. All the later decisions, even that of the
senate, though they could see that the matter had been unjustly decided,
confirmed the judgment and adjudged the forest to the landowner. He began
to cut down the trees, but the peasants, unable to believe that such
obvious injustice could be done them by the higher authorities, did not
submit to the decision and drove away the men sent to cut down the trees,
declaring that the forest belonged to them and they would go to the Tzar
before they would let them cut it down. |
ϳ ε
Ǹ ,
Ǹ
Ͽ,
ų
ֿ Ͽ .
ְ
ڽ ;Ͽ
ѱ ߴ.
ε ߴ.
δ (
ؾ߸ ϴ ȣ ѵ 籹 δ
Ѵ),
ֿ ϰ Ͽ.
,
ȸ ,
δϰ ǰǾ
־,
Ȯϰ,
ֿԷ
ߴ.
״ ѱ ߴ,
ε,
ҹ 籹鿡 ؼ
鿡 ,
ʾ,
ѱ
Ѿ ,
鿡 ̸,
ѱ Ȳ ̶
ߴ. |
|
The matter was referred to Petersburg, and the order was transmitted to
the governor to carry the decision of the court into effect. The governor
asked for a troop of soldiers. And here were the soldiers with bayonets
and cartridges, and moreover, a supply of rods, expressly prepared for
the purpose and heaped up in one of the trucks, going to carry the
decision of the higher authorities into effect. |
θũ ̰Ǿ,
ѵ ϵ .
ѵ 븦 ûߴ.
Ѱ˰ źâ,
Դٰ,
̵ غ ,
Ͽ,
Ʈ Ѵ뿡 Ÿ,
籹 ϱ ؼ ִ ̴. |
|
The decisions of the higher authorities are carried into effect by
means of murder or torture, or threats of one or the other, according to
whether they offer resistance or not. |
籹 ,
ϴ° ƴ
ϴ° Ǵ Ǵ ڵ
ȴ. |
|
In the first case if the peasants offer resistance the practice is in
Russia, and it is the same everywhere where a state organization and
private property exist, as follows: |
ù° ,
ε Ѵٸ
þƸ ٸ,
ϴ ̳ Ȱ,
: |
|
The governor delivers an address in which he demands submission. The
excited crowd, generally deluded by their leaders, don't understand a
word of what the representative of authority is saying in the pompous
official language, and their excitement continues. Then the governor
announces that if they do not submit and disperse, he will be obliged to
have recourse to force. If the crowd does not disperse even on this, the
governor gives the order to fire over the heads of the crowd. If the crowd
does not even then disperse, the governor gives the order to fire straight
into the crowd; the soldiers fire and the killed and wounded fall about
the street. Then the crowd usually runs away in all directions, and the
troops at the governor's command take those who are supposed to be the
ringleaders and lead them off under escort. Then they pick up the dying,
the wounded, and the dead, covered with blood, sometimes women and
children among them. The dead they bury and the wounded they carry to the
hospital. Those whom they regard as the ringleaders they take to the town
hall and have them tried by a special court-martial. And if they have had
recourse to violence on their side, they are condemned to be hanged. And
then the gallows is erected. And they solemnly strangle a few defenseless
creatures. This is what has often been done in Russia, and is and must
always be done where the social order is based on force. |
ѵ 䱸ϴ ǥѴ.
ߵ,
ڵ鿡 ӾƼ,
籹
ǥڰ μ ϴ
Ѵ,
ӵȴ.
ѵ ϰ ػ ʴ´ٸ,
״
ۿ ٰ Ѵ.
̷
Կ ߵ ػ ʴ´ٸ,
ѵ
鿡 ϶ .
ػ ʴ´ٸ,
ѵ
ߵ鿡 ϶ ;
ϰ صǰ λ ڵ Ÿ Ѿ.
ߵ ̸ ,
ѵ ɿ ָڶ
ڵ ȣϿ .
ڵ,
λ ڵ,
ڵ ìܼ
,
Ƿ Ǿ,
δ γڿ
̵鵵 鿡 ִ.
ڵ ,
λ ڵ ǰ .
ָڵ̶
ڵ û Ư ȸǿ
ǹ Ѵ.
ʿ
Ͽٸ,
óѴ.
밡
.
ҽ ڵ
ϰ Ŵ δ.
̰ þƿ
̸,
ȸ ʵǴ
ݵ Ǵ
̴. |
|
But in the second case, when the peasants do submit, something quite
special, peculiar to Russia, takes place. The governor arrives on the
scene of action and delivers an harangue to the people, reproaching them
for their insubordination, and either stations troops in the houses of the
villages, where sometimes for a whole month the soldiers drain the
resources of the peasants, or contenting himself with threats, he
mercifully takes leave of the people, or what is the most frequent
course, he announces that the ringleaders must be punished, and quite
arbitrarily without any trial selects a certain number of men, regarded as
ringleaders, and commands them to be flogged in his presence. |
ι° 쿡,
ε Ѵٸ,
þƿ ſ Ư,
Ư Ͼ.
ѵ ġ ҿ Ÿ 鿡
ϸ鼭 Һ Ѵ,
δ ΰ鿡 ֵнѼ,
װ
δ ε ϰų,
ڵμ ϸ ںӰ ְų,
Ǵ μ,
ָڵ ݵ
óǾ Ѵٰ ϸ,
ǵ ġ ʰ
Ͽ,
ָڷ ,
װ տ
Ѵ. |
|
In order to give an idea of how such things are done I will describe a
proceeding of the kind which took place in Orel, and received the full
approval of the highest authorities. |
ϵ ֵ,
Ͽ ְ 籹ڵ
ó ϰڴ. |
|
This is what took place in Orel. Just as here in the Toula province, a
landlord wanted to appropriate the property of the peasants and just in
the same way the peasants opposed it. The matter in dispute was a fall of
water, which irrigated the peasants' fields, and which the landowner
wanted to cut off and divert to turn his mill. The peasants rebelled
against this being done. The landowner laid a complaint before the
district commander, who illegally (as was recognized later even by a legal
decision) decided the matter in favor of the landowner, and allowed him to
divert the water course. The landowner sent workmen to dig the conduit
by which the water was to be let off to turn the mill. The peasants were
indignant at this unjust decision, and sent their women to prevent the
landowner's men from digging this conduit. The women went to the
dykes, overturned the carts, and drove away the men. The landowner made a
complaint against the women for thus taking the law into their own hands.
The district commander made out an order that from every house throughout
the vilage one woman was to be taken and put in prison. The order was not
easily executed. For in every household there were several women, and it
was impossible to know which one was to be arrested. Consequently the
police did not carry out the order. The landowner complained to the
governor of the neglect on the part of the police, and the latter, without
examining into the affair, gave the chief official of the police strict
orders to carry out the instructions of the district commander without
delay. The police official, in obedience to his superior, went to the
village and with the insolence peculiar to Russian officials ordered his
policemen to take one woman out of each house. But since there were more
than one woman in each house, and there was no knowing which one was
sentenced to imprisonment, disputes and opposition arose. In spite of
these disputes and opposition, however, the officer of police gave orders
that some woman, whichever came first, should be taken from each household
and led away to prison. The peasants began to defend their wives and
mothers, would not let them go, and beat the police and their officer.
This was a fresh and terrible crime: resistance was offered to the
authorities. A report of this new offense was sent to the town. And so
this governor-precisely as the governor of Toula was doing on that
day-with a battalion of soldiers with guns and rods, hastily brought
together by means of telegraphs and telephones and railways, proceeded
by a special train to the scene of action, with a learned doctor whose
duty it was to insure the flogging being of an hygienic character.
Herzen's prophecy of the modern Ghenghis Khan with his telegrams is
completely realized by this governor. |
̰ Ͼ ̴.
̰
濡 ,
ְ
ϰ ; ε
װͿ Ͽ.
Ǿ
̾µ,
ε 翡 ,
ִ ؼ Ѱ
ߴ.
ִ ɰ ,
״ ҹ (ڿ Ͽ
ٿ )
װ ٲٵ Ͽ.
ε δ гߴ,
γڵ κε θ Ĵ
ߴ.
γڵ ռ
,
κε Ѿƹȴ.
ִ ̷ ؼ
γڵ ó Ϳ ؼ
ߴ.
ɰ
ٵ ߴ.
ʾҴ.
ֳϸ ٿ
γڵ ־,
üؾ
ƴ Ұ߱ ̴.
ᱹ
ʾҴ.
ִ ѵ ¸
ؼ ,
ѵ
ʰ,
忡 ü
ɰ õ ϵ ȴ.
,
ڿ ϱ ؼ,
þ Ư
ü϶
ȴ.
̻ ڵ
־Ƿ,
ƾ
Ƿ,
Ͼ.
̷
鿡 ұϰ,
,
̴
üϿ ߴ.
ε
Ƴ ģ ȣϱ Ͽ,
ߴ,
ȴ.
̰ ̰ ˿:
籹
̴.
ο ǿ û
.
ѵ-ٷ ׳ Ȯ
ѵ ϰ ִ ó- ȭ ö
̿Ͽ ѵ ̵ ϰ 븦,
Բ ҷ Ƽ,
ǰ Ȯ
ϴ ǹ нִ ǻ縦 뵿ϰ,
Ư
ҷ ߴ.
ѵ ؼ
¡⽺ĭ ȴ. |
|
Before the town hall of the district were the soldiery, a battalion of
police with their revolvers slung round them with red cords, the persons
of most importance among the peasants, and the culprits. A crowd of one
thousand or more people were standing round. The governor, on arriving,
stepped out of his carriage, delivered a prepared harangue, and asked for
the culprits and a bench. The latter demand was at first not understood.
But a police constable whom the governor always took about with him, and
who undertook to organize such executions-by no means exceptional in that
province-explained that what was meant was a bench for flogging. A bench
was brought as well as the rods, and then the executioners were summoned
(the latter had been selected beforehand from some horsestealers of the
same village, as the soldiers refused the office). When everything was
ready, the governor ordered the first of the twelve culprits pointed out
by the landowner as the most guilty to come forward. The first to come
forward was the head of a family, a man of forty who had always stood up
manfully for the rights of his class, and therefore was held in the
greatest esteem by all the villagers. He was led to the bench and
stripped, and then ordered to lie down. |
û ǹ տ ġ
,
,
ε ߿ ߿
ι,
ε ִ.
õ Ѵ
ߵ ѷ ִ.
ѵ ڸ,
ɾ ͼ,
غ Ѵ,
ε ۾븦 ´.
ѵ
ó ص ʴ´.
ѵ
뵿ϸ,
ó ϴ å
- 濡 ܴ ƴϴ-
ڸ ǹ Ѵ.
̿ ڸ ,
óڵ ȣȴ (̵,
źϹǷ,
̾
ξ).
غǾ ѵ ְ
˰ ũٰ θ ڵ
ù° Ѵ.
ù°
̸,
Ǹ ؼ 밨ϰ ʴ ڿ,
Ƿ 鿡
̾.
װ ڷ ,
,
ɹ´. |
|
The peasant attempted to supplicate for mercy, but seeing it was
useless, he crossed himself and lay down. Two police constables hastened
to hold him down. The learned doctor stood by, in readiness to give his
aid and his medical science when they should be needed. The convicts spit
into their hands, brandished the rods, and began to flog. It seemed,
however, that the bench was too narrow, and it was difficult to keep the
victim writhing in torture upon it. Then the governor ordered them to
bring another bench and to put a plank across them. Soldiers, with their
hands raised to their caps, and respectful murmurs of "Yes, your
Excellency," hasten obediently to carry out this order. Meanwhile the
tortured man, half naked, pale and scowling, stood waiting, his eyes fixed
on the ground and his teeth chattering. When another bench had been
brought they again made him lie down, and the convicted thieves again
began to flog him. |
δ ں û,
װ ҿ
˰ ڰ ´.
θ
ѷ ٵ.
нִ ǻ簡 Ͽ,
ʿ Ƿ Ǯ غ
.
տ ħ b ̵
ֵѷ Ѵ.
ڴ ʹ
Ƽ ڰ ϸ ƲⰡ
δ.
ѵ 鿡 ٸ ڸ ͼ
ڸ Ѵ.
,
ø鼭 ,
ϴ ߾Ÿ,
ϱ
漺 θ.
,
ϴ ,
ݳü,
âϸ,
ٸ ִµ,
ٴڿ Ǿ ,
̻
ٴڰŸ ִ.
ٸ ڰ ,
ٽ ,
ϵ ٽ
ϱ Ѵ. |
|
The victim's back and thighs and legs, and even his sides, became
more and more covered with scars and wheals, and at every blow there came
the sound of the deep groans which he could no longer restrain. In the
crowd standing round were heard the sobs of wives, mothers, children, the
families of the tortured man and of all the others picked out for
punishment. |
ٸ,
,
Ϳ ° ڱ ,
ĥ װ ̻
Ҹ ´.
ѷ ִ ߵ
ȿ ó ޱ
ٸ Ƴ,
Ӵϵ,
ڳ,
´. |
|
The miserable governor, intoxicated with power, was counting the
strokes on his fingers, and never left off smoking cigarettes, while
several officious persons hastened on every opportunity to offer him a
burning match to light them. When more than fifty strokes had been given,
the peasant ceased to shriek and writhe, and the doctor, who had been
educated in a government institution to serve his sovereign and his
country with his scientific attainments, went up to the victim, felt his
pulse, listened to his heart, and announced to the representative of
authority that the man undergoing punishment had lost consciousness, and
that, in accordance with the conclusions of science, to continue the
punishment would endanger the victim's life. But the miserable governor,
now completely intoxicated by the sight of blood, gave orders that the
punishment should go on, and the flogging was continued up to seventy
strokes, the number which the governor had for some reason fixed upon as
necessary. When the seventieth stroke had been reached, the governor said
"Enough! Next one!" And the mutilated victim, his back covered with
blood, was lifted up and carried away unconscious, and another was led up.
The sobs and groans of the crowd grew louder. But the representative of
the state continued the torture. |
ѽ ѵ,
Ƿ¿ Ǿ,
հ ֵθ Ƚ ־,
ǿ⸦ ʾ,
ȸ ѷ 迡 ̶
ɺ .
ʴ ̻ ,
δ Ҹ θ ߾,
ǻ,
μ ġڿ
ϵ Ҵ ,
ڿ
ٰ,
ƹ ,
Ϳ,
籹 ǥڿ ó ް ִ
ǽ Ҿ,
п ,
ó ϴ ·Ӱ
̶ ߴ.
ѽ ѵ,
Ǹ
Ǿ,
ó ϶
ȴ,
ĥ
ӵǾ,
ڴ ѵ
ʿϴٰ ־.
ĥ 뿡 ,
ѵ
ߴ !
!
ұ
ڴ ̰ ǰ ǽ Ҹ ·
ٸ Դ.
ߵ
Ҹ Ŀ.
ǥڴ ߴ. |
|
Thus they flogged each of them up to the twelfth, and each of them
received seventy strokes. They all implored mercy, shrieked and groaned.
The sobs and cries of the crowd of women grew louder and more
heart-rending, and the men's faces grew darker and darker. But they were
surrounded by troops, and the torture did not cease till it had reached
the limit which had been fixed by the caprice of the miserable
half-drunken and insane creature they called the governor. |
̷ Ͽ θ ϰ,
ڰ ĥʴ븦 ¾Ҵ.
ں ȣ߰,
ߴ.
γڵ
Ҹ Ŀ,
Ͽ,
ڵ Ǿ.
鿡 ؼ Ǿ ־,
ѵ̶ θ ѽϸ Ͽ
ġ ҽ Ѱ迡
ʾҴ. |
|
The officials, and officers, and soldiers not only assisted in it, but
were even partly responsible for the affair, since by their presence they
prevented any interference on the part of the crowd. |
,
屳,
Ӹ ƴ϶,
κ
å ־,
ֳϸ ڸ
־ν ߵ ұ ̴. |
|
When I inquired of one of the governors why they made use of this kind
of torture when people had already submitted and soldiers were stationed
in the village, he replied with the important air of a man who thoroughly
understands all the subtleties of statecraft, that if the peasants were
not thoroughly subdued by flogging, they would begin offering opposition
to the decisions of authorities again. When some of them had been
thoroughly tortured, the authority of the state would be secured forever
among them. |
ѵ ,
̹
Ͽ ε ֵϰ ,
̷ ϴ ,
ġ
̹Ե ó
µ ϸ鼭 ε ؼ ö
ﴩ ,
ٽ 籹 鿡
̶ ߴ.
߿
ö ϸ,
Ƿ ̿
Ȯ ̶ ߴ. |
|
And so that was why the Governor of Toula was going in his turn with
his subordinate officials, officers, and soldiers to carry out a similar
measure. By precisely the same means, i.e., by murder and torture,
obedience to the decision of the higher authorities was to be secured. And
this decision was to enable a young landowner, who had an income of one
hundred thousand, to gain three thousand rubles more by stealing a forest
from a whole community of cold and famished peasants, to spend it, in two
or three weeks in the saloons of Moscow, Petersburg, or Paris. That was
what those people whom I met were going to do. |
Ͽ װ ѵ
쿡 ϱ Ͽ
屳,
Բ ⵿
.
Ȯϰ ,
,
ΰ
ؼ,
籹
Ȯ ־.
μ,
ʸ
̴ ְ,
ε ü
üκ Ͽ õ ̻
־,
ũٳ,
θũ Ǵ ĸ ֵ
̴.
װ Ϸ ϴ
̾. |
|
After my thoughts had for two years been turned in the same direction,
fate seemed expressly to have brought me face to face for the first time
in my life with a fact which showed me absolutely unmistakably in practice
what had long been clear to me in theory, that the organization of our
society rests, not as people interested in maintaining the present order
of things like to imagine, on certain principles of jurisprudence, but on
simple brute force, on the murder and torture of men. |
Ȱ ڿ,
Ͽ ֿ ó
̷ иߴ
־ Ʋ شٴ
ϰ Ͽ,
,
츮 ȸ 繰
Կ ϱ
ν Ư 鿡
ƴ϶,
ܼϸ ߸ ,
ϰ
Կ Ѵٴ ش. |
|
People who own great estates or fortunes, or who receive great revenues
drawn from the class who are in want even of necessities, the working
class, as well as all those who like merchants, doctors, artists, clerks,
learned professors, coachmen, cooks, writers, valets, and barristers, make
their living about these rich people, like to believe that the privileges
they enjoy are not the result of force, but of absolutely free and just
interchange of services, and that their advantages, far from being gained
by such punishments and murders as took place in Orel and several parts
of Russia this year, and are always taking place all over Europe and
America, have no kind of connection with these acts of violence. They like
to believe that their privileges exist apart and are the result of free
contract among people; and that the violent cruelties perpetrated on the
people also exist apart and are the result of some general judicial,
political, or economical laws. They try not to see that they all enjoy
their privileges as a result of the same fact which forces the peasants
who have tended the forest, and who are in the direct need of it for fuel,
to give it up to a rich landowner who has taken no part in caring for its
growth and has no need of it whatever-the fact, that is, that if they
don't give it up they will be flogged or killed. |
û Ը ų,
ǰ ,
뵿 κ
̾Ƴ û Ե Ӹ ƴ϶,
ε,
ǻ,
,
繫,
нִ ,
ε,
丮,
۰,
ε,
ȣó
̷ ֺ ϴ
,
ϴ Ưǵ μ
ƴ϶,
Ӱ
ȯμ ̸,
͵ ݳ
þ 濡 ,
̳ Ƹī ϴ
ó̳ ε鿡 ؼ Ŀ ̷
ƹ 谡 ٰ ϱ⸦
Ѵ.
ڽŵ Ưǵ ̸,
ο ̸;
鿡 ħ Ȥ 鵵
ϸ Ϲ ,
ġ,
Ǵ Ģ ϱ⸦ Ѵ.
پ Ḧ װ ʿ
ε Ͽ,
忡 ƹ
ʾ װ ʿġ
ֿ 絵ϰ ϴ Ȱ -,
ʴ´ٸ ϰų ص ̶
- μ ΰ Ưǵ
Ѵٴ Ѵ. |
|
And yet if it is clear that it was only by means of menaces, blows, or
murder, that the mill in Orel was enabled to yield a larger income, or
that the forest which the peasants had planted became the property of a
landowner, it should be equally clear that all the other exclusive rights
enjoyed by the rich, by robbing the poor of their necessities, rest on the
same basis of violence. If the peasants, who need land to maintain their
families, may not cultivate the land about their houses, but one man, a
Prussian, English, Austrian, or any other great landowner, possesses
land enough to maintain a thousand families, though he does not cultivate
it himself, and if a merchant profiting by the misery of the cultivators,
taking corn from them at a third of its value, can keep this corn in his
granaries with perfect security while men are starving all around him, and
sell it again for three times its value to the very cultivators he bought
it from, it is evident that all this too comes from the same cause. And if
one man may not buy of another a commodity from the other side of a
certain fixed line, called the frontier, without paying certain duties on
it to men who have taken no part whatever in its production- and if men
are driven to sell their last cow to pay taxes which the government
distributes among its functionaries, and spends on maintaining soldiers to
murder these very taxpayers-it would appear self-evident that all this
does not come about as the result of any abstract laws, but is based on
just what was done in Orel, and which may be done in Toula, and is done
periodically in one form or another throughout the whole world wherever
there is a government, and where there are rich and poor. |
ڵ,
ָ,
Ǵ ο
ؼ,
ų,
ε ɾ Ǿٴ
иϴٸ,
ڵ鿡Լ ǰ
ν,
θ ڵ鿡 ؼ Ǵ
ٸ Ÿ Ǹ ݿ
Ȱ иϴ.
,
ξϱ ؼ ʿ ϴ ε
,
,
þ,
,
Ʈ,
Ǵ ٸ
Ŵ ְ õ ξϱ
Ѵٸ,
ġ
Ͽ ν ڵ
,
ֺ
ִ â ö
ϰ ξٰ,
װ ٷ
ڵ鿡 ġ 踦 ް ٽ Ǵٸ,
ο иϴ.
ǰ 꿡
鿡 Ư ʰ,
ٸ κ ̶ϴ Ư Ѱ輱
κ ǰ ٸ-
Ҹ ȷ ΰ 鿡
ָ,
ٷ ̵ ڵ ϱ
ϱ ݵ ؾ߸
ȴٸ- μ
ʷ ƴ϶,
ó,
̸,
ΰ ,
ڵ ڵ ִ ̸
̷ ·μ ֱ
ٷ װͿ ϰ ڸ
̴. |
|
Simply because torture and murder are not employed in every instance of
oppression by force, those who enjoy the exclusive privileges of the
ruling classes persuade themselves and others that their privileges are
not based on torture and murder, but on some mysterious general causes,
abstract laws, and so on. Yet one would think it was perfectly clear that
if men, who consider it unjust (and all the working classes do consider it
so nowadays), still pay the principal part of the produce of their labor
away to the capitalist and the landowner, and pay taxes, though they know
to what a bad use these taxes are put, they did so not from recognition of
abstract laws of which they have never heard, but only because they know
they will be beaten and killed if they don't do so. |
ܼ ¿ 쿡
ʴ´ٰ Ͽ,
Ÿ Ư ϴ ο ٸ
鿡 Ưǵ ο
ƴ϶,
ź Ϲ ε,
,
̶ Ű Ѵ.
,
츮 װ δϴٰ
( ó 뵿 װ
),
̷ ݵ 뵵
Ǵ ˸鼭,
ں ֵ鿡
뵿 깰 ֵ κ ġ,
ݵ
ģٸ,
νκ ƴ϶,
ʴ´ٸ ϰ ش
˰ ֱ ʹ иϴٰ ̴. |
|
And if there is no need to imprison, beat, and kill men every time the
landlord collects his rents, every time those who are in want of bread
have to pay a swindling merchant three times its value, every time the
factory hand has to be content with a wage less than half of the profit
made by the employer, and every time a poor man pays his last ruble in
taxes, it is because so many men have been beaten and killed for trying to
resist these demands, that the lesson has now been learnt very
thoroughly. |
,
ְ ۷Ḧ ¡ ,
ʿ ϴ ο 質 ΰ
ؾ ,
ϲ ְ
ݵ ȵǴ ӱݿ ؾ ,
ؾ ,
ϰ,
ϸ,
ʿ䰡 ٸ,
װ ʹ
̵ 䱸鿡 Ϸ ϴٰ Ÿ°
صǾ,
н ʹ öϰ
Ǿ ̴. |
|
Just as a trained tiger, who does not eat meat put under his nose, and
jumps over a stick at the word of command, does not act thus because he
likes it, but because he remembers the red-hot irons or the fast with
which he was punished every time he did not obey; so men submitting to
what is disadvantageous or even ruinous to them, and considered by them as
unjust, act thus because they remember what they suffered for resisting
it. |
ġ,
տ ⸦ ʰ ɿ
پ Ѵ Ʒù ȣ̴,
װ ϱ ƴ϶
װ ó Ӱ ޱ ̳ ܽ
ó;
鿡 Ҹϰų,
طο,
δϴٰ ϴ Ϳ ϴ ,
װͿ
ϱ
ൿѴ. |
|
As for those who profit by the privileges gained by previous acts of
violence, they often forget and like to forget how these privileges were
obtained. But one need only recall the facts of history, not the history
of the exploits of different dynasties of rulers, but real history, the
history of the oppression of the majority by a small number of men, to see
that all the advantages the rich have over the poor are based on nothing
but flogging, imprisonment, and murder. |
鿡 ؼ Ưǵ鿡 ؼ
̵ 鿡 ؼ,
ؼ ̵ Ưǵ ؾ ų ؾ
⸦ Ѵ.
ǵ,
ڵ 簡 ƴ϶,
,
Ҽ 鿡 ټ 鿡
縦 ٸ,
ڵ
ڵ鿡 ͵
,
ο ϰ ݰ ȴ. |
|
One need but reflect on the unceasing, persistent struggle of all to
better their material position, which is the guiding motive of men of the
present day, to be convinced that the advantages of the rich over the poor
could never and can never be maintained by anything but force. |
ڽŵ Ű ,
Ӿ,
,
̰ ó
ħ̵Ǵ ٸ,
ڵ ڵ鿡 ͵ ¿
ʰ ,
ݰ ȴ. |
|
There may be cases of oppression, of violence, and of punishments,
though they are rare, the aim of which is not to secure the privileges of
the propertied classes. But one may confidently assert that in any society
where, for every man living in ease, there are ten exhausted by labor,
envious, covetous, and often suffering with their families from direct
privation, all the privileges of the rich, all their luxuries and
superfluities, are obtained and maintained only by tortures, imprisonment,
and murder. |
,
ó,
幰
Ưǵ ϱ ƴ
鵵 ̴.
ȸ,
ȶϰ Դ,
뵿
ϸ,
ñϰ ϸ,
,
ڵ Ưǵ,
ȣȭ ġ,
,
,
ؼ ȴٴ Ȯ
̴. |
|
|
|