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¡°THE KINGDOM OF GOD 
IS WITHIN YOU.¡±

¡°Çϳª´ÔÀÇ  ³ª¶ó´Â  ³ÊÈñ ¾È¿¡ ÀÖ´À´Ï¶ó.¡±


by Leo Tolstoy

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CHAPTER XI.  Á¦ 11 Àå 

THE CHRISTIAN CONCEPTION OF LIFE HAS ALREADY ARISEN IN OUR SOCIETY, AND WILL INFALLIBLY PUT AN END TO THE PRESENT ORGANIZATION OF OUR LIFE BASED ON FORCE-WHEN THAT WILL BE.

±âµ¶±³Àû »îÀÇ °³³äÀº ÀÌ¹Ì ¿ì¸® »çȸ¿¡ »ý°Ü³µ´Ù, ±×¸®°í Ʋ¸²¾øÀÌ Æø·Â¿¡ ÀÇÁ¸Çϰí ÀÖ´Â ÇöÀçÀÇ ¿ì¸®ÀÇ »îÀÇ Á¶Á÷À» ³¡³¾ °ÍÀÌ´Ù-±×°ÍÀÌ ¾ðÁ¦°¡ µÇ´õ¶óµµ.

The Condition and Organization of our Society are Terrible, but they Rest only on Public Opinion, and can be Destroyed by it-Already Violence is Regarded from a Different Point of View; the Number of those who are Ready to Serve the Government is Diminishing; and even the Servants of Government are Ashamed of their Position, and so often Do Not Perform their Duties-These Facts are all Signs of the Rise of a Public Opinion, which Continually Growing will Lead to No One being Willing to Enter Government Service-Moreover, it Becomes More and More Evident that those Offices are of No Practical Use-Men already Begin to Understand the Futility of all Institutions Based on Violence, and if a Few already Understand it, All will One Day Understand it-The Day of Deliverance is Unknown, but it Depends on Men Themselves, on how far Each Man Lives According to the Light that is in Him.

¿ì¸® »çȸÀÇ »óȲ°ú Á¶Á÷Àº ¹«¼·´Ù, ±×·¯³ª ±×µéÀº ¿ÀÁ÷ ¿©·Ð¿¡ ÀÇÁöÇϸç, ±×°Í¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­ ÆÄ±«µÉ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù-ÀÌ¹Ì Æø·ÂÀº ´Ù¸¥ °üÁ¡À¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ¿©°ÜÁö°í ÀÖ´Ù, Á¤ºÎ¿¡ ¹«Á¶°Ç º¹Á¾ÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷µéÀÇ ¼ýÀÚ´Â ÁÙ¾îµé°í ÀÖ´Ù, ±×¸®°í ½ÉÁö¾î Á¤ºÎÀÇ °ü¸®µéµµ ±×µéÀÇ ÁöÀ§¸¦ ºÎ²ô·¯¿öÇϰí ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ÀÚÁÖ ±×µéÀÇ Àǹ«µéÀ» ¼öÇàÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù-ÀÌ·± »ç½ÇµéÀº ¿©·ÐÀÌ »ý°Ü³²ÀÇ ¸ðµç ¡ǥ·Î¼­, ±× Áö¼ÓÀûÀ¸·Î ¼ºÀåÇÏ´Â ÀÇÁö´Â ¾î´À ´©±¸µµ ½º½º·Î Á¤ºÎ¿¡ º¹Á¾ÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù-´õ¿íÀÌ, ±×·± °üÁ÷µéÀº ¾Æ¹«·± ½Ç¿ëÀû Á¡Á¡ °¡Ä¡°¡ ¾ø¾îÁø´Ù-»ç¶÷µéÀº ÀÌ¹Ì Æø·Â¿¡ ±âÃÊÇϰí ÀÖ´Â ¸ðµç ±â°üµéÀÇ ¹«¿ëÇÔÀ» ±ú´Ý±â ½ÃÀÛÇÑ´Ù, ±×¸®°í ¾ðÁ¨°¡´Â ¸ðµÎ´Ù ±×°ÍÀ» ±ú´ÞÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù-±¸¿øÀÇ ³¯Àº ¾Ë·ÁÁ® ÀÖÁö ¾Ê´Ù, ±×·¯³ª »ç¶÷µé Àڽſ¡°Ô, ¾ó¸¶³ª ±íÀÌ Á¦°¢±â »ç¶÷ÀÌ ±×ÀÇ ¾È¿¡ ÀÖ´Â ºû¿¡ µû¶ó »ç´Â°¡¿¡ ´Þ·ÁÀÖ´Ù.

The position of Christian humanity with its prisons, galleys, gibbets, its factories and accumulation of capital, its taxes, churches, gin-palaces, licensed brothels, its ever-increasing armament and its millions of brutalized men, ready, like chained dogs, to attack anyone against whom their master incites them, would be terrible indeed if it were the product of violence, but it is preeminently the product of public opinion. And what has been established by public opinion can be destroyed by public opinion-and, indeed, is being destroyed by public opinion.

°¨¿Áµé, ³ë¿¹¼±, ±³¼ö´ë, °øÀåµé ±×¸®°í ÀÚº»ÀÇ ÃàÀû, ¼¼±Ýµé, ±³È¸µé, ¼úÁýµé, Çã°¡¹ÞÀº ¸ÅÃá±¼, ¸¶Ä¡ ÁÙ¿¡ ¹­ÀÎ °³¶¼µé ó·³, ±×µéÀÇ ÁÖÀÎÀÌ ¸í·ÉÇÏ¸é ´©±¸¶óµµ °ø°ÝÇÒ Áغñ°¡ µÇ¾î ÀÖ´Â Áü½Â °°Àº »ç¶÷µéÀÇ ±º´ë¿Í ¼ö¹é¸¸ÀÇ »ç¶÷µé°ú ÇÔ²²ÇÏ´Â ±âµ¶±³ ÀηùÀÇ »óȲÀº Á¤¸» ±×°ÍÀÌ Æø·ÂÀÇ »ê¹°À̶ó¸é °øÆ÷½º·¯¿ï °ÍÀÌ´Ù, ±×·¯³ª ±×°ÍÀº ¾ÐµµÀûÀ¸·Î ¿©·ÐÀÇ »ê¹°ÀÌ´Ù. ±×¸®°í ¿©·Ð¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­ ¼¼¿öÁø °ÍÀº ¿©·ÐÀ¸·Î¼­ ÆÄ±«µÉ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù-±×¸®°í, »ç½Ç, ¿©·Ð¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­ ÆÄ±«µÇ°í ÀÖ´Ù.

Money lavished by hundreds of millions, tens of millions of disciplined troops, weapons of astounding destructive power, all organizations carried to the highest point of perfection, a whole army of men charged with the task of deluding and hypnotizing the people, and all this, by means of electricity which annihilates distance, under the direct control of men who regard such an organization of society not only as necessary for profit, but even for self-preserva¡©tion, and therefore exert every effort of their ingenuity to preserve it-what an invincible power it would seem! And yet we need only imagine for a moment what will really inevitably come to pass, that is, the Christian social standard replacing the heathen social standard and estab¡©lished with the same power and universality, and the majority of men as much ashamed of taking any part in violence or in profiting by it, as they are to-day of thiev¡©ing, swindling, begging, and cowardice; and at once we see the whole of this complex, and seemingly powerful organization of society falls into ruins of itself without a struggle.

¼ö¾ï, ¼öõ ¸¸ÀÇ ÈÆ·ÃµÈ ±º´ëµé, ³î¶ó¿ì¸®¸¸Ä¡ ÆÄ±«ÀûÀÎ ÈûÀ» °¡Áø ¹«±âµé, ¿Ï¼ºÀÇ ±ØÄ¡¿¡ ´Ù´Ù¸¥ ¸ðµç Á¶Á÷µé, »ç¶÷µéÀ» ¼ÓÀÌ°í ¸¶ºñ½ÃŰ´Â ÀÓ¹«¸¦ ¶í Àüü »ç¶÷µéÀÇ ±º´ë, ±×¸®°í ÀÌ ¸ðµç °Íµé, ¸Õ °Å¸®¿¡¼­µµ Àü¸ê½ÃŰ´Â Àü±â¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­, ±×·¯ÇÑ »çȸ Á¶Á÷À» ÀÌÀÍÀ» À§Çؼ­ »Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó Àڱ⠺¸Á¸À» À§Çؼ­ ÇÊ¿äÇÏ´Ù°í ¿©±â¸ç, ±×·¯¹Ç·Î ±×°ÍÀ» Áö۱â À§Çؼ­ ±×µéÀÇ Ã¢ÀÇ·ÂÀ» ÅëÇÑ ¸ðµç ³ë·ÂÀ» Çà»çÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷µéÀ» Á÷Á¢ ÅëÁ¦Çϱâ À§ÇÏ¿© ÀçÁ¤ÀÌ ³¶ºñµÈ´Ù-±× ¾ó¸¶³ª ¹«³Ê¶ß¸± ¼ö ¾ø´Â ÈûÀÌ ¾Æ´Ñ°¡! ±×·¯³ª ¿ì¸®´Â ¿ÀÁ÷ Àá½Ãµ¿¾È ½ÇÁ¦ ¹«½¼ ÀÏÀÌ ÀÏ¾î ³¯ °ÍÀÎÁö »ó»óÇØ º¸±â¸¸ ÇÏ¸é µÈ´Ù, Áï, À̱³Àû »çȸÀû ¿ø¸®¸¦ ´ëüÇÏ°í ¶È °°Àº Èû°ú º¸Æí¼ºÀ¸·Î ¼º¸³µÈ ±âµ¶ÀûÀÎ »çȸÀû ¿ø¸®, ±×¸®°í ±×·± °Íµé·Î ÀÌÀÍÀ» ÃëÇÔÀ̳ª Æø·Â¿¡ Âü°¡ÇÔÀ» ±×¸¸Å­ ¼öÄ¡½º·¯¿ö ÇÏ´Â ´ëºÎºÐÀÇ »ç¶÷µéÀ» »ó»óÇØº¸¶ó, ±×µéÀº ¿À´Ã³¯, µµµÏÁúÇϸç, ¼ÓÀ̰í, ¾Ö¿øÇÏ°í ºñ°ÌÇÏ´Ù; ±×¸®°í ´çÀå ¿ì¸®´Â ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ º¹ÀâÇϰí À졧 °­·ÂÇÑ Àüü »çȸ Á¶Á÷ÀÌ ÅõÀïÇÏÁöµµ ¾Ê°í¼­ ¸ê¸ÁÀ¸·Î ¹«³ÊÁö´Â °ÍÀ» º¸°ÔµÈ´Ù.

And to bring this to pass, nothing new need be brought before men's minds. Only let the mist, which veils from men's eyes the true meaning of certain acts of violence, pass away, and the Christian public opinion which is spring¡©ing up would overpower the extinct public opinion which permitted and justified acts of violence. People need only come to be as much ashamed to do deeds of violence, to assist in them or to profit by them, as they now are of being, or being reputed a swindler, a thief, a coward, or a beggar. And already this change is beginning to take place. We do not notice it just as we do not notice the movement of the earth, because we are moved together with everything around us.

±×¸®°í ÀÌ·± ÀÏÀÌ ÀÏ¾î ³ª·Á¸é, »ç¶÷µéÀÇ ¸¶À½ ¾Õ¿¡ »õ·Î¿î ¾î¶² °ÍÀ» Á¦½ÃÇÒ ÇÊ¿ä´Â ¾ø´Ù. ¿ÀÁ÷ »ç¶÷µéÀÇ ´«¿¡¼­ ƯÁ¤ÇÑ Æø·Â ÇàÀ§µéÀÇ ÁøÁ¤ÇÑ Àǹ̸¦ °¡¸®´Â ¾È°³¸¸ »ç¶óÁø´Ù¸é, ¼Ú¾Æ ¿Ã¶ó¿À´Â ±âµ¶±³Àû ¿©·ÐÀÌ Æø·Â ÇàÀ§µéÀ» Çã¿ëÇϰí Á¤´çÈ­½ÃÄ×´ø ¼Ò¸êµÈ ¿©·ÐÀ» ¾ÐµµÇÒ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. »ç¶÷µéÀº ¿ÀÁ÷ Æø·Â ÇàÀ§µéÀ» ÇàÇÔ°ú, ±×°Íµé·Î¼­ ÀÌÀÍÀ» º¸·Á´Â »ç¶÷µéÀ» µ½´Â °ÍÀº, ÀÌÁ¦ ¸¸ÃµÇÏÀÇ »ç±â²ÛÀ̸ç, µµµÏ, ºñ°ÌÀÚ, ¶Ç´Â °Å··¹ðÀÌÀÓÀ» ºÎ²ô·¯¿ö ÇÏ¸é µÉ »ÓÀÌ´Ù. ±×¸®°í ÀÌ¹Ì ÀÌ·± º¯È­´Â ÀϾ±â ½ÃÀÛÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù. ¿ì¸®°¡ ¸¶Ä¡ Áö±¸ÀÇ ¿òÁ÷ÀÓÀ» ´À³¢Áö ¸øÇϵíÀÌ ¿ì¸®´Â ±×°ÍÀ» ´À³¢Áö ¸øÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù, ¿Ö³ÄÇÏ¸é ¿ì¸® ÁÖº¯ÀÇ ¸ðµç °Í°ú ÇÔ²² ¿ì¸®°¡ ¿òÁ÷¿© Áö±â ¶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù.

It is true that the organization of society remains in its principal features just as much an organization based on violence as it was one thousand years ago, and even in some respects, especially in the preparation for war and in war itself, it appears still more brutal. But the rising Christian ideal, which must at a certain stage of development replace the heathen ideal of life, already makes its influence felt. A dead tree stands apparently as firmly as ever-it may even seem firmer because it is harder-but it is rotten at the core, and soon must fall. It is just so with the present order of society, based on force. The external aspect is unchanged. There is the same division of oppressors and oppressed, but their view of the significance and dignity of their respective positions is no longer what it once was.

»çȸ Á¶Á÷Àº ±× ±Ùº»ÀûÀΠƯ¡¿¡ À־ õ ³â Àü¿¡ Æø·Â¿¡ ±âÃÊÇÏ´ø Á¶Á÷°ú Á¤¸» ¶È°°À¸¸ç, ½ÉÁö¾î ¾î¶² ¸é¿¡¼­´Â ƯÈ÷ ÀüÀïÀÇ Áغñ³ª ÀüÀï ±× ÀÚü¿¡¼­ ÈξÀ´õ ÀÜÀÎÇØ º¸Àδٴ °ÍÀÌ »ç½ÇÀÌ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ÀϾ°í ÀÖ´Â ±âµ¶±³ÀûÀÎ ÀÌ»óÀº, ±×°ÍÀº ƯÁ¤ÇÑ ¹ßÀüÀÇ ´Ü°è¿¡¼­ ¹Ýµå½Ã À̱³ÀûÀÎ »îÀÇ ÀÌ»óÀ» ´ëÃ¼ÇØ¾ß ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ¸·Î¼­, ÀÌ¹Ì ±× ¿µÇâÀÌ ´À²¸Áö°Ô Çϰí ÀÖ´Ù. Á×Àº ³ª¹«´Â °ÑÀ¸·Î º¸±â¿¡µµ ¿©ÀüÈ÷ ´Ü´ÜÇÑ °Íó·³ ¼­ÀÖ´Ù-±×°ÍÀº ½ÉÁö¾î ±×°ÍÀÌ ´õ ´Ü´ÜÇϱ⠶§¹®¿¡ ´õ¿í È®°íÇÑ °Íó·³ º¸ÀÏ °ÍÀÌ´Ù-±×·¯³ª ±×°ÍÀº ½ÉÃþºÎÅÍ ½â¾úÀ¸¸ç, °ð ³Ñ¾îÁø´Ù. ±×°ÍÀº Èû¿¡ ±âÃÊÇϰí ÀÖ´Â ÇöÀçÀÇ »çȸÁú¼­¿Íµµ Á¤¸» ¶È°°´Ù. ¿ÜÀûÀÎ ¾ç»óÀº º¯ÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù. ¾ðÁ¦³ª ¾ï¾ÐÇÏ´Â ÀÚ¿Í ¾ï¾Ð¹Þ´Â ÀÚÀÇ ±¸º°ÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù, ±×·¯³ª ±×°ÍµéÀÇ Áß¿äÇÔ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ½Ã°¢ ±×¸®°í ±×µéÀÇ »ó´ëÀûÀÎ ÀÔÀåµéÀÇ ±Ù¾öÇÔÀº ÀÌÁ¦ °ú°Å¿¡ ±×·¯Çß´ø °ÍÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï´Ù.

The oppressors, that is, those who take part in govern¡©ment, and those who profit by oppression, that is, the rich, no longer imagine, as they once did, that they are the elect of the world, and that they constitute the ideal of human happiness and greatness, to attain which was once the highest aim of the oppressed.

¾ï¾ÐÇÏ´Â ÀÚµé, Áï, Á¤ºÎ¿¡ Âü¿©ÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷µé, ±×¸®°í ¾ï¾ÐÇÔÀ¸·Î¼­ ÀÌÀÍÀ» º¸´Â »ç¶÷µé, Áï, ºÎÀ¯ÇÑ ÀÚµéÀº, ÀÌÁ¦ ´õ ÀÌ»ó ±×µéÀÌ °ú°Å¿¡ ±×·¨´ø °Íó·³ ±×µéÀÌ ¼¼»ó¿¡¼­ ¼±ÅÃµÈ ÀÚµéÀ̸ç, °ú°Å¿¡ ¾ï¾Ð¹Þ´Â ÀÚµéÀÇ °¡Àå Å« ¸ñÀûÀÌ´ø Àΰ£ÀÇ Çູ°ú À§´ëÇÔÀÇ ÀÌ»óÀ» ±¸¼ºÇÑ´Ù°í »ó»óÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù.

Very often now it is not the oppressed who strive to attain the position of the oppressors, and try to imitate them, but on the contrary the oppressors who voluntarily abandon the advantages of their position, prefer the con¡©dition of the oppressed, and try to resemble them in the simplicity of their life.

¾ï¾ÐÇÏ´Â ÀÚµéÀÇ ÁöÀ§¸¦ ¾òÀ¸·Á°í ¾Ö¸¦ ¾²°í ±×µéÀ» Èä³» ³»·Á´Â »ç¶÷µéÀº ¾ï¾Ð¹Þ´Â ÀÚ°¡ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, ¹Ý´ë·Î ÀǵµÀûÀ¸·Î ±×µéÀÇ ÁöÀ§ÀÇ ÀÌÁ¡µéÀ» Æ÷±âÇÏ°í ¾ï¾Ð¹Þ´Â ÀÚµéÀÇ »óȲÀ» ¼±È£Çϸç, ±×µéÀÇ »îÀÇ ´Ü¼øÇÔ¿¡¼­ ±×µéÀ» ´àÀ¸·Á°í ½ÃµµÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷µéÀº ¾ï¾ÐÇÏ´Â ÀÚµéÀÓÀÌ ÀÌÁ¦´Â ¸Å¿ì ÈçÇÏ´Ù.

Not to speak of the duties and occupations now openly despised, such as that of spy, agent of secret police, money¡©lender, and publican, there are a great number of professions formerly regarded as honorable, such as those of police officials, courtiers, judges, and administrative functionaries, clergymen, military officers, speculators, and bankers, which are no longer considered desirable positions by everyone, and are even despised by a special circle of the most respected people. There are already men who voluntarily abandon these professions which were once reckoned irre¡©proachable, and prefer less lucrative callings which are in no way connected with the use of force.

°£Ã¸, ºñ¹Ð °æÂû ¿ä¿ø, »çä¾÷ÀÚ, ¡¼¼¿ø°ú °°ÀÌ ¿À´Ã³¯ °ø°³ÀûÀ¸·Î ºñ³­¹Þ´Â Àǹ«µé°ú Á÷¾÷µéÀº ¸»ÇÒ °Íµµ ¾øÀÌ, °æÂû °ø¹«¿øµé, ºñ¼­°üµé, ÆÇ»çµé, ±×¸®°í ÇàÁ¤ ±â´ÉÁ÷µé, ¼ºÁ÷ÀÚµé, ±º Àå±³µé, Åõ±â°¡µé, ±×¸®°í ÀºÇà°¡µéó·³, ÀÌÀü¿¡ ¸í¿¹·Ó´Ù°í ¿©°ÜÁö´Â ¼ö¸¹Àº Á÷¾÷µéÀÌ, ÀÌÁ¦´Â ´©±¸³ª¿¡°Ô ´õ ÀÌ»ó ¹Ù¶÷Á÷ÇÑ ÁöÀ§·Î¼­ ¿©°ÜÁöÁö ¾ÊÀ¸¸ç, ½ÉÁö¾î °¡Àå Á¸°æ¹Þ´Â Ưº°ÇÑ ¹üÁÖÀÇ »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô ºñ³­¹Þ´Â´Ù. ÀÌÀü¿¡ ³ª¹«¶öµ¥ ¾ø´Ù°í ¿©°ÜÁö´ø ÀÌ·± Á÷¾÷µéÀ» ÀÚÁøÇؼ­ Æ÷±âÇϰí, Æø·ÂÀÇ »ç¿ë°ú´Â ¾Æ¹«·± ¿¬°üÀÌ ¾ø´Â ¼öÀÔÀÌ ÀûÀº Á÷¾÷µéÀ» ¼±È£ÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ÀÌ¹Ì ÀÖ´Ù.

And there are even rich men who, not through religious sentiment, but simply through special sensitiveness to the social standard that is springing up, relinquish their in¡©herited property, believing that a man can only justly con¡©sume what he has gained by his own labor.

±×¸®°í ½ÉÁö¾î, Á¾±³ÀûÀÎ °¨Á¤ÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï´õ¶óµµ, ´Ü¼øÈ÷ ¼Ú¾Æ ³ª¿À´Â »çȸÀû ±Ô¹ü¿¡ ¹Î°¨ÇÔÀ» ÅëÇÏ¿©, »ç¶÷Àº ¿ÀÁ÷ ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ³ëµ¿À» ÅëÇÏ¿© ¾òÀº °ÍÀ» Á¤´çÇÏ°Ô »ç¿ëÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù°í ¹Ï±â ¶§¹®¿¡, ±×µéÀÇ »ó¼Ó¹ÞÀº Àç»êÀ» Æ÷±âÇÏ´Â ºÎÀڵ鵵 ÀÖ´Ù.

The position of a government official or of a rich man is no longer, as it once was, and still is among non-Christian peoples, regarded as necessarily honorable and deserving of respect, and under the special blessing of God. The most delicate and moral people (they are generally also the most cultivated) avoid such positions and prefer more humble callings that are not dependent on the use of force.

Á¤ºÎ °ü¸®³ª ºÎÀ¯ÇÑ »ç¶÷µéÀÇ ÁöÀ§´Â, °ú°Å¿¡ ±×·¯Çß´ø °Íó·³, ±×¸®°í ºñ±âµ¶±³ÀÎµé »çÀÌ¿¡ ¾ÆÁ÷µµ ±×·¯ÇÑ °Íó·³, ´õ ÀÌ»ó ´ç¿¬È÷ Á¸°æ½º·´°í Á¸°æÀ» ¹ÞÀ½Á÷Çϴٰųª, Çϳª´ÔÀÇ Æ¯º°ÇÑ ÃູÀ» ¹Þ´Â´Ù°í ¿©°ÜÁöÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù. °¡Àå ¼¶¼¼ÇÏ°í µµ´öÀûÀÎ »ç¶÷µé(±×µéÀº ÀϹÝÀûÀ¸·Î ¶ÇÇÑ °¡Àå ±³¾çÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù)Àº ±×·¯ÇÑ ÁöÀ§µéÀ» ÇÇÇÏ¸ç Æø·ÂÀÇ »ç¿ë¿¡ ÀÇÁ¸ÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â Á»´õ ³·Àº Á÷¾÷µéÀ» ¼±È£ÇÑ´Ù.

The best of our young people, at the age when they are still uncorrupted by life and are choosing a career, prefer the calling of doctor, engineer, teacher, artist, writer, or even that of simple farmer living on his own labor, to legal, administrative, clerical, and military positions in the pay of government, or to an idle existence living on their incomes.

¿ì¸®ÀÇ °¡Àå ¶Ù¾î³­ ÀþÀºÀ̵鵵, ±×µéÀÌ ¾ÆÁ÷ »î¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­ ¿À¿°µÇÁö ¾ÊÀº ³ªÀÌ¿¡ ±×¸®°í Áø·Î¸¦ ¼±ÅÃÇÒ ¶§, ÀÇ»ç, ±â¼úÀÚ, ±³»ç, ¿¹¼ú°¡, ÀÛ°¡, ¶Ç´Â ½ÉÁö¾î ÀÚ±â ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ³ëµ¿À¸·Î »ì¾Æ°¡´Â ´Ü¼øÇÑ ³óºÎÀÇ Á÷¾÷À», Á¤ºÎ·ÎºÎÅÍ º¸¼ö¸¦ ¹Þ´Â ¹ý·ü, ÇàÁ¤, ¼ºÁ÷, ±×¸®°í ±º»ç µîÀÇ ÁöÀ§º¸´Ù, ¶Ç´Â ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷µéÀÇ ¼öÀÔÀ¸·Î »ì¾Æ°¡´Â °ÔÀ¸¸¥ Á¸À纸´Ù ¼±È£ÇÑ´Ù.

Monuments and memorials in these days are mostly not erected in honor of government dignitaries, or generals, or still less of rich men, but rather of artists, men of science, and inventors, persons who have nothing in common with the government, and often have even been in conflict with it. They are the men whose praises are celebrated in poetry, who are honored by sculpture and received with triumphant jubilations.

ÀÌ ½Ã´ë¿¡´Â ±â³ä¹°À̳ª ±â³äºñ°¡ ´ëüÀûÀ¸·Î Á¤ºÎÀÇ À¯¸íÀλç, ¶Ç´Â À屺µé, ¶Ç´Â ºÎÀ¯ÇÑ »ç¶÷µéÀ» ±â¸®±â À§ÇÏ¿© ¼¼¿öÁö±â º¸´Ù´Â, ¿¹¼ú°¡µé, °úÇÐÀÚµé, ±×¸®°í ¹ß¸í°¡µéó·³ Á¤ºÎ¿Í ¾Æ¹«·± °ü°è°¡ ¾øÀ¸¸ç Á¤ºÎ¿Í °¥µîÀ» ÀÏÀ¸Å°´Â »ç¶÷µéÀ» À§ÇÏ¿© ¼¼¿öÁø´Ù. ±×µé¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Âù¾çÀÌ ½Ã¿¡¼­ ³ªÅ¸³ª°í, Á¶°¢Ç°À¸·Î ¸í¿¹°¡ ºÎ¿©µÇ°í, ½Â¸®ÀÇ È¯È£¸¦ ¹Þ´Â´Ù.

The best men of our day are all striving for such places of honor. Consequently the class from which the wealthy and the government officials are drawn grows less in number and lower in intelligence and education, and still more in moral qualities. So that nowadays the wealthy class and men at the head of government do not constitute, as they did in former days, the elite of society; on the con¡©trary, they are inferior to the middle class.

¿ì¸® ½Ã´ëÀÇ ¶Ù¾î³­ »ç¶÷µéÀº ¸ðµÎ ±×·¯ÇÑ ¸í¿¹ÀÇ ÀÚ¸®µéÀ» À§ÇØ ¾Ö¾´´Ù. °á±¹ ºÎÀ¯ÇÑ ÀÚµé°ú Á¤ºÎ °ü·áµé¿¡¼­ ³ª¿À´Â °è±ÞµéÀº Á¡Á¡ ±× ¼ýÀÚ°¡ ±×¸®°í ±× Áö´É°ú ±³À°ÀÌ, ±×¸®°í ½ÉÁö¾î µµ´öÀûÀΠǰ¼ºµé¿¡¼­ ÁÙ¾îµç´Ù. ±×·¡¼­ ¿À´Ã³¯ ºÎÀ¯ÇÑ °è±Þ°ú Á¤ºÎÀÇ ÁöµµÀÚ »óºÎ¿¡ ÀÖ´Â »ç¶÷µéÀÌ, °ú°Å¿¡ ±×·¨´ø °Íó·³, »çȸÀÇ ¿¤¸®Æ®¸¦ ±¸¼ºÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù, ¹Ý´ë·Î, ±×µéÀº Áß»ê °è±Þº¸´Ù ´õ ¿­µîÇÏ´Ù.

In Russia and Turkey as in America and France, how¡©ever often the government change its officials, the majority of them are self-seeking and corrupt, of so low a moral standard that they do not even come up the elementary requirements of common honesty expected by the govern¡©ment. One may often nowadays hear from persons in authority the naive complaint that the best people are always, by some strange-as it seems to them-fatality, to be found in the camp of the opposition. As though men were to complain that those who accepted the office of hangman were-by some strange fatality-all persons of very little refinement or beauty of character.

¹Ì±¹ ¹× ÇÁ¶û½ºÃ³·³, ·¯½Ã¾Æ ¹× Å;îŰ¿¡¼­´Â, Á¤ºÎ°¡ ¾Æ¹«¸® ÀÚÁÖ ±× °ü·áµéÀ» ¹Ù²Ù´õ¶óµµ, ±×µéÀÇ ´ëºÎºÐÀº ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ÀÌÀ͸¸À» Ãß±¸ÇÏ°í ºÎÆÐµÇ¾úÀ¸¸ç, µµ´öÀû ¼öÁØÀÌ ³Ê¹« ³·¾Æ¼­ ±×µéÀº ½ÉÁö¾î Á¤ºÎ¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­ ¿ä±¸µÇ´Â º¸ÅëÀÇ Á¤Á÷ÇÔÀÇ ±âÃÊÀûÀÎ Àǹ«»çÇ׿¡µµ ¹ÌÄ¡Áö ¸øÇÑ´Ù. ¿À´Ã³¯ ¿ì¸®µéÀº °¡Àå ÁÁÀº »ç¶÷µéÀº ¾ðÁ¦³ª-±×µéÀÌ ¾óÇÍ º¸±â¿¡-¾î¶² ÀÌ»óÇÑ ¿î¸í¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­ ¹Ý´ë Áø¿µ¿¡¼­ ¹ß°ßµÈ´Ù´Â ¼øÁøÇÑ ºÒÆòÀ» ±Ç·Â¿¡ ÀÖ´Â »ç¶÷µé·ÎºÎÅÍ µéÀ» ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ±×°ÍÀº ¸¶Ä¡ ±³¼öÇü ÁýÇàÀÇ Á÷Ã¥À» ¹Þ¾Æ µéÀÎ »ç¶÷µéÀº-¾î¶² ÀÌ»óÇÑ ¿î¸í¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­-¸ðµÎ ´Ù ÀÎǰÀÇ ¼¼·ÃµÊÀ̳ª ¿ì¾ÆÇÔÀÌ °á¿©µÇ¾î ÀÖ´Ù°í ºÒÆòÇÏ´Â °Í°ú °°´Ù.

The most cultivated and refined people of our society are not nowadays to be found among the very rich, as used formerly to be the rule. The rich are mostly coarse money grubbers, absorbed only, in increasing their hoard, generally by dishonest means, or else the degenerate heirs of such money grubbers, who, far from playing any prominent part in society, are mostly treated with general contempt.

¿ì¸® »çȸÀÇ °¡Àå ±³¾çÀÖ°í ¼¼·ÃµÈ »ç¶÷µéÀº, °ú°Å¿¡ ¿øÄ¢ÀÌ µÇ¾î ¿Ô´ø °Íó·³, ºÎÀ¯ÇÑ »ç¶÷µé ÀÚü¿¡¼­´Â ¹ß°ßµÇÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù. ºÎÀ¯ÇÑ »ç¶÷µéÀº ´ëüÀûÀ¸·Î õÇÏ°Ô µ·¸¸ Ãß±¸ÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷µéÀ̸ç, ÀϹÝÀûÀ¸·Î ºÎÁ¤Á÷ÇÑ ¹æ¹ýÀ¸·Î ¿ÀÁ÷ ±×µéÀÇ Àç¹°À» ´Ã¸®¸é¼­, ¶Ç´Â ±×·¯ÇÑ µ·¹ú·¹µéÀÇ Å¸¶ôÇÑ »ó¼ÓÀÚµéÀº, »çȸ¿¡¼­ ¾î¶² µ¸º¸ÀÌ´Â ¿ªÇÒÀ» Çϱâ´ÂÄ¿³ç, ´ëüÀûÀ¸·Î Àü¹ÝÀûÀÎ °æ¸êÀ» ¹Þ´Â´Ù.

And besides the fact that the class from which the servants of government and the wealthy are drawn grows less in number and lower in caliber, they no longer them¡©selves attach the same importance to their positions as they once did; often they are ashamed of the ignominy of their calling and do not perform the duties they are bound to perform in their position. Kings and emperors scarcely govern at all; they scarcely ever decide upon an internal reform or a new departure in foreign politics. They mostly leave the decision of such questions to government institu¡©tions or to public opinion. All their duties are reduced to representing the unity and majesty of government. And even this duty they perform less and less successfully. The majority of them do not keep up their old unapproach¡©able majesty, but become more and more democratized and even vulgarized, casting aside the external prestige that remained to them, and thereby destroying the very thing it was their function to maintain.

±×¸®°í Á¤ºÎÀÇ °ü¸®µé°ú ºÎÀ¯ÇÑ ÀÚµéÀÌ ¹èÃâµÇ´Â °è±ÞÀº ±× ¼ýÀÚ°¡ ÁÙ¾î µç´Ù´Â »ç½Ç ¿Ü¿¡, ±×µéÀº ´õ ÀÌ»ó ±×µéÀÇ ¿¹Àü¿¡ ±×·¨´ø °Íó·³ ±×µéÀÇ ÁöÀ§µé¿¡ ´ëÇØ ¶È °°Àº Á߿伺À» ºÎ¿©ÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù; °¡±Ý ±×µéÀº ±×µéÀÇ Á÷¾÷¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ºÒ¸í¿¹¸¦ ºÎ²ô·¯¿öÇϸç, ±×µéÀÇ Á÷Ã¥»ó ¼öÇàÇØ¾ß¸¸ ÇÏ´Â Àǹ«µéÀ» ¼öÇàÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù. ¿Õµé°ú ȲÁ¦µéÀº °ÅÀÇ ÅëÄ¡ÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù; ±×µéÀº ±¹³»ÀÇ °³ÇõÀ̳ª ¿Ü±¹ Á¤Ä¡¿¡ À־ »õ·Î¿î ½Ãµµ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ °áÁ¤À» ³»¸®Áö ¾Ê´Â´Ù. ±×µéÀº ´ëüÀûÀ¸·Î ±×·¯ÇÑ ¹®Á¦µé¿¡ ´ëÇÑ °áÁ¤À» Á¤ºÎ ±â°üµéÀ̳ª ¿©·Ð¿¡ ¸Ã±ä´Ù. ±×µéÀÇ ¸ðµç Àǹ«µéÀº Á¤ºÎÀÇ ÅëÀϼº°ú À§¾öÀ» ´ëÇ¥ÇÔ¿¡ ±×Ä£´Ù. ±×¸®°í ½ÉÁö¾î ±×µéÀº Á¡Á¡ ´õ ÀÌ·± Àǹ«µéÀ» ¼öÇàÇÔ¿¡ ¾î·Á¿ö Áø´Ù. ±×µé ÁßÀÇ ´ëºÎºÐÀº °ú°ÅÀÇ ¸éÃ¥±ÇÀ» °¡ÁöÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù, ±×·¯³ª Á¡Á¡ ´õ ¹ÎÁÖÈ­µÇ°í ½ÉÁö¾î Åë¼ÓÈ­ µÇ¾î°¡¸ç, ±×µé¿¡°Ô ³²¾Æ ÀÖ´ø ¿ÜÀûÀÎ À§½ÅÀº ´øÁ®¹ö¸®°í, ±×·¯¹Ç·Î¼­ Á¸ÀçÇϱâ À§ÇØ ±â´ÉÇÏ´Â ¹Ù·Î ±× °ÍÀ» ÆÄ±«ÇÑ´Ù.

It is just the same with the army. Military officers of the highest rank, instead of encouraging in their soldiers the brutality and ferocity necessary for their work, diffuse education among the soldiers, inculcate humanity, and often even themselves share the socialistic ideas of the masses and denounce war. In the last plots against the Russian Government many of the conspirators were in the army. And the number of the disaffected in the army is always increasing. And it often happens (there was a case, indeed, within the last few days) that when called upon to quell disturbances they refuse to fire upon the people. Military exploits are openly reprobated by the military themselves, and are often the subject of jests among them.

±×°ÍÀº ±º´ëµµ ¸¶Âù°¡Áö´Ù. °íÀ§±ÞÀÇ ±º Àå±³µéÀº, ÀÓ¹«¸¦ À§ÇÑ ÀÜÀμº°ú ³­ÆøÇÔÀ» ±×µéÀÇ º´»çµé¿¡°Ô ±ÇÀåÇϱ⠺¸´Ù´Â, º´»çµéÀ» ±³À°½Ã۸é, Àηù¾Ö¸¦ ÁÖÀÔ½Ã۰í, Á¾Á¾ ¹ÎÁßµéÀÇ »çȸÁÖÀÇÀû °³³äµéÀ» °øÀ¯Çϰí ÀüÀïÀ» ºñ³­ÇÑ´Ù. ÃÖ±ÙÀÇ ·¯½Ã¾Æ Á¤ºÎ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ À½¸ðµéÀº ¸¹Àº ¼öÀÇ À½¸ðÀÚµéÀÌ ±º´ë¿¡ ¼Ò¼ÓµÇ¾î ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. ±×¸®°í ±º´ë¿¡¼­ÀÇ ¹ÝÁ¤ºÎ ÀλçµéÀÇ ¼ýÀÚ´Â Ç×»ó ´Ã¾î³ª°í ÀÖ´Ù. ±×¸®°í ±×°ÍÀº °¡²û (»ç½Ç, ÃÖ±Ù ¸îÀÏ Àü¿¡ ÇÑ »ç°ÇÀÌ ÀÖ¾ú´Ù) ¼Ò¿ä¸¦ Áø¾ÐÇ϶ó°í ¸í·É ¹Þ¾ÒÀ» ¶§, ±×µéÀº »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô »ç°ÝÀ» °ÅºÎÇÏ´Â Àϵµ ¹ß»ýÇÑ´Ù. ±º»çÀû ¾÷ÀûµéÀº ±º ½º½º·Î¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­µµ °ø°³ÀûÀ¸·Î ºñ³­¹Þ´Â´Ù, ±×¸®°í ±×µé »çÀÌ¿¡¼­ °¡²û Á¶·ÕÀÇ ´ë»óÀÌ´Ù.

It is the same with judges and public prosecutors. The judges, whose duty it is to judge and condemn criminals, conduct the proceedings so as to whitewash them as far as possible. So that the Russian Government, to procure the condemnation of those whom they want to punish, never entrust them to the ordinary tribunals, but have them tried before a court martial, which is only a parody of justice. The prosecutors themselves often refuse to proceed, and even when they do proceed, often in spite of the law, really defend those they ought to be accusing. The learned jurists whose business it is to justify the violence of authority, are more and more disposed to deny the right of punishment and to replace it by theories of irresponsibility and even of moral insanity, proposing to deal with those they call criminals by medical treatment only.

¹ý°üµé°ú °ËÂû°ü µéµµ ¸¶Âù°¡Áö´Ù. ¹ý°üµéÀº, ±×µéÀÇ Àǹ«°¡ ¹üÁËÀεéÀ» ÀçÆÇÇÏ°í ¼±°íÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌÁö¸¸, °¡´ÉÇÑ ±×µéÀ» µ¤¾î ÁÖ·Á°í ¼Ò¼Û ÀýÂ÷¸¦ ÁøÇàÇÑ´Ù. ±×·¡¼­ ·¯½Ã¾Æ Á¤ºÎ´Â, ±×µéÀÌ Ã³¹úÇϰíÀÚ ÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷µéÀÇ ¼±°í¸¦ ¾ò¾î³»±â À§Çؼ­, °áÄÚ ±×µéÀ» ÀÏ¹Ý ¹ýÁ¤¿¡ ¸Ã±âÁö ¾ÊÀ¸¸ç ±º»ç ¹ýÁ¤¿¡¼­ ÀçÆÇÇÏ·Á°í Çϸç, ±×°ÍÀº ¿ÀÁ÷ Á¤ÀǸ¦ Èä³» ³¾ »ÓÀÌ´Ù. °ËÂû°üµé ½º½º·Îµµ °¡²û ¼Ò¼ÛÀ» °ÅºÎÇϸç, ½ÉÁö¾î ¼Ò¼ÛÇÒ ¶§¿¡µµ, °¡²û ¹ý¿¡ ¹Ý´ëÇÏ¿© ±×µéÀÌ ±â¼ÒÇϰí ÀÖ´Â ÀÚµéÀ» ½Ç»ó ¿ËÈ£ÇÒ ¶§µµ ÀÖ´Ù. ±Ç·ÂÀÇ Æø·ÂÀ» Á¤´çÈ­ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ ±×µéÀÇ ¾÷¹«ÀÎ ÇнÄÀÖ´Â º¯È£»çµéµµ, Á¡Á¡ ´õ ó¹úÇÏ´Â ±Ç¸®¸¦ ºÎÁ¤Çϸç, ±×°ÍÀ» Ã¥ÀÓ¾øÀ½ ±×¸®°í ½ÉÁö¾î µµ´öÀû Á¤½ÅÀÌ»óÀÇ À̷еé·Î¼­ ´ëüÇϸç, ±×µéÀÇ ¹üÁËÀÚµé·Î ºÎ¸£´Â »ç¶÷µéÀ» ¿ÀÁ÷ ÀÇÇÐÀû Ä¡·á·Î ó¸®ÇÒ °ÍÀ» Á¦¾ÈÇÑ´Ù.

Jailers and overseers of galleys generally become the champions of those whom they ought to torture. Police officers and detectives are continually assisting the escape of those they ought to arrest. The clergy preach tolerance, and even sometimes condemn the use of force, and the more educated among them try in their sermons to avoid the very deception which is the basis of their position and which it is their duty to support. Executioners refuse to perform their functions, so that in Russia the death penalty cannot be carried out for want of executioners. And in spite of all the advantages bestowed on these men, who are selected from convicts, there is a constantly diminishing number of volunteers for the post. Governors, police officials, tax collectors often have compassion on the people and try to find pretexts for not collecting the tax from them. The rich are not at ease in spending their wealth only on them¡©selves, and lavish it on works of public utility. Land¡©owners build schools and hospitals on their property, and some even give up the ownership of their land and transfer it to the cultivators, or establish communities upon it. Millowners and manufacturers build hospitals, schools, savings banks, asylums, and dwellings for their work¡©people. Some of them form co-operative associations in which they have shares on the same terms as the others. Capitalists expend a part of their capital on educational, artistic, philanthropic, and other public institutions. And many, who are not equal to parting with their wealth in their lifetime, leave it in their wills to public institutions.

°£¼öµé°ú ³ë¿¹¼±µéÀÇ °¨½ÃÀÚµéÀº ÀϹÝÀûÀ¸·Î ±×µéÀÌ °í¹®ÇØ¾ß ÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷µéÀÇ ¿ËÈ£ÀÚ°¡ µÈ´Ù. °æÂû°ü¸®µé ±×¸®°í ¼ö»ç°üµéµµ ±×µéÀÌ Ã¼Æ÷ÇØ¾ß µÇ´Â »ç¶÷µéÀÇ Å»ÃâÀ» Áö¼ÓÀûÀ¸·Î µ½´Â´Ù. ¼ºÁ÷ÀÚµéÀº °ü¿ëÀ» ¼³±³Çϰí, ½ÉÁö¾î Æø·ÂÀÇ »ç¿ëÀ» ºñ³­Çϸç, ±×µé Áß¿¡¼­ ´õ ±³À°¹ÞÀº ÀÚµéÀº ±×µéÀÇ ¼³±³¿¡¼­ ±×µé ÁöÀ§ÀÇ ±âº»ÀÌ µÇ¸ç, ±×°ÍÀ» ÁöÁöÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ ±×µéÀÇ Àǹ«ÀÓ¿¡µµ ¹Ù·Î ±× ±â¸¸À» ÇÇÇÏ·Á°í ½ÃµµÇÑ´Ù. »çÇà ÁýÇàÀÚµéÀº ±×µéÀÌ ¸ÃÀº ÀϵéÀ» ¼öÇàÇϱ⸦ °ÅºÎÇÑ´Ù, ±×·¡¼­ ·¯½Ã¾Æ¿¡¼­´Â »çÇü ÁýÇàÀÚµéÀÇ ºÎÁ·À¸·Î »çÇüÀÌ ÁýÇàµÉ ¼ö ¾ø´Ù. ±×¸®°í À̵éÀº Á˼öµé¿¡°Ô¼­ ¼±¹ßµÇ¾î ¿Ô´Âµ¥, ÀÌ »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô ¼ö¿©µÇ´Â ¸ðµç ÀÌÀ͵鿡µµ ºÒ±¸Çϰí, ±×·± Á÷Ã¥¿¡ ÀÚ¿øÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷µéÀÇ ¼ýÀÚ°¡ ²÷ÀÓ¾øÀÌ ÁÙ¾îµé°í ÀÖ´Ù. Ãѵ¶µé, °æÂû°ü¸®µé, ¼¼¹«¿øµéµµ °¡²û »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô ¿¬¹ÎÀ» ´À³¤´Ù ±×¸®°í »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô¼­ ¼¼±ÝÀ» °ÅµÎ¾î µéÀÌÁö ¾Ê´Â ±¸½ÇÀ» ãÀ¸·Á°í ÇÑ´Ù. ºÎÀÚµéÀº ±×µéÀÇ Àç¹°À» ½º½º·Î¸¦ À§ÇÏ¿© ¼ÒºñÇÔ¿¡ ¸¶À½ÀÌ ÆíÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Ù ±×·¡¼­ °ø°øÀÇ ÀÌÀÍ¿¡ ³»¾î ³õ´Â´Ù. ÁöÁÖµéÀº ±×µéÀÇ Àç»êÀ¸·Î Çб³µé°ú º´¿øµéÀ» ¼¼¿î´Ù, ±×¸®°í ½ÉÁö¾î ¾î¶² »ç¶÷µéÀº ±×µéÀÇ ÅäÁöÀÇ ¼ÒÀ¯±ÇÀ» Æ÷±âÇÏ°í ±×°ÍÀ» °æÀÛÀÚ¿¡°Ô ¾çµµÇϰųª, ±× À§¿¡ °øµ¿Ã¼¸¦ ¼³¸³Çϱ⵵ ÇÑ´Ù. °øÀå ¼ÒÀ¯ÀÚ³ª Á¦Á¶¾÷Àڵ鵵 º´¿øµé, Çб³µé, ÀúÃàÀºÇà, ¼ö¿ë¼Ò, ±×¸®°í ÀÛ¾÷ÀÚµéÀ» À§ÇÑ ¼÷¼ÒµéÀ» Áþ´Â´Ù. ±×µé ÁßÀÇ ¾î¶² »ç¶÷µéÀº ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷µé°ú ¶È °°Àº ¸òÀ» ÇâÀ¯ÇÏ´Â Çù·Â ´Üü¸¦ ¸¸µç´Ù. ÀÚº»°¡µéÀº ±×µé ÀÚ±ÝÀÇ ÀϺθ¦ ±³À°, ¿¹¼ú, Àι® ¹× ´Ù¸¥ ±â°üµé¿¡ ÁöÃâÇÑ´Ù. ±×¸®°í ¸¹Àº »ç¶÷µéÀº, ±×µéÀÇ ÀÏ»ý¿¡¼­ ±×µéÀÇ Àç»êµéÀ» Æ÷±âÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø¾ú´ø »ç¶÷µéÀº, ±×µéÀÇ À¯¾ðÀ¸·Î¼­ Àç»êµéÀ» °ø°ø ±â°üµé¿¡ ³²±ä´Ù.

All these phenomena might seem to be mere exceptions, except that they can all be referred to one common cause. Just as one might fancy the first leaves on the budding trees in April were exceptional if we did not know that they all have a common cause, the spring, and that if we see the branches on some trees shooting and turning green, it is certain that it will soon be so with all.

ÀÌ ¸ðµç Çö»óµéÀÌ ¸ðµÎ ÇϳªÀÇ °øÅëµÈ ¿øÀο¡¼­ ±âÀÎÇÑ´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» Á¦¿ÜÇϰí´Â ±×°ÍµéÀº ´Ü¼øÈ÷ ¿¹¿Üó·³ º¸ÀÏÁö ¸ð¸¥´Ù. »ç¿ù¿¡ ½ÏÀÌ Æ®´Â ³ª¹«µéÀÇ Ã¹¹øÂ° ÀÙµéÀÌ, ±×µéÀÌ ¸ðµÎ °°Àº ¿øÀο¡¼­, Áï, º½¿¡¼­, ¿Â´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ¸ð¸¥´Ù¸é, ±×¸®°í ¿ì¸®°¡ ¾î¶² ³ª¹«µéÀÇ °¡ÁöµéÀÌ ½ÏÀÌ ³ª°í ÀÙÀÌ Çª¸£·¯ Áö´Â °ÍÀ» º¼ ¶§, °ð ¸ðµç °ÍÀÌ ±×·² °ÍÀ̶ó´Â °ÍÀ» ¸ð¸¥´Ù¸é, ¿ì¸®°¡ ¾Æ¸¶µµ ±×°ÍµéÀÌ ¿¹¿ÜÀûÀ̶ó°í »ý°¢ÇÏ´Â °Í°ú °°´Ù.

So it is with the manifestation of the Christian standard of opinion on force and all that is based on force. If this standard already influences some, the most impressionable, and impels each in his own sphere to abandon advantages based on the use of force, then its influence will extend further and further till it transforms the whole order of men's actions and puts it into accord with the Christian ideal which is already a living force in the vanguard of humanity.

±×·¡¼­ ±×°ÍÀº ÈûÀ̳ª Èû¿¡ ±âÃÊÇÏ´Â ¸ðµç °Íµé¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ±âµ¶±³Àû ±âÁØÀ¸·Î¼­ÀÇ ¿©·ÐÀÇ Çü¼º¿¡¼­µµ ¸¶Âù°¡ÁöÀÌ´Ù. ¸¸ÀÏ ÀÌ¹Ì ÀÌ·± ±âÁØÀÌ ¾î¶² »ç¶÷µé, Áï °¡Àå °¨¼ö¼ºÀÌ ¿¹¹ÎÇÑ »ç¶÷µé¿¡ ¿µÇâÀ» ¹ÌÄ¡°í, °¢ÀÚ¿¡°Ô ±× ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ºÐ¾ß¿¡¼­ ÈûÀÇ »ç¿ë¿¡ ±âÃÊÇÑ ÀÌÀ͵éÀ» Æ÷±âÇ϶ó°í °­¿äÇÑ´Ù¸é, ±× ¿µÇâ·ÂÀº ¸Ö¸® ¸Ö¸® ³ÐÇôÁ®¼­ »ç¶÷µéÀÇ ÇàÀ§µéÀÇ Àüü Áú¼­¸¦ º¯ÇüÇϰí ÀηùÀÇ ¼±µÎ¿¡ ¼­¼­ ÀÌ¹Ì »ì¾Æ ÀÖ´Â ÈûÀÎ ±âµ¶±³ÀûÀÎ ÀÌ»ó¿¡ ºÎÇÕÇϵµ·Ï ¸¸µé °ÍÀÌ´Ù.

And if there are now rulers, who do not decide on any step on their own authority, who try to be as unlike monarchs, and as like plain mortals as possible, who state their readiness to give up their prerogatives and become simply the first citizens of a republic; if there are already soldiers who realize all the sin and harm of war, and are not willing to fire on men either of their own or a foreign country; judges and prosecutors who do not like to try and to condemn criminals; priests, who abjure deception; tax-gatherers who try to perform as little as they can of their duties, and rich men renouncing their wealth-then the same thing will inevitably happen to other rulers, other soldiers, other judges, priests, tax-gatherers, and rich men. And when there are no longer men willing to fill these offices, these offices themselves will disappear too.

±×¸®°í ¸¸ÀÏ ÀÌÁ¦ ÅëÄ¡ÀÚµéÀÌ, ÀڽŵéÀÇ ±Ç·Â¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¾î¶² ¹ß°ÉÀ½µµ °áÁ¤ÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀ¸¸ç, ±ºÁÖµé°ú´Â ´Ù¸£°Ô ±×¸®°í , °¡´ÉÇÑ Æò¹üÇÑ Àΰ£µéó·³ µÇ·ÁÇϰí, ±×µéÀÇ Æ¯±ÇÀ» ¹ö¸± Áغñ°¡ µÇ¾î ÀÖ´Ù¸é ´Ü¼øÈ÷ °øÈ­±¹ÀÇ Ã¹¹øÂ° ½Ã¹ÎÀÌ µÇ°Ú´Ù°í ¼±¾ðÇÑ´Ù¸é; ¸¸ÀÏ ÀÌ¹Ì ÀüÀïÀÇ ¸ðµç Á˾ǰú ÇØ¾ÇÀ» ±ú´Ý°í, ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ³ª¶ó¶ó ¿Ü±¹ÀÇ »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô ÃÑÀ» ½îÁö ¾ÊÀ¸·Á´Â º´»çµéÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù¸é; ¹üÁËÀεéÀ» ÀçÆÇÇÏ°í ¼±°íÇÏ·Á ÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â ¹ý°üµéÀ̳ª °ËÂû°üµéÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù¸é; ±â¸¸À» Æ÷±âÇÏ´Â ¼ºÁ÷ÀÚµé; ±×µéÀÇ ÀÓ¹«·Î¼­ °¡´ÉÇÑ Àû°Ô ¼öÇàÇÏ·Á´Â ¼¼¹«¿øÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù¸é, ±×¸®°í ÀڽŵéÀÌ Àç»êÀ» Æ÷±âÇÏ·Á´Â ºÎÀÚµéÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù¸é-±×¶§´Â ¶È °°Àº ÀϵéÀÌ ´Ù¸¥ ÅëÄ¡ÀÚµé, ´Ù¸¥ º´»çµé, ´Ù¸¥ ¹ý°üµé, ¼ºÁ÷ÀÚµé, ¼¼¹«¿øµé, ±×¸®°í ºÎÀڵ鿡°Ôµµ ¹ß»ýÇÒ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ±×¸®°í ´õ ÀÌ»ó ÀÌ·± °üÁ÷µéÀ» Â÷ÁöÇÏ·Á´Â »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ¾ø´Ù¸é, ÀÌµé °üÁ÷µé ÀÚüµµ ¿ª½Ã »ç¶óÁú °ÍÀÌ´Ù.

But this is not the only way in which public opinion is leading men to the abolition of the prevailing order and the substitution of a new order. As the positions based on the rule of force become less attractive and fewer men are found willing to fill them, the more will their uselessness be apparent.

±×·¯³ª ¿ìÀ§¸¦ Â÷ÁöÇÏ´Â Áú¼­ÀÇ ÆóÁö¿Í »õ·Î¿î Áú¼­·Î ´ëüÇÔÀ¸·Î ¿©·ÐÀÌ »ç¶÷µéÀ» À̲ô´Â °ÍÀº À̰ÍÀÌ À¯ÀÏÇÑ ¹æ¹ýÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï´Ù. Èû¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ ÅëÄ¡¿¡ ±âÃÊÇÑ ÁöÀ§µéÀÌ Á¡Á¡ ¸Å·ÂÀÌ ¾ø¾îÁö¸é Áú¼ö·Ï ±×°ÍµéÀ» ä¿ì·Á ÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷µéÀÌ Á¡Á¡ Àû¾îÁö¸é Áú¼ö·Ï, ±×°ÍµéÀÇ ¹«ÀÍÇÔÀÌ ´õ¿í ºÐ¸íÇØÁú °ÍÀÌ´Ù.

Everywhere throughout the Christian world the same rulers, and the same governments, the same armies, the same law courts, the same tax-gatherers, the same priests, the same rich men, landowners, manufacturers, and capital¡©ists, as ever, but the attitude of the world to them, and their attitude to themselves is altogether changed.

±âµ¶±³ ¼¼°è ¹æ¹æ°î°î ¾îµð¿¡¼­³ª ÀÌÀü°ú ¶È °°Àº ÅëÄ¡ÀÚµé, ¶È °°Àº Á¤ºÎµé, ¶È °°Àº ±º´ëµé, ¶È °°Àº ¹ýÁ¤µé, ¶È °°Àº ¼¼¹«¿øµé, ¶È °°Àº ¼ºÁ÷ÀÚµé, ¶È °°Àº ºÎÀÚµé, ÁöÁÖµé, Á¦Á¶¾÷ÀÚµé, ±×¸®°í ÀÚº»°¡µéÀÌÁö¸¸, ±×µé¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¼¼»óÀÇ Åµµ°¡, Àڽŵ鿡 ´ëÇÑ ±×µéÀÌ Åµµ°¡ ÇÔ²² º¯ÇÑ´Ù.

The same sovereigns have still the same audiences and interviews, hunts and banquets, and balls and uniforms; there are the same diplomats and the same deliberations on alliances and wars; there are still the same parliaments, with the same debates on the Eastern question and Africa, on treaties and violations of treaties, and Home Rule and the eight-hour day; and one set of ministers replacing another in the same way, and the same speeches and the same incidents. But for men who observe how one news¡©paper article has more effect on the position of affairs than dozens of royal audiences or parliamentary sessions, it becomes more and more evident that these audiences and interviews and debates in parliaments do not direct the course of affairs, but something independent of all that, which cannot be concentrated in one place.

¶È°°Àº ±ºÁÖµéÀÌ ¿©ÀüÈ÷ ¶È °°Àº ¾ËÇöµé°ú ¸é´ãµé, »ç³Éµé°ú ¿¬È¸µé, ¹«µµÈ¸¿Í Á¦º¹µéÀ» °¡Áø´Ù; ¶È °°Àº ¿Ü±³°üµé°ú µ¿¸Í±¹µé°ú ÀüÀïµé¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¶È °°Àº ȸÀǵéÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù; ¿©ÀüÈ÷ ¶È °°Àº ÀÇȸµé, µ¿¾ç°ú ¾ÆÇÁ¸®Ä«, ÇùÁ¤µé ¹× Çù¾àµéÀÇ À§¹Ý, Áö¹æÀÚÄ¡ ÇÏ·ç ¿©´ü½Ã°£¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ³íÀǵéÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù; ±×¸®°í ¶È °°Àº ¹æ¹ýÀ¸·Î ÇÑ ¹«¸®ÀÇ °¢·áµéÀ» ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷µé·Î ´ëüÇϸç, ¶È °°Àº ¿¬¼³µé, ¶È °°Àº »ç°ÇµéÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ÇϳªÀÇ ½Å¹®ÀÇ ±â»çµéÀÌ ¼ö½Ê¹øÀÇ ±¹¿ÕÀ» ¾ËÇöÇÔ ¶Ç´Â ±¹È¸ÀÇ È¸Àǵ麸´Ùµµ Á¤¼¼µé¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÀÔÀå¿¡ È¿°ú¸¦ °¡Áö´ÂÁö °üÂûÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷¿¡°Ô´Â, ÀÌ·± ¾ËÇöµé ±×¸®°í ¸éÁ¢µé ±×¸®°í ±¹È¸¿¡¼­ÀÇ ³íÀǵéÀÌ ¹®Á¦µéÀÇ °úÁ¤À» À̲ô´Â °ÍÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, ±× ¸ðµç °ÍÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ µ¶¸³µÈ ¾î¶² °ÍÀÌ À̲ø¸ç, ±×°ÍµéÀº ÇÑ °÷¿¡ ÁýÁßµÉ ¼ö ¾ø´Ù´Â °ÍÀÌ Á¡Á¡ ´õ ºÐ¸íÇØÁø´Ù.

The same generals and officers and soldiers, and cannons and fortresses, and reviews and maneuvers, but no war breaks out. One year, ten, twenty years pass by. And it becomes less and less possible to rely on the army for the pacification of riots, and more and more evident, conse¡©quently, that generals, and officers, and soldiers are only figures in solemn processions-objects of amusement for governments-a sort of immense-and far too expensive- corps de ballet.

¶È°°Àº À屺µé°ú Àå±³µé ¹× »çº´µé, ±×¸®°í ´ëÆ÷µé°ú ¿ä»õµé, ±×¸®°í ¿­º´½Ä°ú Àü·«µéÀÌ ÀÖÁö¸¸ ¾Æ¹«·± ÀüÀïµµ ÀϾÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù. ÀÏ ³â, ½Ê ³â, ÀÌ½Ê ³âÀÌ Áö³ª°£´Ù. ±×¸®°í Æøµ¿À» Áø¾ÐÇϱâ À§ÇØ ±º´ë¿¡ ÀÇÁ¸ÇÒ °¡´É¼ºÀº Á¡Á¡ Àû¾îÁø´Ù, ±×·¡¼­ °á±¹Àº À屺µé, Àå±³µé, »çº´µéÀº ¿ÀÁ÷ ¹ß·¹´ÜÀÇ ¾ö¼÷ÇÑ ÇàÁøµé-Á¤ºÎÀÇ Áñ°Å¿òÀ» À§ÇÑ ´ë»ó¹°µé-ÀÏÁ¾ÀÇ ³Ê¹«³ª ¹æ´ëÇÑ-±×¸®°í ¾öû³­ ºñ¿ëÀÌ µå´Â-¿¡ Âü°¡ÇÏ´Â Àι°µéÀÓÀÌ Á¡Á¡ ´õ ¸í¹éÇØÁø´Ù.

The same lawyers and judges, and the same assizes, but it becomes more and more evident that the civil courts decide cases on the most diverse grounds, but regardless of justice, and that criminal trials are quite senseless, be¡©cause the punishments do not attain the objects aimed at by the judges themselves. These institutions therefore serve no other purpose than to provide a means of liveli¡©hood for men who are not capable of doing anything more useful.

¶È°°Àº º¯È£»çµé°ú ¹ý°üµé, ¶È °°Àº ÀçÆÇµéÀÌÁö¸¸, ½Ã¹Î ¹ýÁ¤µéÀº, Á¤Àǿʹ °ü°è¾øÀÌ, °¡Àå ´Ù¾çÇÑ ±Ù°Åµé·Î¼­ »ç°ÇµéÀ» ÇØ°áÇϸç, ¹üÁË ½É¸®´Â ³Ê¹«³ª ¹«ÀǹÌÇϸç, ±×°ÍÀº ó¹úµéÀÌ ¹ý°üµé ÀÚ½ÅÀÌ ÀǵµÇÏ´Â ¸ñÀûµéÀ» ¾òÁö ¸øÇϱ⠶§¹®ÀÓÀÌ Á¡Á¡ ´õ ºÐ¸íÇØÁø´Ù. ÀÌ·± ±â°üµéÀº ±×·¯¹Ç·Î ÀÌ·± ÀÏ ¸»°í´Â ´õ ÀÌ»ó È¿°úÀûÀÎ °ÍÀ» ÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø´Â »ç¶÷À» À§ÇÑ »ý°è¼ö´ÜÀ» Á¦°øÇÏ´Â ¸ñÀû¿Ü´Â ¾Æ¹«·± Àǹ̰¡ ¾ø¾îÁø´Ù.

The same priests and archbishops and churches and synods, but it becomes more and more evident that they have long ago ceased to believe in what they preach, and therefore they can convince no one of the necessity of believing what they don't believe themselves.

¶È°°Àº »çÁ¦µé, ´ëÁÖ±³µé, ±³È¸µé°ú Á¾¹«¿øÀÌÁö¸¸, ±×µéÀº ¿À·¡Àü¿¡ ±×µéÀÌ ¼³±³ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ» ¹Ï±â¸¦ Áß´ÜÇÏ¿´À¸¸ç, ±×·¯¹Ç·Î ±×µéÀº ±×µé ½º½º·Î°¡ ¹ÏÁö ¾Ê´Â °ÍÀ» ¹ÏÀ» Çʿ並 ¾Æ¹«¿¡°Ôµµ È®½Å½Ãų ¼ö°¡ ¾ø´Ù´Â °ÍÀÌ Á¡Á¡ ºÐ¸íÇØÁø´Ù.

The same tax collectors, but they are less and less capa¡©ble of taking men's property from them by force, and it becomes more and more evident that people can collect all that is necessary by voluntary subscription without their aid.

¶È°°Àº ¼¼±Ý ¡¼ö¿øµéÀÌÁö¸¸, ±×µéÀº Æø·ÂÀ¸·Î »ç¶÷µé·ÎºÎÅÍ Àç»êÀ» ÃëÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø°Ô µÇ¸ç, »ç¶÷µéÀÇ ±×µéÀÇ µµ¿òÀÌ ¾øÀ̵µ ÀÚÁø ³³ºÎ¿¡ ÀÇÇØ ÇÊ¿äÇÑ ¸ðµç °ÍÀ» °ÅµÑ ¼ö ÀÖÀ½ÀÌ Á¡Á¡ ºÐ¸íÇØÁø´Ù.

The same rich men, but it becomes more and more evi¡©dent that they can only be of use by ceasing to administer their property in person and giving up to society the whole or at least a part of their wealth.

¶È°°Àº ºÎÀÚµéÀÌÁö¸¸, ±×µéÀº ¿ÀÁ÷ ±×µéÀÇ Àç»êÀ» °³ÀÎÀûÀ¸·Î °ü¸®ÇÔÀ» ±×¸¸ µÎ°í ±×µé Àç»êÀÇ Àüü ¶Ç´Â Àû¾îµµ ÀÏºÎ¶óµµ »çȸ¿¡ ¾çµµÇÔÀ¸·Î¼­ ¾µ¸ð ÀÖ¾îÁüÀÌ Á¡Á¡ ºÐ¸íÇØÁø´Ù.

And when all this has become absolutely evident to everyone, it will be natural for men to ask themselves:

±×¸®°í ÀÌ ¸ðµç °ÍÀÌ ¸ðµç »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô Àý´ëÀûÀ¸·Î ºÐ¸íÇÒ ¶§, »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ½º½º·Î¿¡°Ô Áú¹®ÇÔÀÌ ´ç¿¬ÇØÁú °ÍÀÌ´Ù:

"But why should we keep and maintain all these kings, emperors, presidents, and members of all sorts of senates and ministries, since nothing comes of all their debates and audiences? Wouldn't it be better, as some humorist sug¡©gested, to make a queen of India-rubber?"

¡°ÇÏÁö¸¸ ±×µéÀÇ ¸ðµç ³íÀǵé°ú ¾ËÇöµé·Î¼­ ¾Æ¹«°Íµµ ¾ò¾îÁú ¼ö ¾ø´Âµ¥, ¿ì¸®´Â ¿Ö ÀÌ ¸ðµç ¿Õµé, ȲÁ¦µé, ´ëÅë·Éµé, ±×¸®°í ¸ðµç Á¾·ùÀÇ ÀÇȸµé ¹× °¢·áµéÀÇ ±¸¼º¿øµéÀ» À¯ÁöÇØ¾ß Çϴ°¡? ¾î¶² ÇØÇа¡°¡ ¸»ÇßµíÀÌ, Àεµ °í¹«·Î ¿©¿ÕÀ» ¸¸µå´Â °ÍÀÌ ÁÁÁö ¾ÊÀº°¡?

And what good to us are these armies with their generals and bands and horses and drums? And what need is there of them when there is no war, and no one wants to make war? and if there were a war, other nations would not let us gain any advantage from it; while the soldiers refuse to fire on their fellow-countrymen.

±×¸®°í À屺µé, ¾Ç´ëµé, ¸»µé ±×¸®°í µå·³µéÀ» °¡Áø ÀÌµé ±º´ëµéÀÌ ¿ì¸®¿¡°Ô ¹«½¼ ¼Ò¿ëÀÌ Àִ°¡? ±×¸®°í ÀüÀïÀÌ ¾ø´Ù¸é ±×¸®°í ¾Æ¹«µµ ÀüÀïÀ» ¹úÀÌ°í ½Í¾îÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Âµ¥, ±×µéÀÌ ¹«½¼ Çʿ䰡 Àִ°¡? ±×¸®°í ¸¸ÀÏ ÀüÀïÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù¸é, ´Ù¸¥ ±¹°¡µéÀÌ ¿ì¸®°¡ ±×·ÎºÎÅÍ ¾î¶² ÀÌÀÍÀ» ¾òÀ½À» ±×³É µÎÁö ¾ÊÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù; ¹Ý¸é¿¡ º´»çµéÀº ±×µéÀÇ µ¿Á·¿¡°Ô ÃÑÁúÀ» ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ» °ÅºÎÇÒ °ÍÀÌ´Ù.

And what is the use of these lawyers and judges who don't decide civil cases with justice and recognize them¡©selves the uselessness of punishments in criminal cases?

±×¸®°í ¸¸ÀÏ À̵éÀÌ ¹Î»ç »ç°ÇµéÀ» Á¤ÀǷμ­ ÇØ°áÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀ¸¸ç, ±×µé ½º½º·Îµµ Çü»ç »ç°ÇµéÀÇ Ã³¹úÀÇ ¹«ÀÍÇÔÀ» ÀÎÁ¤ÇÑ´Ù¸é, ÀÌµé º¯È£»çµé°ú ¹ý°üµéÀÌ ¹«½¼ ¼Ò¿ëÀÌ Àִ°¡?

And what is the use of tax collectors who collect the taxes unwillingly, when it is easy to raise all that is wanted without them?

±×¸®°í ¼¼±Ý ¡¼ö°üµéÀÌ ¾øÀ̵µ ÇÊ¿äÇÑ ¸ðµç °ÍÀ» ½±°Ô ¸ð±ÝÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù¸é, ¾ïÁö·Î ¼¼±ÝµéÀ» °ÅµÎ¾î¾ß ÇÏ´Â ±×µéÀÌ ¹«½¼ ¼Ò¿ëÀÌ Àִ°¡?

What is the use of the clergy, who don't believe in what they preach?

ÀڽŵéÀÌ ¼³±³ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ» ¹ÏÁö ¾Ê´Â ¼ºÁ÷ÀÚµéÀÌ ¹«½¼ ¼Ò¿ëÀÌ Àִ°¡?

And what is the use of capital in the hands of private persons, when it can only be of use as the property of all?

±×¸®°í ¸ðµç »ç¶÷µéÀÇ Àç»êÀ¸·Î ¿ÀÁ÷ °¡Ä¡°¡ ÀÖÀ» ¼ö ÀÖÀ» ¶§, °³ÀεéÀÇ ¼Õ¿¡ ÀÖ´Â µ·ÀÌ ¹«½¼ ¼Ò¿ëÀÌ Àְڴ°¡?

And when once people have asked themselves these questions they cannot help coming to some decision and ceasing to support all these institutions which are no longer of use.

±×¸®°í ÀÏ´Ü »ç¶÷µé ½º½º·Î°¡ ÀÌ·± Áú¹®µéÀ» ÇϰԵǸé, ±×µéÀº ¾î¶² °áÁ¤¿¡ µµ´ÞÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀ» ¼ö ¾øÀ¸¸ç, ´õ ÀÌ»ó ¾µ¸ð°¡ ¾ø´Â ÀÌ ¸ðµç ±â°üµéÀ» ÁöÁöÇÔÀ» ÁßÁöÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀ» ¼ö°¡ ¾ø´Ù.

But even before those who support these institutions decide to abolish them, the men who occupy these posi¡©tions will be reduced to the necessity of throwing them up.

±×·¯³ª ÀÌ·± ±â°üµéÀ» ÁöÁöÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ±×°ÍµéÀ» ÆóÁöÇÏ·Á´Â °áÁ¤À» ³»¸®±â Àü¿¡, À̵é ÁöÀ§µéÀ» Â÷ÁöÇϰí ÀÖ´Â »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ±×°ÍµéÀ» ´øÁ® ¹ö·Á¾ß ÇÏ´Â ÇÊ¿ä·Î ±Í°áµÉ °ÍÀÌ´Ù.

Public opinion more and more condemns the use of force, and therefore men are less and less willing to fill positions which rest on the use of force, and if they do occupy them, are less and less able to make use of force in them. And hence they must become more and more superfluous.

¿©·ÐÀº ´õ¿í´õ ÈûÀÇ »ç¿ëÀ» ºñ³­ÇÑ´Ù, ±×·¯¹Ç·Î, ÈûÀÇ »ç¿ë¿¡ ÀÇÁ¸ÇÏ´Â ÁöÀ§µéÀ» Â÷ÁöÇÔÀ» Á¡Â÷ ¹Ù¶óÁö ¾Ê°Ô µÈ´Ù, ±×¸®°í ¸¸ÀÏ ±×µéÀÌ ±×°ÍµéÀ» Â÷ÁöÇÑ´Ù¸é, ±×µé ¾È¿¡¼­µµ Á¡Á¡ ÈûÀÇ »ç¿ëÀÌ °¡´ÉÇÏÁö ¾Ê°Ô µÈ´Ù. ±×¸®°í ±×·¯¹Ç·Î ±×°ÍµéÀº Ʋ¸²¾øÀÌ Á¡Á¡ ´õ ¾µ¸ð¾ø´Â °ÍÀÌ µÈ´Ù.

I once took part in Moscow in a religious meeting which used to take place generally in the week after Easter near the church in the Ohotny Row. A little knot of some twenty men were collected together on the pavement, engaged in serious religious discussion. At the same time there was a kind of concert going on in the buildings of the Court Club in the same street, and a police officer noticing the little group collected near the church sent a mounted policeman to disperse it. It was absolutely un¡©necessary for the officer to disperse it. A group of twenty men was no obstruction to anyone, but he had been stand¡©ing there the whole morning, and he wanted to do some¡©thing. The policeman, a young fellow, with a resolute flourish of his right arm and a clink of his saber, came up to us and commanded us severely: "Move on! what's this meeting about?" Everyone looked at the policeman, and one of the speakers, a quiet man in a peasant's dress, answered with a calm and gracious air, "We are speaking of serious matters, and there is no need for us to move on; you would do better, young man, to get off your horse and listen. It might do you good"; and turning round he continued his discourse. The policeman turned his horse and went off without a word.

³ª´Â ÀÌÀü¿¡ ¸ð½ºÅ©¹ÙÀÇ ¿ÀÅä´Ï °Å¸®¿¡ ÀÖ´Â ±³È¸ ±Ùó¿¡¼­ ºÎȰÀý µÚ¿¡ ÁÖ·Î ÇàÇØÁö´Â Á¾±³ÀûÀΠȸÇÕ¿¡ Âü¿©Çß´Ù. À̽ʿ©¸íÀÇ Á¶±×¸¸ ¹«¸®°¡ ³ë»ó¿¡ ÇÔ²² ¸ð¿©¼­ ÁøÁöÇÑ Á¾±³Àû Åä·ÐÀ» ½ÃÀÛÇß´Ù. µ¿½Ã¿¡ ¶È °°Àº °Å¸®¿¡ÀÇ ¹ý¿ø ȸ°ü °Ç¹°¿¡¼­ ÀÏÁ¾ÀÇ À½¾Çȸ°¡ ÀÖ¾ú´Ù, ±×¸®°í ±³È¸ ±Ùó¿¡ ¸ðÀÎ Á¶±×¸¸ ¹«¸®¸¦ °æÂû°üÀÌ ¾Ë¾ÆÂ÷¸®°í ±×µéÀ» ÇØ»êÇϱâ À§Çؼ­ ±â¸¶ °æÂûÀ» º¸³Â´Ù. °ü¸®°¡ ±× ¹«¸®¸¦ ÇØ»êÇÒ Çʿ䰡 ÀüÇô ¾ø¾ú´Ù. ½º¹«¸íÀÇ ¹«¸®´Â ¾î´À ´©±¸¿¡°Ôµµ ´ëÇ×ÇÏÁöµµ ¾Ê¾ÒÀ¸³ª, ±×´Â Àú³á ³»³» ±×°÷¿¡ ¼­ÀÖ¾ú´Ù, ±×¸®°í ±×´Â ¹«¾ùÀΰ¡ ÇàÇÏ·Á°í ÇÏ¿´´Ù. ÀþÀº »ç¶÷ÀÎ ±× °æ°üÀº, ±×ÀÇ ¿À¸¥ ÆÈ°ú ±×ÀÇ ¼Ò¸®³ª´Â ±ºµµ¸¦ °­ÇÏ°Ô Èֵθ£¸ç, ¿ì¸®¿¡°Ô ´Ù°¡¿Í¼­ À§ÇùÀûÀ¸·Î ¹°¾ú´Ù: ¡°°¡½Ã¿À! ÀÌ ¸ðÀÓÀÇ ¸ñÀûÀÌ ¹«¾ùÀÌ¿À?¡± ¸ðµÎ°¡ ±× °æÂû°üÀ» ÃÄ´Ù º¸¾Ò´Ù, ±×¸®°í ¿¬»çÁßÀÇ ÇÑ »ç¶÷ÀÎ, ³óºÎÀÇ ¿ÊÀ» ÀÔÀº Á¶¿ëÇÑ ³²ÀÚ°¡ Á¶¿ëÇÏ¸ç ¿ì¾ÆÇÑ ºÐÀ§±â·Î ´ë´äÇß´Ù, ¡°¿ì¸®´Â Áß¿äÇÑ ¹®Á¦µé¿¡ ´ëÇØ¼­ À̾߱âÇϰí ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù, ±×¸®°í ¿ì¸®´Â °¥ Çʿ䰡 ¾ø½À´Ï´Ù; ÀþÀº ºÐ, ¸»¿¡¼­ ³»·Á µé¾î º¸´Â °ÍÀÌ ¾î¶»°Ú½À´Ï±î. ´ç½Å¿¡°Ô À¯ÀÍÇÒ °ÍÀÔ´Ï´Ù.¡±; ±×¸®°í µ¹¾Æ¼­¼­, ±×´Â ±×ÀÇ °­¿¬À» °è¼ÓÇß´Ù. ±× °æ°üÀº ÇÑ ¸¶µðµµ ÇÏÁö ¾Ê°í ±×ÀÇ ¸»À» µ¹·Á¼­ °¡¹ö·È´Ù.

That is just what should be done in all cases of violence.

±×°ÍÀÌ ¹Ù·Î ¸ðµç Æø·Â »ç°Çµé¿¡¼­ ÇàÇØÁ®¾ß ÇÒ °ÍÀÌ´Ù.

The officer was bored, he had nothing to do. He had been put, poor fellow, in a position in which he had no choice but to give orders. He was shut off from all human existence; he could do nothing but superintend and give orders, and give orders and superintend, though his super¡©intendence and his orders served no useful purpose what¡©ever. And this is the position in which all these unlucky rulers, ministers, members of parliament, governors, generals, officers, archbishops, priests, and even rich men find themselves to some extent already, and will find them¡©selves altogether as time goes on. They can do nothing but give orders, and they give orders and send their mes¡©sengers, as the officer sent the policeman, to interfere with people. And because the people they hinder turn to them and request them not to interfere, they fancy they are very useful indeed.

±× °ü¸®´Â Áö·çÇØ Á³À¸¸ç, ±×´Â ÇÒ ÀÏÀÌ ¾ø¾ú´Ù. ºÒ½ÖÇϰԵµ ±×´Â ¸í·ÉÀ» ³»·Á¾ß¸¸ ÇÏ´Â À§Ä¡¿¡ ³õ¿©Á³´Ù. ±×´Â ¸ðµç ÀηùÀÇ Á¸Àç·ÎºÎÅÍ Â÷´ÜµÇ¾ú´Ù; ±×´Â °¨µ¶ÇÏ°í ¸í·É¸¸À» ³»¸°´Ù, ¸í·ÉÀ» ³»¸®°í °¨µ¶ÇÒ »ÓÀÌ´Ù, ºñ·Ï ±×ÀÇ °¨µ¶°ú ±×ÀÇ ¸í·ÉÀº µµ´ëü ¾Æ¹«·± ¸ñÀû¿¡µµ ¾µ¸ð°¡ ¾øÁö¸¸ ¸»ÀÌ´Ù. À̰ÍÀÌ ¹Ù·Î ºÒÇàÇÑ ÀÌ ¸ðµç ÅëÄ¡ÀÚµé, °¢·áµé, ±¹È¸ ÀÇ¿øµé, Ãѵ¶µé, À屺µé, Àå±³µé, ´ëÁÖ±³µé, »çÁ¦µé, ±×¸®°í ½ÉÁö¾î ºÎÀ¯ÇÑ ÀÚµé ÀÌ¹Ì ¾î´À Á¤µµ ±ú´Ý°í ÀÖÀ¸¸ç ½Ã°£ÀÌ °¨¿¡ µû¶ó¼­ ½º½º·Î¸¦ ¿ÏÀüÈ÷ ±ú´Ý°Ô µÇ´Â óÁöÀÌ´Ù. ±×µéÀº ¾Æ¹« °Íµµ ÇÒ ¼ö ¾øÀ¸¸ç ¿ÀÁ÷ ¸í·É¸¸ ³»¸± »ÓÀÌ´Ù, ±×¸®°í ±×µéÀº ¸í·ÉÀ» ³»¸®°í ±×µéÀÇ »çÀÚµéÀ» º¸³½´Ù, °æÂû¼­ÀåÀÌ °æÂû°üÀ» »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô °³ÀÔÇϵµ·Ï º¸³»µíÀÌ ¸»ÀÌ´Ù. ±×¸®°í ±×µéÀÌ ¹æÇØÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ±×µéÀ» µ¹¾Æº¸°í °£¼·ÇÏÁö ¸»¶ó°í ¿äûÇϹǷÎ, ÀڽŵéÀÌ Á¤¸»·Î ¸Å¿ì À¯ÀÍÇÑ Á¸ÀçÀÎÁö »ó»óÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù.

But the time will come and is coming when it will be perfectly evident to everyone that they are not of any use at all, and only a hindrance, and those whom they interfere with will say gently and quietly to them, like my friend in the street meeting, "Pray don't interfere with us." And all the messengers and those who send them too will be obliged to follow this good advice, that is to say, will leave off galloping about, with their arms akimbo, interfering with people, and getting off their horses and removing their spurs, will listen to what is being said, and mixing with others, will take their place with them in some real human work.

±×·¯³ª ±×µéÀÌ ÀüÇô ¾µ¸ð°¡ ¾øÀ¸¸ç, ¿ÀÁ÷ Àå¾Ö°¡ µÉ »ÓÀ̸ç, ±×µéÀÌ °£¼·ÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ±×µé¿¡°Ô ºÎµå·´°í Á¶¿ëÇϰÔ, ¸¶Ä¡ °Å¸®ÀÇ ¸ðÀÓ¿¡¼­ ¸¸³­ ³ªÀÇ Ä£±¸Ã³·³, ¡°º¸½Ã¿À, ¿ì¸®¿¡°Ô °£¼·ÇÏÁö ¸¶½Ã¿À.¡± ¶ó°í ¸»ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ ¸ðµç »ç¶÷¿¡°Ô ¿ÏÀüÈ÷ ¸í¹éÇÒ ¶§°¡ ¿Ã °ÍÀ̸ç, ¿À°í ÀÖ´Ù. ±×¸®°í ¸ðµç »ç½Åµé°ú ±×µéÀ» º¸³»´Â »ç¶÷µé ¿ª½Ã ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ À¯ÀÍÇÑ Ãæ°í¸¦ µû¶ó¾ß¸¸ ÇÏ´Â, ´Ù½Ã ¸»ÇÏÀÚ¸é, ±×µéÀÇ ÆÈÀ» Ç㸮¿¡ ¿Ã¸®°í À̸®Àú¸® ¶Ù¾î ´Ù´Ï¸ç »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô °£¼·ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ» ¸ØÃß°í, ±×µéÀÇ ¸»¿¡¼­ ³»·Á, ¹ÚÂ÷¸¦ Á¦°ÅÇϰí, ±×µéÀÌ ´ëÈ­´Â °Í¿¡ ±Í¸¦ ±Í¿ïÀ̰í, ±×µé°ú ¾î¿ï¸²À¸·Î¼­, ÁøÁ¤À¸·Î Àΰ£ÀûÀÎ ÀÏÀ» ÇÔÀ¸·Î¼­ ±×µé°ú ÇÔ²² ÀÚ¸®Çؾ߸¸ ÇÒ °ÍÀÌ´Ù.

The time will come and is inevitably coming when all institutions based on force will disappear through their uselessness, stupidity, and even inconvenience becoming obvious to all.

Èû¿¡ ÀǰÅÇϰí ÀÖ´Â ¸ðµç ±â°üµéÀÌ ¹«ÀÍÇÔ°ú ¾î¸®¼®À½, ½ÉÁö¾î ºÒÆíÇÔÀÌ ¸ðµÎ¿¡°Ô ¸í¹éÇØÁüÀ¸·Î ÀÎÇØ¼­ »ç¶óÁö´Â ¶§°¡ ¿Ã °ÍÀ̸ç ÇÊ¿¬ÀûÀ¸·Î ¿À°í ÀÖ´Ù.

The time must come when the men of our modern world who fill offices based upon violence will find themselves in the position of the emperor in Andersen's tale of "The Emperor's New Clothes," when the child seeing the emperor undressed, cried in all simplicity, "Look, he is naked!" And then all the rest, who had seen him and said nothing, could not help recognizing it too.

Æø·ÂÀ» ±â¹ÝÀ¸·Î ÇÏ´Â °üÁ÷µéÀ» Â÷ÁöÇÏ´Â ¿ì¸®ÀÇ Çö´ë ¼¼°èÀÇ »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ¾Èµ¥¸£¼¾ÀÇ ¡°¹ú°Å¼þÀÌ Àӱݴԡ±ÀÇ À̾߱⠰°Àº ÀÔÀåÀ» °Þ°ÔµÇ´Â ¶§°¡ ¹Ýµå½Ã ¿Â´Ù. ȲÁ¦°¡ ¿ÊÀ» ÀÔÁö ¾ÊÀº °ÍÀ» º¸°í, ¾ÆÀ̰¡ ±×¾ß¸»·Î õÁø³­¸¸ÇÏ°Ô ¼Ò¸®Áú·¶´Ù, ¡°º¸¼¼¿ä, ¿ÊÀ» ¹þ¾ú¾î¿ä!¡± ±×¸®°í ±×¶§, ¸ðµç ³ª¸ÓÁö »ç¶÷µéÀº, ±×¸¦ º¸°í¼­µµ ¾Æ¹«¸»À» ÇÏÁö ¾Ê¾ÒÁö¸¸, ±×°ÍÀ» ¿ª½Ã ÀÎÁ¤ÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀ» ¼ö´Â ¾ø¾ú´Ù.

The story is that there was once an emperor, very fond of new clothes. And to him came two tailors, who prom¡©ised to make him some extraordinary clothes. The emperor engages them and they begin to sew at them, but they explain that the clothes have the extraordinary prop¡©erty of remaining invisible to anyone who is unfit for his position. The courtiers come to look at the tailors' work and see nothing, for the men are plying their needles in empty space. But remembering the extraordinary property of the clothes, they all declare they see them and are loud in their admiration. The emperor does the same himself. The day of the procession comes in which the emperor is to go out in his new clothes. The emperor undresses and puts on his new clothes, that is to say, remains naked, and naked he walks through the town. But remembering the magic property of the clothes, no one ventures to say that he has nothing on till a little child cries out: "Look, he is naked!"

À̾߱â´Â ÀÌ·¯Çß´Ù. ¿¾³¯¿¡ ¾î¶² ȲÁ¦°¡ ÀÖ¾ú´Âµ¥, »õ ¿ÊµéÀ» ³Ê¹«³ª ÁÁ¾ÆÇß´Ù. ±×¸®°í ±×¿¡°Ô µÎ ÀçºÀ»ç°¡ ¿Í¼­´Â ±×¿¡°Ô ¾î¶² º¸±âµå¹® ¿ÊµéÀ» ¸¸µé¾î ÁÖ°Ú´Ù°í ¾à¼ÓÇß´Ù. ȲÁ¦´Â ±×µéÀ» °í¿ëÇÏ¿´À¸¸ç ±×µéÀº ¿ÊÀ» ¸¸µé¾î ³ª°¬´Ù, ±×·¯³ª ±×µéÀº ¿ÊÀÌ ³Ê¹«³ª ƯÀÌÇØ¼­ ±×ÀÇ ÁöÀ§¿¡ ¾î¿ï¸®Áö ¾Ê´Â »ç¶÷¿¡°Ô´Â º¸ÀÌÁö ¾Ê°Ô µÈ´Ù°í ¼³¸íÇß´Ù. ½ÅÇϵéÀÌ ¿Í¼­ ÀçºÀ»çÀÇ ÀÛ¾÷À» ÃÄ´Ù º¸¾ÒÀ¸³ª ¾Æ¹«°Íµµ º¸Áö ¸øÇß´Ù, ¿Ö³ÄÇÏ¸é ±×µéÀº ¹Ù´ÃÀ» Çã°ø¿¡ ´ë°í ¿òÁ÷¿´±â ¶§¹®À̾ú´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ±× ¿ÊÀÇ Æ¯ÀÌÇÑ ÀçÁúÀ» ±â¾ïÇÏ°í¼­´Â, ±×µé ¸ðµÎ°¡ ¿ÊÀÌ º¸Àδٰí ÁÖÀåÇϰí, Å« ¸ñ¼Ò¸®·Î ĪÂùÀ» µ¡ºÙ¿´´Ù. ȲÁ¦ Àڽŵµ ¶È°°ÀÌ ÇൿÇÏ¿´´Ù. ȲÁ¦°¡ ±×ÀÇ »õ·Î¿î ¿ÊÀ» ÀÔ°í¼­ ¹Ù±ù ÇàÂ÷¸¦ ÇÏ´Â ³¯ÀÌ ¿Ô´Ù. ȲÁ¦´Â ¿ÊÀ» ¹þ°í ±×ÀÇ »õ·Î¿î ¿ÊÀ» ÀÔ¾ú´Ù, ¸»ÇÏÀÚ¸é, ¹ú°Å¼þÀ̰¡ µÇ¾ú´Ù, ±×¸®°í ¸¶À»À» Áö³ª°¡´Â µ¿¾È ¹ú°Å¼þÀÌÀΠä·Î¿´´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ¿ÊÀÇ ³î¶ó¿î ÀçÁúÀ» ±â¾ïÇϰí´Â, ¾Æ¹«µµ °¨È÷ ±×°¡ ¾Æ¹«°Íµµ ÀÔÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ¸»ÇÏÁö ¸øÇß´Ù. ±×·¯´Ù°¡ ¾î¶² ¾ÆÀ̰¡ ¼Ò¸®Áú·¶´Ù: ¡°º¸¼¼¿ä, ÀӱݴÔÀÌ ¹ú°Å¹þ¾ú¾î¿ä!¡±

This will be exactly the situation of all who continue through inertia to fill offices which have long become use¡©less directly someone who has no interest in concealing their uselessness exclaims in all simplicity: "But these people have been of no use to anyone for a long time past!"

À̰ÍÀº ¿À·§µ¿¾È ¾µ¸ð ¾ø¾îÁ® ¹ö¸° °üÁ÷µéÀ» °ÔÀ¸¸§À¸·Î ä¿ö ¿À´ø ¸ðµç »ç¶÷µéÀÇ »óȲ¿¡ ´ëÇØ¼­, ±×µéÀÌ ¹«¿ëÇÔÀ» ¼û±â´Â °ÍÀÌ ¾Æ¹«·± ÀÌÀÍÀÌ µÇÁö ¾Ê´Â ´©±º°¡°¡ ³Ê¹«³ª ¼ÖÁ÷ÇÏ°Ô ¼Ò¸®Áö¸§°ú Á¤È®ÇÏ°Ô °°À» °ÍÀÌ´Ù: ¡°±×·¯³ª ÀÌ »ç¶÷µéÀº °ú°ÅºÎÅÍ ¿À·§µ¿¾È ¾Æ¹«¿¡°Ôµµ ¾µ¸ð ¾ø¾ú´Ù.¡±

The condition of Christian humanity with its fortresses, cannons, dynamite, guns, torpedoes, prisons, gallows, churches, factories, customs offices, and palaces is really terrible. But still cannons and guns will not fire them¡©selves, prisons will not shut men up of themselves, gallows will not hang them, churches will not delude them, nor customs offices hinder them, and palaces and factories are not built nor kept up of themselves. All those things are the work of men. If men come to understand that they ought not to do these things, then they will cease to be. And already they are beginning to understand it. Though all do not understand it yet, the advanced guard understand and the rest will follow them. And the advanced guard cannot cease to understand what they have once understood; and what they understand the rest not only can but must inevitably understand hereafter.

¿ä»õµé, ´ëÆ÷µé, ´ÙÀ̳ʸ¶ÀÌÆ®, Ãѵé, ¾î·Úµé, °¨¿Áµæ, ±³¼ö´ëµé, ±³È¸µé, °øÀåµé, ¼¼°üµé, ±×¸®°í ±ÃÀüµéÀ» °¡Áø ±âµ¶±³ÀûÀÎ ÀηùÀÇ »óȲÀº Áø½Ç·Î ¹«¼·´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ¾ÆÁ÷µµ ´ëÆ÷µé°ú ÃѵéÀº ½º½º·Î ±×µé¿¡°Ô ½îÁö ¾ÊÀ» °ÍÀ̸ç, °¨¿ÁµéÀº ½º½º·Î »ç¶÷µéÀ» °¡µÎÁö ¾ÊÀ» °ÍÀ̸ç, ±³¼ö´ë°¡ ±×µéÀ» ¸ÅÁö ¾ÊÀ» °ÍÀ̰í, ±³È¸µéÀÌ ±×µéÀ» ¼ÓÀÌÁö ¾ÊÀ» °ÍÀ̸ç, ¾î¶² ¼¼°üµµ ±×µéÀ» ¹æÇØÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀ¸¸ç, ±ÃÀüµé°ú °øÀåµéÀÌ ½º½º·Î ¼¼¿ì°í À¯ÁöµÇÁö ¾ÊÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ±× ¸ðµç °ÍµéÀº »ç¶÷µéÀÇ ÀÛǰÀÌ´Ù. »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ÀÌ·± ÀϵéÀ» ÇØ¼­´Â ¾ÈµÈ´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ±ú´Ý´Â´Ù¸é, ±×µéÀº ¸ØÃâ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ±×¸®°í ÀÌ¹Ì ±×µéÀº ±×°ÍÀ» ±ú´Ý±â ½ÃÀÛÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù. ºñ·Ï ¾ÆÁ÷ ¸ðµÎ°¡ ±×°ÍÀ» ±ú´ÝÁö´Â ¾ÊÁö¸¸, ¾Õ¼­ °¡´Â »ç¶÷µéÀº ±ú´ÞÀ¸¸ç, ³ª¸ÓÁö´Â ±×µé µÚ¸¦ µû¸¦ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ±×¸®°í ¾Õ¼­ °¡´Â »ç¶÷µéÀº ÀÏ´Ü ±ú´ÞÀº °ÍÀ» ±ú´Ý±â¸¦ Áß´ÜÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø´Ù; ±×¸®°í ±×µéÀÌ ±ú´ÞÀ» °ÍÀ» ³ª¸ÓÁö »ç¶÷µéÀº ¾ÕÀ¸·Î ÇÊ¿¬ÀûÀ¸·Î ±ú´ÞÀ» ¼ö ÀÖÀ» »Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ¹Ýµå½Ã ±ú´Þ¾Æ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù.

So that the prophecy that the time will come when men will be taught of God, will learn war no more, will beat their swords into plowshares and their spears into reaping-hooks, which means, translating it into our language, the fortresses, prisons, barracks, palaces, and churches will remain empty, and all the gibbets and guns and cannons will be left unused, is no longer a dream, but the definite new form of life to which mankind is approaching with ever-increasing rapidity.

±×·¡¼­, »ç¶÷µéÀÌ Çϳª´Ô¿¡ ´ëÇØ¼­ °¡¸£Ä§ ¹Þ°í, ´õ ÀÌ»ó ÀüÀïÀ» ¹è¿ìÁö ¾ÊÀ¸¸ç, ±×µéÀÇ Ä®µéÀ» Ãļ­ Àï±â·Î ¸¸µé¸ç, ±×µéÀÇ Ã¢Àº °î½Ä¿ë ³´À¸·Î ¸¸µå´Â ¶§°¡ ¿Ã°ÍÀ̶ó´Â ¿¹¾ðÀº, À̰ÍÀ» ¿ì¸®ÀÇ ¾ð¾î·Î ¹ø¿ªÇÏÀÚ¸é, ¿ä»õµé, °¨¿Áµé, º´¿µµé, ±ÃÀüµé, ±×¸®°í ±³È¸µéÀÌ ºñ¿öÁö¸ç, ¸ðµç ±³¼ö´ë¿Í Ãѵé°ú ´ëÆ÷µéÀÌ »ç¿ëµÇÁö ¾ÊÀ½À» ÀǹÌÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ¸·Î¼­, ´õ ÀÌ»ó ²ÞÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó °è¼Ó Áõ°¡ÇÏ´Â ¼Óµµ·Î Àηù°¡ ´Ù°¡°¡´Â È®½ÇÇÑ »õ·Î¿î »îÀÇ ÇüÅÂÀÌ´Ù.

But when will it be?

±×·¯³ª ±×°ÍÀÌ ¾ðÁ¦Àϱî?

Eighteen hundred years ago to this question Christ answered that the end of the world (that is, of the pagan organization of life) shall come when the tribulation of men is greater than it has ever been, and when the Gospel of the kingdom of God, that is, the possibility of a new organ¡©ization of life, shall be preached in the world unto all nations. (Matt. xxiv. 3-28.) But of that day and hour knowetn no man but the Father only (Matt. xxiv. 3-6), said Christ. For it may come any time, in such an hour as ye think not.

1800³â Àü¿¡ ÀÌ Áú¹®¿¡ ´ëÇØ¼­ ±×¸®½ºµµ´Â, ¼¼»óÀÇ ³¡ (Áï, À̱³Àû »îÀÇ Á¶Á÷ÀÇ ³¡)Àº »ç¶÷µéÀÇ ½Ã·ÃÀÌ À̶§ ±îÁö ÀÖ¾î¿Â °Íº¸´Ù Ŭ ¶§, ±×¸®°í Çϳª´ÔÀÇ ¿Õ±¹ÀÇ º¹À½ÀÌ, Áï, »õ·Î¿î »îÀÇ Á¶Á÷ÀÇ °¡´É¼ºÀÌ ¼¼»ó¿¡¼­ ¸ðµç ¹ÎÁ·µé¿¡°Ô ÀüÆÄµÉ ¶§¿¡ (¸¶Åº¹À½ 24Àå 3-28Àý) ¿Ã °ÍÀ̶ó°í ´ë´äÇß´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ±× ³¯°ú ½Ã°£Àº ´©±¸¿¡°Ôµµ ¾Ë·ÁÁöÁö ¾Ê¾ÒÀ¸¸ç ¿ÀÁ÷ ¾Æ¹öÁö¸¸ ¾Æ½Å´Ù (¸¶Åº¹À½ 24Àå 3-6Àý)°í ±×¸®½ºµµ´Â ¸»Çß´Ù. ¿Ö³ÄÇÏ¸é ±×°ÍÀº ´ç½ÅµéÀÌ »ý°¢ÇÏÁö ¸øÇÏ´Â ±×·± ¶§¿¡ ¾ðÁ¦µçÁö ¿Ã °ÍÀ̱⠶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù.

To the question when this hour cometh Christ answers that we cannot know, but just because we cannot know when that hour is coming we ought to be always ready to meet it, just as the master ought to watch who guards his house from thieves, as the virgins ought to watch with lamps alight for the bridegroom; and further, we ought to work with all the powers given us to bring that hour to pass, as the servants ought to work with the talents entrusted to them. (Matt. xxiv. 43, and xxvi. 13, 14-30.)

ÀÌ ¶§°¡ ¾ðÁ¦ ¿Ã °ÍÀΰ¡ÀÇ Áú¹®¿¡ ´ëÇØ¼­ ±×¸®½ºµµ´Â ´ë´äÇÑ´Ù, Áï, ¿ì¸®´Â ¾Ë ¼ö ¾øÀ¸¸ç, ±×·¯³ª ±× ¶§°¡ ¾ðÁ¦ ¿Ã Áö ¾Ë ¼ö ¾ø´Ù´Â ¹Ù·Î ±× ÀÌÀ¯ ¶§¹®¿¡, ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ÁýÀ» µµµÏÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ÁöŰ´Â ÁÖÀÎÀÌ ¹Ýµå½Ã ¹Ù¶ó º¸µíÀÌ, ó³à°¡ ½Å¶ûÀ» À§Çؼ­ ºÒÀ» ¹àÇô µé°í¼­ ¹Ýµå½Ã ¹Ù¶ó º¸µíÀÌ ¿ì¸®´Â ¾ðÁ¦³ª ±× ¶§¸¦ ¸ÂÀÌÇÒ Áغñ¸¦ ÇÏ¿©¾ß Çϸç; ±×¸®°í ³ª¾Æ°¡¼­, ÇÏÀεéÀÌ ¹Ýµå½Ã ±×µé¿¡°Ô ¸Ã°ÜÁø Àç´ÉÀ¸·Î ÀÏÇØ¾ß ÇϵíÀÌ, ¿ì¸®´Â ¹Ýµå½Ã ±× ¶§°¡ ¿Àµµ·Ï ¿ì¸®¿¡°Ô ÁÖ¾îÁø ¸ðµç ÈûÀ» ´ÙÇÏ¿© ÀÏÇØ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. (¸¶Åº¹À½ 24Àå 43Àý, ¹× 24Àå 13, 14-30Àý)

And there could be no answer but this one. Men can¡©not know when the day and the hour of the kingdom of God will come, because its coming depends on themselves alone.

±×¸®°í ÀÌ°Í ¸»°í´Â ¾î¶² ´ë´äµµ ÀÖÀ» ¼ö ¾ø´Ù. »ç¶÷µéÀº Çϳª´ÏÀÇ ¿Õ±¹ÀÌ ¿Ã ³¯°ú ½Ã°£À» ¾Ë ¼ö ¾ø´Ù, ¿Ö³ÄÇÏ¸é ±× ¿À´Â ³¯Àº ¿ÀÁ÷ ½º½º·Î¿¡°Ô ´Þ·Á Àֱ⠶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù.

The answer is like that of the wise man who, when asked whether it was far to the town, answered, "Walk!"

±× ´ë´äÀº ¸¶Ä¡, ¸¶À»¿¡¼­ ¸Ö¸® ¶³¾îÁ® ÀÖ´ÂÁö ¹°¾î ¿ÔÀ» ¶§, ¡°°É¾î¶ó!¡±¶ó°í ´ë´äÇÑ Çö¸íÇÑ »ç¶÷ÀÇ ´ë´ä°ú °°´Ù.

How can we tell whether it is far to the goal which humanity is approaching, when we do not know how men are going toward it, while it depends on them whether they go or do not go, stand still, slacken their pace or hasten it?

»ç¶÷µéÀÌ ¾î¶»°Ô ±×°÷À¸·Î °¡°í ÀÖ´ÂÁö ¸ð¸¦ ¶§, ±×µéÀÌ °¡´ÂÁö, ¾Æ´Ï °¡´ÂÁö, °¡¸¸È÷ ¼­ÀÖ´ÂÁö, °ÉÀ½ÀÌ ´À·ÁÁö´ÂÁö ¼­µÎ¸£´ÂÁö°¡ ±×µé¿¡°Ô ´Þ·Á Àִµ¥, Àηù°¡ ´Ù°¡°¡°í ÀÖ´Â ¸ñÀû¿¡ ¾ó¸¶³ª °¡±îÀÌ ¿Í ÀÖ´ÂÁö, ¿ì¸®°¡ ¾î¶»°Ô ¸»ÇÒ ¼ö°¡ Àִ°¡?

All we can know is what we who make up mankind ought to do, and not to do, to bring about the coming of the kingdom of God. And that we all know. And we need only each begin to do what we ought to do, we need only each live with all the light that is in us, to bring about at once the promised kingdom of God to which every man's heart is yearning.

¿ì¸®°¡ ¾Ë ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ¸ðµç °ÍÀº Àηù¸¦ ±¸¼ºÇÏ´Â ¿ì¸®°¡, Çϳª´ÔÀÇ ¿Õ±¹ÀÇ µµ·¡¸¦ ÀÌ·èÇϱâ À§Çؼ­, ¹Ýµå½Ã ÇØ¾ß ÇÏ´Â °Í, ±×¸®°í ÇØ¼­´Â ¾ÈµÇ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ±×¸®°í ¿ì¸® ¸ðµÎ´Â ±×°ÍÀ» ¾È´Ù. ±×¸®°í ¸ðµç »ç¶÷ÀÇ °¡½¿ÀÌ ¿°¿øÇÏ´Â ¾à¼ÓµÈ Çϳª´ÔÀÇ ¿Õ±¹ÀÌ ´çÀå ÀÌ·èµÇ·Á¸é, ¿ì¸®´Â ¿ÀÁ÷ °¢ÀÚ°¡ ¿ì¸®°¡ ÇØ¾ß ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ» ÇàÇϱ⠽ÃÀÛÇØ¾ß ÇÒ Çʿ䰡 ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ¿ì¸®´Â ¿ÀÁ÷ ¿ì¸® ¾È¿¡ ÀÖ´Â ¸ðµç ºû°ú ÇÔ²² »ì Çʿ䰡 ÀÖ´Ù.

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