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| CHAPTER X. |
10
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|
EVIL CANNOT BE SUPPRESSED BY THE PHYSICAL FORCE OF THE
GOVERNMENT-THE MORAL PROGRESS OF HUMANITY IS BROUGHT ABOUT NOT ONLY BY
INDIVIDUAL RECOGNITION OF TRUTH, BUT ALSO THROUGH THE ESTABLISHMENT OF
A PUBLIC OPINION. |
-
νĿ ؼ Ӹ ƴ϶,
Ȯ ؼ η ̷ |
|
Christianity Destroys the State-But Which is Most Necessary: Christianity
or the State?-There are Some who Assert the Necessity of a State
Organization, and Others who Deny it, both Arguing from same First
Principles-Neither Contention can be Proved by Abstract Argument-The
Question must be Decided by the Stage in the Development of Conscience
of Each Man, which will either Prevent or Allow him to Support a
Government Organization-Recognition of the Futility and Immorality of
Supporting a State Organization Contrary to Christian Principles will
Decide the Question for Every Man, in Spite of any Action on Part of the
State-Argument of those who Defend the Government, that it is a Form of
Social Life, Needed to Protect the Good from the Wicked, till all Nations
and all Members of each Nation have Become Christians-The Most Wicked are
Always those in Power-The whole History of Humanity is the History of the
Forcible Appropriation of Power by the Wicked and their Oppression of the
Good-The Recognition by Governments of the Necessity of Opposing Evil by
Force is Equivalent to Suicide on their Part-The Abolition of
State-violence cannot Increase the Sum Total of Acts of Violence-The
Suppression of the Use of Force is not only Possible, but is even Taking
Place before Our Eyes-But it will Never be Suppressed by the Violence of
Government, but through Men who have Attained Power by Evidence
Recognizing its Emptiness and Becoming Better and Less Capable of Using
Force-Individual Men and also Whole Nations Pass Through this Process-By
this Means Christianity is Diffused Through Consciousness of Men, not only
in Spite of Use of Violence by Government, but even Through its Action,
and therefore the Suppression is not to be Dreaded, but is Brought About
by the National Progress of Life-Objection of those who Defend State
Organization that Universal Adoption of Christianity is hardly Likely to
be Realized at any Time-The General Adoption of the Truths of Christianity
is being Brought About not only by the Gradual and Inward Means, that is,
by Knowledge of the Truth, Prophetic Insight, and Recognition of the
Emptiness of Power, and Renunciation of it by Individuals, but also by
Another External Means, the Acceptance of a New Truth by Whole Masses of
Men on a Lower Level of Development Through Simple Confidence in their
Leaders-When a Certain Stage in the Diffusion of a Truth has been Reached,
a Public Opinion is Created which Impels a Whole Mass of Men, formerly
Antagonistic to the New Truth, to Accept it-And therefore all Men may
Quickly be Brought to Renounce the use of Violence when once a Christian
Public Opinion is Established-The Conviction of Force being Necessary
Hinders the Establishment of a Christian Public Opinion-The Use of
Violence Leads Men to Distrust the Spiritual Force which is the Only Force
by which they Advance-Neither Nations nor Individuals have been really
Subjugated by Force, but only by Public Opinion, which no Force can
Resist-Savage Nations and Savage Men can only be Subdued by the Diffusion
of a Christian Standard among them, while actually Christian Nations in
order to Subdue them do all they can to Destroy a Christian Standard-These
Fruitless Attempts to Civilize Savages Cannot be Adduced as Proofs that
Men Cannot be Subdued by Christianity-Violence by Corrupting Public
Opinion, only Hinders the Social Organization from being What it Ought to
Be-And by the Use of Violence being Suppressed, a Christian Public Opinion
would be Established-Whatever might be the Result of the Suppression of
Use of Force, this Unknown Future could not be Worse than the Present
Condition, and so there is no Need to Dread it-To Attain Knowledge of the
Unknown, and to Move Toward it, is the Essence of Life. |
ıѴ-
ʿѰ:
Ǵ ?- ʿ並
ϴ ,
װ ϴ
ִ,
Ѵ Ȱ ó Ѵ-
μ ﵵ - ݵ
ܰ迡 ؼ Ǿ
Ѵ,
װ װ ϴ
ų ̴.- 鿡 ݴǴ
Կ ,
ұϰ,
ذ ̴-θ ϴ ,
װ ȸ ̴,
ڵκ
ڵ ȣϴµ ʿϴ,
,
-
ڵ Ƿ¿ ڵ̴-η
ü ڵ鿡 Ƿ
Ż ڿ ̴-ε
μ ǿ ʿ ν
ڻ ϴ-
ü հ踦 -
Ӹ ƴ϶ 츮 տ Ͼ
ִ- װ μ
,
ǹ »
Ҹ ν ŷμ
ؼ ϴ- ü ε
ִ- μ
ڰ Ͽ ĵȴ,
Ӹ ƴ϶
ұϰ,
Ƿ
η ʴ,
ʷȴ-
ñ ä
ɼ ٴ ϴ ݴ-
,
,
,
,
Ƿ
Կ νİ ε Ƿ Ӹ
ƴ϶,
ٸ ؼ,
ڵ鿡
ܼ ü
߿ ο 뿡 ؼ ȴ-
Ŀ ־ ܰ迡 ,
ο ݴϴ ü йϴ
װ ̰ Ѵ-
Ƿ ϴ Ȯ
ɶ żϰ ϰ ȴ.
ʿϴٴ Ȯ Ѵ-
ִ
ҽϰ Ѵ-̵ ε̵
ؼ ӵ ,
п ؼ-߸
߸ ̿
Թ Ŀ ؼ ,
ݸ鿡
ﴩ ϴ
Թ ıϷ ִ
Ѵ-߸ε ȭϱ ̷
õ μ
ٴ ŷμ -
ȸ 翬 θ´-
ν,
Ȯ ̴- ϴ
,
̷ ˷ ̷
ǻȲ ,
װ η
ʿ䰡 - ,
װ ϴ ̴. |
|
christianity in its true sense puts an end to government. So it was
understood at its very commencement; it was for that cause that Christ was
crucified. So it has always been understood by people who were not under
the necessity of justifying a Christian government. Only from the time
that the heads of government assumed an external and nominal Christianity,
men began to invent all the impossible, cunningly devised theories by
means of which Christianity can be reconciled with government. But no
honest and serious-minded man of our day can help seeing the
incompatibility of true Christianity-the doctrine of meekness, forgiveness
of injuries, and love-with government, with its pomp, acts of violence,
executions, and wars. The profession of true Christianity not only
excludes the possibility of recognizing government, but even destroys its
very foundations. |
ǹ̿ θ Ѵ.
װ ʺ ;
ڰ .
װ θ ȭ ʿ䰡
鿡 ؼ .
̸ ,
Ұ ͵ ٸ系 ϰ,
Ȱϰ ο Ÿ ִ ̷е
ߴ.
츮 ô ϰ
-,
ؿ
뼭,
- -Ÿ,
,
ó,
- 縳 .
θ ɼ
Ӹ ƴ϶,
ü ݵ
ıѴ. |
|
But if it is so, and we are right in saying that Christianity is
incompatible with government, then the question naturally presents itself:
which is more necessary to the good of humanity, in which way is men's
happiness best to be secured, by maintaining the organization of
government or by destroying it and replacing it by Christianity? |
װ ٸ,
ο 縳 ٰ Կ 츮 Ǵٸ,
翬 ȴ:
η ؼ
ʿѰ ູ
Ȯ Ȯ ִ°,
ϸ鼭ΰ ƴϸ װ ıϰ
üνΰ? |
|
Some people maintain that government is more necessary for humanity,
that the destruction of the state organization would involve the
destruction of all that humanity has gained, that the state has been and
still is the only form in which humanity can develop. The evil which we
see among peoples living under a government organization they attribute
not to that type of society, but to its abuses, which, they say, can be
corrected without destroying it, and thus humanity, without discarding the
state organization, can develop and attain a high degree of happiness. And
men of this way of thinking bring forward in support of their views
arguments, which they think irrefutable drawn from history, philosophy,
and even religion. But there are men who hold on the contrary that, as
there was a time when humanity lived without government, such an
organization is temporary, and that a time must come when men need a new
organization, and that that time has come now. And men of this way of
thinking also bring forward in support of their views arguments which they
think irrefutable from philosophy, history, and religion. |
,
ΰ η ؼ ʿϴ,
ı η ̷
ı ̴,
η ִ
¿ ϴٰ,
Ѵ.
Ͽ ִ ̿ 츮
ȸ ¿ οϴ ƴ϶,
ǽ ,
װ ı
,
,
η,
ʰ,
ູ Ű ȹ ִٰ
Ѵ.
̷ ϴ
ð ħϱ Ͽ,
װͿ
ϴ ,
,
ö,
κ ŵ Ѵ.
ݴ η Ҵ ô밡 ־
ó,
ӽ̸,
ο
ʿ ݵ ; ϸ,
Դٰ ϴ ִ.
̷
ϴ ð ħϱ
ؼ ϴ ö,
,
κ ŵ Ѵ. |
|
Volumes may be written in defense of the former view (and volumes
indeed have long ago been written and more will still be written on that
side), but much also can be written against it (and much also, and most
brilliantly, has been written-though more recently-on this side). |
ð ȣϱ ؼ å
̴ ( å
,
̴),
װͿ ݴϴ å鵵 (
,
Ǹϰ,
-
ֱ- ̴). |
|
And it cannot be proved, as the champions of the state maintain, that
the destruction of government involves a social chaos, mutual spoliation
and murder, the destruction of all social institutions, and the return of
mankind to barbarism. Nor can it be proved as the opponents of government
maintain that men have already become so wise and good that they will not
spoil or murder one another, but will prefer peaceful associations to
hostilities; that of their own accord, unaided by the state, they will
make all the arrangements that they need, and that therefore government,
far from being any aid, under show of guarding men exerts a pernicious and
brutalizing influence over them. It is impossible to prove either of these
contentions by abstract reasoning. Still less possible is it to prove them
by experiment, since the whole matter turns on the question, ought we to
try the experiment? The question whether or not the time has come to make
an end of government would be unanswerable, except that there exists
another living means of settling it beyond dispute. |
ȣڵ ϴ ó,
ı ȸ ȥ,
ȣ Ż,
,
ȸ
ı,
η ߸Ƿ
Ѵٴ .
ݴڵ ϴ ó,
̹ ʹ
ϰ θ Żϰ
̸,
ٴ ȭ
ȣ ̸;
,
,
ʿ س,
Ƿ,
δ,
DZ Ŀ,
ϴ
μ ϸ鼭 鿡 طӰ
̶ ͵ .
̵ 鿡
͵ μ ϴ
Ұϴ.
װ͵ 迡 ؼ ϴ
ξ Ұϴ,
ֳϸ,
ü , 츮
غƾ߸ ϴ°? ͰDZ ̴.
θ Դ ƴ ,
װ ذϱ ٸ
ϴ 츦 ϰ,
̴. |
|
We may dispute upon the question whether the nestlings are ready to do
without the mother-hen and to come out of the eggs, or whether they are
not yet advanced enough. But the young birds will decide the question
without any regard for our arguments when they find themselves cramped for
space in the eggs. Then they will begin to try them with their beaks and
come out of them of their own accord. |
츮 Ƹ Ƹ ̴ ǰ ˿
غ Ǿ,
Ǵ װ͵
ʾҴ ǹ ̴.
ȿ
츮 鿡 ̴.
װ͵ θ غ,
˿ ̴. |
|
It is the same with the question whether the time has come to do away
with the governmental type of society and to replace it by a new type. If
a man, through the growth of a higher conscience, can no longer comply
with the demands of government, he finds himself cramped by it and at the
same time no longer needs its protection. When this comes to pass, the
question whether men are ready to discard the governmental type is solved.
And the conclusion will be as final for them as for the young birds
hatched out of the eggs. Just as no power in the world can put them back
into the shells, so can no power in the world bring men again under the
governmental type of society when once they have outgrown it. |
װ ȸ ϰ װ ο
· ٲ ð Դ° Ȱ.
,
Ͽ,
ĵ ̻ ٸ,
״ װ
̴ ÿ ̻
ȣ ʿ ʴ.
̷ Ͼ ,
¸ غ Ǿ° ϴ
ذȴ.
鿡 ־
˿ ȭǾ 鿡Լ
̴.
ٽ ó,
Ƿµ,
ϴ ΰ ʿ Ǿ ȴٸ,
ȸ ٽ . |
|
"It may well be that government was necessary and is still necessary
for all the advantages which you attribute to it," says the man who has
mastered the Christian theory of life. "I only know that on the one
hand, government is no longer necessary for me, and on the other
hand, I can no longer carry out the measures that are necessary to
the existence of a government. Settle for yourselves what you need for
your life. I cannot prove the need or the harm of governments in general.
I know only what I need and do not need, what I can do and what I cannot.
I know that I do not need to divide myself off from other nations, and
therefore I cannot admit that I belong exclusively to any state or nation,
or that I owe allegiance to any government. I know that I do not need
all the government institutions organized within the state, and therefore
I cannot deprive people who need my labor to give it in the form of taxes
to institutions which I do not need, which for all I know may be
pernicious. I know that I have no need of the administration or of courts
of justice founded upon force, and therefore I can take no part in either.
I know that I do not need to attack and slaughter other nations or to
defend myself from them with arms, and therefore I can take no part in
wars or preparations for wars. It may well be that there are people who
cannot help regarding all this as necessary and indispensable. I cannot
dispute the question with them, I can only speak for myself; but I can say
with absolute certainty that I do not need it, and that I cannot do it.
And I do not need this and I cannot do it, not because such is my own, my
personal will, but because such is the will of him who sent me into life,
and gave me an indubitable law for my conduct through life." |
Ƹ ΰ ʿϿ
οϴ ͵ Ͽ
ʿ ̷
ϼ Ѵ. ,
־ δ ̻ ʿ ,
ٸ
翡 ʿ ൿ ٴ
,
ȴ.
ʿ Ϳ ϶.
Ϲ ʿ䳪 طο
.
ʿ ϴ Ͱ ʿ
ʴ ,
ִ Ͱ ˰
ִ.
ڽ ٸ κ иؾ
ʿ䰡 Ƿ,
Ư Ÿ
ҼѴٰų,
Ư ο 漺 ǹ
ȴ.
ȿ
ⱸ ʿ ,
Ƿ
̶ · ʿ ʴ ⱸ鿡
־ν 뵿 ʿ ϴ
ϰ ,
ֳϸ ⱸ
ƴ طӴٴ ˰ ִ.
ϴ ġ ʿ ,
Ƿ Ϳ ȴ.
ٸ ϰų ϰų,
ڽ
μ ʿ䰡 ,
Ƿ ̳
غ鿡 ٴ ȴ.
Ƹ
ʿϸ εϴٰ
.
;
װ ʿ
װ ٴ Ȯ
ִ.
̰ ʿġ װ
.
̰ ʿġ ,
װ
,
ֳϸ װ ڽ,
ƴ϶,
,
ؼ Ȯ ֽ
̱ ̴." |
|
Whatever arguments may be advanced in support of the contention that
the suppression of government authority would be injurious and would lead
to great calamities, men who have once outgrown the governmental form of
society cannot go back to it again. And all the reasoning in the world
cannot make the man who has outgrown the governmental form of society take
part in actions disallowed by his conscience, any more than the
full-grown bird can be made to return into the egg-shell. |
Ƿ طο ̸
ʷ ̶ Կ ־
ƹ ̶ ,
°
ϴ ʿ ʾ ٽ װ ư
.
߷е ȸ
° ڽ
ʴ 鿡 ϰ ,
ڶ ٽ
ٸ ʴ. |
|
"But even it be so," say the champions of the existing order of
things, "still the suppression of government violence can only be
possible and desirable when all men have become Christians. So long as
among people nominally Christians there are unchristian wicked men, who
for the gratification of their own lusts are ready to do harm to others,
the suppression of government authority, far from being a blessing to
others, would only increase their miseries. The suppression of the
governmental type of society is not only undesirable so long as there is
only a minority of true Christians; it would not even be desirable if the
whole of a nation were Christians, but among and around them were still
unchristian men of other nations. For these unchristian men would rob,
outrage, and kill the Christians with impunity and would make their lives
miserable. All that would result, would be that the bad would oppress
and outrage the good with impunity. And therefore the authority of
government must not be suppressed till all the wicked and rapacious people
in the world are extinct. And since this will either never be, or at least
cannot be for a long time to come, in spite of the efforts of individual
Christians to be independent of government authority, it ought to be
maintained in the interests of the majority. The champions of government
assert that without it the wicked will oppress and outrage the good, and
that the power of the government enables the good to resist the wicked." |
ٰ ϴ,
ȣڵ Ѵ,
Ǿ ϸ ٶϴ.
ε ̿
ִ ,
ڽŵ Ž Ű Ͽ
ٸ 鿡 ظ ĥ غ Ǿ ̸,
Ƿ ,
ٸ 鿡 ູ DZ
Ŀ,
ų ̴.
ȸ ϴ Ҽ
ε ִ ٶ Ӹ
ƴϴ;
ü ε̶ װ
ٶ Ӹ ƴ϶,
̿,
ֺ ٸ
ִ.
ֳϸ ̵ ε ʰ
ε Żϰ,
ϸ,
̸
ϰ ̴.
ʷǴ
ڵ ¡ ʰ ϰ
̴.
Ƿ Ƿ,
ϰ Ž彺 ,
Ǿ ȵȴ.
̰ ʰų,
а ,
ε Ƿκ Ϸ µ鿡
ұϰ,
δ ټ ͵ Ͽ
Ǿ߸ Ѵ.
ȣڵ ΰ
ڵ ϰ ̴,
Ƿ ڵ鿡
ֵ شٰ Ѵ. |
|
But in this assertion the champions of the existing order of things
take for granted the proposition they want to prove. When they say that
except for the government the bad would oppress the good, they take it for
granted that the good are those who at the present time are in possession
of power, and the bad are those who are in subjection to it. But this is
just what wants proving. It would only be true if the custom of our
society were what is, or rather is supposed to be, the custom in China;
that is, that the good always rule, and that directly those at the head of
government cease to be better than those they rule over, the citizens are
bound to remove them. This is supposed to be the custom in China. In
reality it is not so and can never be so. For to remove the heads of a
government ruling by force, it is not the right alone, but the power to do
so that is needed. So that even in China this is only an imaginary custom.
And in our Christian world we do not even suppose such a custom, and we
have nothing on which to build up the supposition that it is the good or
the superior who are in power; in reality it is those who have seized
power and who keep it for their own and their retainers' benefit. |
忡 ȣڵ
ϰ ϴ 翬ϴٰ .
ΰ ٸ ڵ
̶ ,
ô뿡 Ƿ ϰ ִ ̸,
Ƿ¿ ӵǾ ִ ̶ 翬
ִ.
̰ ٷ ϴ ̴.
츮 ȸ ߱ ̰ų,
ƴ
ٰ ȴٸ,
װ
̴;
ٽ Ѵٸ,
ڰ ġѴٴ
̰,
ġϴ
⸦ ,
ùε Ͽ
Ѵٴ ̴.
̰ ߱ ٰ
ȴ.
ǿ,
װ ʴ
.
ֳϸ ġ
μ Ϸ,
ʿ Ǹ ƴϰ
ϱ ̴.
߱
̰ ̴.
츮 迡 츮
ʴ´,
Ƿ¿ ڴ
̰ų پ ڶ ƹ͵
ʴ;
װ Ƿ
װ ڽ װ͵
μ ִ ̴. |
|
The good cannot seize power, nor retain it; to do this men must love
power. And love of power is inconsistent with goodness; but quite
consistent with the very opposite qualities-pride, cunning, cruelty. |
Ƿ ,
װ
;
̰ Ϸ ݵ
Ƿ ؾ Ѵ.
Ƿ¿
ġ ʴ´;
ݴ
ġ ġѴ-ڸ,
Ȱ,
. |
|
Without the aggrandizement of self and the abasement of others, without
hypocrisies and deceptions, without prisons, fortresses, executions, and
murders, no power can come into existence or be maintained. |
ڽ Ӱ ٸ ,
⸸ ,
,
ó,
ε
,
Ƿµ ϰų . |
|
"If the power of government is suppressed the more wicked will
oppress the less wicked," say the champions of state authority. But when
the Egyptians conquered the Jews, the Romans conquered the Greeks, and the
Barbarians conquered the Romans, is it possible that all the conquerors
were always better than those they conquered? And the same with the
transitions of power within a state from one personage to another: has
the power always passed from a worse person to a better one? When Louis
XVI was removed and Robespierre came to power, and afterward Napoleon-who
ruled then, a better man or a worse? And when were better men in power,
when the Versaillist party or when the Commune was in power? When Charles
I was ruler, or when Cromwell? And when Peter III was Tzar, or when he was
killed and Catherine was Tzaritsa in one-half of Russia and Pougachef
ruled the other? Which was bad then, and which was good? All men who
happen to be in authority assert that their authority is necessary to keep
the bad from oppressing the good, assuming that they themselves are the
good par ex-cellence, who protect other good people from the bad. |
Ƿ ȴٸ,
ڵ
ڵ ̴, Ƿ
ȣڵ Ѵ.
Ʈε ε
Ͽ ,
θ Ͽ ,
ٹٸư θε Ͽ ,
ڵ ڵ ٰ
ִ°?
ȿ κ
ٸ Ƿ ȯ :
Ƿ
Լ Է Ű
°?
14 ŵǰ κǿ,
ڿ Ƿ¿ ö -
ġϿ°,
Ǹ ΰ ΰ?
Ƿ¿ ־°,
ΰ ƴϸ ĸڹ Ƿ
ΰ?
1 ġ ΰ ƴϸ ũΰ?
3ΰ ƴϸ װ صǰ ij
þ ġϰ Ǫü
ġ ΰ?
ٸ ̰
ΰ?
Ƿ ϰ Ǵ
Ƿ ڵ ڵ
ϴ ʿϴٰ ϸ,
ڽ ڵ̸,
ٸ ڵ
ڵκ ȣѴٰ . |
|
But ruling means using force, and using force means doing to him to
whom force is used, what he does not like and what he who uses the force
would certainly not like done to himself. Consequently ruling means doing
to others what we would not they should do unto us, that is, doing wrong. |
ġ ǹϰ,
ϴ
Ǵ ǹϸ,
װ
ʴ ,
ϴ
ڽſԴ и ʴ
ǹѴ.
ᱹ ġѴٴ ,
ٸ 츮
ϴ 츮 ġ ʴ ,
,
ϴ°,
鿡 ϴ ǹѴ. |
|
To submit means to prefer suffering to using force. And to prefer
suffering to using force means to be good, or at least less wicked than
those who do unto others what they would not like themselves. |
Ѵٴ Ժٴ
ȣѴٴ ǹ̴.
ȣѴٴ ϴٴ ǹϸ,
ƴϸ
ΰ ʴ ٸ
鿡 ϴ ٵ ϴٴ
ǹѴ. |
|
And therefore, in all probability, not the better but the worse have
always ruled and are ruling now. There may be bad men among those who are
ruled, but it cannot be that those who are better have generally ruled
those who are worse. |
Ƿ,
ɼ,
ٵ ġϿ ݵ
ġϰ ִ.
ġ ߿
̴,
Ϲ
ġߴٰ . |
|
It might be possible to suppose this with the inexact heathen
definition of good; but with the clear Christian definition of good and
evil, it is impossible to imagine it. |
̰ Ȯ ̱ μ
ϴ;
ǿ и
Ƿμ,
װ ϱ Ұϴ. |
|
If the more or less good, and the more or less bad cannot be
distinguished in the heathen world, the Christian conception of good and
evil has so clearly defined the characteristics of the good and the
wicked, that it is impossible to confound them. According to Christ's
teaching the good are those who are meek and long-suffering, do not resist
evil by force, forgive injuries, and love their enemies; those are wicked
who exalt themselves, oppress, strive, and use force. Therefore by
Christ's teaching there can be no doubt whether the good are to be found
among rulers or ruled, and whether the wicked are among the ruled or the
rulers. Indeed it is absurd even to speak of Christians ruling. |
ټҰ ,
ټҰ
̱ ٸ,
ʹ и
ڵ ڵ Ư¡ ϿǷ,
ȥѴٴ Ұϴ.
ħ
,
ڵ ϰ ,
ǿ ,
ظ 뼭ϸ,
ϴ ̴;
ڵ
θ ̸,
ϰ ϰ Ѵ.
Ƿ ħ ϸ,
ڵ
ġڵ Ǵ ġڵ ߰ߵǵ,
ڵ ġ Ǵ ġڵ ֵ,
ƹ ǽ .
ε
ġѴٰ ϴ ϴ. |
|
Non-Christians, that is those who find the aim of their lives in
earthly happiness, must always rule Christians, the aim of whose lives is
the renunciation of such earthly happiness. |
ε,
,
ູ ã Ʋ ε
ġϸ,
ູ
ϴ ̴. |
|
This difference has always existed and has become more and more defined
as the Christian religion has been more widely diffused and more correctly
understood. |
̷ ̴ Ͽ,
θ ĵǰ Ȯ
Ȯ. |
|
The more widely true Christianity was diffused and the more it
penetrated men's conscience, the more impossible it was for Christians
to be rulers, and the easier it became for non-Christians to rule them. |
ָ ĵǸ ɼ װ
ɼӿ İ,
ε
ġڰ ȴٴ Ұ,
ε ġϴ . |
|
"To get rid of governmental violence in a society in which all are
not true Christians, will only result in the wicked dominating the good
and oppressing them with impunity," say the champions of the existing
order of things. But it has never been, and cannot be otherwise. So it has
always been from the beginning of the world, and so it is still. The
wicked will always dominate the good, and will always oppress them.
Cain overpowered Abel, the cunning Jacob oppressed the guileless Esau and
was in his turn deceived by Laban, Caiaphas and Pilate oppressed Christ,
the Roman emperors oppressed Seneca, Epictetus, and the good Romans who
lived in their times. John IV. with his favorites, the syphilitic drunken
Peter with his buffoons, the vicious Catherine with her paramours, ruled
and oppressed the industrious religious Russians of their times. |
ΰ ε ƴ ȸ
شٴ ڵ ڵ
ϰ ʷ ̴,
ȣϴ Ѵ.
,
ٸ .
ʺ ,
ݵ ϴ.
ڵ ڵ ̸,
̴.
ī ƺ еߴ,
Ȱ
߰ ̻ ,
״ ٽ ݿ
,
߹ٿ
߰,
θ Ȳ ī,
,
ô뿡 Ҵ θε ߴ.
4
ڵ,
ŵ ɸ Ϳ
,
ij ׳ ε,
ô ٸϰ þε ġϸ
Ͽ. |
|
William is ruling over the Germans, Stambouloff over the Bulgarians,
the Russian officials over the Russian people. The Germans have dominated
the Italians, now they dominate the Hungarians and Slavonians; the Turks
have dominated and still dominate the Slavonians and Greeks; the English
dominate the Hindoos, the Mongolians dominate the Chinese. |
Ȳ ġϰ,
Ž
Ұε,
þ þ
Ѵ.
ε Żε ߴ,
밡ε ε Ѵ;
;Űε ε ε
Ѵ;
ε εε,
ε
߱ε Ѵ. |
|
So that whether governmental violence is suppressed or not, the
position of good men, in being oppressed by the wicked, will be unchanged. |
ǵ ƴϵ,
ġ,
鿡 йڹ ־,
Һ ̴. |
|
To terrify men with the prospect of the wicked dominating the good is
impossible, for that is just what has always been, and is now, and cannot
but be. |
鿡 ڵ ڵ
̶ ϴ Ұϴ,
ֳϸ װ ־,
ݵ
,
̴. |
|
The whole history of pagan times is nothing but a recital of the
incidents and means by which the more wicked gained possession of power
over the less wicked, and retained it by cruelties and deceptions, ruling
over the good under the pretense of guarding the right and protecting the
good from the wicked. All the revolutions in history are only examples of
the more wicked seizing power and oppressing the good. In declaring that
if their authority did not exist the more wicked would oppress the good,
the ruling authorities only show their disinclination to let other
oppressors come to power who would like to snatch it from them. |
̱ ô ü ڵ
ڵ Ƿ Ȯϸ,
Ȥ ⸸μ װ ϸ,
Ǹ
ָ ڵκ ڵ ȣѴٴ
ǾƷ ڵ ϴ ǵ
Ǯ̿ ʴ´.
Ƿ ڵ ϴ
̴.
Ƿ ʴ´ٸ,
ڵ ڵ ̶ Կ
־,
ϴ Ƿµ ٸ ڵ
κ Ƿ ä ϱ
Ⱦ ̴. |
|
But in asserting this they only accuse themselves. They say that their
power, i.e., violence, is needed to defend men from other possible
oppressors in the present or the future. |
̰ Կ θ
ϴ ̴.
Ƿ,
,
糪
̷ ٸ ڵκ ȣԿ
ʿϴٰ Ѵ. |
|
The weakness of the use of violence lies in the fact that all the
arguments brought forward by oppressors in their own defense can with even
better reason be advanced against them. They plead the danger of
violence-most often imagined in the future-but they are all the while
continuing to practice actual violence themselves. "You say that men
used to pillage and murder in the past, and that you are afraid that they
will pillage and murder one another if your power were no more. That may
happen- or it may not happen. But the fact that you ruin thousands of
men in prisons, fortresses, galleys, and exile, break up millions of
families and ruin millions of men, physically as well as morally, in the
army, that fact is not an imaginary but a real act of violence, which,
according to your own argument, one ought to oppose by violence. And so
you are yourselves these wicked men against whom, according to your own
argument, it is absolutely necessary to use violence," the oppressed are
sure to say to their oppressors. And non-Christian men always do say, and
think and act on this reasoning. If the oppressed are more wicked than
their oppressors, they attack them and try to overthrow them; and in
favorable circumstances they succeed in overthrowing them, or what is more
common, they rise into the ranks of the oppressors and assist in their
acts of violence. |
ڵ鿡 ؼ ڽ
ȣ õǴ
μ 鿡 Ͽ ִٴ ̴.
Ѵ-̷
Ǵ- ٰ ؼ ΰ
ϰ ִ. ſ
θ Żϰ ,
ŵ Ƿ
̻ ʴ´ٸ θ Żϰ
̶ ŵ Ѵ.
Ͼ
-ƴ װ Ͼ .
ŵ õ ,
,
,
߹ ϰ ϰ,
鸸
źŰ,
鸸 ,
ü
,
뿡 ϰ ,
ƴϸ ̴,
װ,
ŵ ϸ,
ݵ ؾ
ϴ ̴.
Ƿ ŵ ٷ,
ŵ
,
й ,
ϴ
ʿϴٰ,
и ϴ
ڵ鿡 ϴ,
̵ ̴.
ε ̷ μ ϰ ϰ
ൿѴ.
й ϴ
ٵ ϴٸ,
ϴ ڵ Ͽ
Ϸ õ ̴;
Ȳ ٸ
Կ ϰų,
,
ڵ Ѵ ڽŵ
´. |
|
So that the very violence which the champions of government hold up
as a terror-pretending that except for its oppressive power the wicked
would oppress the good-has really always existed and will exist in human
society. And therefore the suppression of state violence cannot in any
case be the cause of increased oppression of the good by the wicked. |
Ƿ ȣڵ ϴ ٷ
- Ƿ ٸ ڵ
ڵ ̶ ٹ̸鼭-ǻ
ΰ ȸ Ͽ ̴.
Ƿ 쿡
ڵ鿡 ڵ鿡
. |
|
If state violence ceased, there would be acts of violence perhaps on
the part of different people, other than those who had done deeds of
violence before. But the total amount of violence could not in any case be
increased by the mere fact of power passing from one set of men to
another. |
ߴܵȴٸ Ƹ,
,
ٸ
̴.
ü Ը
쿡 Ƿ 鿡 ؼ ٸ
Űٴ ܼ Ƿ ؼ
. |
|
"State violence can only cease when there are no more wicked men in
society," say the champions of the existing order of things, assuming in
this of course that since there will always be wicked men, it can never
cease. And that would be right enough if it were the case, as they assume,
that the oppressors are always the best of men, and that the sole means of
saving men from evil is by violence. Then, indeed, violence could never
cease. But since this is not the case, but quite the contrary, that it is
not the better oppress the worse, but the worse oppress the better, and
since violence will never put an end to evil, and there is, moreover,
another means of putting an end to it, the assertion that violence will
never cease is incorrect. The use of violence grows less and less and
evidently must disappear. |
ȸ ̻
ִ,
ȣڵ Ѵ,
ؼ,
̹Ƿ,
ٰ Ѵ.
ϴ
,
ڵ Ǹ ̸,
κ ϴ ¿
ϴ ̶,
װ Ǵٰ ̴.
,
,
.
̰ 찡 ƴ϶,
ݴ,
ڵ ڵ ϴ ƴ϶
ڵ ڵ ϱ ̴,
̰,
,
Դٰ
װ͵ ٸ ֱ ,
̴ٶ Ȯ ʴ.
پ ,
и ݵ . |
|
But this will not come to pass, as some champions of the existing order
imagine, through the oppressed becoming better and better under the
influence of government (on the contrary, its influence causes their
continual degradation), but through the fact that all men are constantly
growing better and better of themselves, so that even the most wicked, who
are in power, will become less and less wicked, till at last they are so
good as to be incapable of using violence. |
̷ ,
ȣڵ
ϵ,
й ڵ Ʒ
ؼ ƴ϶ (ݴ,
ȭ ̴),
ΰ ٴ ؼ
Ͼ ̴,
Ƿ ִ
ڵ鵵,
̸,
ħ
ϱ Ұ ̴. |
|
The progressive movement of humanity does not proceed from the better
elements in society seizing power and making those who are subject to them
better, by forcible means, as both conservatives and revolutionists
imagine. It proceeds first and principally from the fact that all men in
general are advancing steadily and undeviatingly toward a more and more
conscious assimilation of the Christian theory of life; and secondly, from
the fact that, even apart from conscious spiritual life, men are
unconsciously brought into a more Christian attitude to life by the very
process of one set of men grasping the power, and again being replaced by
others. |
η ,
ġ ڵ̳
ڵ ϵ,
ȸ
ҵ Ƿ 鿡 ӵ ڵ
ϰ ν ư
ƴϴ.
װ ù°,
ַ Ϲ
̷ ǽ
Ͽ Ż
ϰ ִٴ Ƿμ ư;
ι°,
ǽ ,
ǽ,
Ƿ ,
ٽ
ٸ 鿡 ؼ üǴ ؼ
µ Ѵٴ Ƿκ
ư. |
|
The worse elements of society, gaining possession of power, under the
sobering influence which always accompanies power, grow less and less
cruel, and become incapable of using cruel forms of violence.
Consequently others are able to seize their place, and the same process of
softening and, so to say, unconscious Christianizing goes on with them.
It is something like the process of ebullition. The majority of men,
having the non-Christian view of life, always strive for power and
struggle to obtain it. In this struggle the most cruel, the coarsest, the
least Christian elements of society overpower the most gentle, well-disposed,
and Christian, and rise by means of their violence to the upper ranks of
society. And in them is Christ's prophecy fulfilled: " Woe to you that
are rich! woe unto you that are full! woe unto you when all men shall
speak well of you!" For the men who are in possession of power and all
that results from it-glory and wealth-and have attained the various aims
they set before themselves, recognize the vanity of it all and return to
the position from which they came. Charles V., John IV., Alexander I.,
recognizing the emptiness and the evil of power, renounced it because they
were incapable of using violence for their own benefit as they had done. |
ȸ ҵ,
Ƿ Ȯϰ,
Ƿ ϴ Ʒ,
,
µ
ϱⰡ Ұ .
ᱹ ٸ
ڸ ְԵǰ,
Ȱ ȭ ,
ڸ,
ǽ ȭ ȿ ȴ.
װ ġ ̴.
κ ,
ð Ƿ,
Ƿ ߱ϸ װ Ѵ.
̷
£ ϰ ĥ,
ȸ ҵ ¼ϰ,
ģϸ,
Ѵ,
ȸ Ͼ.
ȿ ȴ: ȭ
ο ڿ!
ȭ θ
ڿ!
ȭ ڿ!
ֳϸ
Ƿ° Ǵ -αͿ ȭ-
Ͽ νϰ
ư ̴.
5
,
4
,
˷ 1
Ƿ νϰ,
ߴ ڽ ؼ
ϱⰡ ҰϿ װ Ͽ. |
|
But they are not the solitary examples of this recognition of the
emptiness and evil of power. Everyone who gains a position of power he has
striven for, every general, every minister, every millionaire, every petty
official who has gained the place he has coveted for ten years, every rich
peasant who has laid by some hundred rubles, passes through this
unconscious process of softening. |
Ƿ Կ ̷
νĿ ƴϴ.
ڽ
߱ϴ Ƿ ,
屺̳,
̳,
鸸ڳ, 10⵿ װ Ž
ϻ̳,
γ,
̷ ǽ ȭ ´. |
|
And not only individual men, but societies of men, whole nations, pass
through this process. |
Ӹ ƴ϶,
ü ε鵵
̷ ´. |
|
The seductions of power, and all the wealth, honor, and luxury it
gives, seem a sufficient aim for men's efforts only so long as they are
unattained. Directly a man reaches them he sees all their vanity, and they
gradually lose all their power of attraction. They are like clouds which
have form and beauty only from the distance; directly one ascends into
them, all their splendor vanishes. |
Ƿ¿ Ȥ,
α,
,
װ ִ ġ Ͽ
ġ ִ ó
δ.
װ͵鿡 ,
״
ݴ´,
Ƿ¿ ŷ Ҵ´.
װ͵ ġ
ָ Ƹٿ ;
װ װ͵鿡 ö ,
װ͵ ȭ
. |
|
Men who are in possession of power and wealth, sometimes even those
who have gained for themselves their power and wealth, but more often
their heirs, cease to be so eager for power, and so cruel in their efforts
to obtain it. |
Ƿ° α ,
Ƿ° α ȹ ,
ڵ,
Ƿ¿
װ 鿡 ¿
. |
|
Having learnt by experience, under the operation of Christian
influence, the vanity of all that is gained by violence, men sometimes
in one, sometimes in several generations lose the vices which are
generated by the passion for power and wealth. They become less cruel and
so cannot maintain their position, and are expelled from power by a rank
of society lower in position, but higher in morality, raising thereby the
average level of Christian consciousness in men. But directly after them
again the worst, coarsest, least Christian elements of society rise to the
top, and are subjected to the same process as their predecessors, and
again in a generation or so, seeing the vanity of what is gained by
violence, and having imbibed Christianity, they come down again among the
oppressed, and their place is again filled by new oppressors, less brutal
than former oppressors, though more so than those they oppress. So that,
although power remains externally the same as it was, with every change-of
the men in power there is a constant increase of the number of men who
have been brought by experience to the necessity of assimilating the
Christian conception of life, and with every change-though it is the
coarsest, cruelest, and least Christian who come into possession of
power, they are less coarse and cruel and more Christian than their
predecessors when they gained possession of power. |
ۿ Ʒ,
͵ 㹫 μ Ƿ,
δ
,
δ 뿡 ļ Ƿ°
αͿ Ե Ҵ´.
Ƿ
,
ȸ ؼ Ƿκ Ѱܳ,
Ƿμ ȿ
δ.
ڿ ٷ ٽ
ϰ,
ĥ,
ûȸ
ҵ ,
ռ
ó Ȱ ̰ ȴ,
ٽ
ȿ,
㹫 ݰ,
Ͽ,
ٽñ йڹ
̷ ´,
ڸ ٽ ο,
ڵ鿡 ؼ
ä.
,
Ƿ ܰ Ȱ
,
Ƿ¿ ִ ,
迡 ؼ ʿ並
ϰ Ǵ ִ,
- Ƿ ϰ Ǵ
ĥ,
̴,
Ƿ ϰ Ǹ 麸
ĥ . |
|
Power selects and attracts the worst elements of society, transforms
them, improves and softens them, and returns them to society. |
Ƿ ȸ ־ ҵ ϸ
鿩,
ϰ,
ϰ
ȭѼ,
ȸ . |
|
Such is the process by means of which Christianity, in spite of the
hindrances to human progress resulting from the violence of power, gains
more and more hold of men. Christianity penetrates to the consciousness of
men, not only in spite of the violence of power, but also by means of it. |
̷ ٷ,
,
Ƿ
ʷǴ η ص鿡 ұϰ
̴.
,
Ƿ ¿ ұϰ Ӹ ƴ϶,
װ
Ͽ ǽļӿ ħ , |
|
And therefore the assertion of the champions of the state, that if the
power of government were suppressed the wicked would oppress the good, not
only fails to show that that is to be dreaded, since it is just what
happens now, but proves, on the contrary, that it is governmental power
which enables the wicked to oppress the good, and is the evil most
desirable to suppress, and that it is being gradually suppressed in the
natural course of things. |
Ƿ,
Ƿ ȴٸ
ڵ ڵ ﴩ ̶
ȣϴ ڵ ,
װ ٷ Ͼ
̱ ,
װ η ؾ ̶
Ӹ ƴ϶,
ݴ,
ڵ
ڵ ﴩ ϴ Ƿ̸,
ٶ ̸,
繰 ڿ
ǰ Ѵ. |
|
"But if it be true that governmental power will disappear when those
in power become so Christian that they renounce power of their own accord,
and there are no men found willing to take their place, and even if this
process is already going on," say the champions of the existing order,
"when will that come to pass? If, after eighteen hundred years, there
are still so many eager for power, and so few anxious to obey, there seems
no likelihood of its happening very soon-or indeed of its ever happening
at all. |
Ƿ¿ ִ
Ǿ Ƿ ϰ,
ڸ ϴ ã ,
Ƿ ٴ ̸,
̹ ǰ ִ,
ȣϴ Ѵ, װ Ͼ ΰ?
, 1800 ڿ,
Ƿ ;ϴ
ٸ,
ϰ ;ϴ ٸ,
װ 巡 -Ǵ ü
װ Ͼ ɼ ó δ. |
|
"Even if there are, as there have always been, some men who prefer
renouncing power to enjoying it, the mass of men in reserve, who prefer
dominion to subjection, is so great that it is difficult to imagine a time
when the number will be exhausted. |
,
߾ ó,
Ƿ ϱ
ٴ ȣϴ ణ ִٰ
ϴ,
ϰ ִ Ը,
ٴ
踦 ϱ,
ʹ Ŀ ڰ
پ ϱ ƴ. |
|
"Before this Christianizing process could so affect all men one after
another that they would pass from the heathen to the Christian conception
of life, and would voluntarily abandon power and wealth, it would be necessary
that all the coarse, half-savage men, completely incapable of
appreciating Christianity or acting upon it, of whom there are always a
great many in every Christian society, should be converted to
Christianity. More than this, all the savage and absolutely non-Christian
peoples, who are so numerous outside the Christian world, must also be
converted. And therefore, even if we admit that this Christianizing
process will some day affect everyone, still, judging by the amount of
progress it has made in eighteen hundred years, it will be many times
eighteen centuries before it will do so. And it is therefore impossible
and unprofitable to think at present of anything so impracticable as the
suppression of authority. We ought only to try to put authority into the
best hands." |
ȭ
ļ ̱
ȭ ̸,
ؼ Ƿ° α
ϱ ,
ĥ,
ݾ߸ ,
ϰų װ ϱ
Ұ -̹ ȸ
ʹ ִ- ݵ Ǿ
Ѵ.
̰ Ӹ ƴ϶,
߸̰
ٱ ʹ
ϰ ,
鵵 ݵ Ǿ
Ѵ.
Ƿ,
̷ ȭ
鿡
ϴ,
, 1800⵿ ̷
Ǵ ,
Ƿ,
1800 ɸ
̴.
Ƿ Ƿ
Ұ Ϳ ϴ
Ұϸ ҵ .
츮 Ƿ
տ ѱ ؾ Ѵ. |
|
And this criticism would be perfectly just, if the transition from
one conception of life to another were only accomplished by the single
process of all men, separately and successively, realizing, each for
himself, the emptiness of power, and reaching Christian truth by the inner
spiritual path. That process goes on unceasingly, and men are passing over
to Christianity one after another by this inner way. |
̴,
ϳ
ǰ ٸ õ
ϳǰθ ȴٸ,
,
ڰ ,
Ƿ
ݰ,
濡 ؼ
Ѵٸ.
ġ ʰ ȴ,
̷ ʴ
Ǿ . |
|
But there is also another external means by which men reach
Christianity and by which the transition is less gradual. |
ݰ װͿ
ȭ ٸ ִ. |
|
This transition from one organization of life to another is not
accomplished by degrees like the sand running through the hourglass grain
after grain. It is more like the water filling a vessel floating on water.
At first the water only runs in slowly on one side, but as the vessel
grows heavier it suddenly begins to sink, and almost instantaneously fills
with water. |
κ ٸ ̷
õ ð踦 ϴ
ó õõ ̷ ʴ.
װ ִ
ä Ͱ ϴ.
ó
õõ 帥,
Ⱑ
ſ װ ڱ ʱ Ѵ,
. |
|
It is just the same with the transitions of mankind from one
conception-and so from one organization of life-to another. At first only
gradually and slowly, one after another, men attain to the new truth by
the inner spiritual way, and follow it out in life. But when a certain
point in the diffusion of the truth has been reached, it is suddenly
assimilated by everyone, not by the inner way, but, as it were,
involuntarily. |
װ η - κ
ϴ- ٸ ȭϴ Ͱ
Ȱ.
ó ̸ ,
,
ؼ ο
ϸ װ õѴ.
İ ϰ Ǹ,
װ ڱ
鿡 ƴ϶,
ڸ,
ǽ ȴ. |
|
That is why the champions of the existing order are wrong in arguing
that, since only a small section of mankind has passed over to
Christianity in eighteen centuries, it must be many times eighteen
centuries before all the remainder do the same. For in that argument they
do not take into account any other means, besides the inward spiritual
one, by which men assimilate a new truth and pass from one order of life
to another. |
װ ȣڰ,
η
Ϻκ 1800 ȭǾǷ,
Ȱ Ƿ 1800
ɷ Ѵٰ Ʋ ̴.
ֳ ϸ
,
,
ٸ
ܵ ,
װ͵μ
ο ϰ,
ٸ
̵Ѵ. |
|
Men do not only assimilate a truth through recognizing it by prophetic
insight, or by experience of life. When the truth has become sufficiently
widely diffused, men at a lower stage of development accept it all at once
simply through confidence in those who have reached it by the inner
spiritual way, and are applying it to life. |
ϰų
迡 ؼ ν Ͽ ϴ
ƴϴ.
θ ĵǾ ,
ܰ迡 ִ ,
ؼ
װͿ 鿡 Ȯ ؼ
̸,
װ Ѵ. |
|
Every new truth, by which the order of human life is changed and
humanity is advanced, is at first accepted by only a very small number of
men who understand it through inner spiritual intuition. The remainder of
mankind who accepted on trust the preceding truth on which the existing
order is based, are always opposed to the diffusion of the new truth. |
ο ,
װ ؼ ΰ
ȭǰ η Ǵ ,
ó
̸ ſ
鿡 ؼ ȴ.
ʷϰ ִ
η,
ο Ŀ
ݸѴ. |
|
But seeing that, to begin with, men do not stand still, but are
steadily advancing to a greater recognition of the truth and a closer
adaptation of their life to it, and secondly, all men in varying degrees
according to their age, their education, and their race are capable of
understanding the new truths, at first those who are nearest to the men
who have attained the new truth by spiritual intuition, slowly and one by
one, but afterward more and more quickly, pass over to the new truth. Thus
the number of men who accept the new truth becomes greater and greater,
and the truth becomes more and more comprehensible. |
,
,
ü ʰ
Ŀٶ νİ װͿ
Ѵ,
ι°,
,
з,
پ
ο ִµ,
ó
ο 鿡
ִ ,
õõ ϳ,
ڿ
,
ο Ѿ .
ο
Ƶ ,
ְ ȴ. |
|
And thus more confidence is aroused in the remainder, who are at a less
advanced stage of capacity for understanding the truth. And it becomes
easier for them to grasp it, and an increasing number accept it. |
̷ ؼ,
־
ܰ迡 ִ 鿡
Ȯ ϱ.
鿡Դ װ
ľϴ° ,
δ. |
|
And so the movement goes on more and more quickly, and on an
ever-increasing scale, like a snowball, till at last a public opinion in
harmony with the new truth is created, and then the whole mass of men is
carried over all at once by its momentum to the new truth and establishes
a new social order in accordance with it. |
ȴ,
ؼ ϴ ,
ġ ó,
ħ ο ġϴ
,
ü ü
ο Ѿ ϴ
ο ȸ ȮѴ. |
|
Those men who accept a new truth when it has gained a certain degree of
acceptance, always pass over all at once in masses. They are like the
ballast with which every ship is always loaded, at once to keep it upright
and enable it to sail properly. If there were no ballast, the ship would
not be low enough in the water, and would shift its position at the
slightest change in its conditions. This ballast, which strikes one at
first as superfluous and even as hindering the progress of the vessel,
is really indispensable to its good navigation. |
Ư ο
̴ ,
ü Ѿ
ȴ.
ġ 谡 ư 鼭,
ÿ 踦 ٷ ϰ 谡
ֵ ִ ٴ .
ٴ ٸ,
| |