|
¡¡
|
¡¡
|
| CHAPTER VIII. |
Á¦
8
Àå
|
|
DOCTRINE OF NON-RESISTANCE TO EVIL BY FORCE MUST
INEVITABLY BE ACCEPTED BY MEN OF THE PRESENT DAY. |
Èû¿¡ÀÇÇÑ ¾Ç¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¹«ÀúÇ×ÀÇ ±³¸®´Â
ÇÊ¿¬ÀûÀ¸·Î ÀÌ ½Ã´ëÀÇ »ç¶÷µé¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼ ¼ö¿ëµÇ¾î¾ß
ÇÑ´Ù.
|
|
Christianity is Not a System of Rules, but a New Conception of Life,
and therefore it was Not Obligatory and was Not Accepted in its True Sig¡©nificance
by All, but only by a Few-Christianity is. Moreover, Prophetic of the
Destruction of the Pagan Life, and therefore of Necessity of the
Acceptance of the Christian Doctrines-Non-resist¡©ance of Evil by Force is
One Aspect of the Christian Doctrine, which must Inevitably in Our Times
be Accepted by Men-Two Methods of Deciding Every Quarrel-First Method is
to Find a Universal Defini¡©tion of Evil, which All Must Accept, and to
Resist this Evil by Force -Second Method is the Christian One of Complete
Non-resistance by Force-Though the Failure of the First Method was
Recognized since the Early Days of Christianity, it was Still Proposed,
and only as Mankind has Progressed it has Become More and More Evident
that there Cannot be any Universal Definition of Evil-This is Recog¡©nized
by All at the Present Day, and if Force is Still Used to Resist Evil, it
is Not Because it is Now Regarded as Right, but Because People Don't
Know How to Avoid It-The Difficulty of Avoiding It is the Result of the
Subtle and Complex Character of the Government Use of Force-Force is Used
in Four Ways: Intimidation, Bribery, Hypnotism, and Coercion by Force of
Arms-State Violence Can Never be Suppressed by the Forcible Overthrow of
the Government- Men are Led by the Sufferings of the Pagan Mode of Life to
the Neces¡©sity of Accepting Christ's Teaching with its Doctrine of
Non-resist¡©ance by Force-The Consciousness of its Truth which is Diffused
Throughout Our Society, Will also Bring About its Acceptance-This
Consciousness is in Complete Contradiction with Our Life-This is Specially
Obvious in Compulsory Military Service, but Through Habit and the
Application of the Four Methods of Violence by the State, Men do not See
this Inconsistency of Christianity with Life of a Soldier-They do Not even
See It, though the Authorities Themselves Show all the Immorality of a
Soldier's Duties with Perfect Clearness- The Call to Military Service is
the Supreme Test for Every Man, when the Choice is Offered Him, between
Adopting the Christian Doctrine of Non-resistance, or Slavishly Submitting
to the Existing State Organization-Men Usually Renounce All They Hold
Sacred, and Submit to the Demands of Government, Seeming to See No Other
Course Open to Them-For Men of the Pagan Conception of Life there is No
Other Course Open, and Never Will Be, in Spite of the Growing Horrors of
War-Society, Made Up of Such Men, Must Perish, and No Social
Reorganization Can Save It-Pagan Life Has Reached Its Extreme Limit, and
Will Annihilate Itself. |
±âµ¶±³´Â ÅëÄ¡ üÁ¦°¡ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó »õ·Î¿î »îÀÇ °³³äÀÌ´Ù,
±×·¯¹Ç·Î ±×°ÍÀº Àǹ«ÀûÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¸ç ¸ðµç »ç¶÷µé¿¡
ÀÇÇØ¼ ÁøÁ¤ÇÑ Áß¿äÇÔÀ¸·Î ÀÎÁ¤µÇÁö ¾Ê¾ÒÀ¸³ª ¿ÀÁ÷
¼Ò¼öÀÇ »ç¶÷µé¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼ ÀÎÁ¤µÇ¾ú´Ù-±âµ¶±³´Â,
°Ô´Ù°¡,
À̱³ÀûÀÎ »îÀÇ ÆÄ±«¿¡ ´ëÇÏ¿© ¿¹¾ðÇϸç,
±×·¯¹Ç·Î
±âµ¶±³ ±³¸®ÀÇ ¼ö¿ëÀÇ Çʿ伺¿¡ ´ëÇØ¼ ¿¹¾ðÇÑ´Ù-Èû¿¡
ÀÇÇÑ ¾Ç¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¹«ÀúÇ×Àº ±âµ¶±³ ±³¸®ÀÇ ÇѰ¡Áö
Çö»óÀ̸ç,
±×°ÍÀº ÇÊ¿¬ÀûÀ¸·Î ¿ì¸® ½Ã´ë¿¡ »ç¶÷µé¿¡
ÀÇÇØ¼ ¼ö¿ëµÇ¾î¾ß ÇÑ´Ù-¸ðµç ´ÙÅùÀ» Á¶Á¤ÇÏ´Â µÎ°¡Áö
¹æ¹ýµé-ù¹øÂ° ¹æ¹ýÀº ¾Ç¿¡ ´ëÇÑ º¸ÆíÀûÀÎ Á¤ÀǸ¦
³»¸®°í,
À̰ÍÀº ¸ðµç »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ¹Ýµå½Ã ¹Þ¾ÆµéÀ̸ç,
ÈûÀ¸·Î¼ ÀÌ·± ¾Ç¿¡ ÀúÇ×ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù-µÎ¹øÂ° ¹æ¹ýÀº
Èû¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ ¿ÏÀüÇÑ ¹«ÀúÇ×ÀÇ ±âµ¶±³ÀûÀÎ °ÍÀÌ´Ù-ºñ·Ï
ù¹øÂ° ¹æ¹ýÀÇ ½ÇÆÐ´Â ±âµ¶±³ÀÇ Ãʱ⠽ôëºÎÅÍ
ÀÎÁ¤µÇ¾úÁö¸¸,
±×°ÍÀº ¾ÆÁ÷µµ ÁÖÀåµÇ°í ÀÖÀ¸¸ç,
¿ÀÁ÷
Àηù°¡ ±×°ÍÀ» Áøº¸½ÃÅ´°ú µ¿½Ã¿¡ º¸ÆíÀûÀÎ ¾ÇÀÇ
Á¤ÀÇ´Â ÀÖÀ» ¼ö ¾ø´Ù´Â °ÍÀÌ ´õ¿í ´õ ºÐ¸íÇØÁ³´Ù-À̰ÍÀº
ÀÌ ½Ã´ëÀÇ ¸ðµç »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô¼ ÀÎÁ¤µÇ°í ÀÖ´Ù,
±×¸®°í
¸¸ÀÏ ¾Ç¿¡ ÀúÇ×Çϱâ À§ÇÏ¿© ¾ÆÁ÷ ÈûÀÌ »ç¿ëµÇ°í ÀÖ´Ù¸é,
±×°ÍÀÌ Áö±Ý ¿Ç´Ù°í ¿©°ÜÁ®¼°¡ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó »ç¶÷µéÀÌ
±×°ÍÀ» ÇÇÇÏ´Â ¹æ¹ýÀ» ¸ð¸£±â ¶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù-
±×°ÍÀ»
ÇÇÇϱⰡ ¾î·Á¿òÀº Á¤ºÎÀÇ ÈûÀÇ »ç¿ëÀÌ ±³¹¦Çϸç
º¹ÀâÇÔÀÇ °á°úÀÌ´Ù-ÈûÀº ³×°¡Áö ¹æ¹ýÀ¸·Î »ç¿ëµÈ´Ù:
Çù¹Ú,
³ú¹°,
ÃÖ¸é,
±×¸®°í ±º´ëÀÇ ÈûÀ» ÀÌ¿ëÇÑ °¾Ð-±¹°¡
Æø·ÂÀº °áÄÚ Æø·ÂÀûÀÎ Á¤ºÎ Àüº¹À¸·Î ¾ïÁ¦µÉ ¼ö ¾ø´Ù-»ç¶÷µéÀº
À̱³ÀûÀÎ »îÀÇ ¾ç»óÀÇ °íÅëµé¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼ Èû¿¡ ´ëÇÑ
¹«ÀúÇ×ÀÇ ±³¸®¸¦ °¡Áø ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§À» ¼ö¿ëÇÒ
Çʿ信 À̸£°Ô µÈ´Ù-ÀÌ·± ÀÚ°¢Àº ¿ì¸®ÀÇ »î°ú ¿ÏÀüÇÑ
¸ð¼øÀÌ´Ù-À̰ÍÀº ƯÈ÷ °Á¦ÀûÀÎ º´¿ª Àǹ«¿¡¼
ºÐ¸íÇÏ´Ù,
±×·¯³ª ½À°ü°ú ±¹°¡¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ ³×°¡Áö Æø·ÂÀÇ
¹æ¹ýµéÀÇ Àû¿ëÀ» ÅëÇÏ¿©,
»ç¶÷µéÀº ±âµ¶±³¿Í º´»çÀÇ
»îÀÇ ºÒÀÏÄ¡¸¦ º¸Áö ¸øÇÑ´Ù-ºñ·Ï ´ç±¹µé ÀڽŵéÀÌ ¸ðµç
º´»çµéÀÇ Àǹ«µéÀÇ ºÎµµ´ö¼ºÀ» ¿ÏÀüÇÔ ¸í·áÇÔÀ¸·Î º¸¿©
ÁÖÁö¸¸ ±×µéÀº ±×°ÍÀ» ½ÉÁö¾î ±ú´ÝÁö ¸øÇÑ´Ù-º´¿ª
Àǹ«·ÎÀÇ ºÎ¸§Àº Á¦°¢±â »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô ¸ñ¼ûÀ» °Ç
½ÃÇèÀÌ´Ù,
±×¸®°í ±×¶§ ±×¿¡°Ô ¼±ÅÃÀÌ ÁÖ¾îÁø´Ù,
±âµ¶±³ÀÇ ¹«ÀúÇ×ÀÇ ±³¸®¸¦ äÅÃÇÒ °ÍÀΰ¡ ¾Æ´Ï¸é
±âÁ¸ÀÇ ±¹°¡ Á¶Á÷¿¡ ³ë¿¹Ã³·³ º¹Á¾ÇÒ °ÍÀΰ¡-»ç¶÷µéÀº
º¸Åë ±×µéÀÌ ½Å¼ºÇÏ°Ô ¿©±â´Â ¸ðµç °ÍÀ» Æ÷±âÇÑ´Ù,
±×¸®°í ±×µé¿¡°Ô ¿¸° ´Ù¸¥ ±æÀ» º¸Áö ¸øÇÏ´Â °Íó·³,
±¹°¡ÀÇ ¸í·É¿¡ º¹Á¾ÇÑ´Ù-À̱³ÀûÀÎ »îÀÇ °³³äÀ» °¡Áø
»ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô´Â ´Ù¸¥ ±æÀÌ ¿·Á ÀÖÁö ¾Ê´Ù,
±×¸®°í °áÄÚ
ÀÖÁö ¾ÊÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù,
ºñ·Ï ÀüÀï¿¡ ´ëÇÑ °øÆ÷°¡ Ä¿Áö´õ¶óµµ-±×·¯ÇÑ
»ç¶÷µé·Î ±¸¼ºµÈ »çȸ´Â ¹Ýµå½Ã »ç¶óÁö¸ç,
¾î¶² »çȸÀû
À籸¼ºµµ ±×°ÍÀ» ±¸ÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø´Ù-À̱³ÀûÀÎ »îÀº ±ØÇÑ¿¡
µµ´ÞÇß´Ù,
±×¸®°í ÀÚ½ÅÀ» Àü¸ê½Ãų °ÍÀÌ´Ù. |
|
it is often said that if Christianity is a truth, it ought to have been
accepted by everyone directly it appeared, and ought to have transformed
men's lives for the better. But this is like saying that if the seed
were ripe it ought at once to bring forth stalk, flower, and fruit. |
ÈçÈ÷µé ¸»ÇÑ´Ù.
±âµ¶±³´Â Áø¸®´Ù,
±×°ÍÀº ¸ðµç
»ç¶÷µéÀÌ ±×°ÍÀÌ Á÷Á¢ º¸ÀÌ´Â ´ë·Î ÁöÄÑÁ®¾ß ÇÑ´Ù,
±×¸®°í
»ç¶÷µéÀÇ »îÀ» ´õ ÁÁ°Ô º¯ÇüÇØ ÁÙ °ÍÀÌ´Ù.
±×·¯³ª
À̰ÍÀº ¸¸ÀÏ ¾¾¾ÑÀÌ ¿©¹°¸é ±×°ÍÀº ´çÀå ÁÙ±â,
²É
±×¸®°í ¿¸Å¸¦ ³»¾î ³õ¾Æ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù°í ¸»ÇÏ´Â °Í °°´Ù. |
|
The Christian religion is not a legal system which, being imposed by
violence, may transform men's lives. Chris¡©tianity is a new and higher
conception of life. A new con¡©ception of life cannot be imposed on men;
it can only be freely assimilated. And it can only be freely assimilated
in two ways: one spiritual and internal, the other experi¡©mental and
external. |
±âµ¶±³ Á¾±³´Â Æø·Â¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼ ºÎ°úµÇ´Â ¹ýÀûÀÎ
Á¦µµ°¡ ¾Æ´Ï¸é¼ »ç¶÷µéÀÇ »îÀ» º¯Çü½Ãų ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.
±âµ¶±³´Â »õ·Ó°í ´õ¿í ³ôÀº »îÀÇ °³³äÀÌ´Ù.
»õ·Î¿î »îÀÇ
°³³äÀº »ç¶÷µé À§¿¡ ºÎ°úµÉ ¼ö ¾ø´Ù;
±×°ÍÀº ¿ÀÁ÷
ÀÚÀ¯·Ó°Ô Èí¼öµÉ ¼ö ÀÖÀ» »ÓÀÌ´Ù.
±×¸®°í ±×°ÍÀº ¿ÀÁ÷
µÎ°¡Áö ¹æ¹ýÀ¸·Î ÀÚÀ¯·Ó°Ô Èí¼öµÉ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù:
Çϳª´Â
¿µÀûÀÌ¸ç ³»ÀûÀ̰í,
´Ù¸¥ Çϳª´Â ½ÇÇèÀûÀÌ¸ç ¿ÜÀûÀÌ´Ù. |
|
Some people-a minority-by a kind of prophetic instinct divine the truth
of the doctrine, surrender themselves to it and adopt it. Others-the
majority-only through a long course of mistakes, experiments, and
suffering are brought to recognize the truth of the doctrine and the
necessity of adopting it. |
¾î¶² »ç¶÷µéÀº-¼Ò¼öÀÇ »ç¶÷µé-ÀÏÁ¾ÀÇ ¿¹¾ðÀûÀÎ
º»´ÉÀ¸·Î ±³¸®ÀÇ Áø¸®¸¦ ±Ë¶Ô¾îº¸°í,
±×°Í¿¡ ½Âº¹Çϰí
±×°ÍÀ» äÅÃÇÑ´Ù.
´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷µéÀº-´Ù¼öÀÇ »ç¶÷µé-¿ÀÁ÷
¿À·£ °úÁ¤ÀÇ ½Ç¼öµé,
½ÇÇèµé,
±×¸®°í °íÅëÀ» °ÞÀ½À¸·Î½á
±³¸®ÀÇ Áø¸®¿Í ±×°ÍÀ» äÅÃÇÒ Çʿ並 ÀνÄÇÏ°Ô µÈ´Ù. |
|
And by this experimental external method the majority of Christian men
have now been brought to this necessity of assimilating the doctrine. One
sometimes wonders what necessitated the corruption of Christianity which
is now the greatest obstacle to its acceptance in its true significance. |
±×¸®°í ÀÌ·± ½ÇÇèÀû ¿ÜÀûÀÎ ¹æ¹ýÀ» ÅëÇÏ¿© ´ëºÎºÐÀÇ
±âµ¶±³ÀεéÀº ÀÌÁ¦ ±³¸®¸¦ Èí¼öÇÒ Çʿ信 ´Ù°¡¿Ô´Ù.
¾î¶² »ç¶÷Àº ¶§¶§·Î ¹«¾ùÀÌ ÇöÀç ±âµ¶±³ÀÇ Âü Àǹ̸¦
¼ö¿ëÇÔ¿¡ ÀÖ¾î¼ °¡Àå Å« Àå¾Ö°¡ µÇ´Â ±âµ¶±³ÀÇ ºÎÆÐ¸¦
°¿äÇß´ÂÁö ³î¶ó¿Í ÇÑ´Ù. |
|
If Christianity had been presented to men in its true, uncorrupted
form, it would not have been accepted by the majority, who would have been
as untouched by it as the nations of Asia are now. The peoples who
accepted it in its corrupt form were subjected to its slow but certain
influence, and by a long course of errors and experiments and their
resultant sufferings have now been brought to the necessity of
assimilating it in its true significance. |
¸¸ÀÏ ±âµ¶±³°¡ Áø½ÇµÇ¸ç ºÎÆÐÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â ÇüÅ·Î
»ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô Á¦½ÃµÇ¾ú´Ù¸é,
±×°ÍÀº ´Ù¼ö¿¡°Ô ¼ö¿ëµÇÁö
¾Ê¾ÒÀ» °ÍÀ̸ç,
±×µé ´Ù¼ö´Â,
Áö±Ý ¾Æ½Ã¾ÆÀÇ ¹ÎÁ·µéó·³,
±âµ¶±³¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼ ¿µÇâ¹ÞÁö ¾Ê¾ÒÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù.
±×°ÍÀ» ¹Þ¾Æ
µéÀÎ »ç¶÷µéÀº ºÎÆÐµÈ ÇüÅ·μ ¿Ï¸¸ÇÏ¸ç Æ¯Á¤ÇÑ
¿µÇâ¾Æ·¡ ³õ¿´À¸¸ç,
¿À·£ °úÁ¤ÀÇ ¿À·ùµé°ú ½ÇÇèµé
±×¸®°í ±×·ÎÀÎÇÑ °íÅëµé¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼ ÀÌÁ¦ ±âµ¶±³¸¦ ±×
ÁøÁ¤ÇÑ Àǹ̷μ Èí¼öÇÒ Çʿ伺¿¡ ³õ¿©Á³´Ù. |
|
The corruption of Christianity and its acceptance in its corrupt form
by the majority of men was as necessary as it is that the seed should
remain hidden for a certain time in the earth in order to germinate. |
±âµ¶±³ÀÇ ºÎÆÐ¿Í ´ë´Ù¼öÀÇ »ç¶÷µé¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼ ºÎÆÐµÈ
ÇüÅ·α⵶±³¸¦ ¹Þ¾ÆµéÀÓÀº ¾¾¾ÑÀÌ ½ÏÀ» Æ®±â À§Çؼ
¾î´À ±â°£ µ¿¾È Èë¼Ó¿¡ ¼û¾î ÀÖ¾î¾ß ÇÏ´Â °Í ¸¸Å
ÇÊ¿äÇÑ °ÍÀ̾ú´Ù.. |
|
Christianity is at once a doctrine of truth and a proph¡©ecy. Eighteen
centuries ago Christianity revealed to men the truth in which they ought
to live, and at the same time foretold what human life would become if men
would not live by it but continued to live by their previous principles,
and what it would become if they accepted the Christian doctrine and
carried it out in their lives. |
±âµ¶±³´Â Áø¸®ÀÇ ±³¸®ÀÎ µ¿½Ã¿¡ ¿¹¾ðÀÌ´Ù. 18
¼¼±â
Àü¿¡ ±âµ¶±³´Â »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô ±×µéÀÌ »ì¾Æ¾ß ÇÏ´Â Áø¸®¸¦
³ªÅ¸³»¾ú´Ù,
±×¸®°í µ¿½Ã¿¡ »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ±×°Í¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼
»ìÁö ¾ÊÀ¸¸é »ç¶÷ÀÇ »îÀº ¾î¶»°Ô µÉ °ÍÀÎÁö
¿¹¾ðÇÏ¿´À¸³ª ±×µéÀÇ ÀÌÀüÀÇ ¿ø¸®´ë·Î °è¼ÓÇØ¼ »ì¾Ò´Ù,
±×¸®°í ±×µéÀÌ ±âµ¶±³ ±³¸®¸¦ ¹Þ¾Æ µéÀÌ¸ç ±×µéÀÇ
»î¿¡¼ ½ÇõÇÑ´Ù¸é ±×°ÍÀº ¾î¶»°Ô µÉ °ÍÀÎÁö
¿¹¾ðÇÏ¿´´Ù. |
|
Laying down in the Sermon on the Mount the principles by which to guide
men's lives, Christ said: "Whosoever heareth these sayings of mine,
and doeth them, I will liken him unto a wise man, who built his house upon
a rock; and the rain descended, and the floods came, and the winds blew,
and beat upon that house; and it fell not, for it was founded upon a rock.
And everyone that heareth these say¡©ings, and doeth them not, shall be
likened unto a foolish man, who built his house upon the sand; and the
rain descended, and the floods came, and the winds blew, and beat upon
that house; and it fell: and great was the fall of it" (Matt. vii.
24-27). |
»ê»ó ¼³±³¿¡¼ »ç¶÷µéÀÇ »îµéÀ» ÀεµÇÒ ¿ø¸®µéÀ»
Á¦½ÃÇϸé¼,
±×¸®½ºµµ´Â ¸»Çß´Ù: ¡°±×·¯¹Ç·Î ´©±¸µçÁö
³ªÀÇ ÀÌ ¸»À» µè°í ÇàÇÏ´Â ÀÚ´Â ±× ÁýÀ» ¹Ý¼® À§¿¡ ÁöÀº
ÁöÇý·Î¿î »ç¶÷ °°À¸¸®´Ï ºñ°¡ ³»¸®°í â¼ö°¡ ³ª°í
¹Ù¶÷ÀÌ ºÒ¾î ±× Áý¿¡ ºÎµúÈ÷µÇ ¹«³ÊÁöÁö ¾Æ´ÏÇϳª´Ï
ÀÌ´Â ÁÖÃʸ¦ ¹Ý¼® À§¿¡ ³õÀº ¿¬°í¿ä ³ªÀÇ ÀÌ ¸»À» µè°í
ÇàÄ¡ ¾Æ´ÏÇÏ´Â ÀÚ´Â ±× ÁýÀ» ¸ð·¡ À§¿¡ ÁöÀº ¾î¸®¼®Àº
»ç¶÷ °°À¸¸®´Ï ºñ°¡ ³»¸®°í â¼ö°¡ ³ª°í ¹Ù¶÷ÀÌ ºÒ¾î ±×
Áý¿¡ ºÎµúÈ÷¸Å ¹«³ÊÁ® ±× ¹«³ÊÁüÀÌ ½ÉÇÏ´Ï¶ó¡± (¸¶Åº¹À½
7Àå 24-27) |
|
And now after eighteen centuries the prophecy has been fulfilled. Not
having followed Christ's teaching generally and its application to
social life in non-resistance to evil, men have been brought in spite of
themselves to the inevi¡©table destruction foretold by Christ for those
who do not fulfill his teaching. |
±×¸®°í ÀÌÁ¦ 18¼¼±â µÚ¿¡ ±× ¿¹¾ðÀº ¼ºÃëµÇ¾ú´Ù.
±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ Àü¹ÝÀûÀÎ °¡¸£Ä§°ú ¾Ç¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¹«ÀúÇ×À¸·Î¼
»çȸÀûÀÎ »î¿¡ ±×°ÍÀ» Àû¿ëÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ» µû¸£Áö
¾Ê¾ÒÀ¸¹Ç·Î,
»ç¶÷µéÀº ±×µéµµ ¸ð¸£°Ô ±×ÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§À»
½ÇõÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀº »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô ±×¸®½ºµµ°¡ ¿¹¾ðÇÑ ÇÇÇÒ ¼ö
¾ø´Â ÆÄ¸ê¿¡ µµ´ÞÇß´Ù. |
|
People often think the question of non-resistance to evil by force is a
theoretical one, which can be neglected. Yet this question is presented by
life itself to all men, and calls for some answer from every thinking man.
Ever since Christianity has been outwardly professed, this question is for
men in their social life like the question which presents itself to a
traveler when the road on which he has been journeying divides into two
branches. He must go on and he cannot say: I will not think about it, but
will go on just as I did before. There was one road, now there are two,
and he must make his choice. |
»ç¶÷µéÀº ÈçÈ÷ Èû¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ ¾Ç¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¹«ÀúÇ×ÀÇ ¹®Á¦¸¦
ÀÌ·ÐÀûÀÎ °ÍÀ̸ç,
±×°ÍÀÌ ¹«½ÃµÉ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù°í »ý°¢ÇÑ´Ù.
±×·¯³ª ÀÌ ¹®Á¦´Â »î ±× ÀÚü¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼ ¸ðµç »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô
Á¦½ÃµÇ¸ç,
¸ðµç »ý°¢ÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷µé·ÎºÎÅÍ ¾î¶°ÇÑ ´ë´äÀ»
¿ä±¸ÇÑ´Ù.
±âµ¶±³°¡ °ø°³ÀûÀ¸·Î ¼±¾ðµÈ ÀÌÈÄ¿¡,
ÀÌ
¹®Á¦´Â »ç¶÷µéÀÇ »î ¾È¿¡¼ ¸¶Ä¡ ¾î¶² ³ª±×³×¿¡°Ô
¶°¿À¸¥ Áú¹® °°´Ù:
³ª±×³×°¡ ¿©ÇàÇÏ´ø ±æÀÌ µÎ°¥·¡µµ
³ª´©¾î Á³´Ù.
±×´Â °è¼Ó °¡¾ß Çϸç, ¡°³ª´Â ±×°Í¿¡ ´ëÇØ
»ý°¢ÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀ» °ÍÀ̳ª ÀÌÀü¿¡ °¡´ø °Íó·³ °è¼Ó °¥
°ÍÀÌ´Ù.¡±¶ó°í ¸»ÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø´Ù.
±æÀÌ Çϳª¿´¾úÁö¸¸,
ÀÌÁ¦
±æÀº µÎ°³À̸ç,
±×´Â ¹Ýµå½Ã ¼±ÅÃÀ» ÇÏ¿©¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. |
|
In the same way since Christ's teaching has been known by men they
cannot say: I will live as before and will not decide the question of
resistance or non-resistance to evil by force. At every new struggle that
arises one must inevitably decide; am I, or am I not, to resist by force
what I regard as evil. |
¶È°°Àº ½ÄÀ¸·Î ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§ÀÌ »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô
¾Ë·ÁÁ³À¸¹Ç·Î »ç¶÷µéÀº ´ÙÀ½°ú °°ÀÌ ¸»ÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø´Ù:
³ª´Â
ÀÌÀüó·³ »ì¾Æ °¥ °ÍÀÌ´Ù.
³ª´Â Èû¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ ¾Ç¿¡ ´ëÇÑ
ÀúÇ× ¶Ç´Â ¹«ÀúÇ×ÀÇ ¹®Á¦¸¦ °áÁ¤ÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù.
¹ß»ýÇÏ´Â ¸Å¹øÀÇ »õ·Î¿î ÅõÀï¿¡¼,
ÇÊ¿¬ÀûÀ¸·Î
°áÁ¤Çؾ߸¸ ÇÑ´Ù;
³»°¡ ¾ÇÀ̶ó°í ¿©±â´Â °ÍÀ» ÈûÀ¸·Î¼
ÀúÇ×ÇÒ °ÍÀΰ¡ ¸» °ÍÀΰ¡. |
|
The question of resistance or non-resistance to evil arose when the
first conflict between men took place, since every conflict is nothing
else than resistance by force to what each of the combatants regards as
evil. But before Christ, men did not see that resistance by force to what
each regards as evil, simply because one thinks evil what the other thinks
good, is only one of the methods of settling the dispute, and that there
is another method, that of not resisting evil by force at all. |
¾Ç¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÀúÇ× ¶Ç´Â ¹«ÀúÇ×ÀÇ ¹®Á¦´Â »ç¶÷µé »çÀÌÀÇ
ù¹øÂ° °¥µîÀÌ ¹ß»ýÇßÀ» ¶§ ÀϾ´Ù,
¿Ö³ÄÇÏ¸é ¸ðµç
°¥µîÀº ´Ù¸§ÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ½Î¿ì´Â °¢ÀÚ°¡ ¾ÇÀ¸·Î ¿©±â´Â
°Í¿¡ ´ëÇØ Èû¿¡ ÀÇÇØ ÀúÇ×ÇÔÀ̱⠶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù.
±×·¯³ª
±×¸®½ºµµ ÀÌÀü¿¡´Â,
»ç¶÷µéÀº °¢ÀÚ°¡ ¾ÇÀ̶ó°í
»ý°¢ÇÏ´Â °Í¿¡ ´ëÇØ ÈûÀ¸·Î ÀúÇ×ÇÔÀÌ,
´Ü¼øÈ÷ ÇÑ ÂÊÀÌ
¾ÇÀ̶ó°í »ý°¢ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ» ´Ù¸¥ ÂÊÀº ¼±À̶ó°í »ý°¢Çϱâ
¶§¹®¿¡,
ºÐÀïÀ» ÇØ°áÇÏ´Â À¯ÀÏÇÑ ¹æ¹ýµé ÁßÀÇ ÇϳªÀ̸ç,
´Ù¸¥ ¹æ¹ýÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ,
Áï,
ÀüÇô Èû¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼ ¾ÇÀ»
ÀúÇ×ÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â °ÍÀ» ¸ô¶ú´Ù. |
|
Before Christ's teaching, it seemed to men that the one only means of
settling a dispute was by resistance to evil by force. And they acted
accordingly, each of the com¡©batants trying to convince himself and
others that what each respectively regards as evil, is actually,
absolutely evil. |
±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§ Àü¿¡´Â,
ºÐÀïÀ» Á¶Á¤ÇÏ´Â À¯ÀÏÇÑ
¼ö´ÜµéÀº ÈûÀ¸·Î½á ¾Ç¿¡ ÀúÇ×ÇÏ´Â °Íó·³ ´À²¸Á³´Ù.
±×¸®°í ±×µéÀº ±×·¸°Ô ÇൿÇßÀ¸¸ç,
½Î¿ì´Â °¢ÀÚ´Â
¼·Î°¡ »ó´ëÀûÀ¸·Î ¾ÇÀ̶ó°í ¿©±â´Â °ÍÀÌ »ç½ÇÀûÀ¸·Î,
Àý´ëÀûÀ¸·Î ¾ÇÀÓÀ» ÀڽŰú ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô ³³µæ½ÃŰ·Á
ÇÏ¿´´Ù. |
|
And to do this from the earliest time men have devised definitions of
evil and tried to make them binding on every¡©one. And such definitions of
evil sometimes took the form of laws, supposed to have been received by
supernatural means, sometimes of the commands of rulers or assemblies to
whom infallibility was attributed. Men resorted to vio¡©lence against
others, and convinced themselves and others that they were directing their
violence against evil recog¡©nized as such by all. |
±×¸®°í À̰ÍÀ» ÇàÇϱâ À§Çؼ Ãʱ⠽ôëºÎÅÍ
»ç¶÷µéÀº ¾Ç¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Á¤ÀǵéÀ» °í¾ÈÇÏ¿´À¸¸ç ±×°ÍÀÌ
¸ðµÎ¿¡°Ô Àǹ«ÀûÀ¸·Î ¸¸µé·Á°í ½ÃµµÇÏ¿´´Ù.
±×¸®°í
±×·¯ÇÑ ¾ÇÀÇ Á¤ÀǵéÀº ¶§·Î´Â ¹ý·üµéÀÇ ÇüŸ¦ ÃëÇß°í,
ÃÊÀÚ¿¬ÀûÀÎ ¼ö´Üµé¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼ ¹Þ¾Æ Áø °Íµé·Î
°¡Á¤µÇ¾úÀ¸¸ç,
¶§·Î´Â ¹«·ù¼ºÀÌ ºÎ¿©µÈ ÅëÄ¡ÀÚµé ¶Ç´Â
ÁýȸµéÀÇ ¸í·ÉµéÀÇ ÇüŸ¦ ÃëÇß´Ù.
»ç¶÷µéÀº ´Ù¸¥
»ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô ´ëÇ×ÇÒ ¶§ Æø·Â¿¡ ÀÇÁ¸ÇÏ¿´À¸¸ç,
±×µéÀº
¸ðµç »ç¶÷µé¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼ ¾ÇÀ¸·Î ÀνĵǴ °Í¿¡ ´ëÇ×ÇÏ¿©
±×µéÀÇ Æø·ÂÀ» Çà»çÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù°í ½º½º·Î¿Í ´Ù¸¥
»ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô ³³µæ½ÃÄ×´Ù. |
|
This means was employed from the earliest times, espe¡©cially by those
who had gained possession of authority, and for a long while its
irrationality was not detected. |
ÀÌ ¼ö´ÜµéÀº ÃÊâ±âºÎÅÍ »ç¿ëµÇ¾úÀ¸¸ç,
ƯÈ÷ ±Ç·ÂÀÇ
¼ÒÀ¯¸¦ ȹµæÇÑ »ç¶÷µé¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼ »ç¿ëµÇ¾ú°í,
¿À·§µ¿¾È ±×
ºñÇÕ¸®¼ºÀÌ ¹ß°ßµÇÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù. |
|
But the longer men lived in the world and the more com¡©plex their
relations became, the more evident it was that to resist by force what
each regarded as evil was irrational, that conflict was in no way lessened
thereby, and that no human definitions can succeed in making what some
regard as evil be accepted as such by others. |
±×·¯³ª »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ¿À·¡ »ì¸é »ì¼ö·Ï ±×¸®°í ±×µéÀÌ
°ü°èµéÀÌ º¹ÀâÇØ Áö¸é Áú¼ö·Ï,
°¢ÀÚ°¡ ¾ÇÀ̶ó°í ¿©±â´Â
°ÍÀ» Èû¿¡ ÀÇÇÏ¿© ÀúÇ×ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ ºñÇÕ¸®ÀûÀ̸ç,
±×·¸°Ô
ÇÔÀ¸·Î½á °¥µîÀÌ °áÄÚ ¿ÏȵÇÁö ¾ÊÀ¸¸ç,
±×¸®°í ¾î¶²
»ç¶÷µéÀÇ Á¤Àǵ鵵 ¾î¶² »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ¾ÇÀ¸·Î ¿©±â´Â °ÍÀ»
´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷µé¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼ ±×·¸´Ù°í ¹Þ¾Æ µé¿©Áö°Ô ¸¸µå´Â
°Í¿¡ ¼º°øÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø´Ù´Â °ÍÀÌ ´õ¿í ºÐ¸íÇß´Ù. |
|
Already at the time Christianity arose, it was evident to a great
number of people in the Roman Empire where it arose, that what was
regarded as evil by Nero and Caligula could not be regarded as evil by
others. Even at that time men had begun to understand that human laws,
though given out for divine laws, were compiled by men, and can¡©not be
infallible, whatever the external majesty with which they are invested,
and that erring men are not rendered infallible by assembling together and
calling themselves a senate or any other name. Even at that time this was
felt and understood by many. And it was then that Christ preached his
doctrine, which consisted not only of the pro¡©hibition of resistance to
evil by force, but gave a new con¡©ception of life and a means of putting
an end to conflict between all men, not by making it the duty of one
section only of mankind to submit without conflict to what is pre¡©scribed
to them by certain authorities, but by making it the duty of all-and
consequently of those in authority-not to resort to force against anyone
in any circumstances. |
ÀÌ¹Ì ±âµ¶±³°¡ ÀϾ ¹«·Æ¿¡,
±×°ÍÀÌ ÀÏ¾î³ ·Î¸¶
Á¦±¹¿¡¼ ÂüÀ¸·Î ¸¹Àº »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô,
³×·Î ¹×
Ä®¸®±¼¶ó¿¡°Ô ¾ÇÀ¸·Î ¿©°ÜÁö´ø °ÍÀÌ ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô
¾ÇÀ¸·Î ¿©°ÜÁú ¼ö ¾ø´Ù´Â °ÍÀÌ ºÐ¸íÇß´Ù.
½ÉÁö¾î ±×
´ç½Ã¿¡µµ »ç¶÷µéÀº Àΰ£ÀÇ ¹ýµéÀÌ,
ºñ·Ï ½Å¼ºÇÑ
¹ýµé·Î¼ Á¦½ÃµÇ¾úÁö¸¸,
»ç¶÷µé¿¡ ÀÇÇÏ¿© ¼öÁ¤µÇ¾úÀ¸¸ç,
±×µéÀÌ ÅõÀÚÇÑ ¿ÜÀûÀÎ ¿õÀåÇÔÀÌ ¾î¶°ÇÏ´õ¶óµµ ¹«°áÇÒ
¼ö°¡ ¾ø´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ±ú´Ý±â ½ÃÀÛÇß´Ù,
±×¸®°í Á˸¦ ÁöÀ»
¼ö ÀÖ´Â »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ¼·Î Áýȸ¸¦ °¡Áö°í ½º½º·ÎµéÀ»
»ó¿øÀ̳ª ´Ù¸¥ À̸§À¸·Î ºÎ¸¥´Ù°í ÇÏ´õ¶óµµ ¹«°áÇÏ´Ù°í
ÇÒ ¼ö ¾øÀ½À» ±ú´Ý±â ½ÃÀÛÇß´Ù.
½ÉÁö¾î ±× ´ç½Ã¿¡µµ
À̰ÍÀÌ ´À²¸Á³À¸¸ç ¸¹Àº »ç¶÷µé¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼ ±ú´Þ¾Æ Á³´Ù.
±×¸®°í ±×¶§¼¾ß ºñ·Î¼Ò,
±×¸®½ºµµ°¡ ±×ÀÇ ±³¸®¸¦
¼³±³ÇÏ¿´´Ù,
±×¸®°í ±×°ÍÀº Èû¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ ¾Ç¿¡ ÀúÇ×ÀÇ
±ÝÁö·Î ±¸¼ºµÇ¾úÀ» »Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó,
»îÀÇ »õ·Î¿î °³³ä°ú,
¸ðµç »ç¶÷µé »çÀÌÀÇ °¥µîÀ» ³¡³¾ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ¼ö´ÜÀ»
ÁÖ¾úÀ¸¸ç,
ƯÁ¤ÇÑ ´ç±¹µé¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼ ó¹æµÈ °Í¿¡ ÇÑ
ºÎ·ùÀÇ Àηùµé¸¸ ¿ÀÁ÷ °¥µî¾øÀÌ º¹Á¾ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ» Àǹ«·Î
¸¸µç °ÍÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó,
¾î¶² »óȲ¿¡¼µµ ´©±¸¿¡ ´ëÇØ¼µµ
Èû¿¡ ÀÇÁ¸ÇÏÁö ¸»°ÍÀ» ¸ðµç »ç¶÷µé-±×¸®°í °á±¹ ±Ç·Â¿¡
ÀÖ´Â ÀÚµé-ÀÇ Àǹ«·Î ¸¸µé¾ú´Ù. |
|
This doctrine was accepted at the time by only a very small number of
disciples. The majority of men, especially all who were in power, even
after the nominal acceptance of Christianity, continued to maintain for
themselves the prin¡©ciple of resistance by force to what they regarded as
evil. So it was under the Roman and Byzantine emperors, and so it
continued to be later. |
ÀÌ ±³¸®´Â ±× ´ç½Ã ¿ÀÁ÷ ¾ÆÁÖ ÀûÀº ¼ýÀÚÀÇ Á¦Àڵ鿡
ÀÇÇØ¼ ¹Þ¾Æµé¿© Á³´Ù.
´ëºÎºÐÀÇ »ç¶÷µé,
ƯÈ÷ ±Ç·Â¿¡
ÀÖ´ø ¸ðµç »ç¶÷µéÀº,
½ÉÁö¾î ±âµ¶±³¸¦ ¸í¸ñ»óÀ¸·Î
¼ö¿ëÇÑ µÚ¿¡µµ,
±×µéÀÌ ¾ÇÀ̶ó°í ¿©±â´Â °Í¿¡ Èû¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ
ÀúÇ×ÀÇ ¿ø¸®¸¦ °è¼ÓÇÏ¿© ÁöÁöÇÏ¿´´Ù.
±×°ÍÀº ·Î¸¶¿Í
ºñÀÜÆ¾ ȲÁ¦µé ÅëÄ¡ÇÏ¿¡¼µµ ±×·¯ÇÏ¿´À¸¸ç,
±×°ÍÀº
ÀÌÈÄ¿¡µµ ±×·¸°Ô °è¼ÓµÇ¾ú´Ù. |
|
The insufficiency of the principle of the authoritative defi¡©nition of
evil and resistance to it by force, evident as it was in the early ages of
Christianity, becomes still more obvious through the division of the Roman
Empire into many states of equal authority, through their hostilities and
the internal conflicts that broke out within them. |
¾Ç¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ±ÇÀ§ÀÖ´Â Á¤ÀÇ ¹× ±×°Í¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Èû¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ
ÀúÇ×ÀÇ ¿ø¸®ÀÇ ºÒÃæºÐÇÔÀº,
Ãʱ⠱⵶±³ ½Ã´ëµé¿¡¼´Â
¸í¹éÇÏ¿´Áö¸¸,
·Î¸¶ Á¦±¹ÀÌ µ¿µîÇÑ ±Ç·ÂÀ» °¡Áø ¸¹Àº
±¹°¡µé·Î ºÐÇÒµÊÀ» ÅëÇØ¼,
±×µéÀÇ Àû´ë ÇàÀ§µé ¹× ±×µé
¾È¿¡¼ ¹ß»ýÇÑ ³»ÀûÀÎ °¥µîµéÀ» ÅëÇØ¼ ÈξÀ ´õ
ºÐ¸íÇØÁø´Ù. |
|
But men were not ready to accept the solution given by Christ, and the
old definitions of evil, which ought to be resisted, continued to be laid
down by means of making laws binding on all and enforced by forcible
means. The authority who decided what ought to be regarded as evil and
resisted by force was at one time the Pope, at another an emperor or king,
an elective assembly or a whole nation. But both within and without the
state there were always men to be found who did not accept as binding on
them¡©selves the laws given out as the decrees of a god, or made by men
invested with a sacred character, or the institutions supposed to
represent the will of the nation; and there were men who thought good what
the existing authorities regarded as bad, and who struggled against the
authorities with the same violence as was employed against them. |
±×·¯³ª »ç¶÷µéÀº ±×¸®½ºµµ°¡ ÁÖ´Â ÇØ´äÀ» ¹Þ¾ÆµéÀÏ
Áغñ°¡ µÇÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù,
±×¸®°í ¿¾³¯ÀÇ ¾Ç¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Á¤ÀÇ´Â,
¹Ýµå½Ã °ÅºÎµÇ¾î¾ß ÇÏÁö¸¸,
¸ðµÎ¿¡°Ô ±¸¼Ó·ÂÀ» °¡Áö¸ç
°¾ÐÀûÀÎ ¼ö´Üµé·Î¼ ÁýÇàµÇ´Â ¹ýµéÀ» ¸¸µé¾î¼
°è¼ÓÀûÀ¸·Î Á¦½ÃµÇ¾ú´Ù.
¹«¾ùÀÌ ¾ÇÀ¸·Î °£ÁֵǾî¾ß
Çϸç,
ÈûÀ¸·Î ÀúÇ×ÇÏ¿©¾ß ÇÏ´ÂÁö¸¦ °áÁ¤ÇÏ´Â ±Ç·ÂÀº
ÇѶ§´Â ±³È²À̾úÀ¸¸ç,
´Ù¸¥ ÇÑ ¶§´Â ȲÁ¦³ª ¿Õ,
¼±ÃâµÈ
ÀÇȸ³ª Àüü ±¹¹ÎÀ̾ú´Ù.
±×·¯³ª ±¹°¡ÀÇ ³»ºÎ¿¡¼³ª
¿ÜºÎ¿¡¼³ª ¾ðÁ¦³ª Çϳª´ÔÀÇ ¶æÀ¸·Î ¹ßÇ¥µÇ¾ú°Å³ª,
¶Ç´Â ½Å¼ºÇÑ ÀΰÝÀ» °®Ãá »ç¶÷µé ¶Ç´Â ±¹¹ÎµéÀÇ ¶æÀ»
´ëÇ¥ÇÑ´Ù°í ¿©°ÜÁö´Â ±â±¸µé¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼ ¸¸µé¾î Áø
¹ýµéÀÌ ±×µé¿¡°Ô´Â Àǹ«ÀûÀÌÁö ¾Ê´Ù°í ¿©±â´Â »ç¶÷µéÀÌ
ÀÖ¾ú´Ù;
±×¸®°í ±âÁ¸ÀÇ ´ç±¹µéÀÌ ¾ÇÇÏ´Ù°í ¿©±â´Â °ÍÀ»
¼±ÇÏ´Ù°í »ý°¢Çϸç,
±×µé¿¡°Ô »ç¿ëµÈ °Í°ú ¶È°°Àº
Æø·ÂÀ¸·Î ´ç±¹µé¿¡ ¸Â¼¼ ÅõÀïÇÑ »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. |
|
The men invested with religious authority regarded as evil what the men
and institutions invested with temporal authority regarded as good and vice
versa, and the struggle grew more and more intense. And the longer men
used violence as the means of settling their disputes, the more obvious it
became that it was an unsuitable means, since there could be no external
authority able to define evil recognized by all. |
Á¾±³Àû ±Ç·ÂÀ» °®Ãá »ç¶÷µéÀº ¼¼¼ÓÀûÀÎ ±Ç·ÂÀ» °¡Áø
»ç¶÷µéÀ̳ª ±â°üµéÀÌ ¼±ÇÏ´Ù°í ¿©±â´Â °ÍÀ» ¾ÇÇϰÔ
¿©±â¸ç,
±× ¹Ý´ëµµ ¸¶Âù°¡ÁöÀÌ´Ù,
±×¸®°í ±× ÅõÀïÀº
Á¡Á¡ ½ÉÇØÁ³´Ù.
»ç¶÷µéÀÌ ±×µéÀÌ ºÐÀïÀ» Á¶Á¤ÇÏ´Â
¼ö´ÜÀ¸·Î¼ Æø·ÂÀ» ¿À·¡ »ç¿ëÇϸé ÇÒ ¼ö·Ï,
±×°ÍÀÌ
ºÎÀûÇÕÇÑ ¹æ¹ýÀÓÀÌ ºÐ¸íÇØÁ³´Ù,
¿Ö³ÄÇÏ¸é ¸ðµç
»ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô ÀÎÁ¤µÇ´Â ¾ÇÀ» Á¤ÀÇÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ¿ÜÀûÀÎ
±Ç·ÂÀÌ ÀÖÀ» ¼ö ¾ø±â ¶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù. |
|
Things went on like this for eighteen centuries, and at last reached
the present position in which it is absolutely obvious that there is, and
can be, no external definition of evil binding upon all. Men have come to
the point of ceasing to believe in the possibility or even desirability of
finding and establishing such a general definition. It has come to men in
power ceasing to attempt to prove that what they regard as evil is evil,
and simply declaring that they regard as evil what they don't like,
while their subjects no longer obey them because they accept the
definition of evil laid down by them, but simply obey because they can¡©not
help themselves. It was not because it was a good thing, necessary and
beneficial to men, and the contrary course would have been an evil, but
simply because it was the will of those in power that Nice was
incorporated into France, and Lorraine into Germany, and Bohemia into
Austria, and that Poland was divided, and Ireland and India ruled by the
English government, and that the Chinese are attacked and the Africans
slaughtered, and the Chinese prevented from immigrating by the Americans,
and the Jews persecuted by the Russians, and that landowners appropriate
lands they do not cultivate and capitalists enjoy the fruits of the labor
of others. It has come to the present state of things; one set of men
commit acts of violence no longer on the pretext of resistance to evil,
but simply for their profit or their caprice, and another set sub¡©mit to
violence, not because they suppose, as was supposed in former times, that
this violence was practiced upon them for the sake of securing them from
evil, but simply because they cannot avoid it. |
18
¼¼±â µ¿¾È ÀϵéÀº ÀÌ·¸°Ô ÁøÇàµÇ¾ú´Ù,
±×¸®°í
¸¶Ä§³» ÇöÀçÀÇ À§Ä¡¿¡ µµÂøÇÏ¿´À¸¸ç,
¸ðµç »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô
±¸¼Ó·ÂÀ» °¡Áö´Â ¾Ç¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¿ÜÀûÀÎ Á¤ÀÇ´Â ÀÖÁöµµ ÀÖÀ»
¼öµµ ¾øÀ½ÀÌ Àý´ëÀûÀ¸·Î ¸í¹éÇÏ´Ù.
»ç¶÷µéÀº ±×·¯ÇÑ
ÀϹÝÀûÀÎ Á¤ÀÇÀ» ã°Å³ª È®¸³ÇÒ °¡´É¼º ¶Ç´Â ½ÉÁö¾î
¹Ù¶÷Á÷ÇÔ¿¡ ´ëÇØ ¹Ï±â¸¦ ÁßÁöÇÏ´Â ÁöÁ¡¿¡ À̸£·¶´Ù.
±Ç·Â¿¡ ¼ÓÇÑ »ç¶÷µéµµ ±×µéÀÌ ¾ÇÀ̶ó°í ¿©±â´Â °ÍÀÌ
¾ÇÀÓÀ» Áõ¸íÇÏ·Á´Â ½Ãµµ¸¦ ÁßÁöÇÏ°Ô µÇ¾úÀ¸¸ç,
±×µéÀÌ
ÁÁ¾ÆÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â °ÍÀ» ¾ÇÀ̶ó°í ¿©±ä´Ù°í ´Ü¼øÈ÷
¼±¾ðÇÑ´Ù,
¹Ý¸é¿¡ ±×µéÀÇ ¹é¼ºµéÀº ±×µéÀÌ Á¦½ÃÇÑ ¾Ç¿¡
´ëÇÑ Á¤ÀǸ¦ ¹Þ¾ÆµéÀ̱⠶§¹®¿¡ ±×µé¿¡°Ô º¹Á¾ÇÏ´Â
°ÍÀÌ ´õÀÌ»ó ¾Æ´Ï¶ó,
±×µéÀÌ ¾î¿ ¼ö ¾ø±â ¶§¹®¿¡
º¹Á¾ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù.
±×°ÍÀÌ »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô ÁÁÀº °ÍÀ̸ç,
ÇÊ¿äÇϰí,
ÀÌÀÍÀÌ µÇ¸ç,
±×¸®°í ¹Ý´ë °úÁ¤ÀÌ ¾ÇÀ̾ú±â
¶§¹®ÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó,
´Ü¼øÈ÷ ±Ç·Â¿¡ ÀÖ´Â »ç¶÷µéÀÇ ¶æÀ̾ú±â
¶§¹®À̾ú´Ù-´Ï½º°¡ ÇÁ¶û½º¿¡,
·Î·¹ÀÎÀÌ µ¶ÀÏ¿¡,
º¸Çì¹Ì¾Æ´Â ¿À½ºÆ®¸®¾Æ¿¡ ÇÕº´µÇ°í,
±×¸®°í Æú¶õµå´Â
ºÐÇҵǾúÀ¸¸ç,
¾ÆÀÏ·£µå¿Í Àεµ´Â ¿µ±¹ Á¤ºÎ¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼
ÅëÄ¡µÇ°í,
Áß±¹Àº °ø°ÝÀ» ¹Þ¾ÒÀ¸¸ç,
¾ÆÇÁ¸®Ä«ÀεéÀº
µµ»ìµÇ¾ú°í,
Áß±¹ÀεéÀº ¹Ì±¹¿¡ ÀÌÁÖÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ
±ÝÁöµÇ¾úÀ¸¸ç,
À¯ÅÂÀεéÀÌ ·¯½Ã¾ÆÀε鿡°Ô Çдë¹Þ¾Ò´Ù-ÁöÁÖµéÀº
±×µéÀÌ °æÀÛÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â ÅäÁöµéÀ» Â÷ÁöÇÏ¿´À¸¸ç,
ÀÚº»°¡µéÀº ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷µéÀÇ ³ëµ¿ÀÇ °ú½ÇµéÀ» ÇâÀ¯ÇÏ¿´´Ù.
±×°ÍÀº ÇöÀçÀÇ »óűîÁö À̸£·¶´Ù;
ÇÑ ¹«¸®ÀÇ »ç¶÷µéÀº
´õ ÀÌ»ó ¾Ç¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÀúÇ×À» ±¸½Ç·Î Æø·ÂÇàÀ§µéÀ»
ÀúÁö¸£Áö ¾Ê´Â´Ù,
±×·¯³ª ´Ü¼øÈ÷ ±×µéÀÇ ÀÌÀÍÀ̳ª
±×µéÀÌ º¯´ö ¶§¹®À̸ç,
±×¸®°í ´Ù¸¥ ÇÑ ¹«¸®ÀÇ »ç¶÷µéÀº
Æø·Â¿¡ ±¼º¹ÇÏÁö¸¸,
°ú°Å¿¡ »ó»óÇÏ´ø °Íó·³,
ÀÌ Æø·ÂÀÌ
±×µéÀ» ¾ÇÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ º¸È£ÇÏ¿© Áֱ⠶§¹®¿¡ ±×µé¿¡°Ô
ÇàÇØÁø´Ù°í »ó»óÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀ¸¸ç,
´Ü¼øÈ÷ ±×µéÀº ±×°ÍÀ»
ÇÇÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø±â ¶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù. |
|
If the Roman, or the man of mediaeval times, or the average Russian of
fifty years ago, as I remember him, was convinced without a shade of doubt
that the violence of authority was indispensable to preserve him from
evil; that taxes, dues, serfage, prisons, scourging, knouts, executions,
the army and war were what ought to be-we know now that one can seldom
find a man who believes that all these means of violence preserve anyone
from any evil whatever, and indeed does not clearly perceive that most of
these acts of violence to which he is exposed, and in which he has some
share, are in themselves a great and useless evil. |
¸¸ÀÏ ·Î¸¶ÀÎ,
¶Ç´Â Áß¼¼ ½Ã´ëÀÇ »ç¶÷,
¶Ç´Â,
³»°¡
±â¾ïÇϴ¹Ù,
¿À½Ê³â ÀüÀÇ Æò¹üÇÑ ·¯½Ã¾ÆÀÎÀÌ ±Ç·ÂÀÇ
Æø·ÂÀÌ ±×µé ¾ÇÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ±¸Çϱâ À§Çؼ ¾ø¾î¼´Â
¾ÈµÇ´Â °ÍÀ̸ç;
¼¼±Ýµé,
¼ö¼ö·áµé,
³ë¿¹µé,
°¨¿Áµé,
Àΰ£
¾²·¹±âµé,
äÂïµé,
óÇüµé,
±º´ë¿Í ÀüÀïÀÌ ¹Ýµå½Ã
ÀÖ¾î¾ß ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ̶ó°í ÇÑ Á¡ÀÇ ÀÇȤµµ ¾øÀÌ
È®½ÅÇÏ¿´´õ¶óµµ-¿ì¸®´Â ÀÌÁ¦ ÀÌ ¸ðµç Æø·ÂÀû ¼ö´ÜµéÀÌ
µµ¹«Áö ¾î¶² ¾ÇÀ¸·Îº¸ÅÍ ´©±¸¶óµµ º¸È£ÇØ ÁØ´Ù°í ¹Ï´Â
»ç¶÷À» °ÅÀÇ Ã£À» ¼ö ¾ø´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ¾È´Ù,
±×¸®°í
ÁøÁ¤À¸·Î ±×°¡ ³ëÃâµÇ¾î ÀÖÀ¸¸ç,
±×µµ ¾î´ÀÁ¤µµ ÇÔ²²
Çϰí ÀÖ´Â ÀÌ·± Æø·Â ÇàÀ§µé ´ëºÎºÐÀÌ,
±× ÀÚü·Î¼
Ä¿´Ù¶õ ±×¸®°í ¹«ÀÍÇÑ ¾ÇÀÓÀ» ¸í¹éÈ÷ ±ú´ÝÁö ¸øÇϰí
ÀÖ´Ù. |
|
There is no one to-day who does not see the uselessness and injustice
of collecting taxes from the toiling masses to enrich idle officials; or
the senselessness of inflicting punishments on weak or depraved persons in
the shape of transportation from one place to another, or of imprison¡©ment
in a fortress where, living in security and indolence, they only become
weaker and more depraved; or the worse than uselessness and injustice, the
positive insanity and barbarity of preparations for war and of wars,
causing devastation and ruin, and having no kind of justification. Yet
these forms of violence continue and are supported by the very people who
see their uselessness, injustice, and cruelty, and suffer from them. If
fifty years ago the idle rich man and the illiterate laborer were both
alike con¡©vinced that their state of everlasting holiday for one and
everlasting toil for the other was ordained by God himself, we know very
well that nowadays, thanks to the growth of population and the diffusion
of books and education, it would be hard to find in Europe or even in
Russia, either among rich or poor, a man to whom in one shape or another a
doubt as to the justice of this state of things had never presented
itself. The rich know that they are guilty in the very fact of being rich,
and try to expiate their guilt by sacrifices to art and science, as of old
they expiated their sins by sacrifices to the Church. And even the larger
half of the working people openly declare that the existing order is
iniquitous and bound to be destroyed or reformed. One set of religious
people of whom there are millions in Russia, the so-called sectaries,
consider the existing social order as unjust and to be destroyed on the
ground of the Gospel teaching taken in its true sense. Others regard it as
unjust on the ground of the socialistic, communistic, or anarchistic
theories, which are springing up in the lower strata of the working
people. Violence no longer rests on the belief in its utility, but only on
the fact of its having existed so long, and being organized by the ruling
classes who profit by it, so that those who are under their authority
cannot extricate themselves from it. The governments of our day-all of
them, the most despotic and the liberal alike-have become what Herzen so
well called "Ghenghis Khan with the telegraph;" that is to say,
organizations of violence based on no principle but the grossest tyranny,
and at the same time taking advantage of all the means invented by science
for the peaceful collective social activity of free and equal men, used by
them to enslave and oppress their fellows. |
¿À´Ã³¯ °ÔÀ¸¸¥ °ü¸®µéÀ» »ìÂî¿ì±â À§Çؼ ¾Ö½á
ÀÏÇÏ´Â ´ëÁßµé·ÎºÎÅÍ ¼¼±ÝÀ» °ÅµÎ¾î µéÀÌ´Â °ÍÀÇ
¹«ÀÍÇÔ°ú ºÎ´çÇÔ;
¶Ç´Â ³ª¾àÇÑÀÚ³ª ºÎÆÐÇÑ »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô
ÇÑ ÀÚ¸®¿¡¼ ´Ù¸¥ ÀÚ¸®·Î À̵¿ÇÏ´Â ÇüÅ·Πó¹úµéÀ»
°¡Çϰųª,
¶Ç´Â ¾î¶² ¿ä»õ¿¡ Åõ¿ÁÇÏ¿© Àº¹ÐÇÔ°ú °ÔÀ¸¸§
¼Ó¿¡ »ì¸é¼,
±×µéÀº ¿ÀÁ÷ ´õ¿í ³ª¾àÇØÁö°í ´õ¿í
ºÎÆÐÇÏ°Ô ÇÏ´Â ¾î¸®¼®À½;
¶Ç´Â ¹«ÀÍÇÔ°ú ºÎ´çÇÔ º¸´Ùµµ
¾ÇÇÑ ÀüÀï Áغñµé°ú ÀüÀïµéÀÇ Àû±ØÀûÀÎ Á¤½ÅÀÌ»ó ¹×
¾ß¸¸¼ºÀ¸·Î¼,
±×°ÍµéÀº ȲÆóÇÔ°ú ÆÄ¸êÀ» ÀÏÀ¸Å°¸ç,
¾Æ¹«·± Á¤´ç¼ºÀ» °®Áö ¸øÇÔÀ» ±ú´ÝÁö ¸øÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷Àº
¾Æ¹«µµ ¾ø´Ù.
±×·¯³ª ÀÌ·± ÇüÅÂÀÇ Æø·ÂÀº °è¼ÓµÈ´Ù
±×¸®°í ±×°ÍµéÀÇ ¹«ÀÍÇÔ°ú ºÎ´çÇÔ ±×¸®°í ÀÜÀÎÇÔÀ»
ÀνÄÇÏ¸ç ±×°Íµé·ÎºÎÅÍ °íÅë¹Þ´Â ¹Ù·Î ±× »ç¶÷µé¿¡
ÀÇÇØ¼ ÁöÁöµÈ´Ù.
¸¸ÀÏ ¿À½Ê³â Àü¿¡ °ÔÀ¸¸¥ ºÎÀÚ¿Í
¹®¸ÍÀÎ ³ëµ¿ÀÚ°¡ ¶È°°ÀÌ ÇÑ Æí¿¡°Õ ±×µéÀÇ ¿µ¿øÇÑ
ÈÞÀϰú ´Ù¸¥ ÇÑ Æí¿¡°Õ ¿µ¿øÇÑ °í¿ªÀÌ Çϳª´Ô Àڽſ¡
ÀÇÇØ¼ Á¤ÇØÁø °ÍÀ̶ó°í È®½ÅÇÏ¿´´õ¶óµµ,
¿ì¸®´Â
¿À´Ã³¯ Àα¸ÀÇ Áõ°¡¿Í ¼ÀûÀÇ È®»ê ¹× ±³À°À¸·Î,
À¯·´À̳ª ½ÉÁö¾î ·¯½Ã¾Æ¿¡¼,
ºÎÀÚ³ª °¡³ÇÑ ÀÚ
»çÀÌ¿¡¼,
ÀÌ·± ¸ð½ÀÀ̳ª Àú·± ¸ð½À¿¡¼,
ÀÌ·± »óÅÂÀÇ
»ç¹°µé¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Á¤ÀÇ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¾î¶² ÀÇȤÀ» °áÄÚ °¡Áø ÀûÀÌ
¾ø´Â »ç¶÷À» ã´Â ´Ù´Â °ÍÀº ¾î·Á¿ï °ÍÀÌ´Ù.
ºÎÀÚµéÀº
±×µéÀÌ ºÎÀÚ¶ó´Â »ç½Ç¸¸À¸·Îµµ À¯Á˶ó´Â °ÍÀ» ¾Ë°í
ÀÖÀ¸¸ç,
¿¹¼úÀ̳ª °úÇп¡ ´ëÇÑ Èñ»ýÀ¸·Î¼ ±×µéÀÇ
ÁËÀǽÄÀ» ¼ÓÁËÇÏ·Á°í ÇÑ´Ù,
¸¶Ä¡ °ú°Å¿¡´Â »ç¶÷µéÀÌ
±³È¸¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Èñ»ýÀ¸·Î¼ ±×µéÀÇ Á˸¦ ¼ÓÁËÇÏ¿´´ø
°Íó·³.
±×¸®°í ½ÉÁö¾î ³ëµ¿ÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷µéÀÇ Àý¹Ý ÀÌ»óÀÌ
°ø°³ÀûÀ¸·Î ±âÁ¸ Áú¼°¡ ºÒ¹ýÀûÀÌ¸ç ÆÄ±«µÇ¾î¾ß Çϰųª
°³ÇõµÇ¾î¾ß ÇÑ´Ù°í ¼±¾ðÇÑ´Ù.
·¯½Ã¾Æ¿¡¼ ¼ö¹é¸¸ÀÌ
µÇ´Â,
¼ÒÀ§ Á¾ÆÄÀÎ,
ÇÑ ¹«¸®ÀÇ Á¾±³ÀεéÀº ±âÁ¸ »çȸ
Áú¼°¡ ºÎ´çÇϸç,
º¹À½¼ÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§À» Áø½ÇµÈ Àǹ̷Î
¹Þ¾Æ µéÀÓÀ» ±Ù°Å·Î ÆÄ±«µÇ¾î¾ß ÇÑ´Ù°í »ý°¢ÇÑ´Ù.
´Ù¸¥
»ç¶÷µéÀº »çȸÁÖÀÇÀûÀÎ,
°ø»êÁÖÀÇÀûÀÎ ¶Ç´Â ¹«Á¤ºÎÀûÀÎ
À̷еéÀ» ±Ù°Å·Î¼ ±âÁ¸ Áú¼°¡ ÆÄ±«µÇ¾î¾ß ÇÑ´Ù°í
¿©±â¸ç,
±×°ÍµéÀº ³·Àº °èÃþÀÇ ³ëµ¿ÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷µé¿¡¼
ºÐÃâµÇ¾î ³ª¿Â´Ù.
Æø·ÂÀº ´õ ÀÌ»ó ±× À¯ÀÍÇÔ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ
¹ÏÀ½¿¡ ÀÇÁ¸ÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù,
±×·¯³ª ±×°ÍÀÌ ¿À·§µ¿¾È
Á¸ÀçÇÏ¿´À¸¸ç,
±×°ÍÀ¸·Î ÀÌÀÍÀ» º¸´Â Áö¹è °è±Þµé¿¡
ÀÇÇØ¼ Á¶Á÷µÇ¾ú´Ù´Â »ç½Ç¿¡ ÀÇÁ¸Çϸç,
±×·¡¼ ±×µéÀÇ
±Ç·Â ¾Æ·¡ ÀÖ´Â »ç¶÷µéÀº ±×°ÍÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ÀڽŵéÀ»
ÇØ¹æ½Ãų ¼ö°¡ ¾ø´Ù.
¿ì¸® ½Ã´ëÀÇ Á¤ºÎµéÀº-±×µé ¸ðµÎ´Â,
µ¶ÀçÀûÀÌ¸ç µ¿½Ã¿¡ ÀÚÀ¯ÁÖÀÇÀûÀÌÁö¸¸-Ç츣Á¨ÀÌ ³Ê¹«³ª
Àß ÁöĪÇÑ, ¡°Àüº¸¸¦ µé°íÀִ ¡Ű½ºÄ¡±
ÀÌ µÇ¾ú´Ù;
´Ù½Ã ¸»ÇÏÀÚ¸é,
¿ø¸®°¡ ¾øÀÌ ÃÑüÀûÀÎ ÆøÁ¤À» ±â¹ÝÀ¸·Î
ÇÏ´Â Æø·Â ´Üüµé,
±×¸®°í À̵éÀº ÀÚÀ¯·Ó°í ÆòµîÇÑ
»ç¶÷µéÀÇ ÆòÈÀû ÁýÇÕÀû »çȸÀû Ȱµ¿À» À§ÇÏ¿© °úÇп¡
ÀÇÇØ¼ ¹ß¸íµÈ ¸ðµç ¼ö´ÜµéÀ» Ȱ¿ëÇÏ´Â µ¿½Ã¿¡,
À̰͵éÀ» ±×µéÀÇ µ¿Æ÷µéÀ» ³ë¿¹È½ÃŰ°í ¾ï¾ÐÇϴµ¥
»ç¿ëµÈ´Ù. |
|
Governments and the ruling classes no longer take their stand on right
or even on the semblance of justice, but on a skillful organization
carried to such a point of perfection by the aid of science that everyone
is caught in the circle of violence and has no chance of escaping from it.
This circle is made up now of four methods of working upon men, joined
together like the links of a chain ring. |
Á¤ºÎµé°ú Áö¹è °è±ÞµéÀº ´õ ÀÌ»ó ¿ÇÀº °ÍÀ̳ª ½ÉÁö¾î
Á¤ÀÇ¿Í À¯»çÇÑ °Í¿¡ ´ëÇØ ¿ËÈ£ÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù,
±×·¯³ª
°úÇÐÀÇ µµ¿òÀ¸·Î ±×·¸°Ô ¿Ïº®ÇÑ Áö°æ±îÁö ´Ù´Ù¸¥
´É¼÷ÇÑ Á¶Á÷À» ¿ËÈ£ÇÏ¿©¼,
´©±¸³ª Æø·ÂÀÇ ¿ïŸ¸® ¾È¿¡
ÀâÇô ÀÖ°ÔµÇ¸ç ±×°ÍÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ Å»ÃâÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ±âȸ¸¦
°®Áö ¸øÇÑ´Ù.
ÀÌ ¿ïŸ¸®´Â ÀÌÁ¦ »ç¶÷µé À§¿¡ ÀÛ¿ëÇÏ´Â
³×°¡Áö ¹æ¹ýµé·Î ±¸¼ºµÇ¾î ÀÖÀ¸¸ç,
¿¬¼â °í¸®ÀÇ ¿¬°áµé
ó·³ ÇÔ²² °áÇյǾî ÀÖ´Ù. |
|
The first and oldest method is intimidation. This con¡©sists in
representing the existing state organization-what¡©ever it may be, free
republic or the most savage des¡©potism-as something sacred and immutable,
and therefore following any efforts to alter it with the cruelest punish¡©ments.
This method is in use now-as it has been from olden times-wherever there
is a government: in Russia against the so-called Nihilists, in America
against Anarch¡©ists, in France against Imperialists, Legitimists, Com¡©munards,
and Anarchists. |
ù¹øÂ°ÀÌ¸ç °¡Àå ¿À·¡µÈ ¹æ¹ýÀº À§ÇùÀÌ´Ù.
À̰ÍÀº
±âÁ¸ÀÇ ±¹°¡ Á¶Á÷-±×°ÍÀÌ ¹«¾ùÀ̵çÁö,
ÀÚÀ¯ °øÈ±¹ ¶Ç´Â
°¡Àå ¾ß¸¸ÀûÀÎ µ¶ÀçÁÖÀǵçÁö-À» ½Å¼ºÇÏ¸ç ºÒº¯ÇÏ´Â
¾î¶² °ÍÀ¸·Î ³ªÅ¸³¿¿¡ ÀÖÀ¸¸ç,
±×·¯¹Ç·Î ±×°ÍÀ»
º¯È½ÃŰ·Á´Â ¾î¶² ³ë·ÂÀ̵çÁö °¡Àå ÀÜÀÎÇÑ Ã³¹úµéÀÌ
µÚµû¸¥´Ù.
ÀÌ ¹æ¹ýÀº Á¤ºÎ°¡ ÀÖ´Â °÷ÀÌ¸é ¾îµð¿¡¼³ª
Áö±Ý-±×°ÍÀÌ ¿¾³¯ºÎÅÍ ÀÖ¾ú´ø °Íó·³-
»ç¿ëµÇ°í ÀÖ´Ù:
·¯½Ã¾Æ¿¡¼´Â ¼ÒÀ§ Ç㹫ÁÖÀÇÀڵ鿡 ´ëÇÏ¿©,
¹Ì±¹¿¡¼´Â
¹«Á¤ºÎÁÖÀÇÀڵ鿡 ´ëÇØ¼,
ÇÁ¶û½º¿¡¼´Â Á¦±¹ÁÖÀÇÀÚµé,
Á¤ÅëÁÖÀÇÀÚµé,
°ø»êÁÖÀÇÀÚµé,
±×¸®°í ¹«Á¤ºÎÁÖÀÇÀڵ鿡
´ëÇØ¼ »ç¿ëµÇ°í ÀÖ´Ù. |
|
Railways, telegraphs, telephones, photographs, and the great perfection
of the means of getting rid of men for years, without killing them, by
solitary confinement, where, hidden from the world, they perish and are
forgotten, and the many other modern inventions employed by govern¡©ment,
give such power that when once authority has come into certain hands, the
police, open and secret, the admin¡©istration and prosecutors, jailers and
executioners of all kinds, do their work so zealously that there is no
chance of overturning the government, however cruel and senseless it may
be. |
öµµ,
Àü½Å,
ÀüÈ,
»çÁø,
±×¸®°í ¼ö³â µ¿¾È »ç¶÷µéÀ»
Á¦°ÅÇϱâ À§ÇÑ ¼ö´ÜÀÇ À§´ëÇÑ ¿Ïº®ÇÔ,
µ¶¹æ¿¡
°¨±ÝÇÔÀ¸·Î½á »ç¶÷µéÀ» Á×ÀÌÁö ¾Ê°í¼µµ ±×°÷Àº
¼¼»óÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ¼û°ÜÁ® ÀÖ¾î¼,
±×µéÀº »ç¶óÁö°í
ÀØÇôÁø´Ù,
±×¸®°í Á¤ºÎ¿¡ ÀÇÇØ »ç¿ëµÇ´Â ´Ù¸¥ ¸¹Àº
Çö´ëÀû ¹ß¸íǰµéÀº ±×·¯ÇÑ ÈûÀ» ÁÖ¾î¼,
ÇÑ ¹ø ±Ç·ÂÀÌ
´©±º°¡ÀÇ ¼Õ¿¡ µé¾î °£´Ù¸é,
°ø°³ ¹× ºñ¹Ð °æÂû,
ÇàÁ¤±â°ü ¹× ¼ÒÃßÀÚµé,
°£¼öµé°ú ¸ðµç Á¾·ùÀÇ
óÇüÀÚµéÀº ±×µéÀÇ ÀÏÀ» ³Ê¹«³ª ¿½ÉÈ÷ ¼öÇàÇÏ¿©¼,
¾Æ¹«¸® ±×°ÍÀÌ ÀÜÀÎÇÏ°í ¾î¸®¼®À» Áö¶óµµ Á¤ºÎ¸¦
Àüº¹ÇÒ ±âȸ´Â ¾ø´Ù. |
|
The second method is corruption. It consists in plun¡©dering the
industrious working people of their wealth by means of taxes and
distributing it in satisfying the greed of officials, who are bound in
return to support and keep up the oppression of the people. These bought
officials, from the highest ministers to the poorest copying clerks, make
up an unbroken network of men bound together by the same interest-that of
living at the expense of the people. They become the richer the more
submissively they carry out the will of the government; and at all times
and places, sticking at nothing, in all departments support by word and
deed the violence of government, on which their own pros¡©perity also
rests. |
µÎ¹øÂ° ¹æ¹ýÀº ºÎÆÐÀÌ´Ù.
±×°ÍÀº ¿½ÉÈ÷ ÀÏÇÏ´Â
³ëµ¿ÀÚµé·ÎºÎÅÍ ¼¼±ÝÀ» ¼ö´ÜÀ¸·Î ±×µéÀÇ Àç»êÀ»
¾àÅ»ÇÏ¿© °ü¸®µéÀÇ Å½¿åÀ» ¸¸Á·½ÃÄÑ ÁÜ¿¡ ±×°ÍÀ»
³ª´©¾î ÁØ´Ù,
±×¸®°í ±×µéÀº ±× ´ñ°¡·Î »ç¶÷µéÀÇ ¾ï¾ÐÀ»
Áö¿øÇϸç À¯ÁöÇϵµ·Ï µÇ¾î ÀÖ´Ù.
ÀÌµé »çµéÀÎ °ü¸®µéÀº,
°¡Àå ³ôÀº Àå°üµé·ÎºÎÅÍ °¡Àå °¡³ÇÑ º¹»çÇÏ´Â
¼±â±îÁö,
¶È°°Àº ÀÌÇØ-»ç¶÷µéÀÇ ºñ¿ëÀ¸·Î »ì¾Æ°¡´Â
ÀÌÇØ-¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼ ÇÔ²² ¹ÀÎ »ç¶÷µéÀÇ ²÷¾îÁöÁö ¾ÊÀº
³×Æ®¿öÅ©¸¦ ±¸¼ºÇÑ´Ù.
±×µéÀº ºÎÀÚ°¡ µÇ¸é µÉ¼ö·Ï
´õ¿í´õ º¹Á¾ÀûÀ¸·Î Á¤ºÎÀÇ ÀÇÁö¸¦ ¼öÇàÇÑ´Ù;
±×¸®°í
¾ðÁ¦ ¾îµð¿¡¼³ª,
¾Æ¹«°Íµµ ¾Æ´Ñ °Í¿¡ ¸Å´Þ·Á ÀÖÀ¸¸é¼,
¸ðµç ºÎ¼¿¡¼ ¸»°ú ÇൿÀ¸·Î Á¤ºÎÀÇ Æø·ÂÀ» Áö¿øÇÑ´Ù,
±×¸®°í ±× À§¿¡ ±×µé ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ¹ø¿µµµ ¶ÇÇÑ ÇÔ²² ÇÑ´Ù. |
|
The third method is what I can only describe as hypnotizing the people.
This consists in checking the moral development of men, and by various
suggestions keeping them back in the ideal of life, outgrown by mankind at
large, on which the power of government rests. This hypnotizing process is
organized at the present in the most complex manner, and starting from
their earliest childhood, continues to act on men till the day of their
death. It begins in their earliest years in the compulsory schools,
created for this purpose, in which the children have in¡©stilled into them
the ideas of life of their ancestors, which are in direct antagonism with
the conscience of the modern world. In countries where there is a state
religion, they teach the children the senseless blasphemies of the Church
catechisms, together with the duty of obedience to their superiors. In
republican states they teach them the savage superstition of patriotism
and the same pretended obedi¡©ence to the governing authorities. |
¼¼¹øÂ° ¹æ¹ýÀº ³ª´Â ¿ÀÁ÷ »ç¶÷µéÀ» ÃÖ¸é½ÃŰ´Â
°ÍÀ̶ó°í ¹¦»çÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.
À̰ÍÀº »ç¶÷µéÀÇ µµ´öÀû
¹ßÀüÀ» ÀúÇØÇÔ¿¡ ÀÖÀ¸¸ç,
¿©·¯°¡Áö Á¦¾Èµé·Î¼ ±×µéÀ»
Àüü Àηù¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼ µÚÃÄÁ® ¹ö¸° ¿¾³¯ÀÇ ÀÌ»óÀûÀÎ »î¿¡
ºÙµé¾î µÎ·ÁÇÔ¿¡ ÀÖÀ¸¸ç,
Á¤ºÎÀÇ ±Ç·ÂÀº ±× À§¿¡
ÀÇÁöÇÑ´Ù.
ÀÌ·± ÃÖ¸éÈ °úÁ¤Àº Áö±ÝÀº °¡Àå º¹ÀâÇÑ
¹æ¹ýÀ¸·Î Á¶Á÷È µÇ¸ç,
±×µéÀÌ °¡Àå ¾î¸° À¯³â±âºÎÅÍ
½ÃÀÛÇÏ¿©,
±×µéÀÌ Á×´Â ³¯ ±îÁö °è¼ÓÇØ¼ »ç¶÷µé À§¿¡
ÇàÇØÁø´Ù.
±×°ÍÀº Àǹ« ±³À°¿¡ ÀÖ¾î¼ Ã¹ÇØºÎÅÍ
½ÃÀ۵Ǿî¼,
ÀÌ ¸ñÀûÀ¸·Î ¸¸µé¾î Áö°í,
¾î¸°À̵éÀº
±×µéÀÇ ¼±Á¶µéÀÇ »îÀÇ »ç»óµéÀ» ÁÖÀÔ¹Þ°í,
±×°ÍÀº Çö´ë
¼¼°èÀÇ ¾ç½É°ú Á÷Á¢ ´ëÄ¡µÇ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù.
±¹°¡ÀÇ Á¾±³°¡
ÀÖ´Â ³ª¶ó¿¡¼´Â,
±×µéÀº ¾î¸°ÀÌ µé¿¡°Ô,
±×µéÀÇ
À»ç¶÷¿¡ ´ëÇÑ º¹Á¾°ú ÇÔ²²,
±³È¸ÀÇ ±³¸®¹®´ä °°Àº
¾î¸®¼®Àº ½Å¼º¸ðµ¶ÀûÀÎ °ÍÀ» °¡¸£Ä£´Ù.
°øÈ±¹µé¿¡¼´Â
±×µéÀº ¾î¸°À̵鿡°Ô ¾Ö±¹½É°ú °°Àº ¾ß¸¸ÀûÀÎ ¹Ì½ÅÀ»
°¡¸£Ä£´Ù ±×¸®°í Áö¹èÇϴ±Ƿµ鿡 ´ëÇÏ¿© ¶È°°Àº
ÀÇ·ÊÀûÀÎ º¹Á¾À» °¡¸£Ä£´Ù. |
|
The process is kept up during later years by the en¡©couragement of
religious and patriotic superstitions. |
±× °úÁ¤Àº Á¾±³Àû ¹× ¾Ö±¹ÀûÀÎ ¹Ì½ÅµéÀ»
Àå·ÁÇÔÀ¸·Î½á ±× µÚ¿¡µµ °è¼Ó À¯ÁöµÈ´Ù. |
|
The religious superstition is encouraged by establish¡©ing, with money
taken from the people, temples, proces¡©sions, memorials, and festivals,
which, aided by painting, architecture, music, and incense, intoxicate the
people, and above all by the support of the clergy, whose duty consists in
brutalizing the people and keeping them in a permanent state of
stupefaction by their teaching, the solemnity of their services, their
sermons, and their interference in pri¡©vate life-at births, deaths, and
marriages. The patriotic superstition is encouraged by the creation, with
money taken from the people, of national fetes, spectacles, monu¡©ments,
and festivals to dispose men to attach importance to their own nation, and
to the aggrandizement of the state and its rulers, and to feel antagonism
and even hatred for other nations. With these objects under despotic
governments there is direct prohibition against printing and disseminat¡©ing
books to enlighten the people, and everyone who might rouse the people
from their lethargy is exiled or imprisoned. Moreover, under every
government without exception everything is kept back that might emancipate
and every¡©thing encouraged that tends to corrupt the people, such as
literary works tending to keep them in the barbarism of religious and
patriotic superstition, all kinds of sensual amusements, spectacles,
circuses, theaters, and even the physical means of inducing stupefaction,
as tobacco and alcohol, which form the principal source of revenue of
states. Even prostitution is encouraged, and not only recognized, but even
organized by the government in the majority of states. So much for the
third method. |
Á¾±³Àû ¹Ì½ÅÀº,
»ç¶÷µé·ÎºÎÅÍ °ÅµÎ¾î Áø µ·À¸·Î¼,
»ç¿øµé,
Çà·Ä±âµµ½Äµé,
Ã߸ðȸµé,
±×¸®°í ÃàÁ¦µéÀ»
¼¼¿ì¸ç,
±×°ÍµéÀº,
±×¸²,
°ÇÃà,
À½¾Ç,
±×¸®°í,
ºÐÇâÇϸç,
»ç¶÷µéÀ» ¸¶Ãë½ÃÅ´À¸·Î½á Àå·ÁµÈ´Ù.
±×¸®°í ¹«¾ùº¸´Ùµµ
¼ºÁ÷ÀÚ¸¦ ºÎ¾çÇϸç,
±×µéÀÇ ÀÓ¹«´Â »ç¶÷µéÀ»
ºñÀΰ£ÀûÀ¸·Î ¸¸µé°í ±×µéÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§,
±×µéÀÇ ¿¹¹èµéÀÇ
¾ö¼÷ÇÔ,
±×µéÀÇ ¼³±³µé,
±×¸®°í ±×µéÀÇ »ç»ýȰ-Ãâ»ý,
ÀÓÁ¾,
±×¸®°í °áÈ¥-¿¡ °³ÀÔÇÔÀ¸·Î½á ±×µéÀ» ¿µ±¸ÀûÀÎ
¸¶Ãë »óÅ¿¡ ºÙµé¾î µÒ¿¡ ÀÖ´Ù.
¾Ö±¹ÀûÀÎ ¹Ì½ÅÀº,
»ç¶÷µé·ÎºÎÅÍ °ÅµÎ¾î µéÀÎ µ·À¸·Î½á,
±¹°æÀÏ,
±¸°æ°Å¸®,
±â³ä¹°,
±×¸®°í ÃàÁ¦µéÀ» ¼¼¿òÀ¸·Î¼ »ç¶÷µé·Î ÇÏ¿©±Ý
ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ±¹°¡¿¡,
±×¸®°í ±¹°¡¿Í ±× ÅëÄ¡ÀÚµéÀÇ ±Ç·Â
°È¿¡ Áß¿äÇÔÀ» ºÎ¿©Çϵµ·Ï,
±×¸®°í ´Ù¸¥ ±¹°¡µé¿¡
´ëÇØ¼ ¹Ý¸ñ°ú Áõ¿À¸¦ ´À³¢µµ·Ï À¯µµÇϵµ·Ï Àå·ÁµÈ´Ù
ÀÌ·± ¸ñÀûµéÀ» °¡Áö°í µ¶Á¦ÀûÀÎ Á¤ºÎµé ¾Æ·¡¿¡¼´Â
»ç¶÷µéÀ» °è¸ùÇϴ åµéÀÇ Àμ⳪ ¹èÆ÷°¡ Á÷Á¢ÀûÀ¸·Î
±ÝÁöµÈ´Ù,
±×¸®°í »ç¶÷µéÀ» ¹«°¨°¢À¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ±ú¿ì´Â
»ç¶÷Àº ´©±¸³ª Ãß¹æµÇ°Å³ª Åõ¿ÁµÈ´Ù.
°Ô´Ù°¡,
¸ðµç
Á¤ºÎµé ¾Æ·¡¼ ¿¹¿Ü¾øÀÌ ÀÚÀ¯·Ó°Ô ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº
¹«¾ùÀ̵çÁö ¾ïÁ¦µÇ°í,
»ç¶÷µéÀ» ºÎÆÐÇÏ°Ô ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº
Àå·ÁµÈ´Ù,
¿¹¸¦ µé¸é,
Á¾±³Àû ¹× ¾Ö±¹ÀûÀÎ ¹Ì½Å°°Àº
¾ß¸¸ÁÖÀÇ¿¡ ±×µéÀ» ¹¾î µÎ´Â °ÍÀº ¹®ÇÐÀûÀÎ ÀÛǰµé,
¸ð¸¥ Á¾·ùÀÇ À°Ã¼Àû Äè¶ôµé,
±¸°æ°Å¸®µé,
¼Ä¿½ºµé,
±ØÀåµé,
±×¸®°í ½ÉÁö¾î ¸¶ºñ¸¦ ÃÊ·¡ÇÏ´Â ´ã¹è³ª ¼ú°°Àº
¹°¸®Àû ¼ö´Üµé °°Àº °Íµé·Î¼,
±¹°¡ÀÇ ÁÖµÈ ¼öÀÔ¿øÀÌ
µÇ´Â °ÍµéÀÌ´Ù.
½ÉÁö¾î ¸ÅÃáµµ Àå·ÁµÇ¸ç ±×°ÍÀÌ ÀÎÁ¤µÉ
»Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ´ëºÎºÐ ±¹°¡µéÀÇ Á¤ºÎ¿¡¼ ½ÉÁö¾î
Á¶Á÷µÈ´Ù.
¼¼¹øÂ° ¹æ¹ýÀº ÀÌÁ¤µµ·Î ÇϰíÀÚ ÇÑ´Ù. |
|
The fourth method consists in selecting from all the men who have been
stupefied and enslaved by the three former methods a certain number,
exposing them to special and intensified means of stupefaction and
reutilization, and so making them into a passive instrument for carrying
out all the cruelties and brutalities needed by the government. This
result is attained by taking them at the youthful age when men have not
had time to form clear and definite principles of morals, and removing
them from all natural and human conditions of life, home, family and
kindred, and useful labor. They are shut up together in barracks, dressed
in special clothes, and worked upon by cries, drums, music, and shining
objects to go through certain daily actions invented for this purpose, and
by this means are brought into an hypnotic condition in which they cease
to be men and become mere senseless machines, submissive to the
hypnotizer. These physically vigorous young men (in these days of
universal conscription, all young men), hypnotized, armed with murderous
weapons, always obedient to the governing authorities and ready for any
act of violence at their command, constitute the fourth and principal
method of enslaving men. |
³×¹øÂ° ¹æ¹ýÀº ¾ÕÀÇ ¼¼°¡Áö ¹æ¹ýµé·Î¼ ¸¶ºñµÇ°í
³ë¿¹ÈµÈ ¸ðµç »ç¶÷µé Áß¿¡¼ ÀÏÁ¤ÇÑ ¼ýÀÚ¸¦ ¼±¹ßÇϰí,
±×µéÀ» Ưº°È÷ °ÈµÈ ¸¶ºñ¿Í ÀçȰ¿ë¿¡ ³ëÃâ½Ã۰í,
±×¸®ÇÏ¿© ±×µéÀ» Á¤ºÎ°¡ ÇÊ¿äÇÑ ¸ðµç ÀÜÀÎÇÑ Àϵé°ú
¹«ÀÚºñÇÑ ÀϵéÀ» ¼öÇàÇÏ´Â ¼öµ¿Àû µµ±¸·Î ¸¸µç´Ù.
ÀÌ·±
°á°ú´Â »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ¾ÆÁ÷µµ ¸íÈ®Çϰí Á¤ÇØÁø µµ´öÀûÀÎ
¿ø¸®µéÀ» Çü¼ºÇÒ ½Ã°£À» °¡ÁöÁö ¸øÇÑ ÇÑâ ÀþÀº ³ªÀÌ¿¡
±×µéÀ» µ¥·Á°¨À¸·Î¼ ´Þ¼ºÇϸç,
±×µéÀ» ¸ðµç
ÀÚ¿¬ÀûÀ̸ç Àΰ£ÀûÀÎ »îÀÇ Á¶°Çµé,
°¡Á¤,
°¡Á·,
±×¸®°í
Ä£Á·,
±×¸®°í À¯ÀÍÇÑ ³ëµ¿À¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ºÐ¸®½ÃŲ´Ù.
±×µéÀº
ÇÔ²² º´¿µ¿¡ °¤È÷°í,
Ư¼öÇÑ º¹ÀåµéÀ» ÀÔÀ¸¸ç,
±×¸®°í
ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ¸ñÀûµéÀ» À§Çؼ °í¾ÈµÈ ÀÏÁ¤ÇÑ ³¯¸¶´ÙÀÇ
ÇൿµéÀ» °ÅÄ¡Áö À§ÇÑ °íÇÔµé,
µå·³µé,
À½¾Ç,
±×¸®°í
¹Ý¦ÀÌ´Â ¹°Ã¼µéÀ» ÁغñÇØ ³ª°£´Ù,
±×¸®°í ÀÌ·±
¹æ¹ýÀ¸·Î »ç¶÷µéÀÌ µÇ±â¸¦ Æ÷±âÇÏ´Â ÃÖ¸éÀûÀÎ »óÅ¿¡
À̸£°Ô µÇ¸ç,
´Ü¼øÈ÷ °¨°¢ÀÌ ¾ø´Â ±â°èµé·Î º¯Çؼ,
ÃÖ¸é¼ú»ç¿¡°Ô º¹Á¾ÇÑ´Ù.
ÀÌµé ½ÅüÀûÀ¸·Î ¿Õ¼ºÇÑ ÀþÀº
»ç¶÷µé(ÀÌ·± º¸ÆíÀû ¡º´Á¦ ½Ã´ë¿¡´Â,
¸ðµÎ ÀþÀº
»ç¶÷µéÀÌ´Ù)Àº,
ÃÖ¸é´çÇϰí,
»ìÀÎÀûÀÎ ¹«±âµé·Î
¹«ÀåÇÏ¿©¼,
¾ðÁ¦³ª ÅëÄ¡ÇÏ´Â ±Ç·Âµé¿¡ º¹Á¾ÇÑ´Ù
±×¸®°í ±×µéÀÌ ³»¸®´Â ¾î¶² Æø·Â ÇàÀ§¿¡µµ Áغñ°¡ µÇ¾î
ÀÖ¾î¼,
»ç¶÷µéÀ» ³ë¿¹È½ÃŰ´Â ³×¹øÂ°ÀÌÀÚ Áß½ÉÀÌ
µÇ´Â ¹æ¹ýÀ» ±¸¼ºÇÑ´Ù. |
|
By this method the circle of violence is completed. |
ÀÌ ¹æ¹ýÀ¸·Î Æø·ÂÀÇ °í¸®°¡ ¿Ï¼ºµÇ¾ú´Ù.. |
|
Intimidation, corruption, and hypnotizing bring people into a condition
in which they are willing to be soldiers; the soldiers give the power of
punishing and plundering them (and purchasing officials with the spoils),
and hyp¡©notizing them and converting them in time into these same
soldiers again. |
À§Çù,
ºÎÆÐ,
±×¸®°í ÃÖ¸éÀº »ç¶÷µéÀ» º´»çµéÀÌ µÇ°í
½Í¾îÇÏ´Â »óÅ·Π¸¸µç´Ù;
º´»çµéÀº »ç¶÷µéÀ» ó¹úÇϰí
¾àÅ»Çϸç(±×¸®°í Àü¸®Ç°À¸·Î Àå±³µé¸¦ »çµéÀ̰í),
±×µéÀ» ÃÖ¸é½Ã۰í,
±×µéÀ» ½Ã°£ÀÌ Áö³ª¸é ´Ù½Ã À̵é°ú
¶È°°Àº º´»ç¸¦·Î °³Á¶½ÃŲ´Ù. |
|
The circle is complete, and there is no chance of break¡©ing through it
by force. |
°í¸®°¡ ¿Ï¼ºµÇ¾ú´Ù,
±×¸®°í ±×°ÍÀ» ÈûÀ¸·Î ±Ë¶ÔÀ»
±âȸ´Â ¾ø´Ù. |
|
Some persons maintain that freedom from violence, or at least a great
diminution of it, may be gained by the oppressed forcibly overturning the
oppressive government and replacing it by a new one under which such
violence and oppression will be unnecessary, but they deceive them¡©selves
and others, and their efforts do not better the posi¡©tion of the
oppressed, but only make it worse. Their con¡©duct only tends to increase
the despotism of government. Their efforts only afford a plausible pretext
for government to strengthen their power. |
¾î¶² »ç¶÷µéÀº,
Æø·ÂÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ÀÚÀ¯,
¶Ç´Â Àû¾îµµ
±×°ÍÀ» Àß°Ô ³ª´« °ÍÀ̶óµµ,
ÇǾйÚÀÚµéÀÌ ÈûÀ»
ÀÌ¿ëÇØ¼ ¾ï¾ÐÇÏ´Â Á¤ºÎ¸¦ Àüº¹ÇÏ°í ±×·¯ÇÑ Æø·Â°ú
¾ï¾ÐÀÌ ÇÊ¿äÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â »õ·Î¿î °ÍÀ¸·Î °¥¾ÆÄ¡¿òÀ¸·Î½á,
°¡´ÉÇÏ´Ù°í ÁÖÀåÇÑ´Ù,
±×·¯³ª ±×µéÀº Àڽŵé°ú ´Ù¸¥
»ç¶÷µéÀ» ¼ÓÀδÙ,
±×¸®°í ±×µéÀÇ ³ë·ÂµéÀº ¾Ð¹Ú¹Þ´Â
ÀÚµéÀÇ ÁöÀ§¸¦ ´õ ³´°Ô ÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀ¸¸ç ±×°ÍÀ» ´õ¿í ¾ÇÈ
½Ãų »ÓÀÌ´Ù.
±×µéÀÇ ÇàÀ§´Â ¿ÀÁ÷ Á¤ºÎÀÇ µ¶À縦
Áõ°¡½ÃÅ´¿¡ µµ¿òµÉ »ÓÀÌ´Ù.
±×µéÀÇ ³ë·ÂµéÀº ¿ÀÁ÷
Á¤ºÎµéÀÌ ±×µéÀÇ ±Ç·ÂÀ» °ÈÇϴµ¥ ±×·²µíÇÑ ±¸½Ç¸¸
ÁÙ »ÓÀÌ´Ù. |
|
Even if we admit that under a combination of circumstances specially
unfavorable for the government, as in France in 1870, any government might
be forcibly over¡©turned and the power transferred to other hands, the new
authority would rarely be less oppressive than the old one; on the
contrary, always having to defend itself against its dispossessed and
exasperated enemies, it would be more despotic and cruel, as has always
been the rule in all revolutions. |
¿ì¸®°¡ ºñ·Ï,
Á¤ºÎ¿¡ Ưº°È÷ ÁÁÁö ¸øÇÑ »óȲµéÀÌ
°ãÃļ, 1870³âÀÇ ÇÁ¶û½ºÃ³·³,
¾î¶² Á¤ºÎ°¡ Æø·ÂÀ¸·Î
Àüº¹µÇ¾î ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷µéÀÇ ¼Õ¿¡ ³Ñ¾î °¥ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù°í
ÀÎÁ¤ÇÏ´õ¶óµµ,
»õ·Î¿î ±Ç·ÂÀº ÀÌÀüÀÇ ±Ç·Âº¸´Ùµµ ´ú
¾ï¾ÐÀûÀÏ ¼ö°¡ °ÅÀÇ ¾øÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù;
¹Ý´ë·Î,
½Ç±ÇÀ¸·Î
ºÐ³ëÇÏ´Â Àûµé¿¡ ´ëÇØ¼ ¾ðÁ¦³ª ¹æ¾îÇØ¾ß ÇϹǷÎ,
¸ðµç
Çõ¸íµé¿¡¼ ÅëÄ¡°¡ ¾ðÁ¦³ª ±×·¨´ø °Íó·³,
±×°ÍÀº ´õ¿í
µ¶ÀçÀûÀ̸ç ÀÜÀÎÇÒ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. |
|
While socialists and communists regard the individualistic,
capitalistic organization of society as an evil, and the anarchists regard
as an evil all government whatever, there are royalists, conservatives,
and capitalists who consider any socialistic or communistic organization
or anarchy as an evil, and all these parties have no means other than
violence to bring men to agreement. Whichever of these parties were
successful in bringing their schemes to pass, must resort to support its
authority to all the existing methods of violence, and even invent new
ones. |
»çȸÁÖÀÇÀÚµé°ú °ø»êÁÖÀÇÀÚµéÀÌ °³ÀÎÁÖÀÇÀûÀ̸ç
ÀÚº»ÁÖÀÇÀûÀÎ »çȸ Á¶Á÷À» ¾ÇÀ¸·Î ¿©±â°í,
¹«Á¤ºÎÁÖÀÇÀÚµéÀÌ ¸ðµç Á¤ºÎ¸¦ ¾î¶°ÇϵçÁö ¾ÇÀ¸·Î
¿©±â´Â ¹Ý¸é¿¡,
¾î¶² »çȸÁÖÀÇÀûÀÎ ¶Ç´Â °ø»êÁÖÀÇÀûÀÎ
Á¶Á÷ ¶Ç´Â ¹«Á¤ºÎ »óŸ¦ ¾ÇÀ¸·Î ¿©±â´Â Á¤ÅëÁÖÀÇÀÚµé,
º¸¼öÁÖÀÇÀÚµé,
±×¸®°í ÀÚº»ÁÖÀÇÀÚµéÀÌ ÀÖÀ¸¸ç,
ÀÌ ¸ðµç
´çÆÄµéÀº »ç¶÷µéÀ» ÇÕÀÇ¿¡ À̸£°Ô ÇÏ·Á¸é ¿ÀÁ÷
Æø·Â¸¸ÀÌ ÇÊ¿äÇÒ »ÓÀÌ´Ù.
ÀÌµé ´çÆÄµé Áß¿¡¼ ¾î´À °ÍÀÌ
±×µéÀÇ °èȹÀÌ Åë°úÇϵµ·Ï ¼º°øÇÏ´õ¶óµµ,
±×µéÀº
±×µéÀÇ ±Ç·ÂÀ» µÞ¹ÞħÇϱâ À§ÇÏ¿© ¸ðµç ±âÁ¸ÀÇ
Æø·ÂÀûÀÎ ¹æ¹ýµé¿¡ ¹Ýµå½Ã ÀÇÁ¸ÇؾßÇϸç,
½ÉÁö¾î´Â
»õ·Î¿î °ÍµéÀ» ¸¸µé¾î ³»¾î¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. |
|
The oppressed would be another set of people, and coercion would take
some new form; but the violence and oppression would be unchanged or even
more cruel, since hatred would be intensified by the struggle, and new
forms of oppression would have been devised. So it has always been after
all revolutions and all attempts at revolution, all conspiracies, and all
violent changes of government. Every conflict only strengthens the means
of oppression in the hands of those who happen at a given moment to be in
power. |
ÇǾйÚÀÚµéÀº ´Ù¸¥ ¹«¸®ÀÇ »ç¶÷µéÀÌ µÉ °ÍÀ̸ç,
°¾ÐÀº »õ·Î¿î ÇüŸ¦ ÃëÇÏ°Ô µÉ °ÍÀÌ´Ù;
±×·¯³ª Æø·Â°ú
¾ï¾ÐÀº º¯ÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀ» °ÍÀ̸ç,
½ÉÁö¾î ´õ¿í ÀÜÀÎÇÒ °ÍÀÌ´Ù,
¿Ö³ÄÇϸé ÅõÀï¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼ Áõ¿À°¡ ½ÉȵDZ⠶§¹®À̸ç,
»õ·Î¿î ÇüÅÂÀÇ ¾ï¾ÐÀÌ °í¾ÈµÇ¾î¾ß ÇÒ °ÍÀÌ´Ù.
±×°ÍÀº
¾ðÁ¦³ª ¸ðµç Çõ¸íµé°ú Çõ¸í¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¸ðµç ½Ãµµµé,
¸ðµç
À½¸ðµé,
±×¸®°í ¸ðµç Æø·ÂÀûÀÎ Á¤ºÎÀÇ ±³Ã¼µé µÚ¿¡´Â
±×·¯Çß´Ù.
¸ðµç °¥µîÀº ÁÖ¾îÁø ¼ø°£¿¡ ±Ç·ÂÀ» Áå ÀÚµéÀÇ
¼Õ¿¡¼ ¾ï¾ÐÀÇ ¹æ¹ýµéÀ» ¿ÀÁ÷ °ÈÇÒ »ÓÀÌ´Ù. |
|
The position of our Christian society, and especially the ideals most
current in it, prove this in a strikingly convinc¡©ing way. |
±âµ¶±³ »çȸÀÇ À§Ä¡°¡,
±×¸®°í ƯÈ÷ °¡Àå ÃÖ±Ù¿¡
Áö¹èÀûÀÎ À̳äµéÀÌ,
À̰ÍÀ» °¡Àå ÇöÀúÇϰÔ
È®ÀνÃÄÑÁÖ´Â ¹æ¹ýÀ¸·Î Áõ¸íÇÑ´Ù. |
|
There remains now only one sphere of human life not encroached upon by
government authority-that is the domestic, economic sphere, the sphere of
private life and labor. And even this is now-thanks to the efforts of com¡©munists
and socialists-being gradually encroached upon by government, so that
labor and recreation, dwellings, dress, and food will gradually, if the
hopes of the reformers are successful, be prescribed and regulated by
government. |
ÀÌÁ¦´Â Á¤ºÎÀÇ ±Ç·Â¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼ Àá½ÄµÇÁö ¾ÊÀº ¿ÀÁ÷
ÇѰ¡Áö ¹üÁÖÀÇ Àΰ£ÀÇ »î¸¸ÀÌ ³²¾Æ ÀÖ´Ù-±×°ÍÀº °¡Á¤Àû,
°æÁ¦Àû ¹üÁÖ,
°³ÀÎÀûÀÎ »î°ú ³ëµ¿ÀÇ ¹üÁÖÀÌ´Ù.
±×¸®°í
½ÉÁö¾î À̰͵µ Áö±ÝÀº-°ø»êÁÖÀÇÀÚµé°ú »çȸÁÖÀÇÀÚµéÀÇ
³ë·Â ´öÅÿ¡-Á¡ÁøÀûÀ¸·Î Á¤ºÎ¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼ Àá½ÄµÇ¾î °¡°í
ÀÖ´Ù,
±×·¡¼ ³ëµ¿°ú ¿©°¡,
°Åóµé,
ÀǺ¹,
±×¸®°í À½½ÄÀÌ
Á¡Â÷ÀûÀ¸·Î,
¸¸ÀÏ °³Çõ°¡µéÀÇ Èñ¸ÁµéÀÌ ¼º°øÀûÀ̶ó¸é,
Á¤ºÎ¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼ ¸í·É¹ÞÀ¸¸ç ÅëÁ¦µÉ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. |
|
The slow progress of eighteen centuries has brought the Christian
nations again to the necessity of deciding the question they have
evaded-the question of the acceptance or non-acceptance of Christ's
teaching, and the question following upon it in social life of resistance
or non-resist¡©ance to evil by force. But there is this difference, that
whereas formerly men could accept or refuse to accept the solution given
by Christ, now that solution cannot be avoided, since it alone can save
men from the slavery in which they are caught like a net. |
18
¼¼±â µ¿¾ÈÀÇ Á¡ÁøÀûÀÎ ÁøÇàÀÌ ±âµ¶±³ ±¹°¡µé·Î
ÇÏ¿©±Ý ±×µéÀÌ È¸ÇÇÇÏ¿´´ø ¹®Á¦¸¦ ÇØ°áÇØ¾ßÇÒ Çʿ信
´Ù½Ã µ¥·Á´Ù ³õ¾Ò´Ù-±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§ÀÇ ¼ö¿ë°ú
ºÒ¼ö¿ëÀÇ ¹®Á¦,
±×¸®°í ±×°Í¿¡ µû¸£´Â »çȸÀû »î¿¡
ÀÖ¾î¼ Èû¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ ¾Ç¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÀúÇ×°ú ¹«ÀúÇ×ÀÇ ¹®Á¦°¡
±×°ÍÀÌ´Ù.
±×·¯³ª ÀÌ·± Â÷À̰¡ ÀÖ´Ù,
Áï,
ÀÌÀü¿¡´Â
»ç¶÷µéÀÌ ±×¸®½ºµµ°¡ ÁØ ÇØ´äÀ» ¼ö¿ëÇϰųª ¼ö¿ëÇϱ⸦
°ÅºÎÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ¾ú´ø ¹Ý¸é¿¡,
ÀÌÁ¦´Â ±× ÇØ´äÀ» ÇÇÇÒ ¼ö
¾ø´Ù,
¿Ö³ÄÇÏ¸é ±×°Í¸¸ÀÌ »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ±×¹°¿¡ ÀâÇôÀÖ´Â
°Í°°Àº ³ë¿¹»óÅ¿¡¼ ±¸ÇÒ ¼ö Àֱ⠶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù. |
|
But it is not only the misery of the position which makes this
inevitable. |
±×·¯³ª À̰ÍÀ» ÇÇÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø°Ô ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº ±× óÁöÀÇ
ºÒÇàÇÔ »ÓÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï´Ù. |
|
While the pagan organization has been proved more and more false, the
truth of the Christian religion has been growing more and more evident. |
À̱³ÀûÀÎ Á¶Á÷µéÀÌ Á¡Á¡ ´õ °ÅÁþÀÓÀÌ Áõ¸íµÇ¾î °¥ ¶§,
±âµ¶±³ Á¾±³ÀÇ Áø¸®´Â Á¡Á¡ ´õ ºÐ¸íÇØ Á® °¡°í ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. |
|
Not in vain have the best men of Christian humanity, who apprehended
the truth by spiritual intuition, for eighteen centuries testified to it
in spite of every menace, every privation, and every suffering. By their
martyrdom they passed on the truth to the masses, and impressed it on
their hearts. |
ÇêµÇÁö ¾Ê°Ôµµ,
±âµ¶±³ÀûÀÎ Àηù¾Ö¸¦ Áö´Ñ °¡Àå
ÈǸ¢ÇÑ »ç¶÷µéÀº,
¿µÀûÀÎ Á÷°üÀ¸·Î Áø¸®¸¦ ±ú´Þ¾ÒÀ¸¸ç,
18
¼¼±âµ¿¾È ¸ðµç Çù¹Ú,
¸ðµç ±ÃÇÌ,
±×¸®°í ¸ðµç
°íÅë¿¡µµ ºÒ±¸Çϰí,
±×°ÍÀ» Áõ°ÅÇÏ¿´´Ù.
±×µéÀÇ ¼ø±³¿¡
ÀÇÇØ¼ ±×µéÀº Áø¸®¸¦ ´ëÁßµé À§¿¡ Àü´ÞÇÏ¿´À¸¸ç,
±×°ÍÀ» ±×µéÀÇ ¸¶À½¿¡ °¢ÀνÃÄ×´Ù. |
|
Christianity has penetrated into the consciousness of humanity, not
only negatively by the demonstration of the impossibility of continuing in
the pagan life, but also through its simplification, its increased
clearness and free¡©dom from the superstitions intermingled with it, and
its diffusion through all classes of the population. |
±âµ¶±³´Â ÀηùÀÇ ÀÚ°¢ ¼Ó¿¡ ½º¸çµé¾úÀ¸¸ç,
ºÎÁ¤ÀûÀ¸·Î À̱³ÀûÀÎ »îÀ» °è¼ÓÇÔÀÇ ºÒ°¡´É¼ºÀÇ Áõ°Å¿¡
ÀÇÇØ¼ »Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó,
¶ÇÇÑ ±×°ÍÀÇ ´Ü¼ø¼º,
±×°Í¿¡
´õÇÏ¿©Áø ¸í·áÇÔ°ú ±×°Í°ú µÚ¼¯¿© ÀÖ´ø ¹Ì½Åµé·ÎºÎÅÍÀÇ
ÀÚÀ¯,
±×¸®°í ¸ðµç °èÃþµéÀÇ Àα¸·ÎÀÇ È®»êÀ» ÅëÇÏ¿©
½º¸çµé¾ú´Ù. |
|
Eighteen centuries of Christianity have not passed with¡©out an effect
even on those who accepted it only externally. These eighteen centuries
have brought men so far that even while they continue to live the pagan
life which is no longer consistent with the development of humanity, they
not only see clearly all the wretchedness of their position, but in the
depths of their souls they believe (they can only live through this
belief) that the only salvation from this posi¡©tion is to be found in
fulfilling the Christian doctrine in its true significance. As to the time
and manner of salvation, opinions are divided according to the
intellectual develop¡©ment and the prejudices of each society. But every
man of the modern world recognizes that our salvation lies in fulfilling
the law of Christ. Some believers in the super¡©natural character of
Christianity hold that salvation will come when all men are brought to
believe in Christ, whose second coming is at hand. Other believers in
supernatural Christianity hold that salvation will come through the
Church, which will draw all men into its fold, train them in the Christian
virtues, and transform their life. A third section, who do not admit the
divinity of Christ, hold that the salvation of mankind will be brought
about by slow and gradual progress, through which the pagan principles of
our existence will be replaced by the principles of liberty, equality, and
fraternity-that is, by Christian principles. A fourth section, who believe
in the social revolution, hold that salvation will come when through a
violent revolution men are forced into community of property, abolition of
government, and collective instead of individual industry- that is to say,
the realization of one side of the Christian doctrine. In one way or
another all men of our day in their inner consciousness condemn the
existing effete pagan order, and admit, often unconsciously and while
regarding themselves as hostile to Christianity, that our salvation is
only to be found in the application of the Chris¡©tian doctrine, or parts
of it, in its true significance to our daily life. |
18
¼¼±â µ¿¾ÈÀÇ ±âµ¶±³´Â ½ÉÁö¾î ±âµ¶±³¸¦ ¿ÀÁ÷
¿ÜÀûÀ¸·Î ¹Þ¾ÆµéÀÎ »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ôµµ ¿µÇâÀÌ ¾øÀÌ Áö³ª°¡Áö
¾Ê¾Ò´Ù.
À̵é 18
¼¼±â µ¿¾ÈÀº »ç¶÷µéÀº,
±×µéÀÌ ÀηùÀÇ
¹ßÀü¿¡ ´õ ÀÌ»ó ÇÕ´çÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀº À̱³ÀûÀÎ »îÀ» °è¼ÓÇØ¼
»ç´Â µ¿¾È¿¡µµ,
±×µéÀº ±×µé óÁöÀÇ ¸ðµç ºñÂüÇÔÀ»
ºÐ¸íÈ÷ º¼ »Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó,
±×µéÀÇ ¿µÈ¥ÀÇ ±íÀÌ¿¡¼ ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ
óÁö¿¡¼ÀÇ À¯ÀÏÇÑ ±¸¿øÀº ÁøÁ¤ÇÑ Àǹ̷μÀÇ ±âµ¶±³
±³¸®ÀÇ ½Çõ¿¡¼ ãÀ» ¼ö ÀÖÀ½À» ±×µéÀº ¹Ï´Â(±×µéÀº
¿ÀÁ÷ ÀÌ·± ¹ÏÀ½À» ÅëÇØ¼ »ì ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù)
Áö°æ±îÁö
À̸£·¶´Ù.
±¸¿øÀÇ ½Ã±â¿Í ¹æ¹ý¿¡ °üÇØ¼´Â,
°¢±â
»çȸµéÀÇ ÁöÀûÀÎ ¹ßÀü°ú Æí°ßµé¿¡ µû¶ó¼ ÀǰߵéÀÌ
³ª´©¾î Áø´Ù.
±×·¯³ª Çö´ë ¼¼»óÀÇ Á¦°¢±â »ç¶÷µéÀº
¿ì¸®ÀÇ ±¸¿øÀº ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§À» ½ÇõÇÔ¿¡
Àִٴ°ÍÀ» ÀνÄÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù.
±âµ¶±³ÀÇ ÃÊÀÚ¿¬ÀûÀÎ
¼º°ÝÀ» ¹Ï´Â ¾î¶² ½ÅÀÚµéÀº ¸ðµç »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ±×¸®½ºµµ¸¦
¹Ï°ÔµÉ ¶§ ±¸¿øÀÌ ¿Â´Ù°í ÁÖÀåÇϸç,
±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ À縲ÀÌ
°¡±îÀÌ ¿Ô´Ù°í ÁÖÀåÇÑ´Ù.
ÃÊÀÚ¿¬ÀûÀÎ ±âµ¶±³¸¦ ¹Ï´Â
´Ù¸¥ ½ÅÀÚµéÀº ±¸¿øÀ» ±³È¸¸¦ ÅëÇØ¼ ¿À¸ç,
±³È¸´Â ¸ðµç
»ç¶÷µéÀ» ±× ¿ì¸®·Î À̲ø¸ç,
±×µé¿¡°Ô ±âµ¶±³ÀûÀÎ
µµ´öÀ» °¡¸£Ãļ,
±×µéÀÇ »îÀ» º¯¸ð½ÃŲ´Ù.
¼¼¹øÂ°
°èÃþµéÀº,
±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ ½Å¼ºÀ» ¹ÏÁö ¾ÊÀ¸¸ç,
ÀηùÀÇ
±¸¿øÀº ¼¼È÷ Á¡ÁøÀûÀÎ ÁøÇà¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼ ÀÌ·ç¾îÁö¸ç,
±×·ÎÀÎÇØ¼ ¿ì¸®µé Á¸ÀçÀÇ À̱³ÀûÀÎ ¿ø¸®µéÀº ÀÚÀ¯,
Æòµî ±×¸®°í ÇüÁ¦¾ÖÀÇ ¿ø¸®µé-´Ù½Ã ¸»Çϸé,
±âµ¶±³ÀÇ
¿ø¸®µé-·Î ±³Ã¼µÉ °ÍÀ̶ó°í ÁÖÀåÇÑ´Ù.
³×¹øÂ° °èÃþµéÀº
»çȸÀû Çõ¸íÀ» ¹ÏÀ¸¸ç,
±¸¿øÀº Æø·ÂÀûÀÎ Çõ¸íÀ» ÅëÇÏ¿©
»ç¶÷µéÀÌ Àç»ê °øÅëü,
Á¤ºÎÀÇ ÆóÁö,
±×¸®°í °³ÀÎÀûÀÎ
»ê¾÷´ë½Å ÁýÇÕÀûÀÎ »ê¾÷À¸·Î °Á¦µÉ ¶§ ¿Â´Ù°í
ÁÖÀåÇÑ´Ù-´Ù½Ã ¸»ÇÏÀÚ¸é,
±âµ¶±³ ±³¸®ÀÇ ÇÑ Ãø¸éÀÇ
½ÇÇöÀÌ´Ù.
ÀÌ ¹æ¹ýÀ̵ç Àú ¹æ¹ýÀÌµç ¿ì¸® ½Ã´ëÀÇ ¸ðµç
»ç¶÷µéÀº ±×µé ³»¸éÀÇ ÀÚ°¢¿¡¼ ±âÁ¸ÀÇ ³°¾Æ ºüÁø
À̱³Àû Áú¼¸¦ ºñ³Çϸç,
°¡²û ¹«ÀǽÄÀûÀ¸·Î ±×¸®°í
ÀڽŵéÀº ±âµ¶±³¿¡ Àû´ëÀûÀ̶ó°í ¿©±â¸é¼,
¿ì¸®ÀÇ
±¸¿øÀº ¿ÀÁ÷ ±âµ¶±³ ±³¸® ¶Ç´Â ±×°ÍÀÇ ÀϺκÐÀ̶óµµ
¿ì¸®ÀÇ ÀÏ»óÀÇ »î¿¡ ±× ÁøÁ¤ÇÑ Àǹ̸¦ Àû¿ëÇÔ¿¡¼ ãÀ»
¼ö ÀÖ´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ÀÎÁ¤ÇÑ´Ù. |
|
Christianity cannot, as its Founder said, be realized by the majority
of men all at once; it must grow like a huge tree from a tiny seed. And so
it has grown, and now has reached its full development, not yet in actual
life, but in the conscience of men of today. |
±âµ¶±³´Â,
±× ⸳ÀÚ°¡ ¸»ÇÑ °Íó·³,
µ¿½Ã¿¡ ´ëºÎºÐÀÇ
»ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô ±ú´Þ¾Æ Áú ¼ö ¾ø´Ù;
Á¶±×¸¸ ¾¾¾Ñ¿¡¼ºÎÅÍ
°Å´ëÇÑ ³ª¹«Ã³·³ ÀÚ¶ó¾ß ÇÑ´Ù.
±×¸®°í ±×·¸°Ô ±×°ÍÀº
ÀÚ¶ó³µ´Ù,
±×¸®°í ÀÌÁ¦ ±× ¿ÏÀüÇÑ ¼ºÀå¿¡ µµ´ÞÇß´Ù,
±×·¯³ª ½ÇÁ¦ »î¿¡¼°¡ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó,
¿À´Ã³¯ÀÇ »ç¶÷µéÀÇ
¾ç½É¼Ó¿¡¼ÀÌ´Ù. |
|
Now not only the minority, who have always compre¡©hended Christianity
by spiritual intuition, but all the vast majority who seem so far from it
in their social existence recognize its true significance. |
ÀÌÁ¦ ¾ðÁ¦³ª ±âµ¶±³¸¦ ¿µÀûÀÎ Á÷°üÀ¸·Î ÀÌÇØÇÑ
¼Ò¼öÀÇ »ç¶÷µé »Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó,
±×µéÀÇ »çȸÀû Á¸Àç ¾È¿¡¼
±âµ¶±³·ÎºÎÅÍ ³Ê¹«³ª ¸Ö¸® ÀÖ´Â °Íó·³ º¸ÀÌ´ø ¹æ´ëÇÑ
´ëºÎºÐÀÇ »ç¶÷µéµµ ±× ÁøÁ¤ÇÑ Àǹ̸¦ ÀνÄÇÑ´Ù. |
|
Look at individual men in their private life. Listen to their standards
of conduct in their judgment of one another; hear not only their public
utterances, but the counsels given by parents and guardians to the young
in their charge; and you will see that, far as their social life based on
violence may be from realizing Christian truth, in their private life what
is considered good by all without excep¡©tion is nothing but the Christian
virtues; what is con¡©sidered as bad is nothing but the antichristian
vices. Those who consecrate their lives self-sacrificingly to the service
of humanity are regarded as the best men. The selfish, who make use of the
misfortunes of others for their own advantage, are regarded as the worst
of men. |
±×µéÀÇ »çÀûÀÎ »îÀ» »ç´Â °³ÀÎÀûÀÎ »ç¶÷µéÀ» º¸¶ó.
±×µéÀÌ ¼·Î¸¦ ÆÇ´ÜÇÔ¿¡¼ ±×µéÀÇ ÇàÀ§ÀÇ Ç¥ÁØ µé¿¡ ±Í
±â¿ï¿© º¸¶ó;
±×µéÀÇ ´ëÁß ¿¬¼³ »Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó,
±×µéÀÌ
º¸È£Çϰí ÀÖ´Â ¾î¸° °Íµé¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ºÎ¸ð³ª º¸È£ÀÚµéÀÇ
Á¶¾ðµéµµ µé¾îº¸¶ó;
±×·¯¸é Æø·Â¿¡ ÀÇÁ¸Çϰí ÀÖ´Â
±×µéÀÇ »çȸÀû »îÀÌ ±âµ¶±³ÀÇ Áø¸®¸¦ ±ú´ÞÀ½¿¡ ¸Ö¸®
ÀÖÀ» Áö¶óµµ,
±×µéÀÇ »çÀûÀÎ »î¿¡¼ ¿¹¿Ü ¾øÀÌ ¸ðµç
»ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô¼ ¼±ÇÏ´Ù°í ¿©°ÜÁö´Â °ÍÀº ¿ÀÁ÷ ±âµ¶±³ÀûÀÎ
¹Ì´öµéÀ̸ç;
³ª»Ú´Ù°í ¿©°ÜÁö´Â °ÍÀº ¿ÀÁ÷
Àû±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ ¾ÇµéÀÓÀ» ´ç½ÅÀº ¾Ë °ÍÀÌ´Ù.
Àηù¿¡
ºÀ»çÇϱâ À§Çؼ ÀڽŵéÀÇ »îÀ» ÀÚ±â Èñ»ýÀûÀ¸·Î
¹ÙÄ¡´Â »ç¶÷µéÀº °¡Àå ÈǸ¢ÇÑ »ç¶÷µéÀÌ´Ù.
ÀڽŵéÀÇ
ÀÌÀÍÀ» À§Çؼ ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷µéÀÇ ºÒÇàÀ» ÀÌ¿ëÇÏ´Â
À̱âÁÖÀÇÀÚµéÀº,
°¡Àå ³ª»Û »ç¶÷µé·Î ¿©°ÜÁø´Ù. |
|
Though some non-Christian ideals, such as strength, courage, and
wealth, are still worshiped by a few who have not been penetrated by the
Christian spirit, these ideals are out of date and are abandoned, if not
by all, at least by all those regarded as the best people. There are no
ideals, other than the Christian ideals, which are accepted by all and
regarded as binding on all. |
ºñ·Ï ¾î¶² ºñ ±âµ¶±³ÀûÀÎ ÀÌ»óµéÀº,
¿¹¸¦ µé¸é,
Èû,
¿ë±â,
±×¸®°í ºÎ µîÀº,
±âµ¶±³ÀûÀÎ Á¤½ÅÀÌ ¾ÆÁ÷
½º¸çµéÁö ¾ÊÀº ¼Ò¼ö¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼ ¼þ¹èµÇ°í ÀÖÁö¸¸,
À̵é
ÀÌ»óµéÀº ½Ã´ë¿¡ µÚ¶³¾îÁø °ÍÀ̸ç,
¸ðµÎ¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼´Â
¾Æ´Ï´õ¶óµµ,
Àû¾îµµ,
ÈǸ¢ÇÑ »ç¶÷µéÀ̶ó°í ¿©°ÜÁö´Â
¸ðµç »ç¶÷µé¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼´Â ³»¹ö·ÁÁø´Ù.
±âµ¶±³ÀûÀÎ
ÀÌ»óµé ¿Ü¿¡´Â,
¸ðµç »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô¼ ¹Þ¾Æµé¿©Áö¸ç,
¸ðµç
»ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô Àǹ«ÀûÀ̶ó°í ¿©°ÜÁö´Â ÀÌ»óµéÀº ¾ø´Ù. |
|
The position of our Christian humanity, if you look at it from the
outside with all its cruelty and degradation of men, is terrible indeed.
But if one looks at it within, in its inner consciousness, the spectacle
it presents is absolutely different. |
¿ì¸®ÀÇ ±âµ¶±³ÀûÀÎ ÀηùÀÇ Ã³Áö´Â,
»ç¶÷µéÀÇ ±× ¸ðµç
ÀÜÀÎÇÔ°ú ŸŹÀ¸·Î¼ ¹°µé¾î ÀÖ´Â ¹Ù±ùÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ
¹Ù¶óº»´Ù¸é,
Á¤¸»·Î ¹«¼·´Ù.
±×·¯³ª ±×°ÍÀ» ¾È¿¡¼,
³»ÀûÀÎ ÀÚ°¢¿¡¼,
¹Ù¶ó º»´Ù¸é,
±×°ÍÀÌ Á¦½ÃÇÏ´Â ±¤°æÀº
Àý´ëÀûÀ¸·Î ´Ù¸£´Ù. |
|
All the evil of our life seems to exist only because it has been so for
so long; those who do the evil have not had time yet to learn how to act
otherwise, though they do not want to act as they do. |
¿ì¸®ÀÇ »îÀÇ ¸ðµç ¾ÇÀº ´ÜÁö ³Ê¹« ¿À·§µ¿¾È ±×·¯Çß±â
¶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù;
¾ÇÀ» ÇàÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷µéÀº,
ºñ·Ï ±×µéÀÌ ÇàÇÏ´ø
´ë·Î ÇàÇϱ⸦ ¿øÇÏÁö ¾Ê´õ¶óµµ,
¾ÆÁ÷ ¹Ý´ë·Î ÇàÇÏ´Â
¹æ¹ýÀ» ¹è¿ï ½Ã°£À» °®Áö ¸øÇ߱⠶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù. |
|
All the evil seems to exist through some cause inde¡©pendent of the
conscience of men. |
¸ðµç ¾ÇµéÀº »ç¶÷µéÀÇ ¾ç½É°ú´Â º°°³ÀÇ ¿øÀεé
¶§¹®¿¡ Á¸ÀçÇÏ´Â °Íó·³ º¸ÀδÙ. |
|
Strange and contradictory as it seems, all men of the present day hate
the very social order they are themselves supporting. |
ÀÌ»óÇϸ鼵µ ¸ð¼øÀÌ ÀÖ´Â °Íó·³ º¸ÀÌÁö¸¸,
Çö
½Ã´ëÀÇ ¸ðµç »ç¶÷µéÀº ±×µé ½º½º·Î°¡ Áö¿øÇϰí ÀÖ´Â
»çȸÀû Áú¼ ÀÚü¸¦ Áõ¿ÀÇÑ´Ù. |
|
I think it is Max Muller who describes the amazement of an Indian
convert to Christianity, who after absorbing the essence of the Christian
doctrine came to Europe and saw the actual life of Christians. He could
not recover from his astonishment at the complete contrast between the
reality and what he had expected to find among Christian nations. If we
feel no astonishment at the contrast between our convictions and our
conduct, that is because the influ¡©ences, tending to obscure the
contrast, produce an effect upon us too. We need only look at our life
from the point of view of that Indian, who understood Christianity in its
true significance, without any compromises or concessions, we need but
look at the savage brutalities of which our life is full, to be appalled
at the contradictions in the midst of which we live often without
observing them. |
³ª´Â ±âµ¶±³·Î °³Á¾ÇÑ ÀεµÀÎÀÇ ³î¶ó¿òÀ» ¹¦»çÇÑ
»ç¶÷ÀÌ ¸·½º ¹Á·¯ÀÎ °ÍÀ» »ý°¢ÇÑ´Ù.
±× ÀεµÀÎÀº ±âµ¶±³
±³¸®ÀÇ º»ÁúÀ» Èí¼öÇÑ ´ÙÀ½ À¯·´¿¡ °¬´Ù ±×¸®°í
±âµ¶±³ÀεéÀÌ ½ÇÁ¦ »îÀ» º¸¾Ò´Ù.
±×´Â ±âµ¶±³ ±¹°¡µé
»çÀÌ¿¡¼ÀÇ Çö½Ç°ú ±×°¡ ã°íÀÚ ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÇ ¿ÏÀüÇÑ
Â÷À̸¦ º¸°í ³î¶÷À¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ¹þ¾î³¯ ¼ö°¡ ¾ø¾ú´Ù.
¸¸ÀÏ
¿ì¸®°¡ ¿ì¸®ÀÇ ½Å³äµé°ú ¿ì¸®ÀÇ ÇàÀ§µé »çÀÌÀÇ Â÷ÀÌ¿¡
¾Æ¹«·± ³î¶ó¿òÀ» ´À³¢Áö ¸øÇÑ´Ù¸é,
±×°ÍÀº ¿ª½Ã,
±×
Â÷À̸¦ È帮°íÀÚ ÇÏ´Â ¿µÇâµéÀÌ ¿ì¸®µé À§¿¡ È¿°ú¸¦
¹ßÈÖÇ߱⠶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù.
¿ì¸®´Â ¿ì¸®ÀÇ »îÀ» ¿ÀÁ÷,
±âµ¶±³¸¦
¾î¶² ŸÇùµµ ¾çº¸µµ ¾øÀÌ ±× ÁøÁ¤ÇÑ Àǹ̿¡¼ ±ú´ÞÀº
ÀεµÀÎÀÇ °üÁ¡À¸·ÎºÎÅÍ º¸±â¸¸ ÇÏ¸é µÇ¸ç,
¿ì¸®´Â ¿ÀÁ÷
¿ì¸®ÀÇ »î¿¡ °¡µæÂ÷ ÀÖ´Â ¾ß¸¸ÀûÀÎ ÀÜÇÐ ÇàÀ§µéÀ» ÃÄ´Ù
º½À¸·Î½á,
ÈçÈ÷ ¿ì¸®°¡ °üÂûÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀ¸¸é¼ »ì°í ÀÖ´Â
°¡¿îµ¥¼ ¸ð¼øµéÀ» º¸°í ³î¶ó°Ô µÈ´Ù. |
|
We need only recall the preparations for war, the mitrail¡©leuses, the
silver-gilt bullets, the torpedoes, and-the Red Cross; the solitary prison
cells, the experiments of execu¡©tion by electricity-and the care of the
hygienic welfare of prisoners; the philanthropy of the rich, and their
life, which produces the poor they are benefiting. |
¿ì¸®´Â ¿ÀÁ÷ ÀüÀï¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Áغñµé,
±â°üÃѵé,
Àºµµ±ÝÇÑ
ÃѾ˵é,
¾î·Úµé ±×¸®°í-Àû½ÊÀÚ,
°¨¿ÁÀÇ µ¶¹æµé,
Àü±âóÇü ½ÇÇèµé-±×¸®°í Á˼öµé¿¡ ´ëÇÑ À§»ý º¹Áö
°ü¸®¸¦ ±â¾ïÇÒ Çʿ丸 ÀÖ´Ù;
ºÎÀ¯ÇÑ »ç¶÷µéÀÇ ¹Ú¾ÖÁÖÀÇ,
±×¸®°í ±×µéÀÇ »îµéÀ» ±â¾ïÇÒ Çʿ䰡 ÀÖÀ¸¸ç,
±×°ÍµéÀº
±×µéÀÌ ÇýÅÃÀ» º¸°í ÀÖ´Â °¡³ÇÑ »ç¶÷µéÀ» ¸¸µé¾î ³½´Ù. |
|
And these inconsistencies are not, as it might seem, because men
pretend to be Christians while they are really pagans, but because of
something lacking in men, or some kind of force hindering them from being
what they already feel themselves to be in their consciousness, and what
they genuinely wish to be. Men of the present day do not merely pretend to
hate oppression, inequality, class dis¡©tinction, and every kind of
cruelty to animals as well as human beings. They genuinely detest all
this, but they do not know how to put a stop to it, or perhaps cannot
decide to give up what preserves it all, and seems to them necessary. |
±×¸®°í ÀÌµé ¸ð¼øµéÀº,
°ÑÀ¸·Î º¸ÀÌ´Â °Íó·³,
»ç¶÷µéÀÌ ½ÇÁ¦·Î´Â À̱³µµµéÀÌ¸é¼ ±âµ¶±³µµµéÀÎ
°Íó·³ Ç༼ ÇØ¼°¡ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó,
»ç¶÷µé ¾È¿¡¼ ºÎÁ·ÇÑ ¾î¶²
°Í,
¶Ç´Â ±×µéÀÇ ÀÚ°¢ ¼Ó¿¡ ÀÖ´Ù°í ÀÌ¹Ì ½º½º·Î ´À³¢´Â
°Í,
±×¸®°í ±×µéÀÌ ¼ø¼öÇÏ°Ô µÇ°íÀÚ ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ ÀÖÀ½À»
¹æÇØÇÏ´Â ¾î¶² Á¾·ùÀÇ Èû ¶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù.
ÀÌ ½Ã´ëÀÇ »ç¶÷µéÀº
µ¿¹°µé¿¡°Ô »Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó »ç¶÷µé¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¾ï¾Ð,
ºÒÆòµî,
°è±ÞÂ÷º°,
±×¸®°í ¸ðµç Á¾·ùÀÇ ÀÜÀÎÇÔÀ» ´Ü¼øÈ÷
¹Ì¿öÇϴ ô ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï´Ù.
±×µéÀº ÁøÁ¤À¸·Î ÀÌ
¸ðµç °ÍÀ» Çø¿ÀÇÑ´Ù,
±×·¯³ª ±×µéÀº ¾î¶»°Ô ±×°ÍÀ»
¸ØÃß°Ô ÇÒÁö¸¦ ¸ð¸£°Å³ª,
¶Ç´Â ±× ¸ðµç °ÍÀ» º¸Á¸Çϸç,
±×µé¿¡°Ô ÇÊ¿äÇÑ °Íó·³ º¸ÀÌ´Â °ÍÀ» Æ÷±âÇÔÀ»
°áÁ¤ÇÏÁö ¸øÇÑ´Ù. |
|
Indeed, ask every man separately whether he thinks it laudable and
worthy of a man of this age to hold a position from which he receives a
salary disproportionate to his work; to take from the people-often in
poverty-taxes to be spent on constructing cannon, torpedoes, and other
instruments of butchery, so as to make war on people with whom we wish to
be at peace, and who feel the same wish in regard to us; or to receive a
salary for devoting one's whole life to constructing these instruments
of butchery, or to preparing oneself and others for the work of murder.
And ask him whether it is laudable and worthy of a man, and suitable for a
Christian, to employ himself, for a salary, in seizing wretched,
misguided, often illiterate and drunken, creatures because they
appropriate the property of others- on a much smaller scale than we do-or
because they kill men in a different fashion from that in which we
undertake to do it-and shutting them in prison for it, ill treating them
and killing them; and whether it is laudable and worthy of a man and a
Christian to preach for a salary to the people not Christianity, but
superstitions which one knows to be stupid and pernicious; and whether it
is laudable and worthy of a man to rob his neighbor for his gratification
of what he wants to satisfy his simplest needs, as the great landowners
do; or to force him to exhausting labor beyond his strength to augment
one's wealth, as do factory owners and manufacturers; or to profit by
the poverty of men to increase one's gains, as merchants do. And
everyone taken separately, especially if one's remarks are directed at
someone else, not himself, will answer, No! And yet the very man who sees
all the baseness of those actions, of his own free will, uncoerced by
anyone, often even for no pecuniary profit, but only from childish vanity,
for a china cross, a scrap of ribbon, a bit of fringe he is allowed to
wear, will enter military service, become a magistrate or justice of the
peace, commissioner, archbishop, or beadle, though in fulfilling these
offices he must commit acts the baseness and shamefulness of which he
cannot fail to recognize. |
Áø½Ç·Î,
¸ðµç »ç¶÷¿¡°Ô Á¦°¢±â ¹°¾îº¸¶ó,
¾î¶² »ç¶÷ÀÌ
ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ³ªÀÌ¿¡ ±×°¡ ÇÏ´Â ÀÏ¿¡ ¾î¿ï¸®Áö ¾Ê´Â º¸¼ö¸¦
¹Þ´Â Á÷Ã¥À» °¡Áø´Ù¸é,
ĪÂù¹ÞÀ» ¸¸ÇÏ¸ç ¹Ù¶÷Á÷ÇÑÁö¸¦;
»ç¶÷µé-ÈçÈ÷ ºó°ï¿¡ ºüÁø-¿¡°Ô¼ ¼¼±ÝÀ» °ÅµÎ¾î ´ëÆ÷,
¾î·Ú,
±×¸®°í ´Ù¸¥ µµ»ì¿ë µµ±¸µéÀ» ¸¸µå´Âµ¥ »ç¿ëµÇ°í,
±×·¡¼ ¿ì¸®°¡ ÆòÈ·Ó°Ô Áö³»°í ½ÍÀº »ç¶÷µé°ú ÀüÀïÀ»
ÇÏ°Ô µÇ¸ç,
±×µéÀº ¶ÇÇÑ ¶È°°Àº ¹Ù·¥À» ¿ì¸®¿¡°Ô
´À³¤´Ù¸é;
¶Ç´Â ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ Àü »ý¾Ö¸¦ Çå½ÅÇÑ ´ñ°¡·Î º¸¼ö¸¦
¹Þ¾Æ¼ ÀÌµé µµ»ì µµ±¸µéÀ» ¸¸µå´Âµ¥ »ç¿ëÇÑ´Ù¸é,
¶Ç´Â
ÀڽŰú ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷µéÀ» »ìÀÎ ÀÛ¾÷¿¡ ÅõÀÔ½ÃŲ´Ù¸é,
ĪÂù¹ÞÀ» ¸¸ÇÏ¸ç ¹Ù¶÷Á÷ÇÑ Áö¸¦ ¹°¾îº¸¶ó.
±×¸®°í
±×¿¡°Ô ¹°¾îº¸¶ó.
ºÀ±ÞÀ» ¹Þ±â À§Çؼ ºñÂüÇϰí,
ºñ¶Ô¾îÁø,
Á¾Á¾ ¹®¸ÍÀÎ ±×¸®°í ¼úÃëÇÑ »ç¶÷µéÀ»,
±×µéÀÌ
´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷µéÀÇ Àç»êÀ» ÈÉÄ¡±â ¶§¹®¿¡-¿ì¸®°¡ ÇàÇÏ´Â
°Íº¸´Ùµµ ÈξÀ ÀûÀº ±Ô¸ðÀÏÁö¶óµµ-¶Ç´Â ±×µéÀÌ ¿ì¸®°¡
¸ÃÀº ÀÓ¹«¿Í ´Ù¸¥ ¹æ½ÄÀ¸·Î »ç¶÷µéÀ» Á×À̱⠶§¹®¿¡-ºÙµé¾î¼,
±× ¶§¹®¿¡ ±×µéÀ» °¨¿Á¿¡ °¡µÎ¾î¾ß ÇÑ´Ù¸é,
±×µéÀ»
¹úÁÖ°í Á×Àδٸé ĪÂù¹ÞÀ» ¸¸ÇÏ¸ç ¹Ù¶÷Á÷Çϸç,
±×¸®°í
±âµ¶±³Àε鿡°Ô ÇÕ´çÇÑ ÀÏÀÎÁö¸¦ ¹°¾îº¸¶ó;
±×¸®°í
¾î¶² »ç¶÷ÀÌ ±×¸®°í ±âµ¶±³ÀÎÀÌ º¸¼ö¸¦ ¹Þ±â À§Çؼ
±âµ¶±³°¡ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó,
ÀÚ½ÅÀÌ ¾Ë±â·Î ¸ÛûÇϰí ÇØ·Î¿î
¹Ì½ÅµéÀ» ¼³±³ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ ÄªÂù¹ÞÀ» ¸¸Çϸç,
¹Ù¶÷Á÷ÇÑ
ÀÏÀÎÁö¸¦;
±×¸®°í ¾î¶² »ç¶÷ÀÌ,
¸¶Ä¡ ´ëÁöÁÖµéÀÌ
±×·¯Çϵí,
ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ´Ü¼øÇÑ ¿å±¸µéÀ» ¸¸Á·½ÃŰ´Â
Áñ°Å¿òÀ» ¸ñÀûÀ¸·Î ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ÀÌ¿ôÀ» °Å»ÇÑ´Ù¸é,
ĪÂù¹ÞÀ» ¸¸Çϸç,
¹Ù¶÷Á÷ÇÑ ÀÏÀÎÁö¸¦;
¶Ç´Â ±×¿¡°Ô,
¸¶Ä¡ °øÀå ¼ÒÀ¯ÁÖ³ª Á¦Á¶¾÷ÀÚµéÀÌ ±×·¯Çϵí,
½É½ÅÀ»
ÁöÄ¡°ÔÇÏ´Â ³ëµ¿À» °¿äÇÑ´Ù¸é;
¶Ç´Â,
»óÀεéÀÌ
±×·¯Çϵí,
ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ¼ÒµæÀ» ´Ã¸®±â À§Çؼ »ç¶÷µéÀÇ
°¡³ÇÔÀ¸·Î ÀÌÀÍÀ» º¸°íÀÚ ÇÑ´Ù¸é.
±×¸®°í ¸ðµÎ¸¦ µû·Î
¶¼¾î¼ Áú¹®ÇÑ´Ù¸é | |