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¡°THE KINGDOM OF GOD 
IS WITHIN YOU.¡±

¡°Çϳª´ÔÀÇ  ³ª¶ó´Â  ³ÊÈñ ¾È¿¡ ÀÖ´À´Ï¶ó.¡±


by Leo Tolstoy

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CHAPTER VIII.  Á¦ 8 Àå 

DOCTRINE OF NON-RESISTANCE TO EVIL BY FORCE MUST INEVITABLY BE ACCEPTED BY MEN OF THE PRESENT DAY.

Èû¿¡ÀÇÇÑ ¾Ç¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¹«ÀúÇ×ÀÇ ±³¸®´Â ÇÊ¿¬ÀûÀ¸·Î ÀÌ ½Ã´ëÀÇ »ç¶÷µé¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­ ¼ö¿ëµÇ¾î¾ß ÇÑ´Ù.

Christianity is Not a System of Rules, but a New Conception of Life, and therefore it was Not Obligatory and was Not Accepted in its True Sig¡©nificance by All, but only by a Few-Christianity is. Moreover, Prophetic of the Destruction of the Pagan Life, and therefore of Necessity of the Acceptance of the Christian Doctrines-Non-resist¡©ance of Evil by Force is One Aspect of the Christian Doctrine, which must Inevitably in Our Times be Accepted by Men-Two Methods of Deciding Every Quarrel-First Method is to Find a Universal Defini¡©tion of Evil, which All Must Accept, and to Resist this Evil by Force -Second Method is the Christian One of Complete Non-resistance by Force-Though the Failure of the First Method was Recognized since the Early Days of Christianity, it was Still Proposed, and only as Mankind has Progressed it has Become More and More Evident that there Cannot be any Universal Definition of Evil-This is Recog¡©nized by All at the Present Day, and if Force is Still Used to Resist Evil, it is Not Because it is Now Regarded as Right, but Because People Don't Know How to Avoid It-The Difficulty of Avoiding It is the Result of the Subtle and Complex Character of the Government Use of Force-Force is Used in Four Ways: Intimidation, Bribery, Hypnotism, and Coercion by Force of Arms-State Violence Can Never be Suppressed by the Forcible Overthrow of the Government- Men are Led by the Sufferings of the Pagan Mode of Life to the Neces¡©sity of Accepting Christ's Teaching with its Doctrine of Non-resist¡©ance by Force-The Consciousness of its Truth which is Diffused Throughout Our Society, Will also Bring About its Acceptance-This Consciousness is in Complete Contradiction with Our Life-This is Specially Obvious in Compulsory Military Service, but Through Habit and the Application of the Four Methods of Violence by the State, Men do not See this Inconsistency of Christianity with Life of a Soldier-They do Not even See It, though the Authorities Themselves Show all the Immorality of a Soldier's Duties with Perfect Clearness- The Call to Military Service is the Supreme Test for Every Man, when the Choice is Offered Him, between Adopting the Christian Doctrine of Non-resistance, or Slavishly Submitting to the Existing State Organization-Men Usually Renounce All They Hold Sacred, and Submit to the Demands of Government, Seeming to See No Other Course Open to Them-For Men of the Pagan Conception of Life there is No Other Course Open, and Never Will Be, in Spite of the Growing Horrors of War-Society, Made Up of Such Men, Must Perish, and No Social Reorganization Can Save It-Pagan Life Has Reached Its Extreme Limit, and Will Annihilate Itself.

±âµ¶±³´Â ÅëÄ¡ üÁ¦°¡ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó »õ·Î¿î »îÀÇ °³³äÀÌ´Ù, ±×·¯¹Ç·Î ±×°ÍÀº Àǹ«ÀûÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¸ç ¸ðµç »ç¶÷µé¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­ ÁøÁ¤ÇÑ Áß¿äÇÔÀ¸·Î ÀÎÁ¤µÇÁö ¾Ê¾ÒÀ¸³ª ¿ÀÁ÷ ¼Ò¼öÀÇ »ç¶÷µé¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­ ÀÎÁ¤µÇ¾ú´Ù-±âµ¶±³´Â, °Ô´Ù°¡, À̱³ÀûÀÎ »îÀÇ ÆÄ±«¿¡ ´ëÇÏ¿© ¿¹¾ðÇϸç, ±×·¯¹Ç·Î ±âµ¶±³ ±³¸®ÀÇ ¼ö¿ëÀÇ Çʿ伺¿¡ ´ëÇØ¼­ ¿¹¾ðÇÑ´Ù-Èû¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ ¾Ç¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¹«ÀúÇ×Àº ±âµ¶±³ ±³¸®ÀÇ ÇѰ¡Áö Çö»óÀ̸ç, ±×°ÍÀº ÇÊ¿¬ÀûÀ¸·Î ¿ì¸® ½Ã´ë¿¡ »ç¶÷µé¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­ ¼ö¿ëµÇ¾î¾ß ÇÑ´Ù-¸ðµç ´ÙÅùÀ» Á¶Á¤ÇÏ´Â µÎ°¡Áö ¹æ¹ýµé-ù¹øÂ° ¹æ¹ýÀº ¾Ç¿¡ ´ëÇÑ º¸ÆíÀûÀÎ Á¤ÀǸ¦ ³»¸®°í, À̰ÍÀº ¸ðµç »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ¹Ýµå½Ã ¹Þ¾ÆµéÀ̸ç, ÈûÀ¸·Î¼­ ÀÌ·± ¾Ç¿¡ ÀúÇ×ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù-µÎ¹øÂ° ¹æ¹ýÀº Èû¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ ¿ÏÀüÇÑ ¹«ÀúÇ×ÀÇ ±âµ¶±³ÀûÀÎ °ÍÀÌ´Ù-ºñ·Ï ù¹øÂ° ¹æ¹ýÀÇ ½ÇÆÐ´Â ±âµ¶±³ÀÇ Ãʱ⠽ôëºÎÅÍ ÀÎÁ¤µÇ¾úÁö¸¸, ±×°ÍÀº ¾ÆÁ÷µµ ÁÖÀåµÇ°í ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ¿ÀÁ÷ Àηù°¡ ±×°ÍÀ» Áøº¸½ÃÅ´°ú µ¿½Ã¿¡ º¸ÆíÀûÀÎ ¾ÇÀÇ Á¤ÀÇ´Â ÀÖÀ» ¼ö ¾ø´Ù´Â °ÍÀÌ ´õ¿í ´õ ºÐ¸íÇØÁ³´Ù-À̰ÍÀº ÀÌ ½Ã´ëÀÇ ¸ðµç »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô¼­ ÀÎÁ¤µÇ°í ÀÖ´Ù, ±×¸®°í ¸¸ÀÏ ¾Ç¿¡ ÀúÇ×Çϱâ À§ÇÏ¿© ¾ÆÁ÷ ÈûÀÌ »ç¿ëµÇ°í ÀÖ´Ù¸é, ±×°ÍÀÌ Áö±Ý ¿Ç´Ù°í ¿©°ÜÁ®¼­°¡ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ±×°ÍÀ» ÇÇÇÏ´Â ¹æ¹ýÀ» ¸ð¸£±â ¶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù- ±×°ÍÀ» ÇÇÇϱⰡ ¾î·Á¿òÀº Á¤ºÎÀÇ ÈûÀÇ »ç¿ëÀÌ ±³¹¦ÇÏ¸ç º¹ÀâÇÔÀÇ °á°úÀÌ´Ù-ÈûÀº ³×°¡Áö ¹æ¹ýÀ¸·Î »ç¿ëµÈ´Ù: Çù¹Ú, ³ú¹°, ÃÖ¸é, ±×¸®°í ±º´ëÀÇ ÈûÀ» ÀÌ¿ëÇÑ °­¾Ð-±¹°¡ Æø·ÂÀº °áÄÚ Æø·ÂÀûÀÎ Á¤ºÎ Àüº¹À¸·Î ¾ïÁ¦µÉ ¼ö ¾ø´Ù-»ç¶÷µéÀº À̱³ÀûÀÎ »îÀÇ ¾ç»óÀÇ °íÅëµé¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­ Èû¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¹«ÀúÇ×ÀÇ ±³¸®¸¦ °¡Áø ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§À» ¼ö¿ëÇÒ Çʿ信 À̸£°Ô µÈ´Ù-ÀÌ·± ÀÚ°¢Àº ¿ì¸®ÀÇ »î°ú ¿ÏÀüÇÑ ¸ð¼øÀÌ´Ù-À̰ÍÀº ƯÈ÷ °­Á¦ÀûÀÎ º´¿ª Àǹ«¿¡¼­ ºÐ¸íÇÏ´Ù, ±×·¯³ª ½À°ü°ú ±¹°¡¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ ³×°¡Áö Æø·ÂÀÇ ¹æ¹ýµéÀÇ Àû¿ëÀ» ÅëÇÏ¿©, »ç¶÷µéÀº ±âµ¶±³¿Í º´»çÀÇ »îÀÇ ºÒÀÏÄ¡¸¦ º¸Áö ¸øÇÑ´Ù-ºñ·Ï ´ç±¹µé ÀڽŵéÀÌ ¸ðµç º´»çµéÀÇ Àǹ«µéÀÇ ºÎµµ´ö¼ºÀ» ¿ÏÀüÇÔ ¸í·áÇÔÀ¸·Î º¸¿© ÁÖÁö¸¸ ±×µéÀº ±×°ÍÀ» ½ÉÁö¾î ±ú´ÝÁö ¸øÇÑ´Ù-º´¿ª Àǹ«·ÎÀÇ ºÎ¸§Àº Á¦°¢±â »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô ¸ñ¼ûÀ» °Ç ½ÃÇèÀÌ´Ù, ±×¸®°í ±×¶§ ±×¿¡°Ô ¼±ÅÃÀÌ ÁÖ¾îÁø´Ù, ±âµ¶±³ÀÇ ¹«ÀúÇ×ÀÇ ±³¸®¸¦ äÅÃÇÒ °ÍÀΰ¡ ¾Æ´Ï¸é ±âÁ¸ÀÇ ±¹°¡ Á¶Á÷¿¡ ³ë¿¹Ã³·³ º¹Á¾ÇÒ °ÍÀΰ¡-»ç¶÷µéÀº º¸Åë ±×µéÀÌ ½Å¼ºÇÏ°Ô ¿©±â´Â ¸ðµç °ÍÀ» Æ÷±âÇÑ´Ù, ±×¸®°í ±×µé¿¡°Ô ¿­¸° ´Ù¸¥ ±æÀ» º¸Áö ¸øÇÏ´Â °Íó·³, ±¹°¡ÀÇ ¸í·É¿¡ º¹Á¾ÇÑ´Ù-À̱³ÀûÀÎ »îÀÇ °³³äÀ» °¡Áø »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô´Â ´Ù¸¥ ±æÀÌ ¿­·Á ÀÖÁö ¾Ê´Ù, ±×¸®°í °áÄÚ ÀÖÁö ¾ÊÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù, ºñ·Ï ÀüÀï¿¡ ´ëÇÑ °øÆ÷°¡ Ä¿Áö´õ¶óµµ-±×·¯ÇÑ »ç¶÷µé·Î ±¸¼ºµÈ »çȸ´Â ¹Ýµå½Ã »ç¶óÁö¸ç, ¾î¶² »çȸÀû À籸¼ºµµ ±×°ÍÀ» ±¸ÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø´Ù-À̱³ÀûÀÎ »îÀº ±ØÇÑ¿¡ µµ´ÞÇß´Ù, ±×¸®°í ÀÚ½ÅÀ» Àü¸ê½Ãų °ÍÀÌ´Ù.

it is often said that if Christianity is a truth, it ought to have been accepted by everyone directly it appeared, and ought to have transformed men's lives for the better. But this is like saying that if the seed were ripe it ought at once to bring forth stalk, flower, and fruit.

ÈçÈ÷µé ¸»ÇÑ´Ù. ±âµ¶±³´Â Áø¸®´Ù, ±×°ÍÀº ¸ðµç »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ±×°ÍÀÌ Á÷Á¢ º¸ÀÌ´Â ´ë·Î ÁöÄÑÁ®¾ß ÇÑ´Ù, ±×¸®°í »ç¶÷µéÀÇ »îÀ» ´õ ÁÁ°Ô º¯ÇüÇØ ÁÙ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª À̰ÍÀº ¸¸ÀÏ ¾¾¾ÑÀÌ ¿©¹°¸é ±×°ÍÀº ´çÀå ÁÙ±â, ²É ±×¸®°í ¿­¸Å¸¦ ³»¾î ³õ¾Æ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù°í ¸»ÇÏ´Â °Í °°´Ù.

The Christian religion is not a legal system which, being imposed by violence, may transform men's lives. Chris¡©tianity is a new and higher conception of life. A new con¡©ception of life cannot be imposed on men; it can only be freely assimilated. And it can only be freely assimilated in two ways: one spiritual and internal, the other experi¡©mental and external.

±âµ¶±³ Á¾±³´Â Æø·Â¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­ ºÎ°úµÇ´Â ¹ýÀûÀÎ Á¦µµ°¡ ¾Æ´Ï¸é¼­ »ç¶÷µéÀÇ »îÀ» º¯Çü½Ãų ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ±âµ¶±³´Â »õ·Ó°í ´õ¿í ³ôÀº »îÀÇ °³³äÀÌ´Ù. »õ·Î¿î »îÀÇ °³³äÀº »ç¶÷µé À§¿¡ ºÎ°úµÉ ¼ö ¾ø´Ù; ±×°ÍÀº ¿ÀÁ÷ ÀÚÀ¯·Ó°Ô Èí¼öµÉ ¼ö ÀÖÀ» »ÓÀÌ´Ù. ±×¸®°í ±×°ÍÀº ¿ÀÁ÷ µÎ°¡Áö ¹æ¹ýÀ¸·Î ÀÚÀ¯·Ó°Ô Èí¼öµÉ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù: Çϳª´Â ¿µÀûÀÌ¸ç ³»ÀûÀ̰í, ´Ù¸¥ Çϳª´Â ½ÇÇèÀûÀÌ¸ç ¿ÜÀûÀÌ´Ù.

Some people-a minority-by a kind of prophetic instinct divine the truth of the doctrine, surrender themselves to it and adopt it. Others-the majority-only through a long course of mistakes, experiments, and suffering are brought to recognize the truth of the doctrine and the necessity of adopting it.

¾î¶² »ç¶÷µéÀº-¼Ò¼öÀÇ »ç¶÷µé-ÀÏÁ¾ÀÇ ¿¹¾ðÀûÀÎ º»´ÉÀ¸·Î ±³¸®ÀÇ Áø¸®¸¦ ±Ë¶Ô¾îº¸°í, ±×°Í¿¡ ½Âº¹ÇÏ°í ±×°ÍÀ» äÅÃÇÑ´Ù. ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷µéÀº-´Ù¼öÀÇ »ç¶÷µé-¿ÀÁ÷ ¿À·£ °úÁ¤ÀÇ ½Ç¼öµé, ½ÇÇèµé, ±×¸®°í °íÅëÀ» °ÞÀ½À¸·Î½á ±³¸®ÀÇ Áø¸®¿Í ±×°ÍÀ» äÅÃÇÒ Çʿ並 ÀνÄÇÏ°Ô µÈ´Ù.

And by this experimental external method the majority of Christian men have now been brought to this necessity of assimilating the doctrine. One sometimes wonders what necessitated the corruption of Christianity which is now the greatest obstacle to its acceptance in its true significance.

±×¸®°í ÀÌ·± ½ÇÇèÀû ¿ÜÀûÀÎ ¹æ¹ýÀ» ÅëÇÏ¿© ´ëºÎºÐÀÇ ±âµ¶±³ÀεéÀº ÀÌÁ¦ ±³¸®¸¦ Èí¼öÇÒ Çʿ信 ´Ù°¡¿Ô´Ù. ¾î¶² »ç¶÷Àº ¶§¶§·Î ¹«¾ùÀÌ ÇöÀç ±âµ¶±³ÀÇ Âü Àǹ̸¦ ¼ö¿ëÇÔ¿¡ À־ °¡Àå Å« Àå¾Ö°¡ µÇ´Â ±âµ¶±³ÀÇ ºÎÆÐ¸¦ °­¿äÇß´ÂÁö ³î¶ó¿Í ÇÑ´Ù.

If Christianity had been presented to men in its true, uncorrupted form, it would not have been accepted by the majority, who would have been as untouched by it as the nations of Asia are now. The peoples who accepted it in its corrupt form were subjected to its slow but certain influence, and by a long course of errors and experiments and their resultant sufferings have now been brought to the necessity of assimilating it in its true significance.

¸¸ÀÏ ±âµ¶±³°¡ Áø½ÇµÇ¸ç ºÎÆÐÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â ÇüÅ·Π»ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô Á¦½ÃµÇ¾ú´Ù¸é, ±×°ÍÀº ´Ù¼ö¿¡°Ô ¼ö¿ëµÇÁö ¾Ê¾ÒÀ» °ÍÀ̸ç, ±×µé ´Ù¼ö´Â, Áö±Ý ¾Æ½Ã¾ÆÀÇ ¹ÎÁ·µéó·³, ±âµ¶±³¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­ ¿µÇâ¹ÞÁö ¾Ê¾ÒÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ±×°ÍÀ» ¹Þ¾Æ µéÀÎ »ç¶÷µéÀº ºÎÆÐµÈ ÇüÅ·μ­ ¿Ï¸¸ÇÏ¸ç Æ¯Á¤ÇÑ ¿µÇâ¾Æ·¡ ³õ¿´À¸¸ç, ¿À·£ °úÁ¤ÀÇ ¿À·ùµé°ú ½ÇÇèµé ±×¸®°í ±×·ÎÀÎÇÑ °íÅëµé¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­ ÀÌÁ¦ ±âµ¶±³¸¦ ±× ÁøÁ¤ÇÑ Àǹ̷μ­ Èí¼öÇÒ Çʿ伺¿¡ ³õ¿©Á³´Ù.

The corruption of Christianity and its acceptance in its corrupt form by the majority of men was as necessary as it is that the seed should remain hidden for a certain time in the earth in order to germinate.

±âµ¶±³ÀÇ ºÎÆÐ¿Í ´ë´Ù¼öÀÇ »ç¶÷µé¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­ ºÎÆÐµÈ ÇüÅ·α⵶±³¸¦ ¹Þ¾ÆµéÀÓÀº ¾¾¾ÑÀÌ ½ÏÀ» Æ®±â À§Çؼ­ ¾î´À ±â°£ µ¿¾È Èë¼Ó¿¡ ¼û¾î ÀÖ¾î¾ß ÇÏ´Â °Í ¸¸Å­ ÇÊ¿äÇÑ °ÍÀ̾ú´Ù..

Christianity is at once a doctrine of truth and a proph¡©ecy. Eighteen centuries ago Christianity revealed to men the truth in which they ought to live, and at the same time foretold what human life would become if men would not live by it but continued to live by their previous principles, and what it would become if they accepted the Christian doctrine and carried it out in their lives.

±âµ¶±³´Â Áø¸®ÀÇ ±³¸®ÀÎ µ¿½Ã¿¡ ¿¹¾ðÀÌ´Ù. 18 ¼¼±â Àü¿¡ ±âµ¶±³´Â »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô ±×µéÀÌ »ì¾Æ¾ß ÇÏ´Â Áø¸®¸¦ ³ªÅ¸³»¾ú´Ù, ±×¸®°í µ¿½Ã¿¡ »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ±×°Í¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­ »ìÁö ¾ÊÀ¸¸é »ç¶÷ÀÇ »îÀº ¾î¶»°Ô µÉ °ÍÀÎÁö ¿¹¾ðÇÏ¿´À¸³ª ±×µéÀÇ ÀÌÀüÀÇ ¿ø¸®´ë·Î °è¼ÓÇØ¼­ »ì¾Ò´Ù, ±×¸®°í ±×µéÀÌ ±âµ¶±³ ±³¸®¸¦ ¹Þ¾Æ µéÀÌ¸ç ±×µéÀÇ »î¿¡¼­ ½ÇõÇÑ´Ù¸é ±×°ÍÀº ¾î¶»°Ô µÉ °ÍÀÎÁö ¿¹¾ðÇÏ¿´´Ù.

Laying down in the Sermon on the Mount the principles by which to guide men's lives, Christ said: "Whosoever heareth these sayings of mine, and doeth them, I will liken him unto a wise man, who built his house upon a rock; and the rain descended, and the floods came, and the winds blew, and beat upon that house; and it fell not, for it was founded upon a rock. And everyone that heareth these say¡©ings, and doeth them not, shall be likened unto a foolish man, who built his house upon the sand; and the rain descended, and the floods came, and the winds blew, and beat upon that house; and it fell: and great was the fall of it" (Matt. vii. 24-27).

»ê»ó ¼³±³¿¡¼­ »ç¶÷µéÀÇ »îµéÀ» ÀεµÇÒ ¿ø¸®µéÀ» Á¦½ÃÇϸ鼭, ±×¸®½ºµµ´Â ¸»Çß´Ù: ¡°±×·¯¹Ç·Î ´©±¸µçÁö ³ªÀÇ ÀÌ ¸»À» µè°í ÇàÇÏ´Â ÀÚ´Â ±× ÁýÀ» ¹Ý¼® À§¿¡ ÁöÀº ÁöÇý·Î¿î »ç¶÷ °°À¸¸®´Ï ºñ°¡ ³»¸®°í â¼ö°¡ ³ª°í ¹Ù¶÷ÀÌ ºÒ¾î ±× Áý¿¡ ºÎµúÈ÷µÇ ¹«³ÊÁöÁö ¾Æ´ÏÇϳª´Ï ÀÌ´Â ÁÖÃʸ¦ ¹Ý¼® À§¿¡ ³õÀº ¿¬°í¿ä ³ªÀÇ ÀÌ ¸»À» µè°í ÇàÄ¡ ¾Æ´ÏÇÏ´Â ÀÚ´Â ±× ÁýÀ» ¸ð·¡ À§¿¡ ÁöÀº ¾î¸®¼®Àº »ç¶÷ °°À¸¸®´Ï ºñ°¡ ³»¸®°í â¼ö°¡ ³ª°í ¹Ù¶÷ÀÌ ºÒ¾î ±× Áý¿¡ ºÎµúÈ÷¸Å ¹«³ÊÁ® ±× ¹«³ÊÁüÀÌ ½ÉÇÏ´Ï¶ó¡± (¸¶Åº¹À½ 7Àå 24-27)

And now after eighteen centuries the prophecy has been fulfilled. Not having followed Christ's teaching generally and its application to social life in non-resistance to evil, men have been brought in spite of themselves to the inevi¡©table destruction foretold by Christ for those who do not fulfill his teaching.

±×¸®°í ÀÌÁ¦ 18¼¼±â µÚ¿¡ ±× ¿¹¾ðÀº ¼ºÃëµÇ¾ú´Ù. ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ Àü¹ÝÀûÀÎ °¡¸£Ä§°ú ¾Ç¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¹«ÀúÇ×À¸·Î¼­ »çȸÀûÀÎ »î¿¡ ±×°ÍÀ» Àû¿ëÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ» µû¸£Áö ¾Ê¾ÒÀ¸¹Ç·Î, »ç¶÷µéÀº ±×µéµµ ¸ð¸£°Ô ±×ÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§À» ½ÇõÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀº »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô ±×¸®½ºµµ°¡ ¿¹¾ðÇÑ ÇÇÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø´Â ÆÄ¸ê¿¡ µµ´ÞÇß´Ù.

People often think the question of non-resistance to evil by force is a theoretical one, which can be neglected. Yet this question is presented by life itself to all men, and calls for some answer from every thinking man. Ever since Christianity has been outwardly professed, this question is for men in their social life like the question which presents itself to a traveler when the road on which he has been journeying divides into two branches. He must go on and he cannot say: I will not think about it, but will go on just as I did before. There was one road, now there are two, and he must make his choice.

»ç¶÷µéÀº ÈçÈ÷ Èû¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ ¾Ç¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¹«ÀúÇ×ÀÇ ¹®Á¦¸¦ ÀÌ·ÐÀûÀÎ °ÍÀ̸ç, ±×°ÍÀÌ ¹«½ÃµÉ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù°í »ý°¢ÇÑ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ÀÌ ¹®Á¦´Â »î ±× ÀÚü¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­ ¸ðµç »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô Á¦½ÃµÇ¸ç, ¸ðµç »ý°¢ÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷µé·ÎºÎÅÍ ¾î¶°ÇÑ ´ë´äÀ» ¿ä±¸ÇÑ´Ù. ±âµ¶±³°¡ °ø°³ÀûÀ¸·Î ¼±¾ðµÈ ÀÌÈÄ¿¡, ÀÌ ¹®Á¦´Â »ç¶÷µéÀÇ »î ¾È¿¡¼­ ¸¶Ä¡ ¾î¶² ³ª±×³×¿¡°Ô ¶°¿À¸¥ Áú¹® °°´Ù: ³ª±×³×°¡ ¿©ÇàÇÏ´ø ±æÀÌ µÎ°¥·¡µµ ³ª´©¾î Á³´Ù. ±×´Â °è¼Ó °¡¾ß Çϸç, ¡°³ª´Â ±×°Í¿¡ ´ëÇØ »ý°¢ÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀ» °ÍÀ̳ª ÀÌÀü¿¡ °¡´ø °Íó·³ °è¼Ó °¥ °ÍÀÌ´Ù.¡±¶ó°í ¸»ÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø´Ù. ±æÀÌ Çϳª¿´¾úÁö¸¸, ÀÌÁ¦ ±æÀº µÎ°³À̸ç, ±×´Â ¹Ýµå½Ã ¼±ÅÃÀ» ÇÏ¿©¾ß ÇÑ´Ù.

In the same way since Christ's teaching has been known by men they cannot say: I will live as before and will not decide the question of resistance or non-resistance to evil by force. At every new struggle that arises one must inevitably decide; am I, or am I not, to resist by force what I regard as evil.

¶È°°Àº ½ÄÀ¸·Î ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§ÀÌ »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô ¾Ë·ÁÁ³À¸¹Ç·Î »ç¶÷µéÀº ´ÙÀ½°ú °°ÀÌ ¸»ÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø´Ù: ³ª´Â ÀÌÀüó·³ »ì¾Æ °¥ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ³ª´Â Èû¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ ¾Ç¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÀúÇ× ¶Ç´Â ¹«ÀúÇ×ÀÇ ¹®Á¦¸¦ °áÁ¤ÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ¹ß»ýÇÏ´Â ¸Å¹øÀÇ »õ·Î¿î ÅõÀï¿¡¼­, ÇÊ¿¬ÀûÀ¸·Î °áÁ¤Çؾ߸¸ ÇÑ´Ù; ³»°¡ ¾ÇÀ̶ó°í ¿©±â´Â °ÍÀ» ÈûÀ¸·Î¼­ ÀúÇ×ÇÒ °ÍÀΰ¡ ¸» °ÍÀΰ¡.

The question of resistance or non-resistance to evil arose when the first conflict between men took place, since every conflict is nothing else than resistance by force to what each of the combatants regards as evil. But before Christ, men did not see that resistance by force to what each regards as evil, simply because one thinks evil what the other thinks good, is only one of the methods of settling the dispute, and that there is another method, that of not resisting evil by force at all.

¾Ç¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÀúÇ× ¶Ç´Â ¹«ÀúÇ×ÀÇ ¹®Á¦´Â »ç¶÷µé »çÀÌÀÇ Ã¹¹øÂ° °¥µîÀÌ ¹ß»ýÇßÀ» ¶§ ÀϾ´Ù, ¿Ö³ÄÇÏ¸é ¸ðµç °¥µîÀº ´Ù¸§ÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ½Î¿ì´Â °¢ÀÚ°¡ ¾ÇÀ¸·Î ¿©±â´Â °Í¿¡ ´ëÇØ Èû¿¡ ÀÇÇØ ÀúÇ×ÇÔÀ̱⠶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ±×¸®½ºµµ ÀÌÀü¿¡´Â, »ç¶÷µéÀº °¢ÀÚ°¡ ¾ÇÀ̶ó°í »ý°¢ÇÏ´Â °Í¿¡ ´ëÇØ ÈûÀ¸·Î ÀúÇ×ÇÔÀÌ, ´Ü¼øÈ÷ ÇÑ ÂÊÀÌ ¾ÇÀ̶ó°í »ý°¢ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ» ´Ù¸¥ ÂÊÀº ¼±À̶ó°í »ý°¢Çϱ⠶§¹®¿¡, ºÐÀïÀ» ÇØ°áÇÏ´Â À¯ÀÏÇÑ ¹æ¹ýµé ÁßÀÇ ÇϳªÀ̸ç, ´Ù¸¥ ¹æ¹ýÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» , Áï, ÀüÇô Èû¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­ ¾ÇÀ» ÀúÇ×ÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â °ÍÀ» ¸ô¶ú´Ù.

Before Christ's teaching, it seemed to men that the one only means of settling a dispute was by resistance to evil by force. And they acted accordingly, each of the com¡©batants trying to convince himself and others that what each respectively regards as evil, is actually, absolutely evil.

±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§ Àü¿¡´Â, ºÐÀïÀ» Á¶Á¤ÇÏ´Â À¯ÀÏÇÑ ¼ö´ÜµéÀº ÈûÀ¸·Î½á ¾Ç¿¡ ÀúÇ×ÇÏ´Â °Íó·³ ´À²¸Á³´Ù. ±×¸®°í ±×µéÀº ±×·¸°Ô ÇൿÇßÀ¸¸ç, ½Î¿ì´Â °¢ÀÚ´Â ¼­·Î°¡ »ó´ëÀûÀ¸·Î ¾ÇÀ̶ó°í ¿©±â´Â °ÍÀÌ »ç½ÇÀûÀ¸·Î, Àý´ëÀûÀ¸·Î ¾ÇÀÓÀ» ÀڽŰú ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô ³³µæ½ÃŰ·Á ÇÏ¿´´Ù.

And to do this from the earliest time men have devised definitions of evil and tried to make them binding on every¡©one. And such definitions of evil sometimes took the form of laws, supposed to have been received by supernatural means, sometimes of the commands of rulers or assemblies to whom infallibility was attributed. Men resorted to vio¡©lence against others, and convinced themselves and others that they were directing their violence against evil recog¡©nized as such by all.

±×¸®°í À̰ÍÀ» ÇàÇϱâ À§Çؼ­ Ãʱ⠽ôëºÎÅÍ »ç¶÷µéÀº ¾Ç¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Á¤ÀǵéÀ» °í¾ÈÇÏ¿´À¸¸ç ±×°ÍÀÌ ¸ðµÎ¿¡°Ô Àǹ«ÀûÀ¸·Î ¸¸µé·Á°í ½ÃµµÇÏ¿´´Ù. ±×¸®°í ±×·¯ÇÑ ¾ÇÀÇ Á¤ÀǵéÀº ¶§·Î´Â ¹ý·üµéÀÇ ÇüŸ¦ ÃëÇß°í, ÃÊÀÚ¿¬ÀûÀÎ ¼ö´Üµé¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­ ¹Þ¾Æ Áø °Íµé·Î °¡Á¤µÇ¾úÀ¸¸ç, ¶§·Î´Â ¹«·ù¼ºÀÌ ºÎ¿©µÈ ÅëÄ¡ÀÚµé ¶Ç´Â ÁýȸµéÀÇ ¸í·ÉµéÀÇ ÇüŸ¦ ÃëÇß´Ù. »ç¶÷µéÀº ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô ´ëÇ×ÇÒ ¶§ Æø·Â¿¡ ÀÇÁ¸ÇÏ¿´À¸¸ç, ±×µéÀº ¸ðµç »ç¶÷µé¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­ ¾ÇÀ¸·Î ÀνĵǴ °Í¿¡ ´ëÇ×ÇÏ¿© ±×µéÀÇ Æø·ÂÀ» Çà»çÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù°í ½º½º·Î¿Í ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô ³³µæ½ÃÄ×´Ù.

This means was employed from the earliest times, espe¡©cially by those who had gained possession of authority, and for a long while its irrationality was not detected.

ÀÌ ¼ö´ÜµéÀº ÃÊâ±âºÎÅÍ »ç¿ëµÇ¾úÀ¸¸ç, ƯÈ÷ ±Ç·ÂÀÇ ¼ÒÀ¯¸¦ ȹµæÇÑ »ç¶÷µé¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­ »ç¿ëµÇ¾ú°í, ¿À·§µ¿¾È ±× ºñÇÕ¸®¼ºÀÌ ¹ß°ßµÇÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù.

But the longer men lived in the world and the more com¡©plex their relations became, the more evident it was that to resist by force what each regarded as evil was irrational, that conflict was in no way lessened thereby, and that no human definitions can succeed in making what some regard as evil be accepted as such by others.

±×·¯³ª »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ¿À·¡ »ì¸é »ì¼ö·Ï ±×¸®°í ±×µéÀÌ °ü°èµéÀÌ º¹ÀâÇØ Áö¸é Áú¼ö·Ï, °¢ÀÚ°¡ ¾ÇÀ̶ó°í ¿©±â´Â °ÍÀ» Èû¿¡ ÀÇÇÏ¿© ÀúÇ×ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ ºñÇÕ¸®ÀûÀ̸ç, ±×·¸°Ô ÇÔÀ¸·Î½á °¥µîÀÌ °áÄÚ ¿ÏÈ­µÇÁö ¾ÊÀ¸¸ç, ±×¸®°í ¾î¶² »ç¶÷µéÀÇ Á¤Àǵ鵵 ¾î¶² »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ¾ÇÀ¸·Î ¿©±â´Â °ÍÀ» ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷µé¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­ ±×·¸´Ù°í ¹Þ¾Æ µé¿©Áö°Ô ¸¸µå´Â °Í¿¡ ¼º°øÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø´Ù´Â °ÍÀÌ ´õ¿í ºÐ¸íÇß´Ù.

Already at the time Christianity arose, it was evident to a great number of people in the Roman Empire where it arose, that what was regarded as evil by Nero and Caligula could not be regarded as evil by others. Even at that time men had begun to understand that human laws, though given out for divine laws, were compiled by men, and can¡©not be infallible, whatever the external majesty with which they are invested, and that erring men are not rendered infallible by assembling together and calling themselves a senate or any other name. Even at that time this was felt and understood by many. And it was then that Christ preached his doctrine, which consisted not only of the pro¡©hibition of resistance to evil by force, but gave a new con¡©ception of life and a means of putting an end to conflict between all men, not by making it the duty of one section only of mankind to submit without conflict to what is pre¡©scribed to them by certain authorities, but by making it the duty of all-and consequently of those in authority-not to resort to force against anyone in any circumstances.

ÀÌ¹Ì ±âµ¶±³°¡ ÀϾ ¹«·Æ¿¡, ±×°ÍÀÌ ÀϾ ·Î¸¶ Á¦±¹¿¡¼­ ÂüÀ¸·Î ¸¹Àº »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô, ³×·Î ¹× Ä®¸®±¼¶ó¿¡°Ô ¾ÇÀ¸·Î ¿©°ÜÁö´ø °ÍÀÌ ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô ¾ÇÀ¸·Î ¿©°ÜÁú ¼ö ¾ø´Ù´Â °ÍÀÌ ºÐ¸íÇß´Ù. ½ÉÁö¾î ±× ´ç½Ã¿¡µµ »ç¶÷µéÀº Àΰ£ÀÇ ¹ýµéÀÌ, ºñ·Ï ½Å¼ºÇÑ ¹ýµé·Î¼­ Á¦½ÃµÇ¾úÁö¸¸, »ç¶÷µé¿¡ ÀÇÇÏ¿© ¼öÁ¤µÇ¾úÀ¸¸ç, ±×µéÀÌ ÅõÀÚÇÑ ¿ÜÀûÀÎ ¿õÀåÇÔÀÌ ¾î¶°ÇÏ´õ¶óµµ ¹«°áÇÒ ¼ö°¡ ¾ø´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ±ú´Ý±â ½ÃÀÛÇß´Ù, ±×¸®°í Á˸¦ ÁöÀ» ¼ö ÀÖ´Â »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ¼­·Î Áýȸ¸¦ °¡Áö°í ½º½º·ÎµéÀ» »ó¿øÀ̳ª ´Ù¸¥ À̸§À¸·Î ºÎ¸¥´Ù°í ÇÏ´õ¶óµµ ¹«°áÇÏ´Ù°í ÇÒ ¼ö ¾øÀ½À» ±ú´Ý±â ½ÃÀÛÇß´Ù. ½ÉÁö¾î ±× ´ç½Ã¿¡µµ À̰ÍÀÌ ´À²¸Á³À¸¸ç ¸¹Àº »ç¶÷µé¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­ ±ú´Þ¾Æ Á³´Ù. ±×¸®°í ±×¶§¼­¾ß ºñ·Î¼Ò, ±×¸®½ºµµ°¡ ±×ÀÇ ±³¸®¸¦ ¼³±³ÇÏ¿´´Ù, ±×¸®°í ±×°ÍÀº Èû¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ ¾Ç¿¡ ÀúÇ×ÀÇ ±ÝÁö·Î ±¸¼ºµÇ¾úÀ» »Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, »îÀÇ »õ·Î¿î °³³ä°ú, ¸ðµç »ç¶÷µé »çÀÌÀÇ °¥µîÀ» ³¡³¾ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ¼ö´ÜÀ» ÁÖ¾úÀ¸¸ç, ƯÁ¤ÇÑ ´ç±¹µé¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­ ó¹æµÈ °Í¿¡ ÇÑ ºÎ·ùÀÇ Àηùµé¸¸ ¿ÀÁ÷ °¥µî¾øÀÌ º¹Á¾ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ» Àǹ«·Î ¸¸µç °ÍÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, ¾î¶² »óȲ¿¡¼­µµ ´©±¸¿¡ ´ëÇØ¼­µµ Èû¿¡ ÀÇÁ¸ÇÏÁö ¸»°ÍÀ» ¸ðµç »ç¶÷µé-±×¸®°í °á±¹ ±Ç·Â¿¡ ÀÖ´Â ÀÚµé-ÀÇ Àǹ«·Î ¸¸µé¾ú´Ù.

This doctrine was accepted at the time by only a very small number of disciples. The majority of men, especially all who were in power, even after the nominal acceptance of Christianity, continued to maintain for themselves the prin¡©ciple of resistance by force to what they regarded as evil. So it was under the Roman and Byzantine emperors, and so it continued to be later.

ÀÌ ±³¸®´Â ±× ´ç½Ã ¿ÀÁ÷ ¾ÆÁÖ ÀûÀº ¼ýÀÚÀÇ Á¦Àڵ鿡 ÀÇÇØ¼­ ¹Þ¾Æµé¿© Á³´Ù. ´ëºÎºÐÀÇ »ç¶÷µé, ƯÈ÷ ±Ç·Â¿¡ ÀÖ´ø ¸ðµç »ç¶÷µéÀº, ½ÉÁö¾î ±âµ¶±³¸¦ ¸í¸ñ»óÀ¸·Î ¼ö¿ëÇÑ µÚ¿¡µµ, ±×µéÀÌ ¾ÇÀ̶ó°í ¿©±â´Â °Í¿¡ Èû¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ ÀúÇ×ÀÇ ¿ø¸®¸¦ °è¼ÓÇÏ¿© ÁöÁöÇÏ¿´´Ù. ±×°ÍÀº ·Î¸¶¿Í ºñÀÜÆ¾ ȲÁ¦µé ÅëÄ¡ÇÏ¿¡¼­µµ ±×·¯ÇÏ¿´À¸¸ç, ±×°ÍÀº ÀÌÈÄ¿¡µµ ±×·¸°Ô °è¼ÓµÇ¾ú´Ù.

The insufficiency of the principle of the authoritative defi¡©nition of evil and resistance to it by force, evident as it was in the early ages of Christianity, becomes still more obvious through the division of the Roman Empire into many states of equal authority, through their hostilities and the internal conflicts that broke out within them.

¾Ç¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ±ÇÀ§ÀÖ´Â Á¤ÀÇ ¹× ±×°Í¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Èû¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ ÀúÇ×ÀÇ ¿ø¸®ÀÇ ºÒÃæºÐÇÔÀº, Ãʱ⠱⵶±³ ½Ã´ëµé¿¡¼­´Â ¸í¹éÇÏ¿´Áö¸¸, ·Î¸¶ Á¦±¹ÀÌ µ¿µîÇÑ ±Ç·ÂÀ» °¡Áø ¸¹Àº ±¹°¡µé·Î ºÐÇÒµÊÀ» ÅëÇØ¼­, ±×µéÀÇ Àû´ë ÇàÀ§µé ¹× ±×µé ¾È¿¡¼­ ¹ß»ýÇÑ ³»ÀûÀÎ °¥µîµéÀ» ÅëÇØ¼­ ÈξÀ ´õ ºÐ¸íÇØÁø´Ù.

But men were not ready to accept the solution given by Christ, and the old definitions of evil, which ought to be resisted, continued to be laid down by means of making laws binding on all and enforced by forcible means. The authority who decided what ought to be regarded as evil and resisted by force was at one time the Pope, at another an emperor or king, an elective assembly or a whole nation. But both within and without the state there were always men to be found who did not accept as binding on them¡©selves the laws given out as the decrees of a god, or made by men invested with a sacred character, or the institutions supposed to represent the will of the nation; and there were men who thought good what the existing authorities regarded as bad, and who struggled against the authorities with the same violence as was employed against them.

±×·¯³ª »ç¶÷µéÀº ±×¸®½ºµµ°¡ ÁÖ´Â ÇØ´äÀ» ¹Þ¾ÆµéÀÏ Áغñ°¡ µÇÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù, ±×¸®°í ¿¾³¯ÀÇ ¾Ç¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Á¤ÀÇ´Â, ¹Ýµå½Ã °ÅºÎµÇ¾î¾ß ÇÏÁö¸¸, ¸ðµÎ¿¡°Ô ±¸¼Ó·ÂÀ» °¡Áö¸ç °­¾ÐÀûÀÎ ¼ö´Üµé·Î¼­ ÁýÇàµÇ´Â ¹ýµéÀ» ¸¸µé¾î¼­ °è¼ÓÀûÀ¸·Î Á¦½ÃµÇ¾ú´Ù. ¹«¾ùÀÌ ¾ÇÀ¸·Î °£ÁֵǾî¾ß Çϸç, ÈûÀ¸·Î ÀúÇ×ÇÏ¿©¾ß ÇÏ´ÂÁö¸¦ °áÁ¤ÇÏ´Â ±Ç·ÂÀº ÇѶ§´Â ±³È²À̾úÀ¸¸ç, ´Ù¸¥ ÇÑ ¶§´Â ȲÁ¦³ª ¿Õ, ¼±ÃâµÈ ÀÇȸ³ª Àüü ±¹¹ÎÀ̾ú´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ±¹°¡ÀÇ ³»ºÎ¿¡¼­³ª ¿ÜºÎ¿¡¼­³ª ¾ðÁ¦³ª Çϳª´ÔÀÇ ¶æÀ¸·Î ¹ßÇ¥µÇ¾ú°Å³ª, ¶Ç´Â ½Å¼ºÇÑ ÀΰÝÀ» °®Ãá »ç¶÷µé ¶Ç´Â ±¹¹ÎµéÀÇ ¶æÀ» ´ëÇ¥ÇÑ´Ù°í ¿©°ÜÁö´Â ±â±¸µé¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­ ¸¸µé¾î Áø ¹ýµéÀÌ ±×µé¿¡°Ô´Â Àǹ«ÀûÀÌÁö ¾Ê´Ù°í ¿©±â´Â »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ÀÖ¾ú´Ù; ±×¸®°í ±âÁ¸ÀÇ ´ç±¹µéÀÌ ¾ÇÇÏ´Ù°í ¿©±â´Â °ÍÀ» ¼±ÇÏ´Ù°í »ý°¢Çϸç, ±×µé¿¡°Ô »ç¿ëµÈ °Í°ú ¶È°°Àº Æø·ÂÀ¸·Î ´ç±¹µé¿¡ ¸Â¼­¼­ ÅõÀïÇÑ »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ÀÖ¾ú´Ù.

The men invested with religious authority regarded as evil what the men and institutions invested with temporal authority regarded as good and vice versa, and the struggle grew more and more intense. And the longer men used violence as the means of settling their disputes, the more obvious it became that it was an unsuitable means, since there could be no external authority able to define evil recognized by all.

Á¾±³Àû ±Ç·ÂÀ» °®Ãá »ç¶÷µéÀº ¼¼¼ÓÀûÀÎ ±Ç·ÂÀ» °¡Áø »ç¶÷µéÀ̳ª ±â°üµéÀÌ ¼±ÇÏ´Ù°í ¿©±â´Â °ÍÀ» ¾ÇÇÏ°Ô ¿©±â¸ç, ±× ¹Ý´ëµµ ¸¶Âù°¡ÁöÀÌ´Ù, ±×¸®°í ±× ÅõÀïÀº Á¡Á¡ ½ÉÇØÁ³´Ù. »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ±×µéÀÌ ºÐÀïÀ» Á¶Á¤ÇÏ´Â ¼ö´ÜÀ¸·Î¼­ Æø·ÂÀ» ¿À·¡ »ç¿ëÇϸé ÇÒ ¼ö·Ï, ±×°ÍÀÌ ºÎÀûÇÕÇÑ ¹æ¹ýÀÓÀÌ ºÐ¸íÇØÁ³´Ù, ¿Ö³ÄÇÏ¸é ¸ðµç »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô ÀÎÁ¤µÇ´Â ¾ÇÀ» Á¤ÀÇÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ¿ÜÀûÀÎ ±Ç·ÂÀÌ ÀÖÀ» ¼ö ¾ø±â ¶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù.

Things went on like this for eighteen centuries, and at last reached the present position in which it is absolutely obvious that there is, and can be, no external definition of evil binding upon all. Men have come to the point of ceasing to believe in the possibility or even desirability of finding and establishing such a general definition. It has come to men in power ceasing to attempt to prove that what they regard as evil is evil, and simply declaring that they regard as evil what they don't like, while their subjects no longer obey them because they accept the definition of evil laid down by them, but simply obey because they can¡©not help themselves. It was not because it was a good thing, necessary and beneficial to men, and the contrary course would have been an evil, but simply because it was the will of those in power that Nice was incorporated into France, and Lorraine into Germany, and Bohemia into Austria, and that Poland was divided, and Ireland and India ruled by the English government, and that the Chinese are attacked and the Africans slaughtered, and the Chinese prevented from immigrating by the Americans, and the Jews persecuted by the Russians, and that landowners appropriate lands they do not cultivate and capitalists enjoy the fruits of the labor of others. It has come to the present state of things; one set of men commit acts of violence no longer on the pretext of resistance to evil, but simply for their profit or their caprice, and another set sub¡©mit to violence, not because they suppose, as was supposed in former times, that this violence was practiced upon them for the sake of securing them from evil, but simply because they cannot avoid it.

18 ¼¼±â µ¿¾È ÀϵéÀº ÀÌ·¸°Ô ÁøÇàµÇ¾ú´Ù, ±×¸®°í ¸¶Ä§³» ÇöÀçÀÇ À§Ä¡¿¡ µµÂøÇÏ¿´À¸¸ç, ¸ðµç »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô ±¸¼Ó·ÂÀ» °¡Áö´Â ¾Ç¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¿ÜÀûÀÎ Á¤ÀÇ´Â ÀÖÁöµµ ÀÖÀ» ¼öµµ ¾øÀ½ÀÌ Àý´ëÀûÀ¸·Î ¸í¹éÇÏ´Ù. »ç¶÷µéÀº ±×·¯ÇÑ ÀϹÝÀûÀÎ Á¤ÀÇÀ» ã°Å³ª È®¸³ÇÒ °¡´É¼º ¶Ç´Â ½ÉÁö¾î ¹Ù¶÷Á÷ÇÔ¿¡ ´ëÇØ ¹Ï±â¸¦ ÁßÁöÇÏ´Â ÁöÁ¡¿¡ À̸£·¶´Ù. ±Ç·Â¿¡ ¼ÓÇÑ »ç¶÷µéµµ ±×µéÀÌ ¾ÇÀ̶ó°í ¿©±â´Â °ÍÀÌ ¾ÇÀÓÀ» Áõ¸íÇÏ·Á´Â ½Ãµµ¸¦ ÁßÁöÇÏ°Ô µÇ¾úÀ¸¸ç, ±×µéÀÌ ÁÁ¾ÆÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â °ÍÀ» ¾ÇÀ̶ó°í ¿©±ä´Ù°í ´Ü¼øÈ÷ ¼±¾ðÇÑ´Ù, ¹Ý¸é¿¡ ±×µéÀÇ ¹é¼ºµéÀº ±×µéÀÌ Á¦½ÃÇÑ ¾Ç¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Á¤ÀǸ¦ ¹Þ¾ÆµéÀ̱⠶§¹®¿¡ ±×µé¿¡°Ô º¹Á¾ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ ´õÀÌ»ó ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, ±×µéÀÌ ¾î¿ ¼ö ¾ø±â ¶§¹®¿¡ º¹Á¾ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ±×°ÍÀÌ »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô ÁÁÀº °ÍÀ̸ç, ÇÊ¿äÇϰí, ÀÌÀÍÀÌ µÇ¸ç, ±×¸®°í ¹Ý´ë °úÁ¤ÀÌ ¾ÇÀ̾ú±â ¶§¹®ÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, ´Ü¼øÈ÷ ±Ç·Â¿¡ ÀÖ´Â »ç¶÷µéÀÇ ¶æÀ̾ú±â ¶§¹®À̾ú´Ù-´Ï½º°¡ ÇÁ¶û½º¿¡, ·Î·¹ÀÎÀÌ µ¶ÀÏ¿¡, º¸Çì¹Ì¾Æ´Â ¿À½ºÆ®¸®¾Æ¿¡ ÇÕº´µÇ°í, ±×¸®°í Æú¶õµå´Â ºÐÇҵǾúÀ¸¸ç, ¾ÆÀÏ·£µå¿Í Àεµ´Â ¿µ±¹ Á¤ºÎ¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­ ÅëÄ¡µÇ°í, Áß±¹Àº °ø°ÝÀ» ¹Þ¾ÒÀ¸¸ç, ¾ÆÇÁ¸®Ä«ÀεéÀº µµ»ìµÇ¾ú°í, Áß±¹ÀεéÀº ¹Ì±¹¿¡ ÀÌÁÖÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ ±ÝÁöµÇ¾úÀ¸¸ç, À¯ÅÂÀεéÀÌ ·¯½Ã¾ÆÀε鿡°Ô Çдë¹Þ¾Ò´Ù-ÁöÁÖµéÀº ±×µéÀÌ °æÀÛÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â ÅäÁöµéÀ» Â÷ÁöÇÏ¿´À¸¸ç, ÀÚº»°¡µéÀº ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷µéÀÇ ³ëµ¿ÀÇ °ú½ÇµéÀ» ÇâÀ¯ÇÏ¿´´Ù. ±×°ÍÀº ÇöÀçÀÇ »óűîÁö À̸£·¶´Ù; ÇÑ ¹«¸®ÀÇ »ç¶÷µéÀº ´õ ÀÌ»ó ¾Ç¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÀúÇ×À» ±¸½Ç·Î Æø·ÂÇàÀ§µéÀ» ÀúÁö¸£Áö ¾Ê´Â´Ù, ±×·¯³ª ´Ü¼øÈ÷ ±×µéÀÇ ÀÌÀÍÀ̳ª ±×µéÀÌ º¯´ö ¶§¹®À̸ç, ±×¸®°í ´Ù¸¥ ÇÑ ¹«¸®ÀÇ »ç¶÷µéÀº Æø·Â¿¡ ±¼º¹ÇÏÁö¸¸, °ú°Å¿¡ »ó»óÇÏ´ø °Íó·³, ÀÌ Æø·ÂÀÌ ±×µéÀ» ¾ÇÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ º¸È£ÇÏ¿© Áֱ⠶§¹®¿¡ ±×µé¿¡°Ô ÇàÇØÁø´Ù°í »ó»óÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀ¸¸ç, ´Ü¼øÈ÷ ±×µéÀº ±×°ÍÀ» ÇÇÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø±â ¶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù.

If the Roman, or the man of mediaeval times, or the average Russian of fifty years ago, as I remember him, was convinced without a shade of doubt that the violence of authority was indispensable to preserve him from evil; that taxes, dues, serfage, prisons, scourging, knouts, executions, the army and war were what ought to be-we know now that one can seldom find a man who believes that all these means of violence preserve anyone from any evil whatever, and indeed does not clearly perceive that most of these acts of violence to which he is exposed, and in which he has some share, are in themselves a great and useless evil.

¸¸ÀÏ ·Î¸¶ÀÎ, ¶Ç´Â Áß¼¼ ½Ã´ëÀÇ »ç¶÷, ¶Ç´Â, ³»°¡ ±â¾ïÇϴ¹Ù, ¿À½Ê³â ÀüÀÇ Æò¹üÇÑ ·¯½Ã¾ÆÀÎÀÌ ±Ç·ÂÀÇ Æø·ÂÀÌ ±×µé ¾ÇÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ±¸Çϱâ À§Çؼ­ ¾ø¾î¼­´Â ¾ÈµÇ´Â °ÍÀ̸ç; ¼¼±Ýµé, ¼ö¼ö·áµé, ³ë¿¹µé, °¨¿Áµé, Àΰ£ ¾²·¹±âµé, äÂïµé, óÇüµé, ±º´ë¿Í ÀüÀïÀÌ ¹Ýµå½Ã ÀÖ¾î¾ß ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ̶ó°í ÇÑ Á¡ÀÇ ÀÇȤµµ ¾øÀÌ È®½ÅÇÏ¿´´õ¶óµµ-¿ì¸®´Â ÀÌÁ¦ ÀÌ ¸ðµç Æø·ÂÀû ¼ö´ÜµéÀÌ µµ¹«Áö ¾î¶² ¾ÇÀ¸·Îº¸ÅÍ ´©±¸¶óµµ º¸È£ÇØ ÁØ´Ù°í ¹Ï´Â »ç¶÷À» °ÅÀÇ Ã£À» ¼ö ¾ø´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ¾È´Ù, ±×¸®°í ÁøÁ¤À¸·Î ±×°¡ ³ëÃâµÇ¾î ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ±×µµ ¾î´ÀÁ¤µµ ÇÔ²² Çϰí ÀÖ´Â ÀÌ·± Æø·Â ÇàÀ§µé ´ëºÎºÐÀÌ, ±× ÀÚü·Î¼­ Ä¿´Ù¶õ ±×¸®°í ¹«ÀÍÇÑ ¾ÇÀÓÀ» ¸í¹éÈ÷ ±ú´ÝÁö ¸øÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù.

There is no one to-day who does not see the uselessness and injustice of collecting taxes from the toiling masses to enrich idle officials; or the senselessness of inflicting punishments on weak or depraved persons in the shape of transportation from one place to another, or of imprison¡©ment in a fortress where, living in security and indolence, they only become weaker and more depraved; or the worse than uselessness and injustice, the positive insanity and barbarity of preparations for war and of wars, causing devastation and ruin, and having no kind of justification. Yet these forms of violence continue and are supported by the very people who see their uselessness, injustice, and cruelty, and suffer from them. If fifty years ago the idle rich man and the illiterate laborer were both alike con¡©vinced that their state of everlasting holiday for one and everlasting toil for the other was ordained by God himself, we know very well that nowadays, thanks to the growth of population and the diffusion of books and education, it would be hard to find in Europe or even in Russia, either among rich or poor, a man to whom in one shape or another a doubt as to the justice of this state of things had never presented itself. The rich know that they are guilty in the very fact of being rich, and try to expiate their guilt by sacrifices to art and science, as of old they expiated their sins by sacrifices to the Church. And even the larger half of the working people openly declare that the existing order is iniquitous and bound to be destroyed or reformed. One set of religious people of whom there are millions in Russia, the so-called sectaries, consider the existing social order as unjust and to be destroyed on the ground of the Gospel teaching taken in its true sense. Others regard it as unjust on the ground of the socialistic, communistic, or anarchistic theories, which are springing up in the lower strata of the working people. Violence no longer rests on the belief in its utility, but only on the fact of its having existed so long, and being organized by the ruling classes who profit by it, so that those who are under their authority cannot extricate themselves from it. The governments of our day-all of them, the most despotic and the liberal alike-have become what Herzen so well called "Ghenghis Khan with the telegraph;" that is to say, organizations of violence based on no principle but the grossest tyranny, and at the same time taking advantage of all the means invented by science for the peaceful collective social activity of free and equal men, used by them to enslave and oppress their fellows.

¿À´Ã³¯ °ÔÀ¸¸¥ °ü¸®µéÀ» »ìÂî¿ì±â À§Çؼ­ ¾Ö½á ÀÏÇÏ´Â ´ëÁßµé·ÎºÎÅÍ ¼¼±ÝÀ» °ÅµÎ¾î µéÀÌ´Â °ÍÀÇ ¹«ÀÍÇÔ°ú ºÎ´çÇÔ; ¶Ç´Â ³ª¾àÇÑÀÚ³ª ºÎÆÐÇÑ »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô ÇÑ ÀÚ¸®¿¡¼­ ´Ù¸¥ ÀÚ¸®·Î À̵¿ÇÏ´Â ÇüÅ·Πó¹úµéÀ» °¡Çϰųª, ¶Ç´Â ¾î¶² ¿ä»õ¿¡ Åõ¿ÁÇÏ¿© Àº¹ÐÇÔ°ú °ÔÀ¸¸§ ¼Ó¿¡ »ì¸é¼­, ±×µéÀº ¿ÀÁ÷ ´õ¿í ³ª¾àÇØÁö°í ´õ¿í ºÎÆÐÇÏ°Ô ÇÏ´Â ¾î¸®¼®À½; ¶Ç´Â ¹«ÀÍÇÔ°ú ºÎ´çÇÔ º¸´Ùµµ ¾ÇÇÑ ÀüÀï Áغñµé°ú ÀüÀïµéÀÇ Àû±ØÀûÀÎ Á¤½ÅÀÌ»ó ¹× ¾ß¸¸¼ºÀ¸·Î¼­, ±×°ÍµéÀº ȲÆóÇÔ°ú ÆÄ¸êÀ» ÀÏÀ¸Å°¸ç, ¾Æ¹«·± Á¤´ç¼ºÀ» °®Áö ¸øÇÔÀ» ±ú´ÝÁö ¸øÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷Àº ¾Æ¹«µµ ¾ø´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ÀÌ·± ÇüÅÂÀÇ Æø·ÂÀº °è¼ÓµÈ´Ù ±×¸®°í ±×°ÍµéÀÇ ¹«ÀÍÇÔ°ú ºÎ´çÇÔ ±×¸®°í ÀÜÀÎÇÔÀ» ÀνÄÇÏ¸ç ±×°Íµé·ÎºÎÅÍ °íÅë¹Þ´Â ¹Ù·Î ±× »ç¶÷µé¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­ ÁöÁöµÈ´Ù. ¸¸ÀÏ ¿À½Ê³â Àü¿¡ °ÔÀ¸¸¥ ºÎÀÚ¿Í ¹®¸ÍÀÎ ³ëµ¿ÀÚ°¡ ¶È°°ÀÌ ÇÑ Æí¿¡°Õ ±×µéÀÇ ¿µ¿øÇÑ ÈÞÀϰú ´Ù¸¥ ÇÑ Æí¿¡°Õ ¿µ¿øÇÑ °í¿ªÀÌ Çϳª´Ô Àڽſ¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­ Á¤ÇØÁø °ÍÀ̶ó°í È®½ÅÇÏ¿´´õ¶óµµ, ¿ì¸®´Â ¿À´Ã³¯ Àα¸ÀÇ Áõ°¡¿Í ¼­ÀûÀÇ È®»ê ¹× ±³À°À¸·Î, À¯·´À̳ª ½ÉÁö¾î ·¯½Ã¾Æ¿¡¼­, ºÎÀÚ³ª °¡³­ÇÑ ÀÚ »çÀÌ¿¡¼­, ÀÌ·± ¸ð½ÀÀ̳ª Àú·± ¸ð½À¿¡¼­, ÀÌ·± »óÅÂÀÇ »ç¹°µé¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Á¤ÀÇ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¾î¶² ÀÇȤÀ» °áÄÚ °¡Áø ÀûÀÌ ¾ø´Â »ç¶÷À» ã´Â ´Ù´Â °ÍÀº ¾î·Á¿ï °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ºÎÀÚµéÀº ±×µéÀÌ ºÎÀÚ¶ó´Â »ç½Ç¸¸À¸·Îµµ À¯Á˶ó´Â °ÍÀ» ¾Ë°í ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ¿¹¼úÀ̳ª °úÇп¡ ´ëÇÑ Èñ»ýÀ¸·Î¼­ ±×µéÀÇ ÁËÀǽÄÀ» ¼ÓÁËÇÏ·Á°í ÇÑ´Ù, ¸¶Ä¡ °ú°Å¿¡´Â »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ±³È¸¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Èñ»ýÀ¸·Î¼­ ±×µéÀÇ Á˸¦ ¼ÓÁËÇÏ¿´´ø °Íó·³. ±×¸®°í ½ÉÁö¾î ³ëµ¿ÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷µéÀÇ Àý¹Ý ÀÌ»óÀÌ °ø°³ÀûÀ¸·Î ±âÁ¸ Áú¼­°¡ ºÒ¹ýÀûÀÌ¸ç ÆÄ±«µÇ¾î¾ß Çϰųª °³ÇõµÇ¾î¾ß ÇÑ´Ù°í ¼±¾ðÇÑ´Ù. ·¯½Ã¾Æ¿¡¼­ ¼ö¹é¸¸ÀÌ µÇ´Â, ¼ÒÀ§ Á¾ÆÄÀÎ, ÇÑ ¹«¸®ÀÇ Á¾±³ÀεéÀº ±âÁ¸ »çȸ Áú¼­°¡ ºÎ´çÇϸç, º¹À½¼­ÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§À» Áø½ÇµÈ Àǹ̷Π¹Þ¾Æ µéÀÓÀ» ±Ù°Å·Î ÆÄ±«µÇ¾î¾ß ÇÑ´Ù°í »ý°¢ÇÑ´Ù. ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷µéÀº »çȸÁÖÀÇÀûÀÎ, °ø»êÁÖÀÇÀûÀÎ ¶Ç´Â ¹«Á¤ºÎÀûÀÎ À̷еéÀ» ±Ù°Å·Î¼­ ±âÁ¸ Áú¼­°¡ ÆÄ±«µÇ¾î¾ß ÇÑ´Ù°í ¿©±â¸ç, ±×°ÍµéÀº ³·Àº °èÃþÀÇ ³ëµ¿ÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷µé¿¡¼­ ºÐÃâµÇ¾î ³ª¿Â´Ù. Æø·ÂÀº ´õ ÀÌ»ó ±× À¯ÀÍÇÔ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¹ÏÀ½¿¡ ÀÇÁ¸ÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù, ±×·¯³ª ±×°ÍÀÌ ¿À·§µ¿¾È Á¸ÀçÇÏ¿´À¸¸ç, ±×°ÍÀ¸·Î ÀÌÀÍÀ» º¸´Â Áö¹è °è±Þµé¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­ Á¶Á÷µÇ¾ú´Ù´Â »ç½Ç¿¡ ÀÇÁ¸Çϸç, ±×·¡¼­ ±×µéÀÇ ±Ç·Â ¾Æ·¡ ÀÖ´Â »ç¶÷µéÀº ±×°ÍÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ÀڽŵéÀ» ÇØ¹æ½Ãų ¼ö°¡ ¾ø´Ù. ¿ì¸® ½Ã´ëÀÇ Á¤ºÎµéÀº-±×µé ¸ðµÎ´Â, µ¶ÀçÀûÀÌ¸ç µ¿½Ã¿¡ ÀÚÀ¯ÁÖÀÇÀûÀÌÁö¸¸-Ç츣Á¨ÀÌ ³Ê¹«³ª Àß ÁöĪÇÑ, ¡°Àüº¸¸¦ µé°íÀִ ¡Ű½ºÄ­¡± ÀÌ µÇ¾ú´Ù; ´Ù½Ã ¸»ÇÏÀÚ¸é, ¿ø¸®°¡ ¾øÀÌ ÃÑüÀûÀÎ ÆøÁ¤À» ±â¹ÝÀ¸·Î ÇÏ´Â Æø·Â ´Üüµé, ±×¸®°í À̵éÀº ÀÚÀ¯·Ó°í ÆòµîÇÑ »ç¶÷µéÀÇ ÆòÈ­Àû ÁýÇÕÀû »çȸÀû Ȱµ¿À» À§ÇÏ¿© °úÇп¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­ ¹ß¸íµÈ ¸ðµç ¼ö´ÜµéÀ» Ȱ¿ëÇÏ´Â µ¿½Ã¿¡, À̰͵éÀ» ±×µéÀÇ µ¿Æ÷µéÀ» ³ë¿¹È­½ÃŰ°í ¾ï¾ÐÇϴµ¥ »ç¿ëµÈ´Ù.

Governments and the ruling classes no longer take their stand on right or even on the semblance of justice, but on a skillful organization carried to such a point of perfection by the aid of science that everyone is caught in the circle of violence and has no chance of escaping from it. This circle is made up now of four methods of working upon men, joined together like the links of a chain ring.

Á¤ºÎµé°ú Áö¹è °è±ÞµéÀº ´õ ÀÌ»ó ¿ÇÀº °ÍÀ̳ª ½ÉÁö¾î Á¤ÀÇ¿Í À¯»çÇÑ °Í¿¡ ´ëÇØ ¿ËÈ£ÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù, ±×·¯³ª °úÇÐÀÇ µµ¿òÀ¸·Î ±×·¸°Ô ¿Ïº®ÇÑ Áö°æ±îÁö ´Ù´Ù¸¥ ´É¼÷ÇÑ Á¶Á÷À» ¿ËÈ£ÇÏ¿©¼­, ´©±¸³ª Æø·ÂÀÇ ¿ïŸ¸® ¾È¿¡ ÀâÇô ÀÖ°ÔµÇ¸ç ±×°ÍÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ Å»ÃâÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ±âȸ¸¦ °®Áö ¸øÇÑ´Ù. ÀÌ ¿ïŸ¸®´Â ÀÌÁ¦ »ç¶÷µé À§¿¡ ÀÛ¿ëÇÏ´Â ³×°¡Áö ¹æ¹ýµé·Î ±¸¼ºµÇ¾î ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ¿¬¼â °í¸®ÀÇ ¿¬°áµé ó·³ ÇÔ²² °áÇյǾî ÀÖ´Ù.

The first and oldest method is intimidation. This con¡©sists in representing the existing state organization-what¡©ever it may be, free republic or the most savage des¡©potism-as something sacred and immutable, and therefore following any efforts to alter it with the cruelest punish¡©ments. This method is in use now-as it has been from olden times-wherever there is a government: in Russia against the so-called Nihilists, in America against Anarch¡©ists, in France against Imperialists, Legitimists, Com¡©munards, and Anarchists.

ù¹øÂ°ÀÌ¸ç °¡Àå ¿À·¡µÈ ¹æ¹ýÀº À§ÇùÀÌ´Ù. À̰ÍÀº ±âÁ¸ÀÇ ±¹°¡ Á¶Á÷-±×°ÍÀÌ ¹«¾ùÀ̵çÁö, ÀÚÀ¯ °øÈ­±¹ ¶Ç´Â °¡Àå ¾ß¸¸ÀûÀÎ µ¶ÀçÁÖÀǵçÁö-À» ½Å¼ºÇÏ¸ç ºÒº¯ÇÏ´Â ¾î¶² °ÍÀ¸·Î ³ªÅ¸³¿¿¡ ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ±×·¯¹Ç·Î ±×°ÍÀ» º¯È­½ÃŰ·Á´Â ¾î¶² ³ë·ÂÀ̵çÁö °¡Àå ÀÜÀÎÇÑ Ã³¹úµéÀÌ µÚµû¸¥´Ù. ÀÌ ¹æ¹ýÀº Á¤ºÎ°¡ ÀÖ´Â °÷ÀÌ¸é ¾îµð¿¡¼­³ª Áö±Ý-±×°ÍÀÌ ¿¾³¯ºÎÅÍ ÀÖ¾ú´ø °Íó·³- »ç¿ëµÇ°í ÀÖ´Ù: ·¯½Ã¾Æ¿¡¼­´Â ¼ÒÀ§ Ç㹫ÁÖÀÇÀڵ鿡 ´ëÇÏ¿©, ¹Ì±¹¿¡¼­´Â ¹«Á¤ºÎÁÖÀÇÀڵ鿡 ´ëÇØ¼­, ÇÁ¶û½º¿¡¼­´Â Á¦±¹ÁÖÀÇÀÚµé, Á¤ÅëÁÖÀÇÀÚµé, °ø»êÁÖÀÇÀÚµé, ±×¸®°í ¹«Á¤ºÎÁÖÀÇÀڵ鿡 ´ëÇØ¼­ »ç¿ëµÇ°í ÀÖ´Ù.

Railways, telegraphs, telephones, photographs, and the great perfection of the means of getting rid of men for years, without killing them, by solitary confinement, where, hidden from the world, they perish and are forgotten, and the many other modern inventions employed by govern¡©ment, give such power that when once authority has come into certain hands, the police, open and secret, the admin¡©istration and prosecutors, jailers and executioners of all kinds, do their work so zealously that there is no chance of overturning the government, however cruel and senseless it may be.

öµµ, Àü½Å, ÀüÈ­, »çÁø, ±×¸®°í ¼ö³â µ¿¾È »ç¶÷µéÀ» Á¦°ÅÇϱâ À§ÇÑ ¼ö´ÜÀÇ À§´ëÇÑ ¿Ïº®ÇÔ, µ¶¹æ¿¡ °¨±ÝÇÔÀ¸·Î½á »ç¶÷µéÀ» Á×ÀÌÁö ¾Ê°í¼­µµ ±×°÷Àº ¼¼»óÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ¼û°ÜÁ® À־, ±×µéÀº »ç¶óÁö°í ÀØÇôÁø´Ù, ±×¸®°í Á¤ºÎ¿¡ ÀÇÇØ »ç¿ëµÇ´Â ´Ù¸¥ ¸¹Àº Çö´ëÀû ¹ß¸íǰµéÀº ±×·¯ÇÑ ÈûÀ» Á־, ÇÑ ¹ø ±Ç·ÂÀÌ ´©±º°¡ÀÇ ¼Õ¿¡ µé¾î °£´Ù¸é, °ø°³ ¹× ºñ¹Ð °æÂû, ÇàÁ¤±â°ü ¹× ¼ÒÃßÀÚµé, °£¼öµé°ú ¸ðµç Á¾·ùÀÇ Ã³ÇüÀÚµéÀº ±×µéÀÇ ÀÏÀ» ³Ê¹«³ª ¿­½ÉÈ÷ ¼öÇàÇÏ¿©¼­, ¾Æ¹«¸® ±×°ÍÀÌ ÀÜÀÎÇÏ°í ¾î¸®¼®À» Áö¶óµµ Á¤ºÎ¸¦ Àüº¹ÇÒ ±âȸ´Â ¾ø´Ù.

The second method is corruption. It consists in plun¡©dering the industrious working people of their wealth by means of taxes and distributing it in satisfying the greed of officials, who are bound in return to support and keep up the oppression of the people. These bought officials, from the highest ministers to the poorest copying clerks, make up an unbroken network of men bound together by the same interest-that of living at the expense of the people. They become the richer the more submissively they carry out the will of the government; and at all times and places, sticking at nothing, in all departments support by word and deed the violence of government, on which their own pros¡©perity also rests.

µÎ¹øÂ° ¹æ¹ýÀº ºÎÆÐÀÌ´Ù. ±×°ÍÀº ¿­½ÉÈ÷ ÀÏÇÏ´Â ³ëµ¿ÀÚµé·ÎºÎÅÍ ¼¼±ÝÀ» ¼ö´ÜÀ¸·Î ±×µéÀÇ Àç»êÀ» ¾àÅ»ÇÏ¿© °ü¸®µéÀÇ Å½¿åÀ» ¸¸Á·½ÃÄÑ ÁÜ¿¡ ±×°ÍÀ» ³ª´©¾î ÁØ´Ù, ±×¸®°í ±×µéÀº ±× ´ñ°¡·Î »ç¶÷µéÀÇ ¾ï¾ÐÀ» Áö¿øÇϸç À¯ÁöÇϵµ·Ï µÇ¾î ÀÖ´Ù. ÀÌµé »çµéÀÎ °ü¸®µéÀº, °¡Àå ³ôÀº Àå°üµé·ÎºÎÅÍ °¡Àå °¡³­ÇÑ º¹»çÇÏ´Â ¼­±â±îÁö, ¶È°°Àº ÀÌÇØ-»ç¶÷µéÀÇ ºñ¿ëÀ¸·Î »ì¾Æ°¡´Â ÀÌÇØ-¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­ ÇÔ²² ¹­ÀÎ »ç¶÷µéÀÇ ²÷¾îÁöÁö ¾ÊÀº ³×Æ®¿öÅ©¸¦ ±¸¼ºÇÑ´Ù. ±×µéÀº ºÎÀÚ°¡ µÇ¸é µÉ¼ö·Ï ´õ¿í´õ º¹Á¾ÀûÀ¸·Î Á¤ºÎÀÇ ÀÇÁö¸¦ ¼öÇàÇÑ´Ù; ±×¸®°í ¾ðÁ¦ ¾îµð¿¡¼­³ª, ¾Æ¹«°Íµµ ¾Æ´Ñ °Í¿¡ ¸Å´Þ·Á ÀÖÀ¸¸é¼­, ¸ðµç ºÎ¼­¿¡¼­ ¸»°ú ÇൿÀ¸·Î Á¤ºÎÀÇ Æø·ÂÀ» Áö¿øÇÑ´Ù, ±×¸®°í ±× À§¿¡ ±×µé ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ¹ø¿µµµ ¶ÇÇÑ ÇÔ²² ÇÑ´Ù.

The third method is what I can only describe as hypnotizing the people. This consists in checking the moral development of men, and by various suggestions keeping them back in the ideal of life, outgrown by mankind at large, on which the power of government rests. This hypnotizing process is organized at the present in the most complex manner, and starting from their earliest childhood, continues to act on men till the day of their death. It begins in their earliest years in the compulsory schools, created for this purpose, in which the children have in¡©stilled into them the ideas of life of their ancestors, which are in direct antagonism with the conscience of the modern world. In countries where there is a state religion, they teach the children the senseless blasphemies of the Church catechisms, together with the duty of obedience to their superiors. In republican states they teach them the savage superstition of patriotism and the same pretended obedi¡©ence to the governing authorities.

¼¼¹øÂ° ¹æ¹ýÀº ³ª´Â ¿ÀÁ÷ »ç¶÷µéÀ» ÃÖ¸é½ÃŰ´Â °ÍÀ̶ó°í ¹¦»çÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. À̰ÍÀº »ç¶÷µéÀÇ µµ´öÀû ¹ßÀüÀ» ÀúÇØÇÔ¿¡ ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ¿©·¯°¡Áö Á¦¾Èµé·Î¼­ ±×µéÀ» Àüü Àηù¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­ µÚÃÄÁ® ¹ö¸° ¿¾³¯ÀÇ ÀÌ»óÀûÀÎ »î¿¡ ºÙµé¾î µÎ·ÁÇÔ¿¡ ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, Á¤ºÎÀÇ ±Ç·ÂÀº ±× À§¿¡ ÀÇÁöÇÑ´Ù. ÀÌ·± ÃÖ¸éÈ­ °úÁ¤Àº Áö±ÝÀº °¡Àå º¹ÀâÇÑ ¹æ¹ýÀ¸·Î Á¶Á÷È­ µÇ¸ç, ±×µéÀÌ °¡Àå ¾î¸° À¯³â±âºÎÅÍ ½ÃÀÛÇÏ¿©, ±×µéÀÌ Á×´Â ³¯ ±îÁö °è¼ÓÇØ¼­ »ç¶÷µé À§¿¡ ÇàÇØÁø´Ù. ±×°ÍÀº Àǹ« ±³À°¿¡ À־ Ã¹ÇØºÎÅÍ ½ÃÀ۵Ǿ, ÀÌ ¸ñÀûÀ¸·Î ¸¸µé¾î Áö°í, ¾î¸°À̵éÀº ±×µéÀÇ ¼±Á¶µéÀÇ »îÀÇ »ç»óµéÀ» ÁÖÀÔ¹Þ°í, ±×°ÍÀº Çö´ë ¼¼°èÀÇ ¾ç½É°ú Á÷Á¢ ´ëÄ¡µÇ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ±¹°¡ÀÇ Á¾±³°¡ ÀÖ´Â ³ª¶ó¿¡¼­´Â, ±×µéÀº ¾î¸°ÀÌ µé¿¡°Ô, ±×µéÀÇ À­»ç¶÷¿¡ ´ëÇÑ º¹Á¾°ú ÇÔ²², ±³È¸ÀÇ ±³¸®¹®´ä °°Àº ¾î¸®¼®Àº ½Å¼º¸ðµ¶ÀûÀÎ °ÍÀ» °¡¸£Ä£´Ù. °øÈ­±¹µé¿¡¼­´Â ±×µéÀº ¾î¸°À̵鿡°Ô ¾Ö±¹½É°ú °°Àº ¾ß¸¸ÀûÀÎ ¹Ì½ÅÀ» °¡¸£Ä£´Ù ±×¸®°í Áö¹èÇϴ±Ƿµ鿡 ´ëÇÏ¿© ¶È°°Àº ÀÇ·ÊÀûÀÎ º¹Á¾À» °¡¸£Ä£´Ù.

The process is kept up during later years by the en¡©couragement of religious and patriotic superstitions.

±× °úÁ¤Àº Á¾±³Àû ¹× ¾Ö±¹ÀûÀÎ ¹Ì½ÅµéÀ» Àå·ÁÇÔÀ¸·Î½á ±× µÚ¿¡µµ °è¼Ó À¯ÁöµÈ´Ù.

The religious superstition is encouraged by establish¡©ing, with money taken from the people, temples, proces¡©sions, memorials, and festivals, which, aided by painting, architecture, music, and incense, intoxicate the people, and above all by the support of the clergy, whose duty consists in brutalizing the people and keeping them in a permanent state of stupefaction by their teaching, the solemnity of their services, their sermons, and their interference in pri¡©vate life-at births, deaths, and marriages. The patriotic superstition is encouraged by the creation, with money taken from the people, of national fetes, spectacles, monu¡©ments, and festivals to dispose men to attach importance to their own nation, and to the aggrandizement of the state and its rulers, and to feel antagonism and even hatred for other nations. With these objects under despotic governments there is direct prohibition against printing and disseminat¡©ing books to enlighten the people, and everyone who might rouse the people from their lethargy is exiled or imprisoned. Moreover, under every government without exception everything is kept back that might emancipate and every¡©thing encouraged that tends to corrupt the people, such as literary works tending to keep them in the barbarism of religious and patriotic superstition, all kinds of sensual amusements, spectacles, circuses, theaters, and even the physical means of inducing stupefaction, as tobacco and alcohol, which form the principal source of revenue of states. Even prostitution is encouraged, and not only recognized, but even organized by the government in the majority of states. So much for the third method.

Á¾±³Àû ¹Ì½ÅÀº, »ç¶÷µé·ÎºÎÅÍ °ÅµÎ¾î Áø µ·À¸·Î¼­, »ç¿øµé, Çà·Ä±âµµ½Äµé, Ã߸ðȸµé, ±×¸®°í ÃàÁ¦µéÀ» ¼¼¿ì¸ç, ±×°ÍµéÀº, ±×¸², °ÇÃà, À½¾Ç, ±×¸®°í, ºÐÇâÇϸç, »ç¶÷µéÀ» ¸¶Ãë½ÃÅ´À¸·Î½á Àå·ÁµÈ´Ù. ±×¸®°í ¹«¾ùº¸´Ùµµ ¼ºÁ÷ÀÚ¸¦ ºÎ¾çÇϸç, ±×µéÀÇ ÀÓ¹«´Â »ç¶÷µéÀ» ºñÀΰ£ÀûÀ¸·Î ¸¸µé°í ±×µéÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§, ±×µéÀÇ ¿¹¹èµéÀÇ ¾ö¼÷ÇÔ, ±×µéÀÇ ¼³±³µé, ±×¸®°í ±×µéÀÇ »ç»ýȰ-Ãâ»ý, ÀÓÁ¾, ±×¸®°í °áÈ¥-¿¡ °³ÀÔÇÔÀ¸·Î½á ±×µéÀ» ¿µ±¸ÀûÀÎ ¸¶Ãë »óÅ¿¡ ºÙµé¾î µÒ¿¡ ÀÖ´Ù. ¾Ö±¹ÀûÀÎ ¹Ì½ÅÀº, »ç¶÷µé·ÎºÎÅÍ °ÅµÎ¾î µéÀÎ µ·À¸·Î½á, ±¹°æÀÏ, ±¸°æ°Å¸®, ±â³ä¹°, ±×¸®°í ÃàÁ¦µéÀ» ¼¼¿òÀ¸·Î¼­ »ç¶÷µé·Î ÇÏ¿©±Ý ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ±¹°¡¿¡, ±×¸®°í ±¹°¡¿Í ±× ÅëÄ¡ÀÚµéÀÇ ±Ç·Â °­È­¿¡ Áß¿äÇÔÀ» ºÎ¿©Çϵµ·Ï, ±×¸®°í ´Ù¸¥ ±¹°¡µé¿¡ ´ëÇØ¼­ ¹Ý¸ñ°ú Áõ¿À¸¦ ´À³¢µµ·Ï À¯µµÇϵµ·Ï Àå·ÁµÈ´Ù ÀÌ·± ¸ñÀûµéÀ» °¡Áö°í µ¶Á¦ÀûÀÎ Á¤ºÎµé ¾Æ·¡¿¡¼­´Â »ç¶÷µéÀ» °è¸ùÇϴ åµéÀÇ Àμ⳪ ¹èÆ÷°¡ Á÷Á¢ÀûÀ¸·Î ±ÝÁöµÈ´Ù, ±×¸®°í »ç¶÷µéÀ» ¹«°¨°¢À¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ±ú¿ì´Â »ç¶÷Àº ´©±¸³ª Ãß¹æµÇ°Å³ª Åõ¿ÁµÈ´Ù. °Ô´Ù°¡, ¸ðµç Á¤ºÎµé ¾Æ·¡¼­ ¿¹¿Ü¾øÀÌ ÀÚÀ¯·Ó°Ô ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº ¹«¾ùÀ̵çÁö ¾ïÁ¦µÇ°í, »ç¶÷µéÀ» ºÎÆÐÇÏ°Ô ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº Àå·ÁµÈ´Ù, ¿¹¸¦ µé¸é, Á¾±³Àû ¹× ¾Ö±¹ÀûÀÎ ¹Ì½Å°°Àº ¾ß¸¸ÁÖÀÇ¿¡ ±×µéÀ» ¹­¾î µÎ´Â °ÍÀº ¹®ÇÐÀûÀÎ ÀÛǰµé, ¸ð¸¥ Á¾·ùÀÇ À°Ã¼Àû Äè¶ôµé, ±¸°æ°Å¸®µé, ¼­Ä¿½ºµé, ±ØÀåµé, ±×¸®°í ½ÉÁö¾î ¸¶ºñ¸¦ ÃÊ·¡ÇÏ´Â ´ã¹è³ª ¼ú°°Àº ¹°¸®Àû ¼ö´Üµé °°Àº °Íµé·Î¼­, ±¹°¡ÀÇ ÁÖµÈ ¼öÀÔ¿øÀÌ µÇ´Â °ÍµéÀÌ´Ù. ½ÉÁö¾î ¸ÅÃáµµ Àå·ÁµÇ¸ç ±×°ÍÀÌ ÀÎÁ¤µÉ »Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ´ëºÎºÐ ±¹°¡µéÀÇ Á¤ºÎ¿¡¼­ ½ÉÁö¾î Á¶Á÷µÈ´Ù. ¼¼¹øÂ° ¹æ¹ýÀº ÀÌÁ¤µµ·Î ÇϰíÀÚ ÇÑ´Ù.

The fourth method consists in selecting from all the men who have been stupefied and enslaved by the three former methods a certain number, exposing them to special and intensified means of stupefaction and reutilization, and so making them into a passive instrument for carrying out all the cruelties and brutalities needed by the government. This result is attained by taking them at the youthful age when men have not had time to form clear and definite principles of morals, and removing them from all natural and human conditions of life, home, family and kindred, and useful labor. They are shut up together in barracks, dressed in special clothes, and worked upon by cries, drums, music, and shining objects to go through certain daily actions invented for this purpose, and by this means are brought into an hypnotic condition in which they cease to be men and become mere senseless machines, submissive to the hypnotizer. These physically vigorous young men (in these days of universal conscription, all young men), hypnotized, armed with murderous weapons, always obedient to the governing authorities and ready for any act of violence at their command, constitute the fourth and principal method of enslaving men.

³×¹øÂ° ¹æ¹ýÀº ¾ÕÀÇ ¼¼°¡Áö ¹æ¹ýµé·Î¼­ ¸¶ºñµÇ°í ³ë¿¹È­µÈ ¸ðµç »ç¶÷µé Áß¿¡¼­ ÀÏÁ¤ÇÑ ¼ýÀÚ¸¦ ¼±¹ßÇϰí, ±×µéÀ» Ưº°È÷ °­È­µÈ ¸¶ºñ¿Í ÀçȰ¿ë¿¡ ³ëÃâ½Ã۰í, ±×¸®ÇÏ¿© ±×µéÀ» Á¤ºÎ°¡ ÇÊ¿äÇÑ ¸ðµç ÀÜÀÎÇÑ Àϵé°ú ¹«ÀÚºñÇÑ ÀϵéÀ» ¼öÇàÇÏ´Â ¼öµ¿Àû µµ±¸·Î ¸¸µç´Ù. ÀÌ·± °á°ú´Â »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ¾ÆÁ÷µµ ¸íÈ®Çϰí Á¤ÇØÁø µµ´öÀûÀÎ ¿ø¸®µéÀ» Çü¼ºÇÒ ½Ã°£À» °¡ÁöÁö ¸øÇÑ ÇÑâ ÀþÀº ³ªÀÌ¿¡ ±×µéÀ» µ¥·Á°¨À¸·Î¼­ ´Þ¼ºÇϸç, ±×µéÀ» ¸ðµç ÀÚ¿¬ÀûÀ̸ç Àΰ£ÀûÀÎ »îÀÇ Á¶°Çµé, °¡Á¤, °¡Á·, ±×¸®°í Ä£Á·, ±×¸®°í À¯ÀÍÇÑ ³ëµ¿À¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ºÐ¸®½ÃŲ´Ù. ±×µéÀº ÇÔ²² º´¿µ¿¡ °¤È÷°í, Ư¼öÇÑ º¹ÀåµéÀ» ÀÔÀ¸¸ç, ±×¸®°í ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ¸ñÀûµéÀ» À§Çؼ­ °í¾ÈµÈ ÀÏÁ¤ÇÑ ³¯¸¶´ÙÀÇ ÇൿµéÀ» °ÅÄ¡Áö À§ÇÑ °íÇÔµé, µå·³µé, À½¾Ç, ±×¸®°í ¹Ý¦ÀÌ´Â ¹°Ã¼µéÀ» ÁغñÇØ ³ª°£´Ù, ±×¸®°í ÀÌ·± ¹æ¹ýÀ¸·Î »ç¶÷µéÀÌ µÇ±â¸¦ Æ÷±âÇÏ´Â ÃÖ¸éÀûÀÎ »óÅ¿¡ À̸£°Ô µÇ¸ç, ´Ü¼øÈ÷ °¨°¢ÀÌ ¾ø´Â ±â°èµé·Î º¯Çؼ­, ÃÖ¸é¼ú»ç¿¡°Ô º¹Á¾ÇÑ´Ù. ÀÌµé ½ÅüÀûÀ¸·Î ¿Õ¼ºÇÑ ÀþÀº »ç¶÷µé(ÀÌ·± º¸ÆíÀû ¡º´Á¦ ½Ã´ë¿¡´Â, ¸ðµÎ ÀþÀº »ç¶÷µéÀÌ´Ù)Àº, ÃÖ¸é´çÇϰí, »ìÀÎÀûÀÎ ¹«±âµé·Î ¹«ÀåÇÏ¿©¼­, ¾ðÁ¦³ª ÅëÄ¡ÇÏ´Â ±Ç·Âµé¿¡ º¹Á¾ÇÑ´Ù ±×¸®°í ±×µéÀÌ ³»¸®´Â ¾î¶² Æø·Â ÇàÀ§¿¡µµ Áغñ°¡ µÇ¾î À־, »ç¶÷µéÀ» ³ë¿¹È­½ÃŰ´Â ³×¹øÂ°ÀÌÀÚ Áß½ÉÀÌ µÇ´Â ¹æ¹ýÀ» ±¸¼ºÇÑ´Ù.

By this method the circle of violence is completed.

ÀÌ ¹æ¹ýÀ¸·Î Æø·ÂÀÇ °í¸®°¡ ¿Ï¼ºµÇ¾ú´Ù..

Intimidation, corruption, and hypnotizing bring people into a condition in which they are willing to be soldiers; the soldiers give the power of punishing and plundering them (and purchasing officials with the spoils), and hyp¡©notizing them and converting them in time into these same soldiers again.

À§Çù, ºÎÆÐ, ±×¸®°í ÃÖ¸éÀº »ç¶÷µéÀ» º´»çµéÀÌ µÇ°í ½Í¾îÇÏ´Â »óÅ·Π¸¸µç´Ù; º´»çµéÀº »ç¶÷µéÀ» ó¹úÇÏ°í ¾àÅ»Çϸç(±×¸®°í Àü¸®Ç°À¸·Î Àå±³µé¸¦ »çµéÀ̰í), ±×µéÀ» ÃÖ¸é½Ã۰í, ±×µéÀ» ½Ã°£ÀÌ Áö³ª¸é ´Ù½Ã À̵é°ú ¶È°°Àº º´»ç¸¦·Î °³Á¶½ÃŲ´Ù.

The circle is complete, and there is no chance of break¡©ing through it by force.

°í¸®°¡ ¿Ï¼ºµÇ¾ú´Ù, ±×¸®°í ±×°ÍÀ» ÈûÀ¸·Î ±Ë¶ÔÀ» ±âȸ´Â ¾ø´Ù.

Some persons maintain that freedom from violence, or at least a great diminution of it, may be gained by the oppressed forcibly overturning the oppressive government and replacing it by a new one under which such violence and oppression will be unnecessary, but they deceive them¡©selves and others, and their efforts do not better the posi¡©tion of the oppressed, but only make it worse. Their con¡©duct only tends to increase the despotism of government. Their efforts only afford a plausible pretext for government to strengthen their power.

¾î¶² »ç¶÷µéÀº, Æø·ÂÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ÀÚÀ¯, ¶Ç´Â Àû¾îµµ ±×°ÍÀ» Àß°Ô ³ª´« °ÍÀ̶óµµ, ÇǾйÚÀÚµéÀÌ ÈûÀ» ÀÌ¿ëÇØ¼­ ¾ï¾ÐÇÏ´Â Á¤ºÎ¸¦ Àüº¹ÇÏ°í ±×·¯ÇÑ Æø·Â°ú ¾ï¾ÐÀÌ ÇÊ¿äÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â »õ·Î¿î °ÍÀ¸·Î °¥¾ÆÄ¡¿òÀ¸·Î½á, °¡´ÉÇÏ´Ù°í ÁÖÀåÇÑ´Ù, ±×·¯³ª ±×µéÀº Àڽŵé°ú ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷µéÀ» ¼ÓÀδÙ, ±×¸®°í ±×µéÀÇ ³ë·ÂµéÀº ¾Ð¹Ú¹Þ´Â ÀÚµéÀÇ ÁöÀ§¸¦ ´õ ³´°Ô ÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀ¸¸ç ±×°ÍÀ» ´õ¿í ¾ÇÈ­ ½Ãų »ÓÀÌ´Ù. ±×µéÀÇ ÇàÀ§´Â ¿ÀÁ÷ Á¤ºÎÀÇ µ¶À縦 Áõ°¡½ÃÅ´¿¡ µµ¿òµÉ »ÓÀÌ´Ù. ±×µéÀÇ ³ë·ÂµéÀº ¿ÀÁ÷ Á¤ºÎµéÀÌ ±×µéÀÇ ±Ç·ÂÀ» °­È­Çϴµ¥ ±×·²µíÇÑ ±¸½Ç¸¸ ÁÙ »ÓÀÌ´Ù.

Even if we admit that under a combination of circumstances specially unfavorable for the government, as in France in 1870, any government might be forcibly over¡©turned and the power transferred to other hands, the new authority would rarely be less oppressive than the old one; on the contrary, always having to defend itself against its dispossessed and exasperated enemies, it would be more despotic and cruel, as has always been the rule in all revolutions.

¿ì¸®°¡ ºñ·Ï, Á¤ºÎ¿¡ Ưº°È÷ ÁÁÁö ¸øÇÑ »óȲµéÀÌ °ãÃļ­, 1870³âÀÇ ÇÁ¶û½ºÃ³·³, ¾î¶² Á¤ºÎ°¡ Æø·ÂÀ¸·Î Àüº¹µÇ¾î ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷µéÀÇ ¼Õ¿¡ ³Ñ¾î °¥ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù°í ÀÎÁ¤ÇÏ´õ¶óµµ, »õ·Î¿î ±Ç·ÂÀº ÀÌÀüÀÇ ±Ç·Âº¸´Ùµµ ´ú ¾ï¾ÐÀûÀÏ ¼ö°¡ °ÅÀÇ ¾øÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù; ¹Ý´ë·Î, ½Ç±ÇÀ¸·Î ºÐ³ëÇÏ´Â Àûµé¿¡ ´ëÇØ¼­ ¾ðÁ¦³ª ¹æ¾îÇØ¾ß ÇϹǷÎ, ¸ðµç Çõ¸íµé¿¡¼­ ÅëÄ¡°¡ ¾ðÁ¦³ª ±×·¨´ø °Íó·³, ±×°ÍÀº ´õ¿í µ¶ÀçÀûÀ̸ç ÀÜÀÎÇÒ °ÍÀÌ´Ù.

While socialists and communists regard the individualistic, capitalistic organization of society as an evil, and the anarchists regard as an evil all government whatever, there are royalists, conservatives, and capitalists who consider any socialistic or communistic organization or anarchy as an evil, and all these parties have no means other than violence to bring men to agreement. Whichever of these parties were successful in bringing their schemes to pass, must resort to support its authority to all the existing methods of violence, and even invent new ones.

»çȸÁÖÀÇÀÚµé°ú °ø»êÁÖÀÇÀÚµéÀÌ °³ÀÎÁÖÀÇÀûÀ̸ç ÀÚº»ÁÖÀÇÀûÀÎ »çȸ Á¶Á÷À» ¾ÇÀ¸·Î ¿©±â°í, ¹«Á¤ºÎÁÖÀÇÀÚµéÀÌ ¸ðµç Á¤ºÎ¸¦ ¾î¶°ÇϵçÁö ¾ÇÀ¸·Î ¿©±â´Â ¹Ý¸é¿¡, ¾î¶² »çȸÁÖÀÇÀûÀÎ ¶Ç´Â °ø»êÁÖÀÇÀûÀÎ Á¶Á÷ ¶Ç´Â ¹«Á¤ºÎ »óŸ¦ ¾ÇÀ¸·Î ¿©±â´Â Á¤ÅëÁÖÀÇÀÚµé, º¸¼öÁÖÀÇÀÚµé, ±×¸®°í ÀÚº»ÁÖÀÇÀÚµéÀÌ ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ÀÌ ¸ðµç ´çÆÄµéÀº »ç¶÷µéÀ» ÇÕÀÇ¿¡ À̸£°Ô ÇÏ·Á¸é ¿ÀÁ÷ Æø·Â¸¸ÀÌ ÇÊ¿äÇÒ »ÓÀÌ´Ù. ÀÌµé ´çÆÄµé Áß¿¡¼­ ¾î´À °ÍÀÌ ±×µéÀÇ °èȹÀÌ Åë°úÇϵµ·Ï ¼º°øÇÏ´õ¶óµµ, ±×µéÀº ±×µéÀÇ ±Ç·ÂÀ» µÞ¹ÞħÇϱâ À§ÇÏ¿© ¸ðµç ±âÁ¸ÀÇ Æø·ÂÀûÀÎ ¹æ¹ýµé¿¡ ¹Ýµå½Ã ÀÇÁ¸ÇؾßÇϸç, ½ÉÁö¾î´Â »õ·Î¿î °ÍµéÀ» ¸¸µé¾î ³»¾î¾ß ÇÑ´Ù.

The oppressed would be another set of people, and coercion would take some new form; but the violence and oppression would be unchanged or even more cruel, since hatred would be intensified by the struggle, and new forms of oppression would have been devised. So it has always been after all revolutions and all attempts at revolution, all conspiracies, and all violent changes of government. Every conflict only strengthens the means of oppression in the hands of those who happen at a given moment to be in power.

ÇǾйÚÀÚµéÀº ´Ù¸¥ ¹«¸®ÀÇ »ç¶÷µéÀÌ µÉ °ÍÀ̸ç, °­¾ÐÀº »õ·Î¿î ÇüŸ¦ ÃëÇÏ°Ô µÉ °ÍÀÌ´Ù; ±×·¯³ª Æø·Â°ú ¾ï¾ÐÀº º¯ÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀ» °ÍÀ̸ç, ½ÉÁö¾î ´õ¿í ÀÜÀÎÇÒ °ÍÀÌ´Ù, ¿Ö³ÄÇϸé ÅõÀï¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­ Áõ¿À°¡ ½ÉÈ­µÇ±â ¶§¹®À̸ç, »õ·Î¿î ÇüÅÂÀÇ ¾ï¾ÐÀÌ °í¾ÈµÇ¾î¾ß ÇÒ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ±×°ÍÀº ¾ðÁ¦³ª ¸ðµç Çõ¸íµé°ú Çõ¸í¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¸ðµç ½Ãµµµé, ¸ðµç À½¸ðµé, ±×¸®°í ¸ðµç Æø·ÂÀûÀÎ Á¤ºÎÀÇ ±³Ã¼µé µÚ¿¡´Â ±×·¯Çß´Ù. ¸ðµç °¥µîÀº ÁÖ¾îÁø ¼ø°£¿¡ ±Ç·ÂÀ» Áå ÀÚµéÀÇ ¼Õ¿¡¼­ ¾ï¾ÐÀÇ ¹æ¹ýµéÀ» ¿ÀÁ÷ °­È­ÇÒ »ÓÀÌ´Ù.

The position of our Christian society, and especially the ideals most current in it, prove this in a strikingly convinc¡©ing way.

±âµ¶±³ »çȸÀÇ À§Ä¡°¡, ±×¸®°í ƯÈ÷ °¡Àå ÃÖ±Ù¿¡ Áö¹èÀûÀÎ À̳äµéÀÌ, À̰ÍÀ» °¡Àå ÇöÀúÇÏ°Ô È®ÀνÃÄÑÁÖ´Â ¹æ¹ýÀ¸·Î Áõ¸íÇÑ´Ù.

There remains now only one sphere of human life not encroached upon by government authority-that is the domestic, economic sphere, the sphere of private life and labor. And even this is now-thanks to the efforts of com¡©munists and socialists-being gradually encroached upon by government, so that labor and recreation, dwellings, dress, and food will gradually, if the hopes of the reformers are successful, be prescribed and regulated by government.

ÀÌÁ¦´Â Á¤ºÎÀÇ ±Ç·Â¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­ Àá½ÄµÇÁö ¾ÊÀº ¿ÀÁ÷ ÇѰ¡Áö ¹üÁÖÀÇ Àΰ£ÀÇ »î¸¸ÀÌ ³²¾Æ ÀÖ´Ù-±×°ÍÀº °¡Á¤Àû, °æÁ¦Àû ¹üÁÖ, °³ÀÎÀûÀÎ »î°ú ³ëµ¿ÀÇ ¹üÁÖÀÌ´Ù. ±×¸®°í ½ÉÁö¾î À̰͵µ Áö±ÝÀº-°ø»êÁÖÀÇÀÚµé°ú »çȸÁÖÀÇÀÚµéÀÇ ³ë·Â ´öÅÿ¡-Á¡ÁøÀûÀ¸·Î Á¤ºÎ¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­ Àá½ÄµÇ¾î °¡°í ÀÖ´Ù, ±×·¡¼­ ³ëµ¿°ú ¿©°¡, °Åóµé, ÀǺ¹, ±×¸®°í À½½ÄÀÌ Á¡Â÷ÀûÀ¸·Î, ¸¸ÀÏ °³Çõ°¡µéÀÇ Èñ¸ÁµéÀÌ ¼º°øÀûÀ̶ó¸é, Á¤ºÎ¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­ ¸í·É¹ÞÀ¸¸ç ÅëÁ¦µÉ °ÍÀÌ´Ù.

The slow progress of eighteen centuries has brought the Christian nations again to the necessity of deciding the question they have evaded-the question of the acceptance or non-acceptance of Christ's teaching, and the question following upon it in social life of resistance or non-resist¡©ance to evil by force. But there is this difference, that whereas formerly men could accept or refuse to accept the solution given by Christ, now that solution cannot be avoided, since it alone can save men from the slavery in which they are caught like a net.

18 ¼¼±â µ¿¾ÈÀÇ Á¡ÁøÀûÀÎ ÁøÇàÀÌ ±âµ¶±³ ±¹°¡µé·Î ÇÏ¿©±Ý ±×µéÀÌ È¸ÇÇÇÏ¿´´ø ¹®Á¦¸¦ ÇØ°áÇØ¾ßÇÒ Çʿ信 ´Ù½Ã µ¥·Á´Ù ³õ¾Ò´Ù-±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§ÀÇ ¼ö¿ë°ú ºÒ¼ö¿ëÀÇ ¹®Á¦, ±×¸®°í ±×°Í¿¡ µû¸£´Â »çȸÀû »î¿¡ À־ Èû¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ ¾Ç¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÀúÇ×°ú ¹«ÀúÇ×ÀÇ ¹®Á¦°¡ ±×°ÍÀÌ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ÀÌ·± Â÷À̰¡ ÀÖ´Ù, Áï, ÀÌÀü¿¡´Â »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ±×¸®½ºµµ°¡ ÁØ ÇØ´äÀ» ¼ö¿ëÇϰųª ¼ö¿ëÇϱ⸦ °ÅºÎÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ¾ú´ø ¹Ý¸é¿¡, ÀÌÁ¦´Â ±× ÇØ´äÀ» ÇÇÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø´Ù, ¿Ö³ÄÇÏ¸é ±×°Í¸¸ÀÌ »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ±×¹°¿¡ ÀâÇôÀÖ´Â °Í°°Àº ³ë¿¹»óÅ¿¡¼­ ±¸ÇÒ ¼ö Àֱ⠶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù.

But it is not only the misery of the position which makes this inevitable.

±×·¯³ª À̰ÍÀ» ÇÇÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø°Ô ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº ±× óÁöÀÇ ºÒÇàÇÔ »ÓÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï´Ù.

While the pagan organization has been proved more and more false, the truth of the Christian religion has been growing more and more evident.

À̱³ÀûÀÎ Á¶Á÷µéÀÌ Á¡Á¡ ´õ °ÅÁþÀÓÀÌ Áõ¸íµÇ¾î °¥ ¶§, ±âµ¶±³ Á¾±³ÀÇ Áø¸®´Â Á¡Á¡ ´õ ºÐ¸íÇØ Á® °¡°í ÀÖ¾ú´Ù.

Not in vain have the best men of Christian humanity, who apprehended the truth by spiritual intuition, for eighteen centuries testified to it in spite of every menace, every privation, and every suffering. By their martyrdom they passed on the truth to the masses, and impressed it on their hearts.

ÇêµÇÁö ¾Ê°Ôµµ, ±âµ¶±³ÀûÀÎ Àηù¾Ö¸¦ Áö´Ñ °¡Àå ÈǸ¢ÇÑ »ç¶÷µéÀº, ¿µÀûÀÎ Á÷°üÀ¸·Î Áø¸®¸¦ ±ú´Þ¾ÒÀ¸¸ç, 18 ¼¼±âµ¿¾È ¸ðµç Çù¹Ú, ¸ðµç ±ÃÇÌ, ±×¸®°í ¸ðµç °íÅë¿¡µµ ºÒ±¸Çϰí, ±×°ÍÀ» Áõ°ÅÇÏ¿´´Ù. ±×µéÀÇ ¼ø±³¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­ ±×µéÀº Áø¸®¸¦ ´ëÁßµé À§¿¡ Àü´ÞÇÏ¿´À¸¸ç, ±×°ÍÀ» ±×µéÀÇ ¸¶À½¿¡ °¢ÀνÃÄ×´Ù.

Christianity has penetrated into the consciousness of humanity, not only negatively by the demonstration of the impossibility of continuing in the pagan life, but also through its simplification, its increased clearness and free¡©dom from the superstitions intermingled with it, and its diffusion through all classes of the population.

±âµ¶±³´Â ÀηùÀÇ ÀÚ°¢ ¼Ó¿¡ ½º¸çµé¾úÀ¸¸ç, ºÎÁ¤ÀûÀ¸·Î À̱³ÀûÀÎ »îÀ» °è¼ÓÇÔÀÇ ºÒ°¡´É¼ºÀÇ Áõ°Å¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­ »Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, ¶ÇÇÑ ±×°ÍÀÇ ´Ü¼ø¼º, ±×°Í¿¡ ´õÇÏ¿©Áø ¸í·áÇÔ°ú ±×°Í°ú µÚ¼¯¿© ÀÖ´ø ¹Ì½Åµé·ÎºÎÅÍÀÇ ÀÚÀ¯, ±×¸®°í ¸ðµç °èÃþµéÀÇ Àα¸·ÎÀÇ È®»êÀ» ÅëÇÏ¿© ½º¸çµé¾ú´Ù.

Eighteen centuries of Christianity have not passed with¡©out an effect even on those who accepted it only externally. These eighteen centuries have brought men so far that even while they continue to live the pagan life which is no longer consistent with the development of humanity, they not only see clearly all the wretchedness of their position, but in the depths of their souls they believe (they can only live through this belief) that the only salvation from this posi¡©tion is to be found in fulfilling the Christian doctrine in its true significance. As to the time and manner of salvation, opinions are divided according to the intellectual develop¡©ment and the prejudices of each society. But every man of the modern world recognizes that our salvation lies in fulfilling the law of Christ. Some believers in the super¡©natural character of Christianity hold that salvation will come when all men are brought to believe in Christ, whose second coming is at hand. Other believers in supernatural Christianity hold that salvation will come through the Church, which will draw all men into its fold, train them in the Christian virtues, and transform their life. A third section, who do not admit the divinity of Christ, hold that the salvation of mankind will be brought about by slow and gradual progress, through which the pagan principles of our existence will be replaced by the principles of liberty, equality, and fraternity-that is, by Christian principles. A fourth section, who believe in the social revolution, hold that salvation will come when through a violent revolution men are forced into community of property, abolition of government, and collective instead of individual industry- that is to say, the realization of one side of the Christian doctrine. In one way or another all men of our day in their inner consciousness condemn the existing effete pagan order, and admit, often unconsciously and while regarding themselves as hostile to Christianity, that our salvation is only to be found in the application of the Chris¡©tian doctrine, or parts of it, in its true significance to our daily life.

18 ¼¼±â µ¿¾ÈÀÇ ±âµ¶±³´Â ½ÉÁö¾î ±âµ¶±³¸¦ ¿ÀÁ÷ ¿ÜÀûÀ¸·Î ¹Þ¾ÆµéÀÎ »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ôµµ ¿µÇâÀÌ ¾øÀÌ Áö³ª°¡Áö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù. À̵é 18 ¼¼±â µ¿¾ÈÀº »ç¶÷µéÀº, ±×µéÀÌ ÀηùÀÇ ¹ßÀü¿¡ ´õ ÀÌ»ó ÇÕ´çÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀº À̱³ÀûÀÎ »îÀ» °è¼ÓÇØ¼­ »ç´Â µ¿¾È¿¡µµ, ±×µéÀº ±×µé óÁöÀÇ ¸ðµç ºñÂüÇÔÀ» ºÐ¸íÈ÷ º¼ »Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, ±×µéÀÇ ¿µÈ¥ÀÇ ±íÀÌ¿¡¼­ ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ Ã³Áö¿¡¼­ÀÇ À¯ÀÏÇÑ ±¸¿øÀº ÁøÁ¤ÇÑ Àǹ̷μ­ÀÇ ±âµ¶±³ ±³¸®ÀÇ ½Çõ¿¡¼­ ãÀ» ¼ö ÀÖÀ½À» ±×µéÀº ¹Ï´Â(±×µéÀº ¿ÀÁ÷ ÀÌ·± ¹ÏÀ½À» ÅëÇØ¼­ »ì ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù) Áö°æ±îÁö À̸£·¶´Ù. ±¸¿øÀÇ ½Ã±â¿Í ¹æ¹ý¿¡ °üÇØ¼­´Â, °¢±â »çȸµéÀÇ ÁöÀûÀÎ ¹ßÀü°ú Æí°ßµé¿¡ µû¶ó¼­ ÀǰߵéÀÌ ³ª´©¾î Áø´Ù. ±×·¯³ª Çö´ë ¼¼»óÀÇ Á¦°¢±â »ç¶÷µéÀº ¿ì¸®ÀÇ ±¸¿øÀº ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§À» ½ÇõÇÔ¿¡ Àִٴ°ÍÀ» ÀνÄÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù. ±âµ¶±³ÀÇ ÃÊÀÚ¿¬ÀûÀÎ ¼º°ÝÀ» ¹Ï´Â ¾î¶² ½ÅÀÚµéÀº ¸ðµç »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ±×¸®½ºµµ¸¦ ¹Ï°ÔµÉ ¶§ ±¸¿øÀÌ ¿Â´Ù°í ÁÖÀåÇϸç, ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ À縲ÀÌ °¡±îÀÌ ¿Ô´Ù°í ÁÖÀåÇÑ´Ù. ÃÊÀÚ¿¬ÀûÀÎ ±âµ¶±³¸¦ ¹Ï´Â ´Ù¸¥ ½ÅÀÚµéÀº ±¸¿øÀ» ±³È¸¸¦ ÅëÇØ¼­ ¿À¸ç, ±³È¸´Â ¸ðµç »ç¶÷µéÀ» ±× ¿ì¸®·Î À̲ø¸ç, ±×µé¿¡°Ô ±âµ¶±³ÀûÀÎ µµ´öÀ» °¡¸£Ãļ­, ±×µéÀÇ »îÀ» º¯¸ð½ÃŲ´Ù. ¼¼¹øÂ° °èÃþµéÀº, ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ ½Å¼ºÀ» ¹ÏÁö ¾ÊÀ¸¸ç, ÀηùÀÇ ±¸¿øÀº ¼­¼­È÷ Á¡ÁøÀûÀÎ ÁøÇà¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­ ÀÌ·ç¾îÁö¸ç, ±×·ÎÀÎÇØ¼­ ¿ì¸®µé Á¸ÀçÀÇ À̱³ÀûÀÎ ¿ø¸®µéÀº ÀÚÀ¯, Æòµî ±×¸®°í ÇüÁ¦¾ÖÀÇ ¿ø¸®µé-´Ù½Ã ¸»Çϸé, ±âµ¶±³ÀÇ ¿ø¸®µé-·Î ±³Ã¼µÉ °ÍÀ̶ó°í ÁÖÀåÇÑ´Ù. ³×¹øÂ° °èÃþµéÀº »çȸÀû Çõ¸íÀ» ¹ÏÀ¸¸ç, ±¸¿øÀº Æø·ÂÀûÀÎ Çõ¸íÀ» ÅëÇÏ¿© »ç¶÷µéÀÌ Àç»ê °øÅëü, Á¤ºÎÀÇ ÆóÁö, ±×¸®°í °³ÀÎÀûÀÎ »ê¾÷´ë½Å ÁýÇÕÀûÀÎ »ê¾÷À¸·Î °­Á¦µÉ ¶§ ¿Â´Ù°í ÁÖÀåÇÑ´Ù-´Ù½Ã ¸»ÇÏÀÚ¸é, ±âµ¶±³ ±³¸®ÀÇ ÇÑ Ãø¸éÀÇ ½ÇÇöÀÌ´Ù. ÀÌ ¹æ¹ýÀ̵ç Àú ¹æ¹ýÀÌµç ¿ì¸® ½Ã´ëÀÇ ¸ðµç »ç¶÷µéÀº ±×µé ³»¸éÀÇ ÀÚ°¢¿¡¼­ ±âÁ¸ÀÇ ³°¾Æ ºüÁø À̱³Àû Áú¼­¸¦ ºñ³­Çϸç, °¡²û ¹«ÀǽÄÀûÀ¸·Î ±×¸®°í ÀڽŵéÀº ±âµ¶±³¿¡ Àû´ëÀûÀ̶ó°í ¿©±â¸é¼­, ¿ì¸®ÀÇ ±¸¿øÀº ¿ÀÁ÷ ±âµ¶±³ ±³¸® ¶Ç´Â ±×°ÍÀÇ ÀϺκÐÀÌ¶óµµ ¿ì¸®ÀÇ ÀÏ»óÀÇ »î¿¡ ±× ÁøÁ¤ÇÑ Àǹ̸¦ Àû¿ëÇÔ¿¡¼­ ãÀ» ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ÀÎÁ¤ÇÑ´Ù.

Christianity cannot, as its Founder said, be realized by the majority of men all at once; it must grow like a huge tree from a tiny seed. And so it has grown, and now has reached its full development, not yet in actual life, but in the conscience of men of today.

±âµ¶±³´Â, ±× ⸳ÀÚ°¡ ¸»ÇÑ °Íó·³, µ¿½Ã¿¡ ´ëºÎºÐÀÇ »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô ±ú´Þ¾Æ Áú ¼ö ¾ø´Ù; Á¶±×¸¸ ¾¾¾Ñ¿¡¼­ºÎÅÍ °Å´ëÇÑ ³ª¹«Ã³·³ ÀÚ¶ó¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. ±×¸®°í ±×·¸°Ô ±×°ÍÀº ÀÚ¶ó³µ´Ù, ±×¸®°í ÀÌÁ¦ ±× ¿ÏÀüÇÑ ¼ºÀå¿¡ µµ´ÞÇß´Ù, ±×·¯³ª ½ÇÁ¦ »î¿¡¼­°¡ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, ¿À´Ã³¯ÀÇ »ç¶÷µéÀÇ ¾ç½É¼Ó¿¡¼­ÀÌ´Ù.

Now not only the minority, who have always compre¡©hended Christianity by spiritual intuition, but all the vast majority who seem so far from it in their social existence recognize its true significance.

ÀÌÁ¦ ¾ðÁ¦³ª ±âµ¶±³¸¦ ¿µÀûÀÎ Á÷°üÀ¸·Î ÀÌÇØÇÑ ¼Ò¼öÀÇ »ç¶÷µé »Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, ±×µéÀÇ »çȸÀû Á¸Àç ¾È¿¡¼­ ±âµ¶±³·ÎºÎÅÍ ³Ê¹«³ª ¸Ö¸® ÀÖ´Â °Íó·³ º¸ÀÌ´ø ¹æ´ëÇÑ ´ëºÎºÐÀÇ »ç¶÷µéµµ ±× ÁøÁ¤ÇÑ Àǹ̸¦ ÀνÄÇÑ´Ù.

Look at individual men in their private life. Listen to their standards of conduct in their judgment of one another; hear not only their public utterances, but the counsels given by parents and guardians to the young in their charge; and you will see that, far as their social life based on violence may be from realizing Christian truth, in their private life what is considered good by all without excep¡©tion is nothing but the Christian virtues; what is con¡©sidered as bad is nothing but the antichristian vices. Those who consecrate their lives self-sacrificingly to the service of humanity are regarded as the best men. The selfish, who make use of the misfortunes of others for their own advantage, are regarded as the worst of men.

±×µéÀÇ »çÀûÀÎ »îÀ» »ç´Â °³ÀÎÀûÀÎ »ç¶÷µéÀ» º¸¶ó. ±×µéÀÌ ¼­·Î¸¦ ÆÇ´ÜÇÔ¿¡¼­ ±×µéÀÇ ÇàÀ§ÀÇ Ç¥ÁØ µé¿¡ ±Í ±â¿ï¿© º¸¶ó; ±×µéÀÇ ´ëÁß ¿¬¼³ »Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, ±×µéÀÌ º¸È£Çϰí ÀÖ´Â ¾î¸° °Íµé¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ºÎ¸ð³ª º¸È£ÀÚµéÀÇ Á¶¾ðµéµµ µé¾îº¸¶ó; ±×·¯¸é Æø·Â¿¡ ÀÇÁ¸Çϰí ÀÖ´Â ±×µéÀÇ »çȸÀû »îÀÌ ±âµ¶±³ÀÇ Áø¸®¸¦ ±ú´ÞÀ½¿¡ ¸Ö¸® ÀÖÀ» Áö¶óµµ, ±×µéÀÇ »çÀûÀÎ »î¿¡¼­ ¿¹¿Ü ¾øÀÌ ¸ðµç »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô¼­ ¼±ÇÏ´Ù°í ¿©°ÜÁö´Â °ÍÀº ¿ÀÁ÷ ±âµ¶±³ÀûÀÎ ¹Ì´öµéÀ̸ç; ³ª»Ú´Ù°í ¿©°ÜÁö´Â °ÍÀº ¿ÀÁ÷ Àû±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ ¾ÇµéÀÓÀ» ´ç½ÅÀº ¾Ë °ÍÀÌ´Ù. Àηù¿¡ ºÀ»çÇϱâ À§Çؼ­ ÀڽŵéÀÇ »îÀ» ÀÚ±â Èñ»ýÀûÀ¸·Î ¹ÙÄ¡´Â »ç¶÷µéÀº °¡Àå ÈǸ¢ÇÑ »ç¶÷µéÀÌ´Ù. ÀڽŵéÀÇ ÀÌÀÍÀ» À§Çؼ­ ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷µéÀÇ ºÒÇàÀ» ÀÌ¿ëÇÏ´Â À̱âÁÖÀÇÀÚµéÀº, °¡Àå ³ª»Û »ç¶÷µé·Î ¿©°ÜÁø´Ù.

Though some non-Christian ideals, such as strength, courage, and wealth, are still worshiped by a few who have not been penetrated by the Christian spirit, these ideals are out of date and are abandoned, if not by all, at least by all those regarded as the best people. There are no ideals, other than the Christian ideals, which are accepted by all and regarded as binding on all.

ºñ·Ï ¾î¶² ºñ ±âµ¶±³ÀûÀÎ ÀÌ»óµéÀº, ¿¹¸¦ µé¸é, Èû, ¿ë±â, ±×¸®°í ºÎ µîÀº, ±âµ¶±³ÀûÀÎ Á¤½ÅÀÌ ¾ÆÁ÷ ½º¸çµéÁö ¾ÊÀº ¼Ò¼ö¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­ ¼þ¹èµÇ°í ÀÖÁö¸¸, À̵é ÀÌ»óµéÀº ½Ã´ë¿¡ µÚ¶³¾îÁø °ÍÀ̸ç, ¸ðµÎ¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­´Â ¾Æ´Ï´õ¶óµµ, Àû¾îµµ, ÈǸ¢ÇÑ »ç¶÷µéÀ̶ó°í ¿©°ÜÁö´Â ¸ðµç »ç¶÷µé¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­´Â ³»¹ö·ÁÁø´Ù. ±âµ¶±³ÀûÀÎ ÀÌ»óµé ¿Ü¿¡´Â, ¸ðµç »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô¼­ ¹Þ¾Æµé¿©Áö¸ç, ¸ðµç »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô Àǹ«ÀûÀ̶ó°í ¿©°ÜÁö´Â ÀÌ»óµéÀº ¾ø´Ù.

The position of our Christian humanity, if you look at it from the outside with all its cruelty and degradation of men, is terrible indeed. But if one looks at it within, in its inner consciousness, the spectacle it presents is absolutely different.

¿ì¸®ÀÇ ±âµ¶±³ÀûÀÎ ÀηùÀÇ Ã³Áö´Â, »ç¶÷µéÀÇ ±× ¸ðµç ÀÜÀÎÇÔ°ú ŸŹÀ¸·Î¼­ ¹°µé¾î ÀÖ´Â ¹Ù±ùÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ¹Ù¶óº»´Ù¸é, Á¤¸»·Î ¹«¼·´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ±×°ÍÀ» ¾È¿¡¼­, ³»ÀûÀÎ ÀÚ°¢¿¡¼­, ¹Ù¶ó º»´Ù¸é, ±×°ÍÀÌ Á¦½ÃÇÏ´Â ±¤°æÀº Àý´ëÀûÀ¸·Î ´Ù¸£´Ù.

All the evil of our life seems to exist only because it has been so for so long; those who do the evil have not had time yet to learn how to act otherwise, though they do not want to act as they do.

¿ì¸®ÀÇ »îÀÇ ¸ðµç ¾ÇÀº ´ÜÁö ³Ê¹« ¿À·§µ¿¾È ±×·¯Ç߱⠶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù; ¾ÇÀ» ÇàÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷µéÀº, ºñ·Ï ±×µéÀÌ ÇàÇÏ´ø ´ë·Î ÇàÇϱ⸦ ¿øÇÏÁö ¾Ê´õ¶óµµ, ¾ÆÁ÷ ¹Ý´ë·Î ÇàÇÏ´Â ¹æ¹ýÀ» ¹è¿ï ½Ã°£À» °®Áö ¸øÇ߱⠶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù.

All the evil seems to exist through some cause inde¡©pendent of the conscience of men.

¸ðµç ¾ÇµéÀº »ç¶÷µéÀÇ ¾ç½É°ú´Â º°°³ÀÇ ¿øÀÎµé ¶§¹®¿¡ Á¸ÀçÇÏ´Â °Íó·³ º¸ÀδÙ.

Strange and contradictory as it seems, all men of the present day hate the very social order they are themselves supporting.

ÀÌ»óÇϸ鼭µµ ¸ð¼øÀÌ ÀÖ´Â °Íó·³ º¸ÀÌÁö¸¸, Çö ½Ã´ëÀÇ ¸ðµç »ç¶÷µéÀº ±×µé ½º½º·Î°¡ Áö¿øÇϰí ÀÖ´Â »çȸÀû Áú¼­ ÀÚü¸¦ Áõ¿ÀÇÑ´Ù.

I think it is Max Muller who describes the amazement of an Indian convert to Christianity, who after absorbing the essence of the Christian doctrine came to Europe and saw the actual life of Christians. He could not recover from his astonishment at the complete contrast between the reality and what he had expected to find among Christian nations. If we feel no astonishment at the contrast between our convictions and our conduct, that is because the influ¡©ences, tending to obscure the contrast, produce an effect upon us too. We need only look at our life from the point of view of that Indian, who understood Christianity in its true significance, without any compromises or concessions, we need but look at the savage brutalities of which our life is full, to be appalled at the contradictions in the midst of which we live often without observing them.

³ª´Â ±âµ¶±³·Î °³Á¾ÇÑ ÀεµÀÎÀÇ ³î¶ó¿òÀ» ¹¦»çÇÑ »ç¶÷ÀÌ ¸·½º ¹Á·¯ÀÎ °ÍÀ» »ý°¢ÇÑ´Ù. ±× ÀεµÀÎÀº ±âµ¶±³ ±³¸®ÀÇ º»ÁúÀ» Èí¼öÇÑ ´ÙÀ½ À¯·´¿¡ °¬´Ù ±×¸®°í ±âµ¶±³ÀεéÀÌ ½ÇÁ¦ »îÀ» º¸¾Ò´Ù. ±×´Â ±âµ¶±³ ±¹°¡µé »çÀÌ¿¡¼­ÀÇ Çö½Ç°ú ±×°¡ ã°íÀÚ ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÇ ¿ÏÀüÇÑ Â÷À̸¦ º¸°í ³î¶÷À¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ¹þ¾î³¯ ¼ö°¡ ¾ø¾ú´Ù. ¸¸ÀÏ ¿ì¸®°¡ ¿ì¸®ÀÇ ½Å³äµé°ú ¿ì¸®ÀÇ ÇàÀ§µé »çÀÌÀÇ Â÷ÀÌ¿¡ ¾Æ¹«·± ³î¶ó¿òÀ» ´À³¢Áö ¸øÇÑ´Ù¸é, ±×°ÍÀº ¿ª½Ã, ±× Â÷À̸¦ È帮°íÀÚ ÇÏ´Â ¿µÇâµéÀÌ ¿ì¸®µé À§¿¡ È¿°ú¸¦ ¹ßÈÖÇ߱⠶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù. ¿ì¸®´Â ¿ì¸®ÀÇ »îÀ» ¿ÀÁ÷, ±âµ¶±³¸¦ ¾î¶² ŸÇùµµ ¾çº¸µµ ¾øÀÌ ±× ÁøÁ¤ÇÑ Àǹ̿¡¼­ ±ú´ÞÀº ÀεµÀÎÀÇ °üÁ¡À¸·ÎºÎÅÍ º¸±â¸¸ ÇÏ¸é µÇ¸ç, ¿ì¸®´Â ¿ÀÁ÷ ¿ì¸®ÀÇ »î¿¡ °¡µæÂ÷ ÀÖ´Â ¾ß¸¸ÀûÀÎ ÀÜÇÐ ÇàÀ§µéÀ» ÃÄ´Ù º½À¸·Î½á, ÈçÈ÷ ¿ì¸®°¡ °üÂûÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀ¸¸é¼­ »ì°í ÀÖ´Â °¡¿îµ¥¼­ ¸ð¼øµéÀ» º¸°í ³î¶ó°Ô µÈ´Ù.

We need only recall the preparations for war, the mitrail¡©leuses, the silver-gilt bullets, the torpedoes, and-the Red Cross; the solitary prison cells, the experiments of execu¡©tion by electricity-and the care of the hygienic welfare of prisoners; the philanthropy of the rich, and their life, which produces the poor they are benefiting.

¿ì¸®´Â ¿ÀÁ÷ ÀüÀï¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Áغñµé, ±â°üÃѵé, Àºµµ±ÝÇÑ ÃѾ˵é, ¾î·Úµé ±×¸®°í-Àû½ÊÀÚ, °¨¿ÁÀÇ µ¶¹æµé, Àü±âóÇü ½ÇÇèµé-±×¸®°í Á˼öµé¿¡ ´ëÇÑ À§»ý º¹Áö °ü¸®¸¦ ±â¾ïÇÒ Çʿ丸 ÀÖ´Ù; ºÎÀ¯ÇÑ »ç¶÷µéÀÇ ¹Ú¾ÖÁÖÀÇ, ±×¸®°í ±×µéÀÇ »îµéÀ» ±â¾ïÇÒ Çʿ䰡 ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ±×°ÍµéÀº ±×µéÀÌ ÇýÅÃÀ» º¸°í ÀÖ´Â °¡³­ÇÑ »ç¶÷µéÀ» ¸¸µé¾î ³½´Ù.

And these inconsistencies are not, as it might seem, because men pretend to be Christians while they are really pagans, but because of something lacking in men, or some kind of force hindering them from being what they already feel themselves to be in their consciousness, and what they genuinely wish to be. Men of the present day do not merely pretend to hate oppression, inequality, class dis¡©tinction, and every kind of cruelty to animals as well as human beings. They genuinely detest all this, but they do not know how to put a stop to it, or perhaps cannot decide to give up what preserves it all, and seems to them necessary.

±×¸®°í ÀÌµé ¸ð¼øµéÀº, °ÑÀ¸·Î º¸ÀÌ´Â °Íó·³, »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ½ÇÁ¦·Î´Â À̱³µµµéÀ̸鼭 ±âµ¶±³µµµéÀÎ °Íó·³ Ç༼ ÇØ¼­°¡ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, »ç¶÷µé ¾È¿¡¼­ ºÎÁ·ÇÑ ¾î¶² °Í, ¶Ç´Â ±×µéÀÇ ÀÚ°¢ ¼Ó¿¡ ÀÖ´Ù°í ÀÌ¹Ì ½º½º·Î ´À³¢´Â °Í, ±×¸®°í ±×µéÀÌ ¼ø¼öÇÏ°Ô µÇ°íÀÚ ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ ÀÖÀ½À» ¹æÇØÇÏ´Â ¾î¶² Á¾·ùÀÇ Èû ¶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù. ÀÌ ½Ã´ëÀÇ »ç¶÷µéÀº µ¿¹°µé¿¡°Ô »Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó »ç¶÷µé¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¾ï¾Ð, ºÒÆòµî, °è±ÞÂ÷º°, ±×¸®°í ¸ðµç Á¾·ùÀÇ ÀÜÀÎÇÔÀ» ´Ü¼øÈ÷ ¹Ì¿öÇϴ ô ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï´Ù. ±×µéÀº ÁøÁ¤À¸·Î ÀÌ ¸ðµç °ÍÀ» Çø¿ÀÇÑ´Ù, ±×·¯³ª ±×µéÀº ¾î¶»°Ô ±×°ÍÀ» ¸ØÃß°Ô ÇÒÁö¸¦ ¸ð¸£°Å³ª, ¶Ç´Â ±× ¸ðµç °ÍÀ» º¸Á¸Çϸç, ±×µé¿¡°Ô ÇÊ¿äÇÑ °Íó·³ º¸ÀÌ´Â °ÍÀ» Æ÷±âÇÔÀ» °áÁ¤ÇÏÁö ¸øÇÑ´Ù.

Indeed, ask every man separately whether he thinks it laudable and worthy of a man of this age to hold a position from which he receives a salary disproportionate to his work; to take from the people-often in poverty-taxes to be spent on constructing cannon, torpedoes, and other instruments of butchery, so as to make war on people with whom we wish to be at peace, and who feel the same wish in regard to us; or to receive a salary for devoting one's whole life to constructing these instruments of butchery, or to preparing oneself and others for the work of murder. And ask him whether it is laudable and worthy of a man, and suitable for a Christian, to employ himself, for a salary, in seizing wretched, misguided, often illiterate and drunken, creatures because they appropriate the property of others- on a much smaller scale than we do-or because they kill men in a different fashion from that in which we undertake to do it-and shutting them in prison for it, ill treating them and killing them; and whether it is laudable and worthy of a man and a Christian to preach for a salary to the people not Christianity, but superstitions which one knows to be stupid and pernicious; and whether it is laudable and worthy of a man to rob his neighbor for his gratification of what he wants to satisfy his simplest needs, as the great landowners do; or to force him to exhausting labor beyond his strength to augment one's wealth, as do factory owners and manufacturers; or to profit by the poverty of men to increase one's gains, as merchants do. And everyone taken separately, especially if one's remarks are directed at someone else, not himself, will answer, No! And yet the very man who sees all the baseness of those actions, of his own free will, uncoerced by anyone, often even for no pecuniary profit, but only from childish vanity, for a china cross, a scrap of ribbon, a bit of fringe he is allowed to wear, will enter military service, become a magistrate or justice of the peace, commissioner, archbishop, or beadle, though in fulfilling these offices he must commit acts the baseness and shamefulness of which he cannot fail to recognize.

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