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| CHAPTER VII. |
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7
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SIGNIFICANCE OF COMPULSORY SERVICE. |
°Á¦ º´¿ª Àǹ«ÀÇ ÀÇ¹Ì |
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Universal Compulsory Service is not a Political Accident, but the
Furthest Limit of the Contradiction Inherent in the Social Conception of
Life-Origin of Authority in Society-Basis of Authority is Physi¡©cal
Violence-To be Able to Perform its Acts of Violence Authority Needs a
Special Organization-The Army-Authority, that is, Violence, is the
Principle which is Destroying the Social Conception of Life-Attitude of
Authority to the Masses, that is, Attitude of Government to Working
Oppressed Classes-Governments Try to Foster in Working Classes the Idea
that State Force is Necessary to Defend Them from External Enemies-But the
Army is Principally Needed to Preserve Government from its own
Subjects-The Working Classes- Speech of M. de Caprivi-All Privileges of
Ruling Classes Based on Violence-The Increase of Armies up to Point of
Universal Service- Universal Compulsory Service Destroys all the
Advantages of Social Life, which Government is Intended to
Preserve-Compulsory Service is the Furthest Limit of Submission, since in
Name of the State it Requires Sacrifice of all that can be Precious to a
Man-Is Government Necessary?-The Sacrifices Demanded by Government in
Compulsory Service have No Longer any Reasonable Basis-And there is More
Advantage to be Gained by not Submitting to the Demands of the State than
by Submitting to Them. |
º¸ÆíÀû °Á¦ º´¿ªÀǹ«´Â Á¤Ä¡Àû »ç°ÇÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó
»çȸÀû °³³äÀÇ »î¿¡ ³»ÀçµÈ ¸ð¼øÀÇ ±ØÄ¡ÀÌ´Ù-»çȸ¿¡¼
±Ç·ÂÀÇ ±Ù¿ø-±Ç·ÂÀÇ ±âÃÊ´Â ½ÅüÀû Æø·ÂÀÌ´Ù-Æø·Â
ÇàÀ§µéÀ» ¼öÇàÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖÀ¸·Á¸é ±Ç·ÂÀº Ưº°ÇÑ ±â±¸°¡
ÇÊ¿äÇÏ´Ù-±º´ë-±Ç·Â,
Áï,
Æø·ÂÀº »çȸÀû °³³äÀÇ »îÀ»
ÆÄ±«ÇÏ´Â ¿ø¸®ÀÌ´Ù-±Ç·ÂÀÇ ´ëÁߵ鿡 ´ëÇÑ Åµµ,
¾ï¾Ð¹Þ´Â ³ëµ¿ÀÚ °è±Þµé¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Á¤ºÎÀÇ Åµµ-Á¤ºÎµéÀº
³ëµ¿ÀÚ °è±Þµé¿¡°Ô ±¹°¡ÀûÀÎ ±º´ë°¡ ±×µéÀ»
¿ÜÀûÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ¹æ¾îÇϱâ À§ÇØ ÇÊ¿äÇÏ´Ù´Â »ç»óÀ»
½É¾îÁÖ·Á°í ÇÑ´Ù-±×·¯³ª ±º´ë´Â ¿øÄ¢ÀûÀ¸·Î Á¤ºÎ¸¦ ±×
±¹¹ÎÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ º¸È£Çϱâ À§ÇØ ÇÊ¿äÇÏ´Ù-³ëµ¿ÀÚ °è±Þµé-Ä«ÇÁ¸®ºñÀÇ
¿¬¼³-Áö¹è °è±ÞµéÀÇ ¸ðµç Ư±ÇÀº Æø·Â¿¡ ÀǰÅÇÑ´Ù-º¸ÆíÀû
º´¿ªÀǹ« ÁöÁ¡±îÁöÀÇ ±º»ç·Â Áõ°-º¸ÆíÀû °Á¦
º´¿ªÀǹ«´Â Á¤ºÎ°¡ º¸Á¸ÇؾßÇÏ´Â ¸ðµç »çȸÀû »îÀÇ
À̷οòÀ» ÆÄ±«ÇÑ´Ù-°Á¦ º´¿ª Àǹ«´Â º¹Á¾ÀÇ ±ØÇÑÀÌ´Ù,
¿Ö³ÄÇÏ¸é ±¹°¡ÀÇ À̸§À¸·Î »ç¶÷¿¡°Ô ¼ÒÁßÇÑ ¸ðµç °ÍÀÇ
Èñ»ýÀ» ¿ä±¸Çϱ⠶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù-Á¤ºÎ´Â ÇÊ¿äÇѰ¡?-°Á¦ º´¿ª
Àǹ«¿¡ ÀÖ¾î¼ Á¤ºÎ°¡ ¿ä±¸ÇÏ´Â Èñ»ýµéÀº ´õ ÀÌ»ó ¾î¶²
À̼ºÀû ±Ù°Å¸¦ °®Áö ¸øÇÑ´Ù-±¹°¡ÀÇ ¿ä±¸µé¿¡ º¹Á¾ÇÏÁö
¾Ê´Â °ÍÀÌ ±×µé¿¡°Ô º¹Á¾ÇÏ´Â °Íº¸´Ù ´õ ¸¹Àº ÀÌÀÍÀ»
¾òÀ» ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. |
|
educated people of the upper classes are trying to stifle the
ever-growing- sense of the necessity of transform¡©ing the existing social
order. But life, which goes on growing more complex, and developing in the
same direc¡©tion, and increases the inconsistencies and the sufferings of
men, brings them to the limit beyond which they can¡©not go. This furthest
limit of inconsistency is universal compulsory military service. |
±³À°¹ÞÀº »ç¶÷µéÀº ±âÁ¸ »çȸ Áú¼¸¦ °³ÇõÇÏ·Á´Â
Çʿ信 ´ëÇÑ ²÷ÀÓ¾øÀÌ ÀϾ´Â ÀÚ°¢À» ¾ï´©¸£·Á°í
½ÃµµÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù.
±×·¯³ª »îÀº,
´õ¿í º¹ÀâÇØÁö°í,
ÇÑ
¹æÇâÀ¸·Î ¹ßÀüÇØ °¡°í ÀÖÀ¸¸ç,
±×¸®°í »ç¶÷µéÀÇ
¸ð¼øµé°ú °íÅëµéÀ» Áõ°¡½ÃŰ¼Å,
±×µéÀÌ ´õ °¥ ¼ö ¾ø´Â
ÇѰ迡 µ¥·Á´Ù ³õ´Â´Ù.
ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ºÒÀÏÄ¡ÀÇ ±ØµµÀÇ ÇѰ谡
º¸ÆíÀû °Á¦ º´¿ª Àǹ«ÀÌ´Ù. |
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It is usually supposed that universal military service and the
increased armaments connected with it, as well as the resulting increase
of taxes and national debts, are a passing phenomenon, produced by the
particular political situation of Europe, and that it may be removed by
certain political combinations without any modification of the inner order
of life. |
º¸ÆíÀû º´¿ª Àǹ«¿Í ±×¿Í °ü·ÃµÈ ±ººñ È®ÀåÀº,
±×
°á°ú ¼¼±Ý°ú ±¹°¡ ºÎäÀÇ Áõ°¡¿Í ÇÔ²²,
À¯·´ÀÇ Æ¯¼öÇÑ
Á¤Ä¡Àû »óȲ¿¡ ÀÇÇØ À¯¹ßµÇ´Â ÀϽÃÀû Çö»óÀ̸ç,
±×°ÍÀº
»îÀÇ ³»ÀûÀÎ Áú¼¸¦ ¼öÁ¤ÇÏÁö ¾Ê°í¼µµ ¾î¶² Á¤Ä¡Àû
Â¥¸ÂÃß±â·Î¼ Á¦°ÅµÉ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù´Â °ÍÀÌ ÀϹÝÀûÀ¸·Î
°¡Á¤µÇ°í ÀÖ´Ù. |
|
This is absolutely incorrect. Universal military service is only the
internal inconsistency inherent in the social conception of life, carried
to its furthest limits, and becom¡©ing evident when a certain stage of
material development is reached. |
À̰ÍÀº Àý´ëÀûÀ¸·Î ¸ÂÁö ¾Ê´Ù.
º¸ÆíÀû º´¿ª Àǹ«´Â
¿ÀÁ÷ »çȸÀû °³³äÀÇ »î¿¡ ³»ÀçµÈ ³»ÀûÀÎ ¸ð¼øÀ¸·Î¼,
±×
±ØÇÑ¿¡ ´Ù´Þ¾ÒÀ¸¸ç,
ƯÁ¤ÇÑ ¹°ÁúÀÇ ¹ßÀüÀÇ ´Ü°è¿¡
µµ´ÞÇÒ ¶§¿¡ ºÐ¸íÇØÁø´Ù. |
|
The social conception of life, we have seen, consists in the transfer
of the aim of life from the individual to groups and their maintenance-to
the tribe, family, race, or state. |
»çȸÀû °³³äÀÇ »îÀº,
¿ì¸®°¡ º» ¹Ù¿Í °°ÀÌ,
Ȕ˂
¸ñÀûÀ» °³Àο¡¼ ¹«¸®¿Í ±×µéÀÇ À¯Áö-ºÎÁ·,
°¡Á·,
ÀÎÁ¾,
¶Ç´Â ±¹°¡-·Î µ¹¸²¿¡ ÀÖ´Ù. |
|
In the social conception of life it is supposed that since the aim of
life is found in groups of individuals, individuals will voluntarily
sacrifice their own interests for the interests of the group. And so it
has been, and still is, in fact, in certain groups, the distinction being
that they are the most primitive forms of association in the family or
tribe or race, or even in the patriarchal state. Through tradition handed
down by education and supported by religious sentiment, individuals
without compulsion merged their interests in the interest of the group and
sacrificed their own good for the general welfare. |
»çȸÀû °³³äÀÇ »îÀº »îÀÇ ¸ñÀûÀÌ °³ÀεéÀÇ ¹«¸®¿¡¼
ã¾ÆÁö¹Ç·Î,
°³ÀεéÀº ¹«¸®ÀÇ ÀÌÇØ¸¦ À§Çؼ ±×µé
ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ÀÌÇØµéÀ» ÀÚ¹ßÀûÀ¸·Î Èñ»ýÇÑ´Ù°í °¡Á¤µÈ´Ù.
±×¸®°í ±×·¡¼,
»ç½Ç»ó,
ƯÁ¤ÇÑ ¹«¸®µé¿¡¼´Â,
±×µéÀÌ
°¡Á·¿¡¼ ¶Ç´Â ºÎÁ· ¶Ç´Â ÀÎÁ¾ ¶Ç´Â ½ÉÁö¾î °¡ºÎÀåÀûÀÎ
±¹°¡¿¡¼ °¡Àå ¿ø½ÃÀûÀÎ ÇüÅÂÀÇ ¸ðÀÓÀ̶ó´Â ±¸º°ÀÌ
ÀÖ¾î ¿ÔÀ¸¸ç,
¾ÆÁ÷µµ ÀÖ´Ù.
±³À°¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼ Àü¼öµÇ¾úÀ¸¸ç
Á¾±³Àû °¨Á¤¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼ À¯ÁöµÇ¾î ¿Â ÀüÅëÀ» ÅëÇÏ¿©,
°³ÀεéÀº °¾Ð¾øÀÌ ±×µéÀÇ ÀÌÇØµéÀ» ¹«¸®ÀÇ ÀÌÇØ¿¡
º´ÇÕÇÏ¿´À¸¸ç ±×µé ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ÀÌÀÍÀ» ÀüüÀÇ ÇູÀ»
À§Çؼ Èñ»ýÇß´Ù. |
|
But the more complex and the larger societies become, and especially
the more often conquest becomes the cause of the amalgamation of people
into a state, the more often individuals strive to attain their own aims
at the public expense, and the more often it becomes necessary to restrain
these insubordinate individuals by recourse to authority, that is, to
violence. The champions of the social conception of life usually try to
connect the idea of authority, that is, of violence, with the idea of
moral influ¡©ence, but this connection is quite impossible. |
±×·¯³ª »çȸµéÀÌ ´õ¿í º¹ÀâÇØÁö°í Ä¿Áö¸ç,
ƯÈ÷ ´õ¿í
´õ Àæ¾ÆÁö´Â Á¤º¹ÀÌ »ç¶÷µéÀ» ±¹°¡·Î Èí¼öÇÏ´Â ¿øÀÎÀÌ
µÇ¸ç,
´õ¿í ÀÚÁÖ °³ÀεéÀÌ °ø°øÀÇ ºñ¿ëÀ¸·Î ±×µé ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ
¸ñÀûµéÀ» ¼ºÃëÇÏ·Á°í ¾Ö¾²¸ç,
±×¸®°í ´õ¿í ÀÚÁÖ À̵é
¹ÝÇ×ÇÏ´Â °³ÀεéÀ» ±Ç·Â,
Áï,
Æø·Â¿¡ ÀǰÅÇÏ¿© ¾ï¾ÐÇÒ
Çʿ䰡 ÀÖ¾î Áø´Ù.
»çȸÀû °³³äÀÇ »îÀÇ ¿ËÈ£ÀÚµéÀº ÁÖ·Î
±Ç·Â,
Áï,
Æø·ÂÀÇ °³³äÀ» µµ´öÀûÀÎ ¿µÇâÀÇ °³³ä°ú
¿¬°áÇÏ·Á ½ÃµµÇÏÁö¸¸,
ÀÌ·± ¿¬°áÀº ½ÉÈ÷ ºÒ°¡´ÉÇÏ´Ù. |
|
The effect of moral influence on a man is to change his desires and to
bend them in the direction of the duty required of him. The man who is
controlled by moral influence acts in accordance with his own desires.
Author¡©ity, in the sense in which the word is ordinarily understood, is a
means of forcing a man to act in opposition to his desires. The man who
submits to authority does not do as he chooses but as he is obliged by
authority. Nothing can oblige a man to do what he does not choose except
physical force, or the threat of it, that is-deprivation of freedom,
blows, imprisonment, or threats-easily carried out-of such punishments.
This is what authority consists of and always has consisted of. |
»ç¶÷¿¡ ´ëÇÑ µµ´öÀû ¿µÇâÀÇ È¿°ú´Â ±×ÀÇ ¿å±¸µéÀ»
º¯È½ÃÄѼ ±×°ÍµéÀ» ±×°Ô¿¡ ¿ä±¸µÇ´Â Àǹ«ÀÇ ¹æÇâÀ¸·Î
µ¹¸®´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù.
µµ´öÀûÀÎ ¿µÇâ¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼ ÅëÁ¦µÇ´Â
»ç¶÷Àº ÀÚ±â ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ¿å±¸µé¿¡ µû¶ó¼ ÇൿÇÑ´Ù.
±Ç·ÂÀº,
±× ´Ü¾î°¡ Æò¹üÇÏ°Ô ÀÌÇØµÇ´Â Àǹ̿¡¼,
»ç¶÷À» ±×ÀÇ
¿å±¸¿¡ ¹Ý´ë·Î ÇൿÇϵµ·Ï °Á¦ÇÏ´Â ¼ö´ÜÀÌ´Ù.
±Ç·Â¿¡
º¹Á¾ÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷Àº ÀÚ½ÅÀÌ ¼±ÅÃÇÏ´Â ´ë·Î ÇൿÇÏÁö
¾ÊÀ¸¸ç ±Ç·Â¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼ ¸íÇØÁö´Â ´ë·Î ÇൿÇÑ´Ù.
½ÅüÀû
Æø·Â ¶Ç´Â ½ÅüÀÇ À§Çù,
Áï ±×·¯ÇÑ Ã³¹úµéÀÇ À§Çù-ÀÚÀ¯ÀÇ
¹ÚÅ»,
°¡°Ý,
Åõ¿Á,
¶Ç´Â Çù¹Ú-Àº ½±°Ô ½ÇÇàµÇ¸ç-¿¡
ÀÇÇÏÁö ¾Ê°í´Â ¾Æ¹«°Íµµ »ç¶÷ÀÌ ¼±ÅÃÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀº °ÍÀ»
Çϵµ·Ï °Á¦ÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø´Ù.
À̰ÍÀÌ ±Ç·ÂÀÌ ÀǹÌÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ̸ç,
¾ðÁ¦³ª ÀǹÌÇÏ¿© ¿Ô¾ú´ø °ÍÀÌ´Ù. |
|
In spite of the unceasing efforts of those who happen to be in
authority to conceal this and attribute some other sig¡©nificance to it,
authority has always meant for man the cord, the chain with which he is
bound and fettered, or the knout with which he is to be flogged, or the ax
with which he is to have hands, ears, nose, or head cut off, or at the
very least, the threat of these terrors. So it was under Nero and Ghenghis
Khan, and so it is to-day, even under the most liberal government in the
Republics of the United States or of France. If men submit to authority,
it is only because they are liable to these punishments in case of
non-submission. All state obligations, payment of taxes, fulfillment of
state duties, and submission to punishments, exile, fines, etc., to which
people appear to submit volun¡©tarily, are always based on bodily violence
or the threat of it. |
±Ç·Â¿¡ ÀÖ°Ô µÇ´Â »ç¶÷µéÀÌ À̰ÍÀ» ¼û±â°í ±×°Í¿¡
´Ù¸¥ ¾î¶² ´Ù¸¥ Àǹ̸¦ ºÎ¿©ÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷µéÀÇ ¸ØÃßÁö ¾Ê´Â
³ë·Âµé¿¡µµ ºÒ±¸Çϰí,
±Ç·ÂÀº ¾ðÁ¦³ª »ç¶÷¿¡°Ô ÀÖ¾î¼
¿À¶ùÁÙ,
»ç¶÷ÀÌ ¹ÀÌ°í ¸Å¿© ÀÖ´Â »ç½½,
¶Ç´Â ±×°¡ ¸ÅÁú
´çÇÏ´Â °¡Á× Ã¤Âï,
¶Ç´Â ¼Õ,
´«,
ÄÚ,
¶Ç´Â ¸Ó¸®°¡ Àß·Á
Áö´Â µµ³¢,
¶Ç´Â ±ØÈ÷ ÃÖ¼ÒÇÑ ÀÌ·± °Íµé¿¡ ´ëÇÑ
µÎ·Á¿òµéÀ» ÀǹÌÇß´Ù.
±×°ÍÀº ³×·Î³ª ¡±â½ºÄ
Ä¡ÇÏ¿¡¼ ±×·¯ÇßÀ¸¸ç,
±×°ÍÀº ½ÉÁö¾î ¿À´Ã³¯ ¹Ì±¹À̳ª
ÇÁ¶û½º °°Àº °øÈ±¹µé °°Àº ÀÚÀ¯ÁÖÀÇ Á¤ºÎ ¾Æ·¡¼µµ
±×·¯ÇÏ´Ù.
¸¸ÀÏ »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ±Ç·Â¿¡ º¹Á¾ÇÑ´Ù¸é,
±×°ÍÀº
¿ÀÁ÷ ºÒº¹Á¾ÀÇ °æ¿ì¿¡ À̵é ó¹úµé¿¡ Ã³ÇØÁú ¼ö ÀÖ±â
¶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù.
¸ðµç ±¹°¡ÀÇ Àǹ«µé,
¼¼±ÞÀÇ ³³ºÎ,
±¹°¡ÀÇ
Àǹ« ÀÌÇà,
±×¸®°í ó¹ú¿¡ º¹Á¾,
Ãß¹æ,
¹ú±Ý,
µîÀº,
À̰͵鿡 »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ÀÚ¹ßÀûÀ¸·Î º¹Á¾ÇÏ´Â °Íó·³
º¸ÀÌÁö¸¸,
¾ðÁ¦³ª ½ÅüÀû Æø·ÂÀ̳ª ±×°ÍÀÇ À§Çù¿¡
±âÃÊÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù. |
|
The basis of authority is bodily violence. The possi¡©bility of
applying bodily violence to people is provided above all by an
organization of armed men, trained to act in unison in submission to one
will. These bands of armed men, submissive to a single will, are what
constitute the army. The army has always been and still is the basis of
power. Power is always in the hands of those who control the army, and all
men in power-from the Roman Caesars to the Russian and German
Emperors-take more interest in their army than in anything, and court
popularity in the army, knowing that if that is on their side their power
is secure. |
±Ç·ÂÀÇ ±âÃÊ´Â ½ÅüÀû Æø·ÂÀÌ´Ù.
½ÅüÀû Æø·ÂÀ»
»ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô Àû¿ëÇÏ´Â °¡´É¼ºÀº ¹«¾ùº¸´Ù ¸ÕÀú ÇÑ
»ç¶÷ÀÇ ÀÇÁö¿¡ º¹Á¾ÇÏ¿© ÀÏ»çºÒ¶õÇÏ°Ô ÇൿÇϵµ·Ï ÈÆ·Ã
¹ÞÀº ¹«ÀåÇÑ »ç¶÷µéÀÇ ´Üü¿¡¼ ÁغñµÈ´Ù.
ÀÌµé ¹«ÀåÇÑ
»ç¶÷µéÀÇ ¹«¸®µéÀÌ,
´Ü ÇÑ »ç¶÷ÀÇ ÀÇÁö¿¡ º¹Á¾ÇÏ¿©¼,
±º´ë¸¦ ±¸¼ºÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù.
±º´ë´Â ¾ðÁ¦³ª ±×¸®°í Áö±Ýµµ
±Ç·ÂÀÇ ±âÃÊÀÌ´Ù.
±Ç·ÂÀº ¾ðÁ¦³ª ±º´ë¸¦ ÅëÁ¦ÇÏ´Â
»ç¶÷µéÀÇ ¼Õ¾Æ±Í¿¡ ÀÖ´Ù,
±×¸®°í ±Ç·ÂÀ» Áö´Ñ ¸ðµç
»ç¶÷µéÀº-·Î¸¶ÀÇ ½ÃÀúºÎÅÍ ·¯½Ã¾Æ³ª µ¶ÀÏÀÇ È²Á¦µé
±îÁö-¹«¾ùº¸´Ùµµ ±×µéÀÇ ±º´ë¿¡ ´õ °ü½ÉÀ» °¡Áø´Ù,
±×¸®°í ±º´ë¿¡ ºñÀ§¸¦ ¸ÂÃß·Á Çϸç,
¸¸ÀÏ ±×°ÍÀÌ ±×µéÀÇ
ÆíÀ̶ó¸é,
±×µéÀÌ ±Ç·ÂÀº ¾ÈÀüÇÔÀ» ¾Ë°í ÀÖ´Ù. |
|
The formation and aggrandizement of the army, indis¡©pensable to the
maintenance of authority, is what has intro¡©duced into the social
conception of life the principle that is destroying it. |
±º´ëÀÇ Çü¼º°ú °È´Â,
±Ç·ÂÀÇ À¯Áö¿¡ ÀÖ¾î¼
ÇʼöÀûÀ¸·Î,
»çȸÀû °³³äÀÇ »î¿¡ ¹Ù·Î ±×°ÍÀ» ÆÄ±«ÇÏ´Â
¿ø¸®¸¦ µµÀÔÇÑ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. |
|
The object of authority and the justification for its exist¡©ence lie
in the restraint of those who aim at attaining their personal interests to
the detriment of the interests of society. |
±Ç·ÂÀÇ ¸ñÀû°ú ±×°ÍÀÇ Á¸À縦 Á¤´çÈÇÔÀº »çȸÀÇ
ÀÌÀ͵鿡 ÇØ°¡ µÇ´Â ±×µéÀÇ °³ÀÎÀûÀÎ ÀÌÇØµéÀ»
´Þ¼ºÇÏ·Á ÀǵµÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷µéÀ» ¾ïÁ¦ÇÔ¿¡ ÀÖ´Ù. |
|
But however power has been gained, those who possess it are in no way
different from other men, and therefore no more disposed than others to
subordinate their own inter¡©ests to those of the society. On the
contrary, having the power to do so at their disposal, they are more
disposed than others to subordinate the public interests to their own.
Whatever means men have devised for preventing those in authority from
over-riding public interests for their own benefit, or for intrusting
power only to the most faultless people, they have not so far succeeded in
either of those aims. |
±×·¯³ª ¾Æ¹«¸® ÈûÀÌ ¾ò¾î Á³´õ¶óµµ,
±×°ÍÀ» ¼ÒÀ¯ÇÑ
»ç¶÷µéÀº °áÄÚ ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷µé°í ´Ù¸£Áö ¾Ê´Ù,
±×¸®°í
±×·¯¹Ç·Î,
°áÄÚ ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷µé º¸´Ùµµ ±×µé ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ
ÀÌÀ͵éÀ» »çȸÀÇ ÀÌÀÍ¿¡ Á¾¼Ó½ÃŰ°í ½ÍÀº »ý°¢À» ´õ
°¡Áö°í ÀÖÁö ¾Ê´Ù.
¹Ý´ë·Î,
±×·¸°Ô ±×µé ¸¶À½´ë·Î
ó¸®ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ±Ç·ÂÀ» ÀâÀº µÚ¿¡,
±×µéÀº ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷µé
º¸´Ùµµ ´õ¿í °ø°øÀÇ ÀÌÀ͵éÀ» ÀڽŵéÀÇ ÀÌÀÍ¿¡ ´õ¿í
Á¾¼Ó½ÃŰ°í ½Í¾îÇÑ´Ù.
±Ç·Â¿¡ ÀÖ´Â »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ±×µé
ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ÀÌÀÍÀ» À§ÇÏ¿© °ø°øÀÇ ÀÌÀ͵éÀ» À¯¸°ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ»
¹æÁöÇϱâ À§ÇÏ¿©,
¶Ç´Â ±Ç·ÂÀ» ¿ÀÁ÷ °¡Àå °áÁ¡ÀÌ ¾ø´Â
»ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô ¸Ã±â±â À§Çؼ »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ¾î¶² ¼ö´ÜÀ»
°±¸ÇÏ´õ¶óµµ,
±×µéÀº ¿©Áö²¯ ±×µéÀÇ ¸ñÀûµé ÁßÀÇ ¾î´À
°Íµµ ¼º°øÇÏÁö ¸øÇß´Ù. |
|
All the methods of appointing authorities that have been tried, divine
right, and election, and heredity, and ballot¡©ing, and assemblies and
parliaments and senate-have all proved ineffectual. Everyone knows that
not one of these methods attains the aim either of intrusting power only
to the incorruptible, or of preventing power from being abused. Everyone
knows on the contrary that men in authority-be they emperors, ministers,
governors, or police officers-are always, simply from the possession of
power, more liable to be demoralized, that is, to subordinate public
interests to their personal aims than those who have not the power to do
so. Indeed, it could not be other¡©wise. |
½Ãµµ µÇ¾ú´ø ±Ç·ÂµéÀ» ÀÓ¸íÇÏ´Â ¸ðµç ¹æ¹ýµé,
Áï,
½ÅÀûÀÎ ±Ç¸®,
±×¸®°í ¼±°Å,
±×¸®°í ¼¼½ÀÁ¦,
±×¸®°í
ÅõÇ¥Á¦,
±×¸®°í Áýȸµé,
ÀÇȸµé ±×¸®°í »ó¿ø-¸ðµÎ°¡
½ÇÈ¿¼ºÀÌ ¾ø´Ù°í Áõ¸íµÇ¾ú´Ù.
ÀÌµé ¹æ¹ýµé Áß¿¡
ÇѰ¡Áöµµ ±Ç·ÂÀ» ¿ÀÁ÷ ºÎÆÐÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â ÀÚ¿¡°Ô
À§Å¹Çϰųª,
±Ç·ÂÀÌ ³²¿ëµÇÁö ¾Êµµ·Ï ¸·À¸·Á´Â ¸ñÀû
ÁßÀÇ Çϳª¸¦ ´Þ¼ºÇÏÁö ¸øÇÔÀ» ´©±¸³ª ¾Ë°í ÀÖ´Ù.
¹Ý´ë·Î
´©±¸³ª ±Ç·Â¿¡ ¿À¸¥ »ç¶÷µéÀº-ȲÁ¦µé,
Àå°üµé,
ÁÖÁö»çµé,
¶Ç´Â °æÂû °ø¹«¿øµé ÀÏÁö¶óµµ-¾ðÁ¦³ª,
´Ü¼øÈ÷ ±Ç·ÂÀ»
¼ÒÀ¯Çϱ⸸ Çϸé,
±Ç·ÂÀ» Áö´ÏÁö ¾Ê´Â »ç¶÷µé º¸´Ùµµ ´õ
ºÎÆÐµÇ°í,
Áï,
°ø°øÀÇ ¸ñÀûÀ» ±×µéÀÇ °³ÀÎÀûÀÎ ¸ñÀû¿¡
Á¾¼Ó ½ÃŰ·Á Çϱ⠽¬¿òÀ» ¾Ë°í ÀÕ´Ù.
ÁøÁ¤,
±×°ÍÀº
´Ù¸£°Ô µÉ ¼ö°¡ ¾ø¾ú´Ù. |
|
The state conception of life could be justified only so long as all men
voluntarily sacrificed their personal interests to the public welfare. But
so soon as there were indi¡©viduals who would not voluntarily sacrifice
their own interests, and authority, that is, violence, was needed to
restrain them, then the disintegrating principle of the coercion of one
set of people by another set entered into the social conception of the
organization based on it. |
±¹°¡Àû °³³äÀÇ »îÀº ¸ðµç »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ÀÚ¿øÇؼ ±×µéÀÇ
°³ÀÎÀû ÀÌÇØµéÀ» °ø°øÀÇ ÇູÀ» À§Çؼ Èñ»ýÇÏ´Â ÇÑ
Á¤´ç鵃 ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.
±×·¯³ª ÀÚ¿øÇؼ ÀڽŵéÀÇ ÀÌÀ͵éÀ»
Èñ»ýÇÏ·Á ÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â °³ÀÎµé »ý±â°í,
±Ç·Â,
Áï,
Æø·ÂÀÌ
±×µéÀ» ¾ïÁ¦ÇÏ¿©¾ß µÇ´Â Çʿ䰡 »ý±âÀÚ ¸¶ÀÚ,
ÇÑ ¹«¸®ÀÇ
»ç¶÷µéÀÌ ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷µé¿¡ ÀÇÇØ °¿äµÇ´Â ºÐ¿ÀûÀÎ
À©¸®°¡ ±×°Í¿¡ ÀÔ°¢ÇÑ »çȸÀû °³³äÀÇ ±â±¸¿¡ µé¾î¿Ô´Ù. |
|
For the authority of one set of men over another to attain its object
of restraining those who override public interests for their personal
ends, power ought only to be put into the hands of the impeccable, as it
is supposed to be among the Chinese, and as it was supposed to be in the
Middle Ages, and is even now supposed to be by those who believe in the
consecration by anointing. Only under those conditions could the social
organization be justified. |
ÀڽŵéÀÇ °³ÀÎÀûÀÎ ¸ñÀûµéÀ» À§Çؼ °ø°øÀÇ ÀÌÀ͵éÀ»
À¯¸°ÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷µéÀ» ¾ïÁ¦ÇÏ´Â ¸ñÀûÀ» ´Þ¼ºÇÏ·Á´Â ÇÑ
¹«¸®ÀÇ »ç¶÷µéÀÇ ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷µé¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ±Ç·Â¿¡ ´ëÇØ¼,
±Ç·ÂÀº ¿ÀÁ÷ °áÇÔÀÌ ¾ø´Â »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ¼Õ¿¡ Áã¾î Á®¾ß ÇÑ´Ù,
±×°ÍÀº Áß±¹ÀÎµé »çÀÌ¿¡¼ »ý°¢µÇ¾úÀ¸¸ç,
±×°ÍÀº Áß¼¼
½Ã´ë¿¡µµ ±×·¸°Ô »ý°¢µÇ¾ú´Ù,
±×¸®°í ½ÉÁö¾î Áö±Ýµµ
±â¸§ºÎÀ½¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ ½Å¼ºÈ¸¦ ¹Ï´Â »ç¶÷µé¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼
±×·¸°Ô »ý°¢µÇ¾î Áö°í ÀÖ´Ù.
¿ÀÁ÷ ±×·¯ÇÑ Á¶°Çµé ¾Æ·¡¼
»çȸÀû ±â±¸µéÀÌ Á¤´çÈ µÉ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. |
|
But since this is not the case, and on the contrary men in power are
always far from being saints, through the very fact of their possession of
power, the social organization based on power has no justification. |
±×·¯³ª À̰ÍÀº ±×·¸Áö ¾Ê´Ù,
±×¸®°í ±×¿Í ¹Ý´ë·Î,
±Ç·ÂÀ» Áö´Ñ »ç¶÷µéÀº ¾ðÁ¦³ª ¼ºÀÚµéÀÌ µÇ±â´Â Ä¿³ç,
±×µéÀÌ ±Ç·ÂÀ» ¼ÒÀ¯ÇÑ´Ù´Â »ç½Ç ±× ÀÚü¸¦ ¶§¹®¿¡
±Ç·ÂÀ» ±âÃÊ·ÎÇÑ »çȸÀû ±â±¸µéÀº Á¤´ç¼ºÀ» °¡ÁöÁö
¸øÇÑ´Ù. |
|
Even if there was once a time when, owing to the low standard of
morals, and the disposition of men to violence, the existence of an
authority to restrain such violence was an advantage, because the violence
of government was less than the violence of individuals, one cannot but
see that this advantage could not be lasting. As the disposition of
individuals to violence diminished, and as the habits of the people became
more civilized, and as power grew more demoralized through lack of
restraint, this advantage dis¡©appeared. |
ºñ·Ï ³·Àº ¼öÁØÀÇ µµ´ö¼º°ú »ç¶÷µéÀÇ Æø·Â¿¡ ´ëÇÑ
¼±È£¸¦ µû¸£´õ¶óµµ,
Á¤ºÎÀÇ Æø·ÂÀº °³ÀεéÀÇ Æø·Âº¸´Ù
´úÇÏ¿´±â ¶§¹®¿¡ ±×·¯ÇÑ Æø·ÂÀ» ¾ïÁ¦ÇÏ´Â ±Ç·ÂÀÇ
Á¸Àç°¡ ÀÌÀÍÀÌ´ø ¶§°¡ ÀÖ¾ú´Ù¶óµµ,
»ç¶÷µéÀº ÀÌ ÀÌÀÍÀÌ
¿À·¡°¥ ¼ö ¾ø´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ¾Ë ¼ö ¹Û¿¡ ¾ø¾ú´Ù.
°³ÀεéÀÇ
Æø·Â¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¼±È£°¡ °¨¼ÒµÊ¿¡ µû¶ó¼,
±×¸®°í »ç¶÷µéÀÇ
½À°üÀÌ Á¡Á¡ ¹®¸íȵǾ¿¡ µû¶ó¼,
±×¸®°í ±Ç·ÂÀÌ
¾ïÁ¦ÀÇ °á¿© ¶§¹®¿¡ ´õ¿í´õ ºÎÆÐµÇ°í,
ÀÌ·± ÀÌÀÍÀÌ
»ç¶óÁ³´Ù. |
|
The whole history of the last two thousand years is noth¡©ing but the
history of this gradual change of relation between the moral development
of the masses on the one hand and the demoralization of governments on the
other. |
°ú°Å ÀÌõ³âÀÇ Àüü ¿ª»ç´Â ´ÜÁö ÇÑÆíÀ¸·Î ´ëÁßµéÀÇ
µµ´öÀû ¹ßÀü°ú ´Ù¸¥ ÇÑÆíÀ¸·Î Á¤ºÎµéÀÇ ºÎÆÐ »çÀÌ¿¡¼
ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ °ü°èÀÇ Á¡ÁøÀû º¯ÈÀÌ´Ù. |
|
This, put simply, is how it has come to pass. |
À̰ÍÀÌ,
°£´ÜÈ÷ ¸»ÇÏÀÚ¸é,
±×°ÍÀÌ ¾î¶»°Ô ÀϾî
³µ´Â°¡ÀÌ´Ù. |
|
Men lived in families, tribes, and races, at feud with one another,
plundering, outraging, and killing one another. These violent hostilities
were carried on on a large and on a small scale: man against man, family
against family, tribe against tribe, race against race, and people against
people. The larger and stronger groups conquered and absorbed the weaker,
and the larger and stronger they became, the more internal feuds
disappeared and the more the continuity of the group seemed assured. |
»ç¶÷µéÀº °¡Á·µé,
ºÎÁ·µé,
±×¸®°í ÀÎÁ¾µé·Î¼,
¾àÅ»Çϸç,
°ÌÅ»ÇÏ¸ç ¼·Î¸¦ Á×À̸é¼,
¼·Î ¹Ý¸ñÇϸç
»ì¾Ò´Ù.
ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ Æø·ÂÀû Àû´ë ÇàÀ§µéÀº ´ë±Ô¸ð·Î ±×¸®°í
¼Ò±Ô¸ð·Î ¼öÇàµÇ¾ú´Ù:
»ç¶÷ÀÌ »ç¶÷À» ´ëÀûÇϰí,
°¡Á·ÀÌ
°¡Á·À»,
ºÎÁ·ÀÌ ºÎÁ·À»,
ÀÎÁ¾ÀÌ ÀÎÁ¾À»,
»ç¶÷µéÀÌ
»ç¶÷µéÀ» ´ëÀûÇÏ¿´´Ù.
´õ¿í Å©°í °ÇÑ ¹«¸®µéÀº ´õ¿í
¾àÇÑ ÀÚµéÀ» Á¤º¹Çϰí Èí¼öÇÏ¿´À¸¸ç,
±×µéÀÌ ´õ¿í Å©°í
°ÇØÁö¸é,
´õ¿í´õ ³»ÀûÀÎ ¹Ý¸ñµéÀÌ »ç¶óÁ³´Ù ±×¸®°í
¹«¸®µéÀÇ °è¼Ó¼ºÀÌ ´õ¿í º¸ÀåÀÌ µÇ´Â °Í °°¾Ò´Ù. |
|
The members of a family or tribe, united into one com¡©munity, are less
hostile among themselves, and families and tribes do not die like one man,
but have a continuity of existence. Between the members of one state,
subject to a single authority, the strife between individuals seems still
less and the life of the state seems even more secure. |
°¡Á· ¶Ç´Â ºÎÁ·ÀÇ ±¸¼º¿øµéÀº,
ÇϳªÀÇ °øµ¿Ã¼·Î
¿¬ÇÕÇÏ¿©¼,
±×µé »çÀÌ¿¡¼´Â ´ú Àû´ëÀûÀÌ´Ù,
±×¸®°í
°¡Á·µé°ú ºÎÁ·µéÀº ÇÑ »ç¶÷À¸·Î¼ Á×Áö ¾Ê´Â´Ù,
±×·¯³ª
Á¸ÀçÀÇ ¿¬¼Ó¼ºÀ» °¡Áø´Ù.
ÇÑ ±¹°¡ÀÇ ±¸¼º¿øµé »çÀÌ¿¡¼,
À¯ÀÏÇÑ ±Ç·Â¿¡ Á¾¼ÓµÇ¾î,
°³ÀÎµé °£ÀÇ ÅõÀïÀº ÈξÀ Àû¾î
º¸¿´°í ±¹°¡ÀÇ »îÀº ½ÉÁö¾î´Â ´õ¿í ¾ÈÀüÇØ º¸¿´´Ù. |
|
Their association into larger and larger groups was not the result of
the conscious recognition of the benefits of such associations, as it is
said to be in the story of the Varyagi. It was produced, on one hand, by
the natural growth of population, and, on the other, by struggle and
conquest. |
±×µéÀÇ Á¡Á¡ ´õ Å« ¹«¸®·ÎÀÇ ¿¬ÇÕÀº,
¹Ù¸®¾Æ±âÀÇ
À̾߱⿡¼ ¸»ÇØÁø °Íó·³,
±×·¯ÇÑ ¿¬ÇÕµéÀÇ ÀÌÀ͵鿡
´ëÇÑ ÀǽÄÀûÀÎ ÀνÄÀÇ °á°ú°¡ ¾Æ´Ï´Ù.
±×°ÍÀº,
ÇÑÆíÀ¸·Î,
Àα¸ÀÇ ÀÚ¿¬Àû Áõ°¡¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼,
±×¸®°í ´Ù¸¥ ÇÑÆíÀ¸·Î,
ÅõÀï°ú Á¤º¹¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼ ¸¸µé¾î Á³´Ù. |
|
After conquest the power of the emperor puts an end to internal
dissensions, and so the state conception of life justifies itself. But
this justification is never more than temporary. Internal dissensions
disappear only in propor¡©tion to the degree of oppression exerted by the
authority over the dissentient individuals. The violence of internal feud
crushed by authority reappears in authority itself, which falls into the
hands of men who, like the rest, are frequently or always ready to
sacrifice the public welfare to their personal interest, with the
difference that their subjects cannot resist them, and thus they are
exposed to all the demoralizing influence of authority. And thus the evil
of violence, when it passes into the hands of authority, is always growing
and growing, and in time becomes greater than the evil it is supposed to
suppress, while, at the same time, the tendency to violence in the members
of the society becomes weaker and weaker, so that the violence of
authority is less and less needed. |
Á¤º¹ µÚ¿¡,
ȲÁ¦ÀÇ ±Ç·ÂÀº ³»ºÐµé¿¡ Á¾ÁöºÎ¸¦ Âï´Â´Ù,
±×·¡¼ ±¹°¡Àû °³³äÀÇ »îÀº ±× ÀÚü¸¦ Á¤´çÈÇÑ´Ù.
±×·¯³ª ÀÌ·± Á¤´çÈ´Â °áÄÚ ÀϽÃÀûÀÎ °Í ÀÌ»óÀº ¾Æ´Ï´Ù.
³»ÀûÀÎ ºÐ¿µéÀº ¿ÀÁ÷ ±Ç·ÂÀÌ ºÐ¿ÀûÀÎ °³Àε鿡°Ô
Çà»çµÇ´Â ¾ï¾ÐÀÇ Á¤µµ¿¡ ºñ·ÊÇÏ¿© »ç¶óÁø´Ù.
±Ç·Â¿¡
ÀÇÇØ¼ ºÐ¼âµÇ´Â ³»ÀûÀÎ ¹Ý¸ñÀÇ Æø·ÂÀº ±Ç·Â ±× ÀÚü
¾È¿¡¼ ´Ù½Ã ³ªÅ¸³ª¸ç,
±×°ÍÀº,
³ª¸ÓÁö¿Í ¸¶Âù°¡Áö·Î,
ºó¹øÈ÷ ¶Ç´Â Ç×»ó ±×µé °³ÀÎÀÇ ÀÌÀÍÀ» À§Çؼ °ø°øÀÇ
ÇູÀ» Èñ»ýÇÒ Áغñ°¡ µÈ »ç¶÷µéÀÇ ¼öÁß¿¡ ¶³¾îÁö°í,
±×°ÍÀº ±×µéÀÇ ¹é¼ºµéÀÌ ±×µé¿¡°Ô ÀúÇ×ÇÒ ¼ö ¾øÀ¸¸ç,
±×¸®ÇÏ¿© ±×µéÀº ±Ç·ÂÀÇ ¸ðµç ºÎÆÐÀûÀÎ ¿µÇâ¿¡
³ëÃâµÇ¾î ÀÖ´Ù´Â Â÷À̰¡ ÀÖ´Ù.
±×¸®°í ±×¸®ÇÏ¿© Æø·ÂÀÇ
¾ÇÀº,
±Ç·ÂÀÇ ¼öÁß¿¡ µé¾î °¬À» ¶§,
¾ðÁ¦³ª ¼ºÀåÇϰí
¼ºÀåÇÏ¿©¼,
°á±¹Àº ¾ï¾ÐÇØ¾ß µÈ´Ù°í ¿©°ÜÁö´Â ¾Çº¸´Ù
´õ Ä¿Áö¸ç,
ÇÑÆí,
µ¿½Ã¿¡ »çȸ ±¸¼º¿øµé¿¡ ÀÖ¾î¼
Æø·Â¿¡ ´ëÇÑ °æÇâÀº Á¡Á¡ ´õ ¾àÇØÁ®¼,
±Ç·ÂÀÇ Æø·ÂÀº
Á¡Á¡ ´õ Àû°Ô ÇÊ¿äÇÏ°Ô µÈ´Ù. |
|
Government authority, even if it does suppress private violence, always
introduces into the life of men fresh forms of violence, which tend to
become greater and greater in proportion to the duration and strength of
the government. |
Á¤ºÎ ±Ç·ÂÀº,
ºñ·Ï °³ÀÎÀûÀÎ Æø·ÂÀ» ¾ï´©¸£Áö
¾Ê´Â´Ù°í ÇÏ´õ¶óµµ,
¾ðÁ¦³ª »ç¶÷µéÀÇ »î¿¡ »õ·Î¿î
ÇüÅÂÀÇ Æø·ÂÀ» ¼Ò°³Çϸç,
±×°ÍÀº Á¤ºÎÀÇ Áö¼Ó¼º°ú Èû¿¡
ºñ·ÊÇÏ¿© Á¡Á¡ ´õ Ä¿Áö·Á´Â °æÇâÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù. |
|
So that though the violence of power is less noticeable in government
than when it is employed by members of society against one another,
because it finds expression in submission, and not in strife, it
nevertheless exists, and often to a greater degree than in former days. |
°á±¹,
ºñ·Ï ±Ç·ÂÀÇ Æø·ÂÀÌ »çȸÀÇ ±¸¼º¿øµéÀÌ
¼·Î¿¡°Ô Àû´ëÀûÀÏ ¶§º¸´Ù µÎµå·¯ ÁöÁö ¾Ê´õ¶óµµ,
±×°ÍÀÌ ÅõÀïÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó º¹Á¾¿¡¼ Ç¥ÇöÀ» ã±â ¶§¹®¿¡,
±×°ÍÀº ±×·³¿¡µµ ºÒ±¸Çϰí Á¸ÀçÇϸç,
ÈçÈ÷ °ú°ÅÀÇ
½Ã´ëº¸´Ù Á¤µµ°¡ ½ÉÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. |
|
And it could not be otherwise, since, apart from the demoralizing
influence of power, the policy or even the unconscious tendency of those
in power will always be to reduce their subjects to the extreme of
weakness, for the weaker the oppressed, the less effort need be made to
keep him in subjection. |
±×¸®°í ±×°ÍÀº ´Ù¸¥ ¹æÇâÀ¸·Î ¼º¸³µÉ ¼ö°¡ ¾ø´Ù,
¿Ö³ÄÇϸé,
±Ç·ÂÀÇ ºÎÆÐÀûÀÎ ¿µÇâ°ú´Â º°µµ·Î,
±Ç·ÂÀ»
Áö´Ñ ÀÚµéÀÇ Á¤Ã¥À̳ª ½ÉÁö¾î ¹«ÀǽÄÀûÀÎ °æÇâÀº
¾ðÁ¦³ª ±×µéÀÇ ¹é¼ºÀ» ³ª¾àÇÔÀÇ ±ØÄ¡·Î ¸ô¾Æ ³Ö´Â´Ù,
¿Ö³ÄÇϸé,
ÇǾйÚÀÚ°¡ ¾àÇØÁö¸é Áú¼ö·Ï,
±×¸¦ Á¾¼Ó
»óÅ·ΠÀ¯ÁöÇÏ´Â ³ë·ÂÀÌ Àû°Ô µé±â ¶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù. |
|
And therefore the oppression of the oppressed always goes on growing up
to the furthest limit, beyond which it cannot go without killing the goose
with the golden eggs. And if the goose lays no more eggs, like the
American Indians, Negroes, and Fijians, then it is killed in spite of the
sincere protests of philanthropists. |
±×¸®°í ±×·¯¹Ç·Î ÇǾйÚÀÚµéÀ» ¾ï¾ÐÀº ¾ðÁ¦³ª Ä¿Á®¼
±× ±ØÇѱîÁö °è¼ÓÇØ¼ ÀÚ¶ó³´Ù,
±×°ÍÀ» ³Ñ±â À§Çؼ´Â
Ȳ±Ý¾ËÀ» °¡Áø °ÅÀ§¸¦ Á×ÀÌÁö ¾Ê°í´Â ³ª¾Æ°¥ ¼ö ¾ø´Ù.
±×¸®°í,
¸¶Ä¡ ¹Ì±¹ÀÇ Àεð¾Èµé,
ÈæÀεé,
±×¸®°í
ÇÇÁöÀεéó·³,
±× °ÅÀ§°¡ ´õ ÀÌ»ó ¾ËÀ» ³ºÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù¸é,
¹Ú¾ÖÁÖÀÇÀÚµéÀÇ ÁøÁöÇÑ Ç×ÀÇ¿¡µµ ºÒ±¸ÇÏ°í »ìÇØµÈ´Ù. |
|
The most convincing example of this is to be found in the condition of
the working classes of our epoch, who are in reality no better than the
slaves of ancient times subdued by conquest. |
À̰Ϳ¡ ´ëÇÑ °¡Àå ³³µæÀÌ °¡´Â ¿¹´Â ¿ì¸® ½Ã´ëÀÇ
³ëµ¿ÇÏ´Â °è±ÞµéÀÇ »óÅ¿¡¼ ¹ß°ßµÇ¸ç,
»ç½Ç»ó ±×µéÀº
¿¾³¯ Á¤º¹À¸·Î Á¦¾ÐµÈ ³ë¿¹µéº¸´Ù °áÄÚ ³´Áö ¾Ê´Ù. |
|
In spite of the pretended efforts of the higher classes to ameliorate
the position of the workers, all the working classes of the present day
are kept down by the inflexible iron law by which they only get just what
is barely neces¡©sary, so that they are forced to work without ceasing
while still retaining strength enough to labor for their employers, who
are really those who have conquered and enslaved them. |
»óÀ§ °èÃþµéÀÇ ³ëµ¿ÀÚµéÀÇ À§Ä¡¸¦ °³¼±ÇÏ·Á´Â
°¡½ÄÀûÀÎ ³ë·Âµé¿¡µµ ºÒ±¸Çϰí,
¿À´Ã³¯ÀÇ ¸ðµç
³ëµ¿ÇÏ´Â °è±ÞµéÀº µüµüÇÑ ¼íµ¢¾î¸® °°Àº ¹ýÀ¸·Î¼
¾ï¾ÐµÇ¾î¼ ±×µéÀÌ ¿ÀÁ÷ °£½ÅÈ÷ ÇÊ¿äÇÑ °Í ¸¸À» ¾òÀ» ¼ö
ÀÖÀ¸¸ç,
°á±¹ ±×µéÀº ±×µéÀÇ °í¿ëÁÖµéÀ» À§ÇÏ¿© ³ëµ¿ÇÒ
¼ö ÀÖ´Â ÈûÀ» ¾ÆÁ÷ À¯ÁöÇϰí ÀÖ´Â µ¿¾È ½¬ÀÓ¾øÀÌ
³ëµ¿Çϵµ·Ï °¿ä¹ÞÀ¸¸ç,
°í¿ëÁÖµéÀº ½ÇÁ¦·Î Á¤º¹ÇÑ
ÀÚµéÀÌ¸ç ±×µéÀ» ³ë¿¹ÈÇÏ¿´´Ù. |
|
So it has always been. In ratio to the duration and increasing strength
of authority its advantages for its sub¡©jects disappear and its
disadvantages increase. |
±×°ÍÀº ¾ðÁ¦³ª ±×·¸°Ô ÁøÇàµÇ¾ú´Ù.
±Ç·ÂÀÇ
Áö¼Ó±â°£°ú Áõ°¡ÇÏ´Â Èû¿¡ ºñ·ÊÇÏ¿© ±× ¹é¼ºµéÀ» À§ÇÑ
ÀÌÀ͵éÀº »ç¶óÁö°í ±×µéÀÇ ºÒÀÌÀÍÀº Áõ°¡ÇÑ´Ù. |
|
And this has been so, independently of the forms of government under
which nations have lived. The only difference is that under a despotic
form of government the authority is concentrated in a small number of
oppressors and violence takes a cruder form; under constitutional
monarchies and republics as in France and America author¡©ity is divided
among a great number of oppressors and the forms assumed by violence is
less crude, but its effect of making the disadvantages of authority
greater than its advantages, and of enfeebling the oppressed to the
furthest extreme to which they can be reduced with advantage to the
oppressors, remains always the same. |
±×¸®°í À̰ÍÀº,
¹é¼ºµéÀÌ »ì¾Æ¿Â Á¤ºÎÀÇ ÇüÅ¿ʹÂ
º°°³·Î,
±×·¸°Ô ÀÌ·ç¾îÁ³´Ù.
À¯ÀÏÇÑ Â÷ÀÌ´Â Á¤ºÎÀÇ
ÀüÁ¦Àû ÇüÅ¿¡ µû¶ó¼ ±Ç·ÂÀº ¼Ò¼öÀÇ ¾ÐÁ¦Àڵ鿡
ÁýÁßµÇ¸ç Æø·ÂÀº ´õ¿í °ÅÄ£ ÇüŸ¦ °¡Áø´Ù;
ÇÁ¶û½º³ª
¹Ì±¹¿¡¼ ó·³ Çå¹ýÀûÀÎ ±ºÁÖÁ¦³ª °øÈÁ¦ ¾Æ·¡¼
±Ç·ÂÀº ¸¹Àº ¼ýÀÚÀÇ ¾ÐÁ¦ÀÚµé·Î¼ ³ª´©¾îÁö¸ç Æø·Â¿¡
ÀÇÇØ¼ ÃëÇØÁö´Â ÇüŵéÀº ´ú °ÅÄ¥Áö¸¸,
±Ç·ÂÀÇ
ºÒÀÌÀÍÀÌ ÀÌÀͺ¸´Ù Å©°Ô ¸¸µå´Â È¿°ú¿Í,
ÇǾйÚÀÚ¸¦
ÃÖ¾ÇÀÇ »óÅ·Π¾àȽÃÄѼ ±×µéÀÌ ¾ÐÁ¦Àڵ鿡 ´ëÇÑ
ÀÌÀÍ¿¡ À־µ °¨¼ÒµÉ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â È¿°ú´Â ¾ðÁ¦³ª ¶È°°´Ù. |
|
Such has been and still is the condition of all the oppressed, but
hitherto they have not recognized the fact. In the majority of instances
they have believed in all simplicity that governments exist for their
benefit; that they would be lost without a government; that the very idea
of living without a government is a blasphemy which one hardly dare put
into words; that this is the-for some reason terrible-doctrine of
anarchism, with which a mental picture of all kinds of horrors is
associated. |
¸ðµç ¾Ð¹Ú¹Þ´Â »ç¶÷µéÀÇ »óÅ´ ±×·¸°Ô µÇ¾î ¿ÔÀ¸¸ç,
¾ÆÁ÷µµ ±×·¸´Ù,
±×·¯³ª ±×µéÀº ±× »ç½ÇÀ» Áö±Ý±îÁö
±ú´ÝÁö ¸øÇß´Ù.
´ëºÎºÐÀÇ °æ¿ìµé¿¡¼ ±×µéÀº ¸ðµç
´Ü¼øÇÔÀ¸·Î Á¤ºÎ´Â ±×µéÀÇ ÀÌÀÍÀ» À§Çؼ Á¸ÀçÇÑ´Ù°í
¹Ï¾ú´Ù;
±×µéÀº Á¤ºÎ°¡ ¾ø´Ù¸é »ç¶óÁú °ÍÀ̶ó°í ¹Ï¾ú´Ù;
Á¤ºÎ¾øÀÌ »ê´Ù´Â »ý°¢ ±× ÀÚü°¡ ¸ðµ¶ÀÌ¶ó¼ ¾Æ¹«µµ
¸»·Î Ç¥ÇöÇÒ ¾öµÎµµ °ÅÀÇ ³»Áö ¸øÇÑ´Ù°í ¹Ï¾ú´Ù;
À̰ÍÀº
-¾à°£ÀÇ ¹«¼¿î ÀÌÀ¯·Î¼-¹«Á¤ºÎÁÖÀÇÀÇ ±³¸®À̸ç,
±×·Î¼ ¸ðµç Á¾·ùÀÇ °øÆ÷µéÀÇ Á¤½ÅÀû ±¤°æÀÌ ¿¬»óµÇ¾î
ÀÖ´Ù°í ¹Ï¾ú´Ù. |
|
People have believed, as though it were something fully proved, and so
needing no proof, that since all nations have hitherto developed in the
form of states, that form of organization is an indispensable condition of
the develop¡©ment of humanity. |
»ç¶÷µéÀº,
±×°ÍÀÌ ¿ÏÀüÈ÷ Áõ¸íµÇ¾úÀ¸¸ç ±×·¡¼
¾Æ¹«·± Áõ¸íµµ ÇÊ¿äÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â °Íó·³,
¸ðµç ±¹¹ÎµéÀÌ
Áö±Ý±îÁö ±¹°¡µéÀÇ ÇüÅ·μ ¹ßÀüÇØ ¿Ô±â ¶§¹®¿¡,
±×·¯ÇÑ ÇüÅÂÀÇ Á¶Á÷Àº ÀηùÀÇ ¹ßÀü¿¡ ÇÊ¿ä ºÒ°¡°áÇÑ
Á¶°ÇÀ̶ó°í ¹Ï¾ú´Ù. |
|
And in that way it has lasted for hundreds and thou¡©sands of years,
and governments-those who happened to be in power-have tried it, and are
now trying more zeal¡©ously than ever to keep their subjects in this
error. |
±×¸®°í ±×·±½ÄÀ¸·Î ±×°ÍÀº ¼ö¹é³â µ¿¾È ±×¸®°í
¼öõ³â µ¿¾È Áö¼ÓµÇ¾ú´Ù,
±×¸®°í Á¤ºÎµéÀº-±Ç·Â¿¡
ÀÖ°ÔµÈ »ç¶÷µéÀº-±×°ÍÀ» ½ÃµµÇÏ¿´À¸¸ç,
±×¸®°í Áö±ÝÀº
´õ¿í Á¤¿ÀûÀ¸·Î ±×µéÀÇ ¹é¼ºµéÀ» ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ¿À·ù ¾È¿¡
ºÙµé¾î µÎ·Á°í Çϰí ÀÖ´Ù. |
|
So it was under the Roman emperors and so it is now. In spite of the
fact that the sense of the uselessness and even injurious effects of state
violence is more and more penetrating into men's consciousness, things
might have gone on in the same way forever if governments were not under
the necessity of constantly increasing their armies in order to maintain
their power. |
±×°ÍÀº ·Î¸¶ Á¦±¹¿¡¼µµ ±×·¯ÇßÀ¸¸ç,
±×°ÍÀº Áö±Ýµµ
±×·¯ÇÏ´Ù.
±¹°¡ Æø·ÂÀÌ ¹«ÀÍÇÔ°ú ½ÉÁö¾î ÇØ·Î¿î
È¿°úµéÀÇ Àǹ̰¡ Á¡Á¡ ´õ »ç¶÷µéÀÇ Àǽļӿ¡ ÆÄ°íµé¾î
°¡°í ÀÖ´Ù´Â »ç½Ç¿¡µµ ºÒ±¸Çϰí,
¸¸ÀÏ Á¤ºÎµéÀÌ ±×µéÀÇ
±Ç·ÂÀ» À¯ÁöÇϱâ À§ÇÏ¿© ±×µéÀÌ ±º´ëµéÀ» ºÎ´ÜÈ÷
Áõ°¡ÇÒ Çʿ信 ÀÖÁö ¾Ê´Ù¸é,
¸Å»ç´Â ¿µ¿øÈ÷ ¶È°°Àº
¹æÇâÀ¸·Î ³ª¾Æ °¬À» °ÍÀÌ´Ù. |
|
It is generally supposed that governments strengthen their forces only
to defend the state from other states, in oblivion of the fact that armies
are necessary, before all things, for the defense of governments from
their own oppressed and enslaved subjects. |
±º´ëµéÀÌ,
¹«¾ùº¸´Ù ¸ÕÀú,
±×µé ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ¾ï¾Ð¹ÞÀ¸¸ç
³ë¿¹ÈµÈ ¹é¼ºµé·ÎºÎÅÍ Á¤ºÎµéÀ» ¹æ¾îÇϱâ À§ÇØ
ÇÊ¿äÇÏ´Ù´Â »ç½ÇÀ» ¸Á°¢Çϰí¼,
Á¤ºÎµéÀÌ ¿ÀÁ÷ ´Ù¸¥
±¹°¡µé·ÎºÎÅÍ ±¹°¡¸¦ ¼öÈ£Çϱâ À§Çؼ ±×µéÀÌ ±º»ç·ÂÀ»
Áõ°ÇÑ´Ù°í ÀϹÝÀûÀ¸·Î °£ÁֵȴÙ. |
|
That has always been necessary, and has become more and more necessary
with the increased diffusion of education among the masses, with the
improved communication between people of the same and of different
nationalities. It has become particularly indispensable now in the face of
communism, socialism, anarchism, and the labor movement generally.
Governments feel that it is so, and strengthen the force of their
disciplined armies. |
±×°ÍÀº ¾ðÁ¦³ª ÇÊ¿äÇßÀ¸¸ç,
´ëÁßµé »çÀÌ¿¡¼ÀÇ
±³À°ÀÌ Á¡Á¡ È®»êµÊ¿¡ µû¶ó¼,
¶È°°Àº ±×¸®°í ´Ù¸¥
±¹ÀûÀ» °¡Áø »ç¶÷µé »çÀÌÀÇ °³¼±µÈ Åë½Å¿¡ µû¶ó¼,
Á¡Á¡
´õ ÇÊ¿äÇÏ°Ô µÇ¾ú´Ù.
±×°ÍÀº ÀÌÁ¦ ÀϹÝÀûÀ¸·Î °ø»êÁÖÀÇ,
»çȸÁÖÀÇ,
¹«Á¤ºÎÁÖÀÇ,
±×¸®°í ³ëµ¿ ¿îµ¿¿¡ ¸Â¼±â
À§Çؼ Ưº°È÷ ¾ø¾î¼´Â ¾ÈµÇ°Ô µÇ¾ú´Ù.
Á¤ºÎµéÀº
±×°ÍÀÌ ±×·¸´Ù°í ´À³¢°í ÀÖÀ¸¸ç,
±×¸®°í ±×µéÀÇ ÈÆ·ÃµÈ
±º´ëµéÀÇ ÈûÀ» °È½Ã۰í ÀÖ´Ù. |
|
In the German Reichstag not long ago, in reply to a question why funds
were needed for raising the salaries of the under-officers, the German
Chancellor openly declared that trustworthy under-officers were necessary
to contend against socialism. Caprivi only said aloud what every statesman
knows and assiduously conceals from the people. The reason to which he
gave expression is essentially the same as that which made the French
kings and the popes engage Swiss and Scotch guards, and makes the Rus¡©sian
authorities of today so carefully distribute the recruits, so that the
regiments from the frontiers are stationed in central districts, and the
regiments from the center are stationed on the frontiers. The meaning of
Caprivi's speech, put into plain language, is that funds are needed, not
to resist foreign foes, but to buy under-officers to be ready to
act against the enslaved toiling masses. |
µ¶ÀÏÀÇ Á¦±¹ ÀÇȸ¿¡¼,
¾ó¸¶Àü¿¡,
ÇÏ±Þ Àå±³µéÀÇ
ºÀ±ÞÀ» ¿Ã¸®´Âµ¥ ¿Ö ±â±ÝµéÀÌ ÇÊ¿äÇѰ¡¿¡ °üÇÑ Áú¹®¿¡
´ë´äÇÏ¿©,
µ¶ÀÏÀÇ ¼ö»óÀÌ ¹ÏÀ» ¸¸ÇÑ ÇÏ±Þ Àå±³µéÀÌ
»çȸÁÖÀÇ¿¡ ´ëÇ×ÇÏ¿© ½Î¿ì±â À§Çؼ ÇÊ¿äÇÏ´Ù°í
°ø°³ÀûÀ¸·Î ¼±¾ðÇß´Ù.
Ä«ÇÁ¸®ºñ´Â ¿ÀÁ÷ ¸ðµç
Á¤Ä¡ÀεéÀÌ ¾Ë°í ÀÖÀ¸¸ç ¿½ÉÈ÷ »ç¶÷µé·ÎºÎÅÍ ¼û±â°í
ÀÖ´Â °ÍÀ» Å©°Ô ¸»Çß´Ù.
±×°¡ Ç¥¸íÀ» ÇÑ ÀÌÀ¯´Â
±Ùº»ÀûÀ¸·Î ÇÁ¶û½º ¿Õµé°ú ±³È²µéÀÌ ½ºÀ§½º¿Í
½ºÄÚÆ²·£µå ¼öºñ´ë¿Í ±³ÀüÇÏ°Ô ¸¸µç °Í°ú ¶È°°´Ù,
±×¸®°í ¿À´Ã³¯ÀÇ ·¯½Ã¾Æ ´ç±¹µéÀÌ Á¶½É½º·´°Ô ½Åº´µéÀ»
¹èÄ¡Çϸç,
±×·¡¼ Àü¹æµéÀÇ ºÎ´ëµéÀÌ Áß¾Ó Áö±¸¿¡
¹èÄ¡µÇ°í,
Áß¾ÓÀÇ ºÎ´ëµéÀÌ Àü¹æ¿¡ ¹èÄ¡µÈ´Ù.
Ä«ÇÁ¸®ºñÀÇ ¿¬¼³ÀÇ Àǹ̴Â,
Æò¹üÇÑ ¾ð¾î·Î¼
Ç®¾îº¸ÀÚ¸é,
±â±ÝÀÌ ÇÊ¿äÇÏ´Ù,
±×°ÍÀº ¿Ü±¹ÀÇ Àûµé¿¡
¸Â¼±â À§ÇÔÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó,
³ë¿¹°¡ µÇ¾î °í¿ª¿¡ Ã³ÇØÁø
´ëÁߵ鿡 ´ëÀÀÇϱâ À§ÇÑ Áغñ·Î¼ ÇÏ±Þ Àå±³µéÀ» »ç±â
À§ÇÑ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. |
|
Caprivi incautiously gave utterance to what everyone knows perfectly
well, or at least feels vaguely if he does not recognize it, that is, that
the existing order of life is as it is, not, as would be natural and
right, because the people wish it to be so, but because it is so
maintained by state violence, by the army with its bought
under-officers and generals. |
Ä«ÇÁ¸®ºñ´Â Á¦°¢±â »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ¿Ïº®ÇÏ°Ô ¾Ë°í Àְųª,
Àû¾îµµ ±×°¡ ±×°ÍÀ» ±ú´ÝÁö ¸øÇÑ´Ù¸é ¸·¿¬ÇÏ°Ô ´À³¢´Â
°ÍÀ» Á¶½É¼º ¾øÀÌ ÀÔ¹Û¿¡ ³»¾ú´Ù,
´Ù½Ã ¸»Çϸé,
±âÁ¸ÀÇ
»îÀÇ Áú¼´Â ÀÖ´Â ±×´ë·ÎÀ̸ç,
´ç¿¬ÇÏ¸ç ¿ÇÀº °Íó·³,
»ç¶÷µéÀÌ ±×°ÍÀÌ ±×·¯Çϱ⸦ ¹Ù¶ó±â ¶§¹®ÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¸ç,
±¹°¡ÀÇ Æø·Â¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼,
±×µéÀÌ »çµéÀÎ ÇÏ±Þ Àå±³µé°ú
À屺µéÀ» °¡Áø ±º´ë¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼,
±×°ÍÀÌ ±×·¸°Ô À¯ÁöµÇ±â
¶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù. |
|
If the laborer has no land, if he cannot use the natural right of every
man to derive subsistence for himself and his family out of the land, that
is not because the people wish it to be so, but because a certain set of
men, the land¡©owners, have appropriated the right of giving or refusing
admittance to the land to the laborers. And this abnormal order of things
is maintained by the army. If the immense wealth produced by the labor of
the working classes is not regarded as the property of all, but as the
property of a few exceptional persons; if labor is taxed by authority and
the taxes spent by a few on what they think fit; if strikes on the part of
laborers are repressed, while on the part of capitalists they are
encouraged; if certain persons appro¡©priate the right of choosing the
form of the education, religious and secular, of children, and certain
persons monopolize the right of making the laws all must obey, and so
dispose of the lives and properties of other people-all this is not done
because the people wish it and because it is what is natural and right,
but because the government and ruling classes wish this to be so for their
own benefit, and insist on its being so even by physical violence. |
¸¸ÀÏ ³ëµ¿ÀÚ°¡ ¶¥ÀÌ ¾ø´Ù¸é,
°¢ÀÚÀÇ »ç¶÷ÀÌ ÀڽŰú
±×ÀÇ °¡Á·À» À§Çؼ ¶¥À¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ¸ÔÀ» °ÍÀ» °¡Á®¿Í¾ß ÇÒ
ÀÚ¿¬ÀûÀÎ ±Ç¸®¸¦ »ç¿ëÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø´Ù¸é,
±×°ÍÀº »ç¶÷µéÀÌ
±×°ÍÀÌ ±×·¸°Ô µÇ±â¸¦ ¹Ù¶ó¼°¡ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó,
¾î¶² ÁýÇÕÀÇ
»ç¶÷µé,
ÁöÁÖµéÀÌ ³ëµ¿Àڵ鿡°Ô ¶¥¿¡ ´ëÇÑ »ç¿ë Çã°¡¸¦
Áְųª °ÅÀýÇÏ´Â ±Ç¸®¸¦ Â÷ÁöÇÏ¿´±â ¶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù.
±×¸®°í
ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ºñÁ¤»óÀûÀÎ »ç¹°µéÀÇ Áú¼´Â ±º´ë¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼
À¯ÁöµÈ´Ù.
¸¸ÀÏ ³ëµ¿ÇÏ´Â °è±ÞµéÀÇ ³ëµ¿À¸·Î âÃâµÈ
¾öû³ ºÎ°¡ ¸ðµç »ç¶÷µéÀÇ Àç»êÀ¸·Î ¿©°ÜÁöÁö ¾Ê°í,
¼Ò¼öÀÇ ¿¹¿ÜÀûÀÎ »ç¶÷µéÀÇ Àç»êÀ¸·Î ¿©°ÜÁø´Ù¸é;
¸¸ÀÏ
³ëµ¿ÀÌ ±Ç·Â¿¡ ÀÇÇØ ¼¼±ÝÀÌ ¸Å°ÜÁö°í,
¼¼±ÝµéÀÌ ±×µéÀÌ
ÀûÇÕÇÏ´Ù°í »ý°¢ÇÏ´Â ¼Ò¼öÀÇ »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô ¾²¿©Áø´Ù¸é;
¸¸ÀÏ ³ëµ¿ÀÚµé ÂÊ¿¡¼ÀÇ ÆÄ¾÷µéÀÌ Áø¾ÐµÇ¸ç,
¹Ý¸é¿¡
ÀÚº»°¡µé ÂÊÀº Àå·ÁµÈ´Ù¸é;
¸¸ÀÏ Æ¯Á¤ÇÑ »ç¶÷µéÀÌ
Á¾±³Àû ¹× ¼¼¼ÓÀû ±×¸®°í ÀÚ³à ±³À°ÀÇ ÇüŸ¦ ¼±ÅÃÇÒ
±Ç¸®¸¦ Â÷ÁöÇϸç,
ƯÁ¤ÇÑ »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ¸ðµç »ç¶÷µéÀÌ
º¹Á¾ÇØ¾ß ÇÏ´Â ¹ýµéÀ» ¸¸µå´Â ±Ç¸®¸¦ µ¶Á¡ÇÑ´Ù¸é,
±×¸®°í ±×·¸°Ô ÇØ¼ ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷µéÀÇ ¸ñ¼ûµé°ú Àç»êµéÀ»
óºÐÇÑ´Ù¸é-ÀÌ ¸ðµç °ÍµéÀº »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ±×°ÍÀ» ¿øÇؼ°¡
¾Æ´Ï´Ù ±×¸®°í ±×°ÍÀÌ ÀÚ¿¬ÀûÀÌ°í ¿ÇÀº °ÍÀ̱⠶§¹®ÀÌ
¾Æ´Ï´Ù,
±×·¯³ª Á¤ºÎ¿Í Áö¹è °è±ÞµéÀÌ ±×µé ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ
ÀÌÀÍÀ» À§Çؼ À̰ÍÀÌ ±×·¸°Ô µÇ±â¸¦ ¿øÇϸç,
½ÉÁö¾î´Â
½ÅüÀû Æø·ÂÀ¸·Î ±×°ÍÀÌ ±×·¯°Ô µÇ±â¸¦ °¿äÇϱâ
¶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù. |
|
Everyone, if he does not recognize this now, will know that it is so at
the first attempt at insubordination or at a revolution of the existing
order. |
Á¦°¢±â »ç¶÷µéÀº,
¸¸ÀÏ ±×°¡ Áö±Ý À̰ÍÀ» ±ú´ÝÁö
¸øÇÏ´õ¶óµµ,
±âÁ¸ Áú¼¿¡ ºÒº¹Á¾Çϰųª Çõ¸íÀ» À§ÇÑ
ù¹øÂ° ½Ãµµ¿¡¼ ±×°ÍÀÌ ±×·¯ÇÔÀ» ¾Ë °ÍÀÌ´Ù. |
|
Armies, then, are needed by governments and by the ruling classes above
all to support the present order, which, far from being the result of the
people's needs, is often in direct antagonism to them, and is only
beneficial to the government and ruling classes. |
±×·¸´Ù¸é,
±º´ëµéÀº,
Á¤ºÎµé¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼ ±×¸®°í Áö¹è
°è±Þµé¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼ ¹«¾ùº¸´Ù ¸ÕÀú ÇöÀç Áú¼¸¦ À¯ÁöÇϱâ
À§Çؼ ÇÊ¿äÇϸç,
±×°ÍÀº,
»ç¶÷µéÀÇ ÇÊ¿äµéÀÇ °á°ú
¶§¹®À̱â´Â Ä¿³ç,
Á¾Á¾ ±×µé¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Á÷Á¢ÀûÀÎ ¹Ý´ëÀ̸ç,
¿ÀÁ÷ Á¤ºÎ¿Í Áö¹è °è±Þµé¿¡ ÀÌ·Î¿î °ÍÀÌ´Ù. |
|
To keep their subjects in oppression and to be able to enjoy the fruits
of their labor the government must have armed forces. |
±×µéÀÇ ¹é¼ºÀ» ¾ï¾Ð »óÅ¿¡ ºÙµé¾î µÎ±â À§Çؼ
±×¸®°í ±×µéÀÇ ³ëµ¿ÀÇ °ú½ÇµéÀ» Áñ±â±â À§Çؼ,
Á¤ºÎ´Â
¹Ýµå½Ã ±º´ë¸¦ °¡Á®¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. |
|
But there is not only one government. There are other governments,
exploiting their subjects by violence in the same way, and always ready to
pounce down on any other government and carry off the fruits of the toil
of its enslaved subjects. And so every government needs an army also to
protect its booty from its neighbor brigands. Every government is thus
involuntarily reduced to the necessity of emulating one another in the
increase of their armies. This increase is contagious, as Montesquieu
pointed out 150 years ago. |
±×·¯³ª ¿ÀÁ÷ ÇÑ Á¤ºÎ¸¸ ÀÖ´Â °ÍÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï´Ù.
±×·¯³ª
¶È°°Àº ¹æ¹ýÀ¸·Î ±×µéÀÇ ¹é¼ºµéÀ» ÂøÃëÇÏ´Â ´Ù¸¥
Á¤ºÎµéµµ ÀÖÀ¸¸ç,
±×µéÀº ¾ðÁ¦µçÁö ´Ù¸¥ Á¤ºÎµéÀ»
µ¤Ãļ ±×µéÀÇ ³ë¿¹ÈµÈ ¹é¼ºµéÀÇ ³ëµ¿ÀÇ °ú½ÇÀ»
»©¾ÑÀ» Áغñ°¡ µÇ¾î ÀÖ´Ù.
±×¸®°í ±×·¸°Ô ÇØ¼ °¢°¢ÀÇ
Á¤ºÎµéÀº ¶ÇÇÑ ÀÌ¿ôÀÇ ¾àÅ»ÀÚµé·ÎºÎÅÍ ±×µéÀÇ Àü¸®Ç°À»
º¸È£Çϱâ À§Çؼ ±º´ë°¡ ÇÊ¿äÇÏ´Ù.
Á¦°¢±â Á¤ºÎ´Â
ÀÌ·¸°Ô ÇØ¼ ºÎµæÀÌ ±×µéÀÇ ±º´ëÀÇ Áõ°¿¡¼ ¼·Î°¡
°Ü·ç¾î¾ß ÇÏ´Â ÇÊ¿ä±îÁö Àü¶ôµÈ´Ù.
ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ Áõ°Àº,
¸ùÅ×½ºÅ°¿Ü°¡ 150³â Àü¿¡ ÁöÀûÇÏ¿´µíÀÌ,
Àü¿°¼ºÀÌ´Ù. |
|
Every increase in the army of one state, with the aim of self-defense
against its subjects, becomes a source of danger for neighboring states
and calls for a similar in¡©crease in their armies. |
Àڱ⠹鼺µéÀ» °Ü³¶ÇÑ ÀÚ±â¹æ¾îÀÇ ¸ñÀûÀ¸·Î¼,
ÇÑ
±¹°¡ÀÇ ±º´ë¿¡¼ÀÇ Á¦°¢±â Áõ°¡´Â,
ÀÌ¿ô ±¹°¡¿¡°Ô
À§ÇèÀÇ ±Ù¿øÀÌ µÈ´Ù ±×¸®°í ±×µéÀÇ ±º´ëÀÇ ºñ½ÁÇÑ
Áõ°À» ¿ä±¸ÇÑ´Ù. |
|
The armed forces have reached their present number of millions not only
through the menace of danger from neighboring states, but principally
through the necessity of subduing every effort at revolt on the part of
the sub¡©jects. |
±º´ë´Â ±×µéÀÌ ÇöÀçÀÇ ¼ö¹é¸¸ÀÇ ¼ýÀÚ¸¦ ÀÌ¿ô
±¹°¡µéÀÇ À§ÇèÀÇ À§Çù¶§¹® »Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó,
ÁÖ·Î ¹é¼ºµé
ÂÊ¿¡¼ÀÇ ¹ÝÇ×À» À§ÇÑ ¸ðµç ³ë·ÂÀ» ¾ï¾ÐÇϱâ À§ÇÑ ÇÊ¿ä
¶§¹®¿¡ µµ´ÞÇÏ°Ô µÈ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. |
|
Both causes, mutually dependent, contribute to the same result at once;
troops are required against internal forces and also to keep up a position
with other states. One is the result of the other. The despotism of a
government always increases with the strength of the army and its external
successes, and the aggressiveness of a govern¡©ment increases with its
internal despotism. |
µÎ°¡Áö ÀÌÀ¯µéÀº,
»óÈ£ ÀÇÁ¸ÀûÀ̸é¼,
µ¿½Ã¿¡ ¶È°°Àº
°á°ú¿¡ ±â¿©ÇÑ´Ù;
±º´ë´Â ³»ÀûÀÎ ¼¼·Â¿¡ ¸Â¼±â À§Çؼ
±×¸®°í ¶ÇÇÑ ´Ù¸¥ ±¹°¡µé°ú À§Ä¡¸¦ À¯ÁöÇϱâ À§Çؼ
¿ä±¸µÈ´Ù.
ÀüÀÚ´Â ÈÄÀÚÀÇ °á°úÀÌ´Ù.
Á¤ºÎÀÇ µ¶Àç´Â
¾ðÁ¦³ª ±º´ëÀÇ Èû°ú ¿ÜÀûÀÎ ¼º°øµé¿¡ µû¶ó¼ Áõ°¡ÇÑ´Ù,
±×¸®°í Á¤ºÎÀÇ Ä§·«¼ºÀº ³»ÀûÀÎ µ¶Àç¿¡ µû¶ó¼
Áõ°¡ÇÑ´Ù. |
|
The rivalry of the European states in constantly increasing their
forces has reduced them to the necessity of having recourse to universal
military service, since by that means the greatest possible number of
soldiers is obtained at the least possible expense. Germany first hit on
this device. And directly one state adopted it the others were obliged to
do the same. And by this means all citizens are under arms to support the
iniquities practiced upon them; all citizens have become their own
oppressors. |
²÷ÀÓ¾øÀÌ ±×µéÀÇ º´·ÂÀ» Áõ°¡ÇÏ´Â À¯·´ ±¹°¡µéÀÇ
´ë°áÀº ±×µé·Î ÇÏ¿©±Ý º¸ÆíÀûÀÎ º´¿ª Á¦µµ¿¡
ÀÇÁ¸Çϵµ·Ï ¸ô°í °¬À¸¸ç,
±×·¯ÇÑ ¼ö´ÜÀ» ÅëÇØ¼ °¡Àå
ÀûÀº ºñ¿ëÀ¸·Î °¡Àå ¸¹Àº ¼ýÀÚÀÇ º´»ç°¡ È®º¸µÉ ¼ö ÀÖ±â
¶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù.
µ¶ÀÏÀÌ ÀÌ·± ÀåÄ¡¿¡¼ óÀ½À¸·Î ½ÃµµÇß´Ù.
±×¸®°í ÇÑ ±¹°¡°¡ ±×°ÍÀ» äÅÃÇÏÀÚ ´Ù¸¥ ±¹°¡µéµµ
¶È°°ÀÌ ÇàÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀ¸¸é ¾ÈµÇ¾ú´Ù.
±×¸®°í ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ¼ö´ÜÀ»
ÅëÇÏ¿© ¸ðµç ½Ã¹ÎµéÀÌ ±×µé À§¿¡ ÀúÁú·¯ Áö´Â ¹üÁË
ÇàÀ§¸¦ Áö¿øÇϱâ À§Çؼ ¹«±â¸¦ µé¾î¾ß ÇßÀ¸¸ç;
¸ðµç
½Ã¹ÎµéÀÌ ±×µé ½º½º·ÎÀÇ ¾ÐÁ¦ÀÚ°¡ µÇ¾ú´Ù. |
|
Universal military service was an inevitable logical necessity, to
which we were bound to come. But it is also the last expression of the
inconsistency inherent in the social conception of life, when violence is
needed to main¡©tain it. This inconsistency has become obvious in univer¡©sal
military service. In fact, the whole significance of the social conception
of life consists in man's recognition of the barbarity of strife between
individuals, and the transitoriness of personal life itself, and the
transference of the aim of life to groups of persons. But with universal
military service it comes to pass that men, after making every sacrifice
to get rid of the cruelty of strife and the insecurity of existence, are
called upon to face all the perils they had meant to avoid. And in
addition to this the state, for whose sake individuals renounced their
personal advantages, is exposed again to the same risks of inse¡©curity
and lack of permanence as the individual himself was in previous times. |
º¸ÆíÀû º´¿ª Àǹ«´Â ÇÇÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø´Â ³í¸®ÀûÀÎ
Çʿ俴À¸¸ç,
±×°Í¿¡ ¿ì¸®´Â ¹¿©Áö°Ô µÇ¾ú´Ù.
±×·¯³ª
±×°ÍÀº ¶ÇÇÑ »çȸÀû °³³äÀÇ »î¿¡ ³»ÀçµÈ ¸ð¼øÀÇ ÃÖÈÄÀÇ
Ç¥ÇöÀ̸ç,
Æø·ÂÀÌ ±×°ÍÀ» À¯ÁöÇϱâ À§ÇÏ¿© ÇÊ¿äÇÏ´Ù.
ÀÌ·± ºÒÀÏÄ¡´Â º¸ÆíÀû º´¿ª Àǹ«¿¡¼ ¸í¹éÇÏ´Ù.
»ç½Ç,
»çȸÀû °³³äÀÇ »îÀÇ ÀüüÀûÀÎ Á߿伺Àº °³ÀÎ »çÀÌÀÇ
ÅõÀïÀÇ ¾ß¸¸¼º°ú °³ÀÎÀûÀÎ »î ±× ÀÚüÀÇ ÀϽüºÀ»
»ç¶÷µéÀÌ ÀνÄÇϸç,
»îÀÇ ¸ñÀûÀ» »ç¶÷µéÀÇ ¹«¸®µé¿¡
¾çµµÇÔ¿¡ ÀÖ´Ù.
±×·¯³ª º¸ÆíÀû º´¿ª Àǹ« ¶§¹®¿¡,
ÅõÀïÀÇ ÀÜÀÎÇÔ°ú Á¸ÀçÀÇ ºÒ¾ÈÀüÇÔÀ» Á¦°ÅÇϱâ À§ÇÏ¿©
¸ðµç ³ë·ÂÀ» ´ÙÇÑ µÚ¿¡,
»ç¶÷µéÀº ±×µéÀÌ ÇÇÇϰíÀÚ
ÀǵµÇÏ¿´´ø ¸ðµç À§ÇèµéÀ» ¸ÂÀÌ Çϵµ·Ï °¿ä´çÇÏ´Â
ÀÏÀÌ ¹ß»ýÇÑ´Ù.
±×¸®°í ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ »óÅ¿¡ ´õÇÏ¿©,
±×µéÀ»
À§ÇÏ¿© °³ÀεéÀº ±×µéÀÇ °³ÀÎÀûÀÎ ÀÌÀ͵éÀ» Æ÷±â
ÇÏ¿´À¸¸ç,
°³ÀÎ ÀÚ½ÅÀÌ ÀÌÀü ½Ã´ë¿¡ ÀÖ¾ú´ø °Í°ú ¶È°°Àº
ºÒ¾ÈÀüÇÑ À§Çèµé°ú ¿µ¼Ó¼ºÀÇ °á¿©¿¡ ³ëÃâµÈ´Ù., |
|
Governments were to give men freedom from the cruelty of personal
strife and security in the permanence of the state order of existence. But
instead of doing that they expose the individuals to the same necessity of
strife, substituting strife with individuals of other states for strife
with neighbors. And the danger of destruction for the individual, and the
state too, they leave just as it was. |
Á¤ºÎµéÀº »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô °³ÀÎÀûÀÎ ÅõÀïÀÇ ÀÜÀÎÇÔÀ¸·Î
ºÎÅÍÀÇ ÀÚÀ¯¿Í Á¸Àç¿¡ ÀÖ¾î¼ ±¹°¡ Áú¼ÀÇ ¿µ¼Ó¼ºÀ»
ÁְԵȴÙ.
±×·¯³ª ±×°ÍÀ» ÇàÇÏ´Â ´ë½Å,
ÀÌ¿ô°úÀÇ ÅõÀï
´ë½Å¿¡ ´Ù¸¥ ±¹°¡ÀÇ °³Àεé°úÀÇ ÅõÀïÀ¸·Î ´ëÄ¡µÊÀ¸·Î½á,
±×µéÀº °³ÀεéÀ» ¶È°°Àº ÅõÀïÀÇ Çʿ信 ³ëÃâ½ÃŲ´Ù.
±×¸®°í °³ÀÎ ±×¸®°í ¶ÇÇÑ ±¹°¡ÀÇ ÆÄ¸ê¿¡ ´ëÇÑ À§Çè¿¡
´ëÇØ¼,
±×µéÀº ÀÖ´ø ±×´ë·Î µÐ´Ù. |
|
Universal military service may be compared to the efforts of a man to
prop up his falling house who so surrounds it and fills it with props and
buttresses and planks and scaffolding that he manages to keep the house
standing only by making it impossible to live in it. |
º¸ÆíÀû º´¿ª Àǹ«´Â,
ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ¹«³ÊÁ® °¡´Â Áý¿¡
¹Þħ´ë¿Í º®µ¹µé°ú ÆÇÀÚµé°ú ¹ßÆÇ µîÀ¸·Î µÑ·¯½Î°í
ä¿ö¼ °á±¹ ÁýÀÌ ¼ÀÖ°Ô´Â ÇÏ¿´Áö¸¸ ±× ¾È¿¡ »ç¶÷ÀÌ »ì
¼ö ¾øµµ·Ï ¸¸µç »ç¶÷ÀÇ ³ë·Âµé°ú ºñ±³µÉ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. |
|
In the same way universal military service destroys all the benefits of
the social order of life which it is employed to maintain. |
¶È°°ÀÌ º¸ÆíÀû º´¿ª Àǹ«´Â À¯ÁöÇϱâ À§Çؼ äÅÃÇÑ
»îÀÇ »çȸÀû Áú¼ÀÇ ¸ðµç ÀÌÀ͵éÀ» ÆÄ±«ÇÑ´Ù. |
|
The advantages of social organization are security of property and
labor and associated action for the improve¡©ment of existence-universal
military service destroys all this. |
»çȸÀû Á¶Á÷ÀÇ ÀÌÀ͵éÀº ¹ø¿µ°ú ³ëµ¿ÀÇ ¾ÈÀüÀ̸ç
Á¸ÀçÀÇ °³¼±À» À§ÇÑ °ü·Ã Ȱµ¿ÀÌ´Ù-º¸ÆíÀû º´¿ª Àǹ«´Â
ÀÌ ¸ðµç °ÍÀ» ÆÄ±«ÇÑ´Ù. |
|
The taxes raised from the people for war preparations absorb the
greater part of the produce of labor which the army ought to defend. |
ÀüÀï ÁغñµéÀ» À§Çؼ »ç¶÷µé·ÎºÎÅÍ °ÅµÐ ¼¼±ÝµéÀº
±º´ë°¡ ¹Ýµå½Ã ¹æ¾îÇØ¾ßÇÏ´Â ³ëµ¿¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ »ý»êÀÇ ÈÙ¾À
Å« ºÎºÐÀ» Èí¼öÇÑ´Ù. |
|
The withdrawing of all men from the ordinary course of life destroys
the possibility of labor itself. The danger of war, ever ready to break
out, renders all reforms of social life vain and fruitless. |
ÀÏ»óÀûÀÎ »îÀÇ °úÁ¤¿¡¼ ¸ðµç »ç¶÷µéÀ» ö¼ö½ÃÅ´Àº
³ëµ¿ ±× ÀÚüÀÇ °¡´É¼ºÀ» ÆÄ±«ÇÑ´Ù.
ÀüÀïÀÇ À§ÇèÀº,
¾ðÁ¦³ª ¹ß»ýÇÒ Áغñ°¡ µÇ¾î ÀÖ¾î¼,
»çȸÀû »îÀÇ ¸ðµç
°³ÇõµéÀ» ÇêµÇ°í ¹«ÀÍÇÏ°Ô ¸¸µç´Ù. |
|
In former days if a man were told that if he did not acknowledge the
authority of the state, he would be ex¡©posed to attack from enemies
domestic and foreign, that he would have to resist them alone, and would
be liable to be killed, and that therefore it would be to his advantage to
put up with some hardships to secure himself from these calamities, he
might well believe it, seeing that the sacrifices he made to the state
were only partial and gave him the hope of a tranquil existence in a
permanent state. But now, when the sacrifices have been increased tenfold
and the promised advantages are disappearing, it would be a natural
reflection that submission to authority is absolutely useless. |
°ú°Å ½ÃÀý¿¡ ¸¸ÀÏ ¾î¶² »ç¶÷ÀÌ,
¸¸ÀÏ ±×°¡ ±¹°¡ÀÇ
±Ç·ÂÀ» ÀÎÁ¤ÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù¸é,
±×°¡ ±¹³» ¹× ±¹¿ÜÀÇ
Àûµé¿¡°Ô ³ëÃâµÇ¸ç,
È¥ÀÚ¼ ±×µéÀ» ¸·¾Æ¾ß Çϸç,
»ìÇØµÇ±â ½±°í,
±×·¯¹Ç·Î ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ Àç¾Óµé·ÎºÎÅÍ ÀÚ½ÅÀ»
¾ÈÀüÇÏ°Ô Çϱâ À§Çؼ ¾à°£ÀÇ °íÅëµéÀ» Âü´Â °ÍÀÌ ±×ÀÇ
ÀÌÀÍÀ̶ó°í µé¾ú´Ù¸é,
±×´Â ´ç¿¬È÷ ±×°ÍÀ» ¹Ï¾úÀ»
°ÍÀÌ´Ù,
¿Ö³ÄÇÏ¸é ±×°¡ ±¹°¡µé À§Çؼ ÇàÇÑ Èñ»ýµéÀº
¿ÀÁ÷ ºÎºÐÀûÀÌ¶ó¼ ¿µ¼ÓÀûÀÎ ±¹°¡¿¡¼ Á¶¿ëÇÑ Á¸ÀçÀÇ
Èñ¸ÁÀ» ÁÙ°ÍÀ» ¾Ë¾Ò±â ¶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù.
±×·¯³ª Áö±ÝÀº,
Èñ»ýµéÀÌ ¿¹è³ª Áõ°¡µÇ¾úÀ¸¸ç,
¾à¼ÓÇÑ ÀÌÀ͵éÀÌ
»ç¶óÁö°í ÀÖÀ» ¶§,
±×°ÍÀº ±Ç·Â¿¡ ´ëÇÑ º¹Á¾ÀÌ
Àý´ëÀûÀ¸·Î ¹«ÀÍÇÏ´Ù´Â ÀÚ¿¬ÀûÀÎ »ý°¢ÀÏ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. |
|
But the fatal significance of universal military service, as the
manifestation of the contradiction inherent in the social conception of
life, is not only apparent in that. The greatest manifestation of this
contradiction consists in the fact that every citizen in being made a
soldier becomes a prop of the government organization, and shares the
responsibility of everything the government does, even though he may not
admit its legitimacy. |
±×·¯³ª º¸ÆíÀû º´¿ª Àǹ«ÀÇ Ä¡¸íÀûÀÎ Àǹ̴Â,
»çȸÀû
°³³äÀÇ »î¿¡ ³»ÀçµÈ ¸ð¼ø¿¡¼ µå·¯³ °Íó·³,
¿ÀÁ÷
±×°Í¿¡¼ ¸í¹éÇÑ °ÍÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï´Ù.
ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ¸ð¼øÀÇ °¡Àå Å«
Ç¥½Ã´Â Á¦°¢±â ½Ã¹ÎÀÌ º´»ç°¡ µÇ´Â °ÍÀÌ Á¤ºÎ Á¶Á÷ÀÇ
¹ÞħÀÌ µÇ¸ç,
ºñ·Ï ±×°¡ ±× ÇÕ¹ý¼ºÀ» ÀÎÁ¤ÇÏÁö ¾Ê´õ¶óµµ
Á¤ºÎ°¡ ÇàÇÏ´Â ¸ðµç °ÍÀÇ Ã¥ÀÓÀ» °øÀ¯ÇÑ´Ù´Â »ç½Ç¿¡
ÀÖ´Ù. |
|
Governments assert that armies are needed above all for external
defense, but that is not true. They are needed principally against their
subjects, and every man, under universal military service, becomes an
accomplice in all the acts of violence of the government against the
citizens without any choice of his own. |
Á¤ºÎµéÀº ±º´ëµéÀÌ ¹«¾ùº¸´Ùµµ ¿ÜÀûÀÎ ¹æ¾î¸¦ À§ÇØ
ÇÊ¿äÇÏ´Ù°í ÁÖÀåÇÑ´Ù,
±×·¯³ª ±×°ÍÀº »ç½ÇÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï´Ù.
±×µéÀº ±âº»ÀûÀ¸·Î ±×µéÀÌ ¹é¼º¿¡ ¸Â¼±â À§Çؼ
ÇÊ¿äÇÏ´Ù,
±×¸®°í º¸ÆíÀû º´¿ª Àǹ«¸¦ Áø Á¦°¢±âÀÇ
»ç¶÷Àº,
ÀÚ±â ÀÚ½ÅÀÌ ¼±ÅÃÇÏÁö ¾Ê¾ÒÀ½¿¡µµ,
½Ã¹Îµé¿¡
´ëÇÑ Á¤ºÎÀÇ Æø·Â ÇàÀ§µé¿¡ ÀÖ¾î¼ °ø¹üÀÌ µÈ´Ù. |
|
To convince oneself of this one need only remember what things are done
in every state, in the name of order and the public welfare, of which the
execution always falls to the army. All civil outbreaks for dynastic or
other party reasons, all the executions that follow on such disturbances,
all repression of insurrections, and military intervention to break up
meetings and to suppress strikes, all forced extor¡©tion of taxes, all the
iniquitous distributions of land, all the restrictions on labor-are either
carried out directly by the military or by the police with the army at
their back. Any¡©one who serves his time in the army shares the responsi¡©bility
of all these things, about which he is, in some cases, dubious, while very
often they are directly opposed to his conscience. People are unwilling to
be turned out of the land they have cultivated for generations, or they
are un¡©willing to disperse when the government authority orders them, or
they are unwilling to pay the taxes required of them, or to recognize laws
as binding on them when they have had no hand in making them, or to be
deprived of their nationality-and I, in the fulfillment of my military
duty, must go and shoot them for it. How can I help asking myself when I
take part in such punishments, whether they are just, and whether I ought
to assist in carrying them out? |
½º½º·Î°¡ À̰ÍÀ» ³³µæÇϱâ À§Çؼ,
±×´Â ¿ÀÁ÷,
Áú¼¿Í
°ø°øÀÇ ÇູÀÇ À̸§À¸·Î,
¸ðµç ±¹°¡¿¡¼ ÇàÇØÁö´Â
ÀϵéÀ» ±â¾ïÇϱ⸸ ÇϸéµÇ¸ç,
±× ÀϵéÀÇ ½ÇÇàÀº ¾ðÁ¦³ª
±º´ë¿¡ ¸Ã°ÜÁø´Ù.
¿ÕÁ¶³ª ´Ù¸¥ Á¤´çÀÇ ÀÌÀ¯µé¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ
¸ðµç ½Ã¹ÎÀÇ ¼Ò¿ä,
±×·¯ÇÑ ¼Òµ¿ µÚ¿¡ µû¸£´Â ¸ðµç
óÇüµé,
Æøµ¿µé¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¸ðµç Áø¾Ð,
±×¸®°í Áýȸ¸¦
ÁßÁö½Ã۸ç,
ÆÄ¾÷µéÀ» Áø¾ÐÇϱâ À§ÇÑ ±º»ç °³ÀÔ,
¸ðµç
°Á¦µÈ ¼¼±ÝÀÇ °Å»,
¸ðµç ºÒ¹ýÀûÀÎ ÅäÁöÀÇ ºÐ¹è,
±×¸®°í ³ëµ¿¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¸ðµç Á¦ÇѵéÀº-±º´ë¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼ Á÷Á¢
ÁýÇàµÇ°Å³ª ±º´ë¸¦ µî¿¡ ¾÷Àº °æÂû¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼ ÁýÇàµÈ´Ù.
ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ½Ã°£À» ±º´ë¿¡¼ º¹¹«ÇÑ »ç¶÷Àº ÀÌ ¸ðµç °Íµé¿¡
´ëÇÑ Ã¥ÀÓÀ» ÇÔ²² Áö°ÔµÇ¸ç,
¾î¶² °æ¿ìµé¿¡´Â,
ÀÌÁ¡¿¡
´ëÇÏ¿© ±×´Â ºÐ¸íÇÏÁö ¾ÊÁö¸¸,
ÇÑÆíÀ¸·Î ±×°ÍµéÀº ¸Å¿ì
ÈçÈ÷ ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ¾ç½É¿¡ Á÷Á¢ÀûÀ¸·Î ´ëÄ¡µÈ´Ù.
»ç¶÷µéÀº ¼ö
¼¼´ë µ¿¾È ±×µéÀÌ Àç¹èÇÏ´ø ¶¥¿¡¼ ÂѰܳª°í ½Í¾îÇÏÁö
¾ÊÀ¸¸ç,
Á¤ºÎ°¡ ±×µé¿¡°Ô ¸í·ÉÇÒ ¶§ Èð¾îÁö°í ½ÍÁö
¾ÊÀ¸¸ç,
±×µé¿¡°Ô ¿ä±¸µÇ´Â ¼¼±ÝÀ» ³»°í ½ÍÁö ¾ÊÀ¸¸ç,
±×µéÀÌ ¹ý·üÀ» ¸¸µë¿¡ ÀÖ¾î¼ ±×µé Âü¿©ÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀº
¹ý·üÀ» ±×µé¿¡°Ô Àǹ«ÀûÀÎ °ÍÀ¸·Î ÀÎÁ¤ÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀ¸¸ç,
±×µéÀÇ ±¹ÀûÀ» »©¾Ñ±âÁö ¾ÊÀ¸·Á ÇÑ´Ù-±×¸®°í ³ª´Â,
³ªÀÇ
º´¿ª Àǹ«¸¦ ¿Ï¼öÇϱâ À§Çؼ,
¹Ýµå½Ã °¡¼ ±×°ÍÀ» À§ÇØ
ÃÑÀ» ½î¾Æ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù.
³»°¡ ±×·¯ÇÑ Ã³¹úµé¿¡ Âü¿©ÇÒ ¶§,
¾î¶»°Ô ³»°¡ ³ª Àڽſ¡°Ô ¹¯Áö ¾ÊÀ» ¼ö Àִ°¡,
±×°ÍµéÀÌ Á¤´çÇÑÁö,
±×¸®°í ±×°ÍµéÀ» ¼öÇàÇÔ¿¡ ÀÖ¾î¼
³»°¡ µµ¿Í¾ß¸¸ ÇÏ´ÂÁö? |
|
Universal service is the extreme limit of violence neces¡©sary for the
support of the whole state organization, and it is the extreme limit to
which submission on the part of the subjects can go. It is the keystone of
the whole edifice, and its fall will bring it all down. |
º¸ÆíÀû Àǹ«´Â Àüü ±¹°¡ Á¶Á÷À» ÁöÁöÇÔ¿¡ ÇÊ¿äÇÑ
Æø·ÂÀÇ ±Ø´ÜÀû ÇѰèÀÌ´Ù,
±×¸®°í ±×°ÍÀº ¹é¼ºµéÀÇ
Ãø¸é¿¡¼ º¹Á¾ÀÌ °¡¾ßÇÏ´Â ±Ø´ÜÀû ÇѰèÀÌ´Ù.
±×°ÍÀº
Àüü °Ç¹°ÀÇ Ãʼ®ÀÌ´Ù,
±×¸®°í ±×°ÍÀÌ ¹«³ÊÁö¸é Àüü¸¦
¹«³Ê¶ß¸± °ÍÀÌ´Ù. |
|
The time has come when the ever-growing abuse of power by governments
and their struggles with one another has led to their demanding such
material and even moral sacrifices from their subjects that everyone is
forced to reflect and ask himself, "Can I make these sacrifices? And for
the sake of what am I making them? I am expected for the sake of the state
to make these sacrifices, to re¡©nounce everything that can be precious to
man-peace, family, security, and human dignity." What is this state, for
whose sake such terrible sacrifices have to be made? And why is it so
indispensably necessary? "The state," they tell us, "is
indispensably needed, in the first place, because without it we should not
be protected against the attacks of evil-disposed persons; and secondly,
except for the state we should be savages and should have neither
religion, culture, education, nor commerce, nor means of communication,
nor other social institutions; and thirdly, without the state to defend us
we should be liable to be conquered and en¡©slaved by neighboring
peoples." |
Á¤ºÎµéÀÇ Á¡Á¡ Áõ°¡ÇÏ´Â ±Ç·Â ³²¿ë°ú ±×µé ¼·Î°£ÀÇ
ÅõÀïµéÀÌ ±×·¯ÇÑ ¹°Áú ¹× ½ÉÁö¾î µµ´öÀû Èñ»ýµé ¸¶Àú
¹é¼ºµé·ÎºÎÅÍ ¿ä±¸ÇÔ¿¡ À̸£·¯¼,
¸ðµÎ°¡ ¼÷°íÇØ º¸°í
´ÙÀ½°ú °°ÀÌ ÀÚ¹®ÇÏ´Â ¶§°¡ ¿Ô´Ù: ¡°³»°¡ ÀÌ·± Èñ»ýµéÀ»
ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖÀ»±î?
±×¸®°í ³ª´Â ¹«¾ùÀ» À§ÇØ ±×°ÍµéÀ»
Çϴ°¡?
³ª´Â ±¹°¡¸¦ À§Çؼ ÀÌ·± Èñ»ýµéÀ» Çϸç,
»ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô ±ÍÁßÇÑ ¸ðµç °ÍÀ» Æ÷±âÇϱâ·Î µÇ¾î ÀÖ´Ù-ÆòÈ,
°¡Á·,
¾ÈÀü,
±×¸®°í Àΰ£ÀÇ Á¸¾ö¼º.¡±
ÀÌ ±¹°¡´Â
¹«¾ùÀΰ¡,
´©±¸¸¦ À§»õ ±×·± ¹«¼¿î Èñ»ýµéÀÌ ÇàÇØÁ®¾ß
Çϴ°¡?
±×¸®°í ¿Ö ±×°ÍÀÌ ±×·¸°Ô ¾ø¾î¼´Â ¾ÈµÉ Á¤µµ·Î
ÇÊ¿äÇѰ¡?
±×µéÀº ¿ì¸®¿¡°Ô ¸»ÇÑ´Ù ¡°±¹°¡´Â ¾ø¾î¼´Â
¾ÈµÉ Á¤µµ·Î ÇÊ¿äÇÏ´Ù,
ù¹øÂ°·Î ±×°ÍÀÌ ¾ø´Ù¸é ¿ì¸®´Â
³ª»Û ¸¶À½À» ¸ÔÀº »ç¶÷µé·ÎºÎÅÍ º¸È£ ¹ÞÀ» ¼ö ¾ø´Ù;
±×¸®°í µÎ¹øÂ°·Î,
±¹°¡°¡ ¾ø¾ú´Ù¸é,
¿ì¸®´Â Ʋ¸²¾øÀÌ
¾ß¸¸ÀεéÀ̸ç,
Á¾±³,
¹®È,
±³À°µµ °®Áö ¸øÇÒ °ÍÀ̸ç,
»ó¾÷µµ,
Åë½Å ¼ö´Üµµ,
´Ù¸¥ »çȸÀû Á¦µµµéµµ °®Áö ¸øÇÒ
°ÍÀÌ´Ù;
±×¸®°í ¼¼¹øÂ°·Î,
±¹°¡°¡ ¿ì¸®¸¦ ¹æ¾îÇÔÀÌ
¾ø´Ù¸é,
¿ì¸®´Â ÀÌ¿ôÀÇ ¹ÎÁ·µé¿¡°Ô Ʋ¸²¾øÀÌ
Á¤º¹´çÇØ¼ ³ë¿¹°¡ µÉ °ÍÀÌ´Ù.¡± |
|
"Except for the state," they say, "we should be exposed to the
attacks of evil-disposed persons in our own country." |
¡°±¹°¡°¡ ¾ø¾ú´Ù¸é,¡±
±×µéÀº ¸»ÇÑ´Ù, ¡°¿ì¸®´Â
¹Ýµå½Ã ¿ì¸® ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ³ª¶ó ¾È¿¡¼ ¾ÇÇÑ ¸¶À½À» °¡Áø
»ç¶÷µéÀÇ °ø°Ý¿¡ ³ëÃâ µÉ °ÍÀÌ´Ù.¡± |
|
But who are these evil-disposed persons in our midst from whose attacks
we are preserved by the state and its army? Even if, three or four
centuries ago, when men prided themselves on their warlike prowess, when
killing men was considered an heroic achievement, there were such persons;
we know very well that there are no such persons now, that we do not
nowadays carry or use firearms, but everyone professes humane principles
and feels sympathy for his fellows, and wants nothing more than we all
do-that is, to be left in peace to enjoy his existence undisturbed. So
that nowadays there are no special malefactors from whom the state could
defend us. If by these evil disposed persons is meant the men who are
punished as criminals, we know very well that they are not a different
kind of being like wild beasts among sheep, but are men just like
ourselves, and no more naturally inclined to crimes than those against
whom they commit them. We know now that threats and punishments cannot
diminish their number; that that can only be done by change of environment
and moral influence. So that the justification of state violence on the
ground of the protection it gives us from evil-disposed persons, even if
it had some foundation three or four centuries ago, has none whatever now.
At present one would rather say on the contrary that the action of the
state with its cruel methods of punishment, behind the general moral
standard of the age, such as prisons, galleys, gibbets, and guillotines,
tends rather to brutalize the people than to civilize them, and
consequently rather to increase than diminish the number of malefactors. |
±×·¯³ª ¿ì¸®µé Áß¿¡¼ ÀÌ·± ¾ÇÇÑ ¸¶À½À» °¡Áø »ç¶÷Àº
´©±¸À̸ç,
±×µéÀÇ °ø°ÝÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ¿ì¸®´Â ±¹°¡¿Í ±º´ë¿¡
ÀÇÇØ¼ º¸È£¹Þ´Â°¡?
ºñ·Ï »ï »ç ¼¼±â Àü¿¡ »ç¶÷µéÀÌ
±×µéÀÇ È£ÀüÀûÀÎ ¿ë±â¸¦ ÀÚ¶û½º·¯¿ö ÇßÀ» ¶§,
»ç¶÷µéÀ»
Á×ÀÌ´Â °ÍÀÌ ¿µ¿õÀûÀÎ ¾÷ÀûÀ¸·Î ¿©°ÜÁ³À» ¶§´Â ±×·±
»ç¶÷µéÀÌ ÀÖ¾úÁö¸¸;
¿ì¸®´Â ÀÌÁ¦ °áÄÚ ±×·± »ç¶÷ÀÌ
¾øÀ¸¹Ç·Î ¿ì¸®´Â ¿À´Ã³¯ ÃÑÀ» Áö´Ï°í ´Ù´Ï°Å³ª
»ç¿ëÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» Àß ¾Ë°í ÀÖ´Ù,
±×·¯³ª Á¦°¢±â
»ç¶÷µéÀº µû¶æÇÑ ½ÅÁ¶µéÀ» °í¹éÇϰí,
±×ÀÇ µ¿Æ÷µé¿¡°Ô
¿¬¹ÎÀ» ´À³¢¸ç,
¿ì¸® ¸ðµÎ°¡ ÇÏ´Â °Í ÀÌ»óÀ¸·Î ¾Æ¹«°Íµµ
¿øÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù-´Ù½Ã ¸»ÇÏÀÚ¸é,
ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ Á¸Àç°¡ ¹æÇعÞÁö
¾ÊÀ¸¸é¼ Áñ±âµµ·Ï ÆòȽº·´°Ô ³õ¿© ÀÖ´Ù.
±×·¡¼
¿À´Ã³¯Àº ±¹°¡°¡ ¿ì¸®¸¦ º¸È£ÇØ¾ß ÇÒ Á¤µµ·Î Ưº°ÇÑ
¾ÇÀεéÀÌ ¾ø´Ù.
¸¸ÀÏ ÀÌ·¸°Ô ¾ÇÇÑ ¸¶À½À» °¡Áø »ç¶÷µéÀÌ
¹üÁËÀڷΠó¹ú¹ÞÀ» »ç¶÷µéÀ» ÀǹÌÇÑ´Ù¸é,
¿ì¸®´Â
±×µéÀÌ ¾çµé ¼Ó¿¡ ÀÖ´Â ³ÆøÇÑ Áü½Âµéó·³ ´Ù¸¥ Á¾·ùÀÇ
»ç¶÷µéÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï°í ¿ì¸®¿Í ¶È°°Àº »ç¶÷µéÀ̸ç,
±×µéÀÌ
¹üÁ˸¦ ÀúÁö¸¥ »ç¶÷µé¿¡ ´ëÇÑ °Í º¸´Ùµµ °áÄÚ ´õ ÀÌ»óÀÇ
¹üÁ˵鿡 ¼±ÃµÀûÀ¸·Î ±â¿ï¾îÁ® ÀÖÁö ¾Ê´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ³Ê¹«
Àß ¾Ë°í ÀÖ´Ù.
¿ì¸®´Â Çù¹Úµé°ú ó¹úµé·Î¼ ¹üÁËÀÇ
¼ýÀÚµéÀ» ÁÙÀÏ ¼ö ¾ø´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ÀÌÁ¦ ¾È´Ù;
±×°ÍÀº ¿ÀÁ÷
ȯ°æÀÇ º¯È¿Í µµ´öÀûÀÎ °¨È·Î¼ ÀÌ·ç¾î Áú ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù´Â
°ÍÀ» ¾È´Ù.
±×·¡¼ ¾ÇÇÑ ¸¶À½À» °¡Áø »ç¶÷µé·ÎºÎÅÍ
¿ì¸®¿¡°Ô ÁÖ´Â º¸È£¸¦ ±¸½Ç·ÎÇÑ ±¹°¡ Æø·ÂÀÇ Á¤´çÈ´Â,
ºñ·Ï ±×°ÍÀÌ »ï »ç ¼¼±â Àü¿¡´Â ¾à°£ÀÇ ±Ù°Å°¡ ÀÖ¾ú´Ù°í
ÇÏ´õ¶óµµ,
Áö±ÝÀº ÀüÇô ÀÖÀ» ¼ö°¡ ¾ø´Ù.
ÇöÀç´Â ¹Ý´ë·Î
»ç¶÷µéÀº,
ÀÜÀÎÇÑ Ã³¹ú ¹æ¹ýµéÀ» °¡Áø ±¹°¡ÀÇ ÇàÀ§´Â,
½Ã´ëÀÇ ÀϹÝÀûÀÎ µµ´öÀûÀÎ ±âÁØ µÚ¿¡¼,
¿¹¸¦ µé¸é,
°¨¿Áµé,
³ë¿¹¼±,
±³¼ö´ë,
±×¸®°í ´ÜµÎ´ë µéÀº,
»ç¶÷µéÀ»
±³È½ÃŰ±â º¸´Ù´Â ÀÜÀÎÇÏ°Ô ¸¸µé±â ½¬¿ì¸ç,
°á±¹,
¾ÇÀεéÀÇ ¼ýÀÚ¸¦ ÁÙÀ̱⠺¸´Ù´Â ´ÃÀ̱⠽±´Ù°í Â÷¶ó¸®
¸»ÇÒ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. |
|
"Except for the state," they tell us, "we should not have any
religion, education, culture, means of communication, and so on. Without
the state men would not have been able to form the social institutions
needed for doing any¡©thing." This argument too was well founded only
some centuries ago. |
¡°±¹°¡°¡ ¾ø´Ù¸é,¡±
±×µéÀº ¿ì¸®¿¡°Ô ¸»ÇÑ´Ù, ¡°
¿ì¸®´Â ¾î¶² Á¾±³,
±³À°,
¹®È,
Åë½Å ¼ö´Ü µîµµ °¡Áú ¼ö
¾ø´Ù.
±¹°¡°¡ ¾ø´Ù¸é »ç¶÷µéÀº ¾î¶² °ÍÀ» Çϱâ À§ÇÑ
»çȸÀû Á¦µµµéÀ» Çü¼ºÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø¾úÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù.¡±
ÀÌ ³í¸®
¿ª½Ã ¿À·ÎÁö ¸î ¼¼±â ÀüÀ̶ó¸é ³Ê¹« Á¤´çÇÏ´Ù°í ÇÒ
°ÍÀÌ´Ù. |
|
If there was a time when people were so disunited, when they had so
little means of communication and interchange of ideas, that they could
not co-operate and agree together in any common action in commerce,
economics, or education without the state as a center, this want of common
action exists no longer. The great extension of means of com¡©munication
and interchange of ideas has made men com¡©pletely able to dispense with
state aid in forming societies, associations, corporations, and congresses
for scientific, economic, and political objects. Indeed government is more
often an obstacle than an assistance in attaining these aims. |
¸¸ÀÏ »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ³Ê¹«³ª ºÐ¿µÇ¾úÀ¸¸ç,
±×µéÀÌ ³Ê¹«³ª
ºó¾àÇÑ Åë½Å ¹× »ç»óµéÀÇ ±³È¯ ¼ö´ÜµéÀ» °¡Áö°í ÀÖ´ø
¶§°¡ ÀÖ¾î¼ ±×µéÀÌ ¼·Î Çù·ÂÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø°í,
»ó¾÷,
°æÁ¦,
¶Ç´Â ±³À°¿¡¼ ±¹°¡¸¦ ÃßÃàÀ¸·Î ÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀ¸¸é ¾î¶°ÇÑ
°øÅëÀÇ Çൿ¿¡µµ ÇÕÀÇÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø´Ù¸é,
ÀÌ·± °øÅëÀÇ ÇൿÀÇ
ÇÊ¿ä´Â ´õ ÀÌ»ó Á¸ÀçÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù.
Åë½Å ¹× »ç»óµéÀÇ
±³·ù ¼ö´ÜµéÀÇ Ä¿´Ù¶õ È®ÀåÀº »ç¶÷µé·Î ÇÏ¿©±Ý »çȸ
´Üüµé,
Çùȸµé,
±â¾÷µé,
±×¸®°í °úÇÐ,
°æÁ¦,
Á¤Ä¡ÀûÀÎ
¸ñÀûµéÀ» À§ÇÑ È¸ÀǵéÀ» Çü¼ºÇÔ¿¡ ¿ÏÀüÈ÷ ±¹°¡ÀÇ
µµ¿òÀÌ ¾ø¾îµµ µÇµµ·Ï ¸¸µé¾ú´Ù.
»ç½Ç Á¤ºÎ´Â À̵é
¸ñÀûµéÀ» ´Þ¼ºÇÔ¿¡ ÀÖ¾î¼ µµ¿òÀÌ µÇ±â º¸´Ù´Â Á¾Á¾
Àå¾Ö°¡ µÈ´Ù. |
|
From the end of last century there has hardly been a single progressive
movement of humanity which has not been retarded by the government. So it
has been with abolition of corporal punishment, of trial by torture, and
of slavery, as well as with the establishment of the liberty of the press
and the right of public meeting. In our day governments not only fail to
encourage, but directly hinder every movement by which people try to work
out new forms of life for themselves. Every attempt at the solution of the
problems of labor, land, politics, and religion meets with direct
opposition on the part of government. |
Áö³ ¼¼±â ¸»¿±ºÎÅÍ,
Á¤ºÎ¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼ ÀúÁö ¹ÞÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´ø
´Ü ÇѰÇÀÇ ÀηùÀÇ Áøº¸Àû ¿îµ¿ÀÌ ÀÖ¾ú´ø ÀûÀÌ ¾ø¾ú´Ù.
±×°ÍÀº üÇü,
°í¹®¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ ½É¸®,
³ë¿¹Á¦µµ¿¡¼
±×·¯ÇßÀ¸¸ç,
»Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ÃâÆÇÀÇ ÀÚÀ¯ ¹× ´ëÁß ÁýȸÀÇ
±Ç¸® È®¸³¿¡¼ ±×·¯Çß´Ù.
¿ì¸® ½Ã´ë¿¡´Â Á¤ºÎµéÀº
»ç¶÷µéÀÌ ½º½º·Î¸¦ À§Çؼ »õ·Î¿î ÇüÅÂÀÇ »îÀ» ¸¸µé¾î
³»·Á°í ½ÃµµÇÏ´Â ¸ðµç ¿îµ¿À» Àå·ÁÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀ» »Ó¸¸
¾Æ´Ï¶ó,
Á÷Á¢ÀûÀ¸·Î ÀúÁöÇÑ´Ù.
³ëµ¿,
ÅäÁö,
Á¤Ä¡,
±×¸®°í
Á¾±³ÀÇ ¹®Á¦µé¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÇØ°áÀ» À§ÇÑ ¸ðµç ½ÃµµµéÀº Á¤ºÎ
ÃøÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍÀÇ Á÷Á¢ÀûÀÎ ¹Ý´ë¸¦ ¸¸³´Ù. |
|
"Without governments nations would be enslaved by their neighbors."
It is scarcely necessary to refute this last argument. It carries its
refutation on the face of it. The government, they tell us, with its army,
is necessary to defend us from neighboring states who might enslave us.
But we know this is what all governments say of one another, and yet we
know that all the European nations profess the same principles of liberty
and fraternity, and therefore stand in no need of protection against one
another. And if defense against barbarous nations is meant, one-thousandth
part of the troops now under arms would be amply sufficient for that
purpose. We see that it is really the very opposite of what we have been
told. The power of the state, far from being a security against the
attacks of our neighbors, exposes us, on the contrary, to much greater
danger of such attacks. So that every man who is led, through his
compulsory service in the army, to reflect on the value of the state for
whose sake he is expected to be ready to sacrifice his peace, security,
and life, cannot fail to perceive that there is no kind of justifi¡©cation
in modern times for such a sacrifice. |
¡°Á¤ºÎ°¡ ¾ø´Ù¸é ±¹¹ÎµéÀº ÀÌ¿ô »ç¶÷µé¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼
³ë¿¹°¡ µÉ °ÍÀÌ´Ù.¡±
ÀÌ ¸¶Áö¸· ³í¸®´Â °ÅÀÇ ³í¹ÚÇÒ
Çʿ䰡 ¾ø´Ù.
±×µéÀº ¸»ÇÑ´Ù,
±º´ë¸¦ °¡Áø Á¤ºÎ´Â
¿ì¸®¸¦ ³ë¿¹·Î ¸¸µé·Á°í ÇÏ´Â ÀÌ¿ô ±¹°¡µé·ÎºÎÅÍ
¿ì¸®¸¦ ¹æ¾îÇØ ÁØ´Ù.
±×·¯³ª ¿ì¸®´Â À̰ÍÀÌ ¸ðµç
Á¤ºÎµéÀÌ ¼·Î¿¡ ´ëÇØ ¸»ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÓÀ» ¾È´Ù,
±×¸®³ª
¿ì¸®´Â ¸ðµç À¯·´ÀÇ ±¹¹ÎµéÀÌ ¶È°°Àº ÀÚÀ¯¿Í ÇüÁ¦¾ÖÀÇ
¿ø¸®µéÀ» °í¹éÇÏ¿©,
±×·Î¹Ç·Î ¼·Î¿¡ ´ëÇ×ÇÏ¿© º¸È£µÉ
Çʿ並 °®Áö ¾Ê´Â´Ù.
±×¸®°í ¸¸ÀÏ ¾ß¸¸ÀûÀÎ ¹ÎÁ·µé¿¡
´ëÇ×ÇÏ´Â ¹æ¾î¸¦ ÀǹÌÇÑ´Ù¸é,
Áö±Ý ¹«ÀåÇϰí ÀÖ´Â
±º´ëÀÇ ÃµºÐÀÇ Àϸ¸ ÇØµµ ±×·¯ÇÑ ¸ñÀû¿¡ dzºÎÇÏ¿©
³Ë³ËÇÒ °ÍÀÌ´Ù.
±×·¯³ª ¿ì¸®´Â ±×°ÍÀÌ Áø½Ç·Î ¿ì¸®°¡
µéÀº °ÍÀÇ ³Ê¹«³ª Á¤¹Ý´ëÀÓÀ» ¾È´Ù.
±¹°¡ÀÇ ±Ç·ÂÀº,
¿ì¸®ÀÇ ÀÌ¿ô ±¹°¡µéÀÇ °ø°Ýµé¿¡ ´ëÀÀÇÏ´Â ¾ÈÀüÀ̱â´Â
Ä¿³ç,
¹Ý´ë·Î,
¿ì¸®¸¦ ±×·¯ÇÑ °ø°Ýµé º¸´Ù ÈξÀ Å«
À§Çè¿¡ ³ëÃâ ½ÃŲ´Ù.
±×·¡¼,
±º´ë¿¡¼ ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ °Á¦
º¹¹«¸¦ ÅëÇÏ¿©,
±×°¡ ´©±¸¸¦ À§ÇÏ¿© ±×ÀÇ ÆòÈ,
¾ÈÀü
±×¸®°í »ý¸íÀ» Èñ»ýÇϵµ·Ï ¿¹Á¤µÇ¾ú´ÂÁö ±¹°¡¿¡ ´ëÇÑ
°¡Ä¡¸¦ ¼÷°íÇÏ°Ô µÇ´Â Á¦°¢±â »ç¶÷µéÀº,
±×·¯ÇÑ Èñ»ý¿¡
´ëÇÏ¿© Çö´ë¿¡´Â ¾î¶² Á¾·ùÀÇ Á¤´çȵµ ¾ø´Ù´Â °ÍÀ»
ÀνÄÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀ» ¼ö ¾ø´Ù. |
|
And it is not only from the theoretical standpoint that every man must
see that the sacrifices demanded by the state have no justification. Even
looking at it practically, weighing, that is to say, all the burdens laid
on him by the state, no man can fail to see that for him personally to
comply with state demands and serve in the army, would, in the majority of
cases, be more disadvantageous than to refuse to do so. |
±×¸®°í Á¦°¢±â »ç¶÷ÀÌ ±¹°¡¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼ ¿ä±¸µÇ´Â
Èñ»ýµéÀº ¾Æ¹«·± Á¤´ç¼ºµµ °¡ÁöÁö ¸øÇÑ´Ù´Â °ÍÀ»
¹Ýµå½Ã ¾Ë¾Æ¾ß ÇÔÀº ¿ÀÁ÷ ÀÌ·ÐÀûÀÎ °üÁ¡¿¡¼ »Ó¸¸
¾Æ´Ï´Ù.
½ÉÁö¾î ±×°ÍÀ» ½ÇÁ¦ÀûÀ¸·Î ¹Ù¶ó º¸°í,
´Ù½Ã
¸»ÇÑ´Ù¸é,
±¹°¡¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼ Àڽſ¡°Ô ¾ñÇôÁø ¸ðµç
ºÎ´ãµéÀ» Àú¿ïÁú ÇØº¸¸é,
±×°¡ °³ÀÎÀûÀ¸·Î ±¹°¡ÀÇ
¿ä±¸µé¿¡ ÀÀÇÏ¿© ±º´ë¿¡ º¹¹«ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº,
´ëºÎºÐÀÇ
°æ¿ìµé¿¡¼,
±×·¸°Ô Çϱ⸦ °ÅºÎÇÏ´Â °Íº¸´Ù ´õ¿í
ºÒ¸®ÇÏ´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ±ú´ÝÁö ¾ÊÀ» ¼ö°¡ ¾ø´Ù. |
|
If the majority of men choose to submit rather than to refuse, it is
not the result of sober balancing of advantages and disadvantages, but
because they are induced by a kind of hypnotizing process practiced upon
them. In submitting they simply yield to the suggestions given them as
orders, without thought or effort of will. To resist would need
independent thought and effort of which every man is not capable. Even
apart from the moral signifi¡©cance of compliance or non-compliance,
considering material advantage only, non-compliance will be more
advantageous in general. |
¸¸ÀÏ ´ëºÎºÐÀÇ »ç¶÷µéÀÌ °ÅºÎÇϱ⠺¸´Ù´Â º¹Á¾Çϱ⸦
¼±ÅÃÇÑ´Ù¸é,
±×°ÍÀº ÀÌÀ͵é°ú ºÒÀÌÀ͵éÀÇ ³ÃÁ¤ÇÑ
Àú¿ïÁúÀÇ °á°ú°¡ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ±×µé¿¡°Ô ½ÇÇàµÈ ÀÏÁ¾ÀÇ ÃÖ¸é
°úÁ¤¿¡ À̲ø¸° °ÍÀÌ´Ù.
º¹Á¾ÇÑ´Ù´Â °ÍÀº ±×µéÀÌ
»ý°¢À̳ª ÀÇÁöÀÇ ³ë·Â ¾øÀÌ ´Ü¼øÈ÷ ±×µé¿¡°Ô ¸í·ÉÀ¸·Î
ÁÖ¾îÁø »çÇ×µéÀ» ÀÎÁ¤ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù.
ÀúÇ×ÇÑ´Ù´Â °ÍÀº
´©±¸¿¡°Ô³ª °¡´ÉÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â µ¶¸³ÀûÀÎ »ý°¢°ú ³ë·ÂÀÌ
ÇÊ¿äÇÒ °ÍÀÌ´Ù.
½ÉÁö¾î º¹Á¾ ¶Ç´Â ºÒº¹Á¾ÀÇ µµ´öÀû
Àǹ̸¦ ¶°³ª¼,
¹°ÁúÀûÀÎ ÀÌÀÍÀ» ¸¸À» °í·ÁÇÑ´Ù°í
ÇÏ´õ¶óµµ,
ºÒº¹Á¾ÀÌ ÀϹÝÀûÀ¸·Î ´õ¿í ÀÌ·Î¿ï °ÍÀÌ´Ù. |
|
Whoever I may be, whether I belong to the well-to-do class of the
oppressors, or the working class of the oppressed, in either case the
disadvantages of non-com¡©pliance are less and its advantages greater than
those of compliance. If I belong to the minority of oppressors the
disadvantages of non-compliance will consist in my being brought to
judgment for refusing to perform my duties to the state, and if I am
lucky, being acquitted or, as is done in the case of the Mennonites in
Russia, being set to work out my military service at some civil occupation
for the state; while if I am unlucky, I may be condemned to exile or
imprisonment for two or three years (I judge by the cases that have
occurred in Russia), possibly to even longer imprisonment, or possibly to
death, though the probability of that latter is very remote. |
³»°¡ ´©±¸ÀÌ´ø °£¿¡,
³»°¡ ¾ÐÁ¦ÀÚµé °°Àº ºÎÀ¯ÇÑ
°è±Þ¿¡ ¼ÓÇϵç,
¾Ð¹Ú¹Þ´Â ³ëµ¿ÀÚ °è±Þ¿¡ ¼ÓÇϵç,
¾çÀÚÀÇ
°æ¿ì¿¡ ÀÖ¾î¼ ºÒº¹Á¾ÀÇ ºÒÀÌÀ͵éÀÌ ÀûÀ¸¸ç,
±×
ÀÌÀ͵éÀº º¹Á¾ÀÇ ±×°Íµéº¸´Ù Å©´Ù.
¸¸ÀÏ ³»°¡
¾ÐÁ¦ÀÚµéÀÇ ¼Ò¼ö¿¡ ¼ÓÇÑ´Ù¸é ºÒº¹Á¾ÀÇ ºÒÀÌÀÍÀº ±¹°¡¿¡
´ëÇÑ ³ªÀÇ Àǹ«µéÀ» ¼öÇàÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ» °ÅºÎÇÔ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ
½ÉÆÇÀ» ¹ÞÀ½¿¡ ÀÖÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù,
±×¸®°í ¸¸ÀÏ ³»°¡
´ÙÇེ·´´Ù¸é,
¹æ¸éÀÌ µÇ¾î¼ ¶Ç´Â ·¯½Ã¾ÆÀÇ
¸Þ³ë³ªÀÌÆ®µéÀÇ °æ¿ìó·³,
±¹°¡¸¦ À§ÇÑ ¾î¶² ½Ã¹Î
¾÷¹«¿¡ ³ªÀÇ º´¿ª Àǹ«¸¦ ¼öÇàÇϵµ·Ï ¹èÄ¡µÉ °ÍÀÌ´Ù;
¹Ý¸é¿¡ ³»°¡ ºÒÇàÇÏ´Ù¸é,
³ª´Â ÀÌ »ï ³â µ¿¾È Ãß¹æÀ̳ª
Åõ¿ÁÀ» ¼±°í¹ÞÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù(³ª´Â ·¯½Ã¾Æ¿¡¼ ÀϾî³
»ç°Çµé·Î¼ ÆÇ´ÜÇØ º»´Ù),
¾Æ¸¶µµ Á» ´õ ±ä Åõ¿Á,
¶Ç´Â
¾Æ¸¶µµ »çÇüÀ» ¼±°í¹ÞÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù,
ºñ·Ï ÈÄÀÚÀÇ È®·üÀº
°ÅÀÇ ¸ÖÁö¸¸. |
|
So much for the disadvantages of non-compliance. |
ºÒº¹Á¾ÀÇ ºÒÀÌÀ͵鿡 ´ëÇØ¼´Â ÀÌ Á¤µµÀÌ´Ù. |
|
The disadvantages of compliance will be as follows: if I am lucky I
shall not be sent to murder my fellow-creatures, and shall not be exposed
to great danger of being maimed and killed, but shall only be enrolled
into military slavery. I shall be dressed up like a clown, I shall be at
the beck and call of every man of a higher grade than my own from corporal
to field-marshal, shall be put through any bodily contortions at their
pleasure, and after being kept from one to five years I shall have for ten
years afterward to be in readiness to undertake all of it again at any
minute. If I am unlucky I may, in addition, be sent to war, where I shall
be forced to kill men of foreign nations who have done me no harm, where I
may be maimed or killed, or sent to certain destruction as in the case of
the garrison of Sevastopol, and other cases in every war, or what would be
most terrible of all, I may be sent against my own com¡©patriots and have
to kill my own brothers for some dynastic or other state interests which
have absolutely nothing to do with me. |
º¹Á¾ÀÇ ºÒÀÌÀÍÀº ´ÙÀ½°ú °°À» °ÍÀÌ´Ù:
³»°¡ ¿îÀÌ
ÁÁ´Ù¸é ³ªÀÇ µ¿Æ÷ Àΰ£µéÀ» »ìÇØÇÏ·¯ º¸³»ÁöÁö ¾ÊÀ»
°ÍÀÌ´Ù,
±×¸®°í º´½ÅÀÌ µÇ°Å³ª »ìÇØµÇ´Â Ä¿´Ù¶õ À§Çè¿¡
³ëÃâµÇÁö ¾ÊÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù,
±×·¯³ª ´ÜÁö º´¿ª ³ë¿¹·Î¼
µî·ÏµÉ °ÍÀÌ´Ù.
³ª´Â ±¤´ëó·³ ÀÔÇôÁö°í,
ÇÏ»çºÎÅÍ À°±º
¿ø¼ö±îÁö ³ªº¸´Ù ³ôÀº °è±ÞÀÇ ¸ðµç »ç¶÷ÀÌ ½Ã۸ç
ºÎ¸£´Â´ë·Î ÇØ¾ß ÇÒ °ÍÀ̸ç,
±×µéÀÇ À峿¡ µû¶ó¼
¾î¶°ÇÑ ½ÅüÀû ±âÇÕµµ °ßµ®³»¾ß ÇÒ °ÍÀÌ´Ù,
±×¸®°í 1³â
³»Áö ¿À³â µ¿¾È ºÙÀâÇô ÀÖ´Ù°¡ 10³âµ¿¾È ¾î´À
¼ø°£¿¡¶óµµ ±× ¸ðµç °ÍÀ» ´Ù½Ã ¼öÇàÇϵµ·Ï ´ë±âÇϰí
ÀÖ¾î¾ß ÇÒ °ÍÀÌ´Ù.
¸¸ÀÏ ³»°¡ ¿îÀÌ ³ª»Ú´Ù¸é,
°Ô´Ù°¡,
³ª´Â ÀüÀï¿¡ º¸³»Áú °ÍÀ̸ç,
±×°÷¿¡¼ ³ª¿¡°Ô ¾Æ¹«·±
ÇØ¸¦ ³¢Ä¡Áö ¾ÊÀº ¿Ü±¹ ±¹¹ÎµéÀ» »ìÇØÇϵµ·Ï ¸í·ÉÀ»
¹ÞÀ¸¸ç,
±×°÷¿¡¼ ³ª´Â º´½ÅÀÌ µÇ°Å³ª »ìÇØµÇ°Å³ª,
°¢±â
ÀüÀï¿¡¼ ¼¼¹Ù½ºÅäÆú ¼öºñ´ë ¹× ´Ù¸¥ °æ¿ìµé ó·³
ƯÁ¤ÇÑ ÆÄ¸êÀÇ Àå¼Ò·Î º¸³»Áú °ÍÀ̰ųª,
¶Ç´Â °¡Àå
°øÆ÷½º·¯¿î °ÍÀ¸·Î¼,
³ªÀÇ µ¿Æ÷µé¿¡ ´ëÇ×ÇÏ¿© º¸³»Áú
°ÍÀ̸ç Àý´ëÀûÀ¸·Î ³ª¿Í ¾Æ¹«·± °ü°è°¡ ¾ø´Â ¿Õ±ÇÀ̳ª
´Ù¸¥ ±¹°¡Àû ÀÌÇØµéÀ» À§ÇÏ¿© ³ª ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ÇüÁ¦µéÀ»
Á׿©¾ß ÇÒ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. |
|
So much for the comparative disadvant¡©ages. |
ºñ±³ÀûÀÎ ºÒÀÌÀ͵éÀº ÀÌÁ¤µµ·Î ÇØµÎÀÚ. |
|
The comparative advantages of compliance and non-compliance are as
follows: |
º¹Á¾°ú ºÒº¹Á¾ÀÇ ºñ±³Àû ÀÌÀ͵éÀº ´ÙÀ½°ú °°´Ù: |
|
For the man who submits, the advantages will be that, after exposing
himself to all the humiliation and perform¡©ing all the barbarities
required of him, he may, if he escapes being killed, get a decoration of
red or gold tinsel to stick on his clown's dress; he may, if he is very
lucky, be put in command of hundreds of thousands of others as brutalized
as himself; be called a-field-marshal, and get a lot of money. |
º¹Á¾ÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷¿¡ ÀÖ¾î¼ ÀÌÀ͵éÀº,
ÀÚ½ÅÀ» ¸ðµç
¼ö¸ð¿¡ ³ëÃâ½ÃŰ°í ±×¿¡°Ô ¿ä±¸µÇ´Â ¸ðµç ¾ß¸¸
ÇàÀ§µéÀ» ¼öÇàÇÑ ´ÙÀ½¿¡,
¸¸ÀÏ ±×°¡ »ìÇØµÇ´Â °ÍÀ»
ÇÇÇÑ´Ù¸é,
±×´Â ¾Æ¸¶µµ Àû»ö ¶Ç´Â ±Ý»öÀÇ ±Ý¼Ó Á¶°¢À»
±×ÀÇ ±¤´ë Á¦º¹¿¡ ´Þ°Ô µÉ °ÍÀÌ´Ù;
±×´Â,
¿îÀÌ ¸Å¿ì
ÁÁ´Ù¸é,
ÀڽŰú °°ÀÌ Áü½Âó·³ µÇ¾î¹ö¸° ¼ö¸¸¸íÀÇ
ÁöÈÖ¸¦ ¸ÃÀ» °ÍÀ̸ç;
À°±º ¿ø¼ö·Î ºÒ¸®¾î¼,
¸¹Àº µ·À»
¹ú°Ô µÈ´Ù´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. |
|
The advantages of the man who refuses to obey w | |