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¡°THE KINGDOM OF GOD 
IS WITHIN YOU.¡±

¡°Çϳª´ÔÀÇ  ³ª¶ó´Â  ³ÊÈñ ¾È¿¡ ÀÖ´À´Ï¶ó.¡±


by Leo Tolstoy

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CHAPTER VI.  Á¦ 6 Àå 

ATTITUDE OF MEN OF THE PRESENT DAY TO WAR.

ÀüÀï¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¿À´Ã³¯ »ç¶÷µéÀÇ ÀÚ¼¼

People do not Try to Remove the Contradiction between Life and Con¡©science by a Change of Life, but their Cultivated Leaders Exert Every Effort to Obscure the Demands of Conscience, and Justify their Life; in this Way they Degrade Society below Paganism to a State of Prime¡©val Barbarism-Undefined Attitude of Modern Leaders of Thought to War, to Universal Militarism, and to Compulsory Service in Army- One Section Regards War as an Accidental Political Phenomenon, to be Avoided by External Measures only-Peace Congress-The Article in the Revue des Revues-Proposition of Maxime du Camp- Value of Boards of Arbitration and Suppression of Armies-Attitude of Governments to Men of this Opinion and What they Do-Another Section Regards War as Cruel, but Inevitable-Maupassant-Rod-A Third Section Regard War as Necessary, and not without its Advantages -Doucet-Claretie-Zola-Vogue.

»ç¶÷µéÀº »îÀ» º¯È­¸¦ ÅëÇØ¼­ »î°ú ¾ç½É »çÀÌÀÇ ¸ð¼øÀ» Á¦°ÅÇÏ·Á°í ÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù, ±×·¯³ª ±×µéÀÇ ±³¾çÀÖ´Â ÁöµµÀÚµéÀº ¾ç½ÉÀÇ ¿ä±¸¸¦ È帮°Ô Çϰí, ±×¸®°í ±×µéÀÇ »îÀ» Á¤´çÈ­ÇÏ·Á´Â ¸ðµç ³ë·ÂÀ» ´ÙÇÑ´Ù; ÀÌ·±½ÄÀ¸·Î ±×µéÀº »çȸ¸¦ Àú±ÞÇÑ À̱³ÁÖÀÇ¿¡¼­ ¿ø½ÃÀûÀÎ ¾ß¸¸ÁÖÀǷΠŸ¶ô½ÃŲ´Ù-ÀüÀï, Àü¼¼°èÀûÀÎ ±º±¹ÁÖÀÇ ±×¸®°í °­¾ÐÀûÀÎ ±º´ë º¹¹«¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Çö´ë ÁöµµÀÚµéÀÇ »ç»óÀÇ Á¤ÀǵÇÁö ¾Ê´Â ŵµ-ÇÑ ºÐÆÄ´Â ÀüÀïÀ» ¿ì¿¬ÇÑ Á¤Ä¡ÀûÀÎ Çö»óÀ¸·Î¼­ ¿ÜÀûÀÎ ¹æ¹ýÀ¸·Î¼­¸¸ ±Øº¹ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù°í ¿©±ä´Ù-ÆòȭȸÀÇ-¸®ºä ¸®ºäÀÇ ³í°íµé-¸Æ½É µåįÇÁÀÇ ÁÖÀå-ÁßÀç À§¿øÈ¸ÀÇ °¡Áö¿Í ±º´ëÀÇ °¨Ãà-ÀÌ Àǰ߿¡ ´ëÇÑ Á¤ºÎµéÀÇ Åµµ¿Í ±×µé ÇàÇÑ °Í-´Ù¸¥ ÇÑ ºÐÆÄ´Â ÀüÀïÀº ÀÜÀÎÇÏÁö¸¸ ÇÇÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø´Ù°í ¿©±ä´Ù-·Îµå-¼¼¹øÂ° ºÐÆÄ´Â ÀüÀïÀÌ ÇÊ¿äÇϸç, ÀÌÀÍÀÌ ¾øÁö ¾Ê´Ù°í ¿©±ä´Ù-µÎ½º-Ŭ¶ó·¹Æ¼-Á¹¶ó-º¸±×

the antagonism between life and the conscience may be removed in two ways: by a change of life or by a change of conscience. And there would seem there can be no doubt as to these alternatives.

»î°ú ¾ç½ÉÀÇ ¹Ý¸ñÀº µÎ°¡Áö ¹æ¹ýÀ¸·Î Á¦°ÅµÉ °ÍÀÌ´Ù: »îÀÇ º¯È­¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­ ¶Ç´Â ¾ç½ÉÀÇ º¯È­¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­. ±×¸®°í ÀÌµé ´ë¾Èµé¿¡ °üÇØ¼­ ¾Æ¹«·± ÀǽÉÀÌ ¾øÀ¸¸®¶ó º¸ÀδÙ.

A man may cease to do what he regards as wrong, but he cannot cease to consider wrong what is wrong. Just in the same way all humanity may cease to do what it regards as wrong, but far from being able to change, it cannot even retard for a time the continual growth of a clearer recogni¡©tion of what is wrong and therefore ought not to be. And therefore it would seem inevitable for Christian men to abandon the pagan forms of society which they condemn, and to reconstruct their social existence on the Christian principles they profess.

»ç¶÷Àº ÀÚ½ÅÀÌ À߸øµÇ¾ú´Ù°í ¿©±â´Â °ÍÀ» Áß´ÜÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù ±×·¯³ª À߸øµÈ °ÍÀ» À߸øµÇ¾ú´Ù°í »ý°¢ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ» ¸ØÃâ ¼ö ¾ø´Ù. Á¤¸» ¶È°°Àº ¹æ¹ýÀ¸·Î ¸ðµç ÀηùµéÀº À߸øµÇ¾ú´Ù°í »ý°¢ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ» ¸ØÃâ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù, ±×·¯³ª º¯È­ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ±â´Â Ä¿³ç, À߸øµÇ¾úÀ¸¸ç ±×·¯¹Ç·Î À߸øµÇ¾î¼­´Â ¾ÈµÈ´Ù´Â °Í¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ´õ¿í ¸í¹éÇÑ ÀνÄÀÇ Áö¼ÓÀûÀÎ ¼ºÀåÀ» ½ÉÁö¾î Àá½Ã¶óµµ ´ÊÃâ¼ö°¡ ¾ø´Ù. ±×¸®°í ±×·¯¹Ç·Î ±âµ¶±³ÀÇ »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ±×µéÀÌ ºñ³­ÇÏ´Â À̱³µµÀû ÇüÅÂÀÇ »çȸ¸¦ Æ÷±âÇÏ°í ±×µéÀÌ °í¹éÇÏ´Â ±âµ¶±³Àû À©¸®µé À§¿¡ ±×µéÀÇ »çȸÀû Á¸À縦 Àç°Ç¼³ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº ºÒ°¡ÇÇÇÏ´Ù.

So it would be were it not for the law of inertia, as immu¡©table a force in men and nations as in inanimate bodies. In men it takes the form of the psychological principle, so truly expressed in the words of the Gospel, "They have loved darkness better than light because their deeds were evil." This principle shows itself in men not trying to recognize the truth, but to persuade themselves that the life they are leading, which is what they like and are used to, is a life perfectly consistent with truth.

±×·¡¼­, ¹«·ÂÇÑ ¹ý·üÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó¸é, ±×·¯ÇÑ ÀνÄÀº ¹«»ý¹°Ã³·³ »ç¶÷µé°ú ¹ÎÁ·µé¿¡¼­ ºÒº¯ÇÏ´Â ÈûÀÏ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô¼­ ±×°ÍÀº ½É¸®ÀûÀÎ ¿ø¸®ÀÇ ÇüŸ¦ ÃëÇϸç, º¹À½¼­ÀÇ ¸»¾¸µé¿¡¼­ ³Ê¹«³ª Áø½ÇÇÏ°Ô Ç¥ÇöµÇ¾î ÀÖ´Ù, ¡°±×µéÀÇ ÇàÀ§µéÀÌ ¾ÇÇϹǷΠ±×µéÀº ºûº¸´Ù´Â ¾îµÎ¿òÀ» »ç¶ûÇÏ¿´´Ù.¡± ÀÌ ¿ø¸® ÀÚü´Â »ç¶÷µéÀÌ Áø¸®¸¦ ÀνÄÇÏ·Á ½ÃµµÇÔÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, ±×µéÀÌ ¿µÀ§Çϰí ÀÖ´Â »îÀº, ±×°ÍÀº ±×µéÀÌ ÁÁ¾Æ Çϸç ÀûÀÀÇØ¿Â °ÍÀ¸·Î, ¿Ïº®ÇÏ°Ô Áø¸®¿Í ÀÏÄ¡ÇÏ´Â »îÀ¸·Î È®½ÅÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» º¸¿©ÁØ´Ù.

Slavery was opposed to all the moral principles advocated by Plato and Aristotle, yet neither of them saw that, because to renounce slavery would have meant the break up of the life they were living. We see the same thing in our modern world.

³ë¿¹ Á¦µµ´Â ÇöóÅæ°ú ¾Æ¸®½ºÅäÅÚ·¹½º°¡ ¿ËÈ£ÇÏ´Â ¸ðµç µµ´öÀûÀÎ ¿ø¸®µé°ú ´ëÄ¡µÇ¾ú´Ù, ±×·¯³ª ±×µé ÁßÀÇ ¾Æ¹«µµ ±×·¯ÇÑ Á¡À» º¸Áö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù, ¿Ö³ÄÇÏ¸é ³ë¿¹ Á¦µµ¸¦ Æ÷±âÇÔÀº ±×µéÀÌ ¿µÀ§ÇÏ´Â »îÀ» ÆÄ±«ÇÔÀ¸·Î ÀǹÌÇϱ⠶§¹®À̾ú´Ù. ¿ì¸®´Â ¿ì¸®ÀÇ Çö´ë ¼¼°è¿¡¼­ ¶È°°Àº °ÍÀ» º¸°í ÀÖ´Ù.

The division of men into two castes, as well as the use of force in government and war, are opposed to every moral principle professed by our modern society. Yet the culti¡©vated and advanced men of the day seem not to see it.

Á¤ºÎ¿Í ÀüÀï¿¡¼­ Æø·ÂÀÇ »ç¿ë »Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, »ç¶÷µéÀ» µÎ°¡Áö °è±ÞÀ¸·Î ³ª´©´Â °ÍÀº ¿ì¸®ÀÇ Çö´ë »çȸ°¡ °í¹éÇÏ´Â ¸ðµç µµ´öÀû ¿ø¸®µé¿¡ ´ëÄ¡µÈ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ÀÌ ½Ã´ëÀÇ ±³¾çÀÖ°í Áøº¸ÇÑ »ç¶÷µéÀº ±×°ÍÀ» ±ú´ÝÁö ¸øÇÏ´Â °Íó·³ º¸ÀδÙ.

The majority, if not all, of the cultivated men of our day try unconsciously to maintain the old social conception of life, which justifies their position, and to hide from them¡©selves and others its insufficiency, and above all the necessity of adopting the Christian conception of life, which will mean the break up of the whole existing social order. They struggle to keep up the organization based on the social conception of life, but do not believe in it themselves, because it is extinct and it is impossible to believe in it.

ÀüºÎ´Â ¾Æ´ÒÁö¶óµµ, ¿ì¸®½Ã´ëÀÇ ´ëºÎºÐÀÇ ±³¾çÀÖ´Â »ç¶÷µéÀº ¹«ÀǽÄÀûÀ¸·Î ±×µéÀÇ ÁöÀ§¸¦ º¸ÀåÇÏ´Â ¿¾³¯ÀÇ »çȸÀû °³³äÀÇ »îÀ» À¯ÁöÇÏ·Á°í ÇÑ´Ù, ±×¸®°í Àڽŵé°ú ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô¼­ ±×°ÍÀÌ ºÒÃæºÐÇÔÀ», ±×¸®°í ¹«¾ùº¸´Ù ¸ÕÀú ±âµ¶±³ÀûÀÎ °³³äÀÇ »îÀ» äÅÃÇÒ Çʿ伺À» ¼û±â·Á ÇÑ´Ù, ¿Ö³ÄÇÏ¸é ±×°ÍÀº ±âÁ¸ÀÇ Àüü »çȸ Áú¼­¸¦ ºÎ¼ö´Â °ÍÀ» ÀǹÌÇϱ⠶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù. ±×µéÀº »çȸÀû °³³äÀÇ »î¿¡ ±âÃÊÇÑ ±â±¸µéÀ» À¯ÁöÇÏ·Á ¾Ö¸¦ ¾´´Ù, ±×·¯³ª ±×µé ½º½º·Î´Â ±×°ÍÀ» ¹ÏÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù, ¿Ö³ÄÇÏ¸é ±×°ÍÀº ¸êÁ¾ÇÏ¿´À¸¹Ç·Î ±×°ÍÀ» ¹Ï±â´Â ºÒ°¡´ÉÇϱ⠶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù.

All modern literature-philosophical, political, and artis¡©tic-is striking in this respect. What wealth of idea, of form, of color, what erudition, what art, but what a lack of serious matter, what dread of any exactitude of thought or expression! Subtleties, allegories, humorous fancies, the widest generalizations, but nothing simple and clear, noth¡©ing going straight to the point, that is, to the problem of life.

¸ðµç Çö´ë ¹®ÇÐ-öÇÐ, Á¤Ä¡, ±×¸®°í ¿¹¼úÀûÀÎ-Àº ÀÌÁ¡¿¡¼­ µÎµå·¯Áø´Ù. »ç»ó, Çü½Ä, »ö±òÀÌ ¾ó¸¶³ª dzºÎÇѰ¡, ¾ó¸¶³ª ¹Ú½ÄÇϸç, ¾ó¸¶³ª ¿¹¼úÀûÀΰ¡, ±×·¯³ª ¾ó¸¶³ª Áø½ÇÇÔÀÌ °á¿©µÇ¾ú´Â°¡, »ç»ó ¶Ç´Â Ç¥ÇöÀÇ Á¤È®¼ºÀ» ¾ó¸¶³ª µÎ·Á¿ö Çϴ°¡! ±³¹¦ÇÔµé, ºñÀ¯µé, ÇØÇÐÀûÀÎ »ó»óµé, °¡Àå ³ÐÀº º¸Æí¼ºÀ» °¡ÁöÁö¸¸, ´Ü¼øÇÏ°í ¸í·áÇÑ °ÍÀº ¾Æ¹«°Íµµ ¾øÀ¸¸ç, »îÀ», Áï, »îÀÇ ¹®Á¦¸¦ Á÷Á¢ ¾ð±ÞÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº ¾Æ¹«°Íµµ ¾ø´Ù.

But that is not all; besides these graceful frivolities, our literature is full of simple nastiness and brutality, of argu¡©ments which would lead men back in the most refined way to primeval barbarism, to the principles not only of the pagan, but even of the animal life, which we have left be¡©hind us five thousand years ago.

±×·¯³ª ±×°ÍÀÌ ÀüºÎ°¡ ¾Æ´Ï´Ù; ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ¿ì¾ÆÇÑ ÇÏÂúÀº °Íµé »Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, ¿ì¸®ÀÇ ¹®ÇÐÀº ´Ü¼øÇÑ À½´ãÆÐ¼³°ú ÀÜÀÎÇÔÀ¸·Î °¡µæÂ÷ ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ±×·¯ÇÔÀÇ ³í¸®µéÀº °á±¹ °¡Àå ¼¼·ÃµÈ ¹æ¹ýÀ¸·Î »ç¶÷µéÀ» ´Ù½Ã ¿ø½ÃÀûÀÎ ¾ß¸¸ÁÖÀÇ·Î, À̱³ÀûÀÎ ¿ø¸®·Î »Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, ½ÉÁö¾î µ¿¹°ÀûÀÎ »îÀÇ ¿ø¸®·Î À̲ø°í °¥ °ÍÀ̸ç, ±×·¯ÇÑ »îÀº ¿ì¸®°¡ ÀÌ¹Ì ¿Àõ³â Àü¿¡ ¿ì¸® µÚ¿¡ ³²±â°í ¿Â °ÍÀ̾ú´Ù.

And it could not be otherwise. In their dread of the Christian conception of life which will destroy the social order, which some cling to only from habit, others also from interest, men cannot but be thrown back upon the pagan conception of life and the principles based on it. Nowa¡©days we see advocated not only patriotism and aristocratic principles just as they were advocated two thousand years ago, but even the coarsest Epicureanism and animalism, only with this difference, that the men who then professed those views believed in them, while nowadays even the advocates of such views do not believe in them, for they have no mean¡©ing for the present day. No one can stand still when the earth is shaking under his feet. If we do not go forward we must go back. And strange and terrible to say, the cultivated men of our day, the leaders of thought, are in reality with their subtle reasoning drawing society back, not to paganism even, but to a state of primitive barbarism.

±×¸®°í ±×°ÍÀº ´Þ¸® µÉ ¼ö°¡ ¾ø¾ú´Ù. ±×µéÀÇ »çȸÀû Áú¼­¸¦ ÆÄ±«ÇÒ ±âµ¶±³ÀûÀÎ °³³äÀÇ »îÀ» ¹«¼­¿öÇÏ¿©, ¾î¶² À̵éÀº ±×°ÍÀ» ¿ÀÁ÷ ½À°üÀ¸·Î¼­, ¾î¶²ÀÌ µéÀº ¶ÇÇÑ Èï¹Ì·Î¼­ ºÙµé°í ÀÖÁö¸¸, »ç¶÷µéÀº ´Ù½Ã±Ý À̱³Àû °³³äÀÇ »î°ú ±×°ÍÀ» ±âÃÊ·ÎÇÑ ¿ø¸®µé·Î µÇµ¹¾Æ °¡Áö ¾ÊÀ» ¼ö°¡ ¾ø´Ù. ¿À´Ã³¯, ¿ì¸®´Â ¾Ö±¹ÁÖÀÇ¿Í ±ÍÁ·ÁÖÀÇ ¿ø¸®µéÀÌ ÀÌõ³â Àü¿¡ ¿ËÈ£µÇ¾ú´ø °Íó·³ »Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, ½ÉÁö¾î °¡Àå Àú¼ÓÇÑ Äè¶ôÁÖÀÇ ¿Í µ¿¹°ÁÖÀǰ¡ ¿ËÈ£µÇ´Â °ÍÀ» º¸°í ÀÖÀ¸³ª, ¿ÀÁ÷ ÀÌ·± Â÷ÀÌÀÏ »ÓÀÌ´Ù, Áï, ±×´ç½Ã ±×·¯ÇÑ ½Ã°¢µéÀ» °í¹éÇÑ »ç¶÷µéÀº ±×°ÍµéÀ» ¹Ï¾úÀ¸³ª, ¹Ý¸é¿¡ ¿À´Ã³¯Àº ±×·¯ÇÑ ½Ã°¢À» ¿ËÈ£ÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷µéÀÌ¶óµµ ±×°ÍµéÀ» ¹ÏÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù, ¿Ö³ÄÇϸé Çö ½Ã´ë¿¡´Â ±×°ÍµéÀº ¾Æ¹«·± Àǹ̵µ °®Áö ¾Ê±â ¶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù. ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ¹ß ¹Ø¿¡¼­ ¶¥ÀÌ Èçµé¸± ¶§ ¾Æ¹«µµ Á¶¿ëÈ÷ ¼­ÀÖÀ» ¼ö ¾ø´Ù. ¸¸ÀÏ ¿ì¸®°¡ ¾ÕÀ¸·Î °¡Áö ¾Ê´Â´Ù¸é µÚ·Î °¡¾ßÇÑ´Ù. ±×¸®°í ¸»ÇϱⰡ ÀÌ»óÇϱ⵵ ÇÏ¸ç ¹«¼·±âµµ ÇÏÁö¸¸, ¿ì¸® ½Ã´ëÀÇ ±³¾çÀÖ´Â »ç¶÷µé, »ç»óÀÇ ÁöµµÀÚµéÀº, »ç½Ç»ó ±×µéÀÇ ±³¹¦ÇÑ Ãß·ÐÀ¸·Î¼­ »çȸ¸¦ ÈÄÅð½Ã۰í ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ½ÉÁö¾î À̱³ÁÖÀÇ·Î »Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, ¿ø½ÃÀûÀÎ ¾ß¸¸ÁÖÀÇ »óÅ·Π¸»ÀÌ´Ù.

This tendency on the part of the leading thinkers of the day is nowhere more apparent than in their attitude to the phenomenon in which all the insufficiency of the social con¡©ception of life is presented in the most concentrated form- in their attitude, that is, to war, to the general arming of nations, and to universal compulsory service.

¿À´Ã³¯ÀÇ ÁöµµÀûÀÎ »ç»ó°¡µé Ãø¿¡¼­ÀÇ ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ °æÇâÀº »çȸÀû °³³äÀÇ »îÀÇ ¸ðµç ºÒÃæºÐÇÔÀÌ °¡Àå Áý¾àµÈ ÇüÅ·μ­ Á¦½ÃµÇ´Â Çö»ó¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Åµµ¿¡¼­ ´õ¿í ÇöÀúÇÏ´Ù-Áï, ÀüÀï¿¡ ´ëÇÑ, ±¹°¡µéÀÇ º¸ÆíÀûÀÎ ¹«Àå, ±×¸®°í ¼¼°èÀûÀÎ °­¾ÐÀû º´¿ªÀǹ« µî¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Åµµ¿¡¼­ ±×·¯ÇÏ´Ù.

The undefined, if not disingenuous, attitude of modern thinkers to this phenomenon is striking. It takes three forms in cultivated society. One section look at it as an incidental phenomenon, arising out of the special political situation of Europe, and consider that this state of things can be reformed without a revolution in the whole internal social order of nations, by external measures of international diplomacy. Another section regard it as something cruel and hideous, but at the same time fated and inevitable, like disease and death. A third party with cool indifference consider war as an inevitable phenomenon, beneficial in its effects and therefore desirable.

¸¸ÀÏ ºÎÁ¤Á÷ÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Ù°í ÇÏ´õ¶ó°í, ÀÌ·± Çö»óµé¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Çö´ë »ç»ó°¡µéÀÇ Á¤ÀǵÇÁö ¾ÊÀº ŵµ´Â ³î¶ó¿ï Á¤µµÀÌ´Ù. ±³¾çÀÖ´Â »çȸ¿¡¼­ ±×°ÍÀº ¼¼°¡Áö ÇüŸ¦ ÃëÇÑ´Ù. ÇÑ °èÃþÀº ±×°ÍÀ» À¯·´À̶ó´Â Ư¼öÇÑ Á¤Ä¡Àû »óȲ¿¡¼­ ¹ß»ýÇÏ´Â ¿ì¿¬ÇÑ Çö»óÀ¸·Î ¹Ù¶óº»´Ù, ±×¸®°í ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ »ç¹°ÀÇ »óÅ´ ±¹°¡µéÀÇ ³»ÀûÀÎ »çȸÁú¼­¿¡¼­ÀÇ Çõ¸íÀÌ ¾øÀÌ, ±¹Á¦ ¿Ü±³ÀÇ ¿ÜÀûÀÎ ¹æ¹ýµé¿À¼­ °³ÇõµÉ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù°í ¿©±ä´Ù. ´Ù¸¥ ÇÑ °èÃþÀº ±×°ÍÀ» ÀÜÀÎÇÏ°í ¹«¼­¿î °ÍÀ¸·Î ¿©±â¸ç, µ¿½Ã¿¡, Áúº´À̳ª Á×À½ °°ÀÌ, ¿î¸íÀ̸ç ÇÇÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø´Â ¾î¶² °ÍÀ¸·Î ¿©±ä´Ù. Â÷°¡¿î ³ÃÁ¤ÇÔÀ» Áö´Ñ ¼¼¹øÂ° °èÃþÀº ÀüÀïÀº ÇÇÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø´Â Çö»óÀ̸ç, ±×ÀÇ È¿°ú·Î¼­ À̷οòÀÌ ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ±×·¯¹Ç·Î, ¹Ù¶÷Á÷ÇÏ´Ù°í ¿©±ä´Ù.

Men look at the subject from different points of view, but all alike talk of war as though it were something absolutely independent of the will of those who take part in it. And consequently they do not even admit the natural question which presents itself to every simple man: "How about me-ought I to take any part in it?" In their view no question of this kind even exists, and every man, however he may regard war from a personal standpoint, must slavishly submit to the requirements of the authorities on the subject.

»ç¶÷µéÀº ´Ù¸¥ °üÁ¡ µé¿¡¼­ ±× ÁÖÁ¦¸¦ ¹Ù¶óº»´Ù, ±×·¯³ª ¸ðµÎ ´Ù ¸¶Âù°¡Áö·Î ÀüÀïÀº ¸¶Ä¡ Âü°¡ÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷µéÀÇ ÀÇÁö¿Í Àý´ëÀûÀ¸·Î µ¶¸³µÇ¾î ÀÖ´Â °Íó·³ ¸»ÇÑ´Ù. ±×¸®°í °á±¹ ±×µéÀº Á¦°¢±â ´Ü¼øÇÑ »ç¶÷¿¡°Ô ¶°¿À¸£´Â ´ç¿¬ÇÑ Àǹ®¸¶Àúµµ ½ÃÀÎÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀ¸·Á µç´Ù: ¡°³ª´Â ¾î¶²°¡-³ªµµ ±×°Í¿¡ Âü¿©ÇØ¾ß µÇÁö ¾Ê´Â°¡?¡± ±×µéÀÇ ½Ã°¢¿¡´Â ÀÌ·± Á¾·ùÀÇ Àǹ®µéÀº ÀüÇô Á¸ÀçÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù, ±×¸®°í °¢ÀÚ´Â, ±×°¡ ¾Æ¹«¸® °³ÀÎÀûÀÎ °üÁ¡¿¡¼­ ÀüÀïÀ» º¼Áö¶óµµ, ±× ÁÖÁ¦¿¡ °üÇÑÇÑ ´ç±¹ÀÇ ¿ä±¸µé¿¡ ³ë¿¹Ã³·³ ¹Ýµå½Ã º¹Á¾ÇØ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù.

The attitude of the first section of thinkers, those who see a way out of war in international diplomatic measures, is well expressed in the report of the last Peace Congress in Lon¡©don, and the articles and letters upon war that appeared in No. 8 of the Revue des Revues, 1891. The congress after gathering together from various quarters the verbal and written opinion of learned men opened the proceedings by a religious service, and after listening to addresses for five whole days, concluded them by a public dinner and speeches. They adopted the following resolutions:

ù¹øÂ° °èÃþÀÇ »ç»ó°¡µéÀÇ Åµµ´Â, ±¹Á¦ ¿Ü±³ ´ëÃ¥À» ÅëÇÏ¿© ÀüÀï¿¡¼­ ¹þ¾î³ª´Â ¹æ¹ýÀ» ã´Â »ç¶÷µé·Î¼­, ÃÖ±ÙÀÇ ·±´ø ÆòȭȸÀÇÀÇ º¸°í¼­¿¡¼­, ±×¸®°í 1891³â ¸®ºä¸®ºä ÁöÀÇ 8¹ø¿¡ ³ªÅ¸³­ ÀüÀï¿¡ °üÇÑ ³í¹®µé°ú ¼­Çѵ鿡 Àß Ç¥ÇöµÇ¾îÀÖ´Ù. ¹Ú½ÄÇÑ »ç¶÷µé°í ±¸¼ºµÈ ´Ù¾çÇÑ Áø¿µÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍÀÇ ±¸µÎ ¹× ¼­¸é ÀǰßÀ» ÃëÇÕÇÑ È¸ÀÇ´Â Á¾±³ ¿¹¹è¸¦ ÅëÇØ¼­ ÀýÂ÷¸¦ ¿­¾ú´Ù, ±×¸®°í ²¿¹Ú 5ÀÏ µ¿¾È ¿¬¼³µéÀ» µè°í³ª¼­, °ø½Ä ¸¸Âù°ú ¿¬¼³µé·Î¼­ ±×°ÍµéÀ» °á·Ð³»·È´Ù. ±×µéÀº ´ÙÀ½°ú °°Àº °áÀǾÈÀ» äÅÃÇÏ¿´´Ù.

"1. The congress affirms its belief that the brotherhood of man involves as a necessary consequence a brotherhood of nations.

¡°1. ȸÀÇ´Â »ç¶÷µéÀÇ ¿ì¾Ö´Â ÇÊ¿¬ÀûÀÎ °á°ú·Î¼­ ±¹°¡°£ÀÇ ¿ì¾Ö¸¦ Æ÷ÇÔÇÑ´Ù.

"2. The congress recognizes the important influence that Christianity exercises on the moral and political progress of mankind, and earnestly urges upon ministers of the Gospel and other religious teachers the duty of setting forth the principles of peace and good will toward men. And it recommends that the third Sunday in December be set apart for that purpose.

¡°2. ȸÀÇ´Â ±âµ¶±³°¡ ÀηùÀÇ µµ´ö ¹× Á¤Ä¡Àû Áøº¸¿¡ Çà»çÇÏ´Â Áß¿äÇÑ ¿µÇâÀ» ÀÎÁ¤ÇÑ´Ù, ±×¸®°í º¹À½À» ´Ù·ç´Â ¼ºÁ÷ÀÚµé°ú ´Ù¸¥ Á¾±³ ±³»çµé¿¡°Ô »ç¶÷µéÀ» À§ÇÑ ÆòÈ­¿Í È£ÀÇÀÇ ¿ø¸®µéÀ» üÃâÇÒ Àǹ«¸¦ ÁøÁ¤À¸·Î ¿ä±¸ÇÑ´Ù. ±×¸®°í ȸÀÇ´Â 12¿ù ¼¼¹øÂ° ÀÏ¿äÀÏÀ» ±×·¯ÇÑ ¸ñÀûÀ¸·Î Á¤ÇصдÙ.

"3. The congress expresses the opinion that all teachers of history should call the attention of the young to the grave evils inflicted on mankind in all ages by war, and to the fact that such war has been waged for most inadequate causes.

¡°3. ȸÀÇ´Â ¸ðµç ¿ª»ç ±³»çµéÀÌ ¾ÆÀ̵鿡°Ô ÀüÀï¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­ ¸ðµç ¼¼´ë¿¡¼­ Àηù¿¡°Ô °¡ÇØÁø Áß´ëÇÑ ¾ÇÇàµé°ú, ±×·¯ÇÑ ÀüÀïÀº °¡Àå ÀûÀýÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀº ÀÌÀ¯µé·Î¼­ ÇàÇØÁ³´Ù´Â »ç½ÇÀ» ÁÖÁö½ÃÄÑ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù´Â ÀǰßÀ» Ç¥ÇöÇÑ´Ù.

"4. The congress protests against the use of military drill in schools by way of physical exercise, and suggests the formation of brigades for saving life rather than of a quasi-military character; and urges the desirability of impressing on the Board of Examiners who formulate the questions for examination the propriety of guiding the minds of children in the principles of peace.

¡°4. ȸÀÇ´Â Çб³¿¡¼­ À°Ã¼Àû ´Ü·ÃÀ» ÅëÇÑ ±º»çÈÆ·ÃÀ» ÀÌ¿ëÇÏ´Â °Í¿¡ ¹Ý´ëÇϸç, ±º»çÀûÀÎ °Í¿¡ °¡±î¿î ¼º°Ýº¸´Ù´Â »ý¸íÀ» ±¸Çϱâ À§ÇÑ ´Üü ±¸¼ºÀ» Á¦¾ÈÇϰí, ½ÃÇè ¹®Á¦¸¦ Á¦ÃâÇÏ´Â ½ÃÇè À§¿øÈ¸¿¡ ÆòÈ­ÀÇ ¿ø¸®µé¿¡ µû¸¥ ¾Æµ¿µéÀÇ ¸¶À½µéÀ» ¾È³»ÇÏ´Â Á¤´ç¼ºÀ» ºÎ¿©ÇÔÀÌ ¹Ù¶÷Á÷ÇÏ´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ¿ä±¸ÇÑ´Ù.

"5. The congress holds that the doctrine of the Rights of Man requires that the aboriginal and weaker races, their territories and liberties, shall be guarded from injustice and fraud, and that these races shall be shielded against the vices so prevalent among the so-called advanced races of men. It further expresses its conviction that there should be concert of action among the nations for the accomplish¡©ment of these ends. The congress expresses its hearty appreciation of the resolutions of the Anti-slavery Confer¡©ence held recently at Brussels for the amelioration of the condition of the peoples of Africa.

¡°5. ȸÀÇ´Â »ç¶÷ÀÇ ±Ç¸®¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ±³¸®´Â ¿øÁֹΰú ¾àÇÑ Àηùµé, ±×µéÀÇ ¿µÅäµé, ¹× ÀÚÀ¯µéÀÌ ºÒÀÇ¿Í ±â¸¸À¸·ÎºÎÅÍ º¸È£µÇ¾î¾ß Çϸç, À̵é ÀηùµéÀº ¼ÒÀ§ ÁøµµµÈ Àηùµé »çÀÌ¿¡ ÆØ¹èÇØ ÀÖ´Â ¾ÇÀǵ鿡 ¸Â¼­¼­ º¸È£µÇ¾î¾ß ÇÑ´Ù°í ÁÖÀåÇÑ´Ù. ȸÀÇ´Â ´õ ³ª¾Æ°¡¼­ ÀÌ ¸ñÀûÀÇ ´Þ¼ºÀ» À§Çؼ­ ±¹°¡°£ÀÇ ´ÜÇÕµÈ ÇൿÀÌ ÀÖ¾î¾ß ÇÑ´Ù´Â È®½ÅÀ» Ç¥ÇöÇÑ´Ù. ȸÀÇ´Â ¾ÆÇÁ¸®Ä« »ç¶÷µéÀÇ »óŸ¦ °³¼±Çϱâ À§Çؼ­ ÃÖ±Ù¿¡ ºê·ò¼¿¿¡ ¿­·È´ø ³ë¿¹ ¹Ý´ë ȸÀÇÀÇ °áÁ¤¿¡ ´ëÇØ ÁøÁ¤ÇÑ °í¸¶¿òÀ» ´À³¤´Ù.

"6. The congress believes that the warlike prejudices and traditions which are still fostered in the various nation¡©alities, and the misrepresentations by leaders of public opinion in legislative assemblies or through the press, are often indirect causes of war, and that these evils should be counteracted by the publication of accurate information tending to the removal of misunderstanding between nations, and recommends the importance of considering the question of commencing an international newspaper with such a purpose.

¡°6. ȸÀÇ´Â ¿©·¯ ±¹°¡µé¿¡¼­ ¾ÆÁ÷µµ Á¶ÀåµÇ°í Àִ ȣÀüÀûÀÎ Æí°ßµé°ú °ü½Àµé, ±×¸®°í ÀÔ¹ý±â±¸³ª ¾ð·ÐÀÇ ¿©·Ð ÁöµµÀڵ鿡 ÀÇÇÑ ¿ÀÇØµéÀÌ ÈçÈ÷ ÀüÀïÀÇ °£Á¢ÀûÀÎ ¿øÀεéÀÌ µÇ¸ç, ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ÇØ¾ÇµéÀº ±¹°¡µé °£ÀÇ ¿ÀÇØ¸¦ Á¦°ÅÇÔ¿¡ µµ¿òÀ̵Ǵ Á¤È®ÇÑ Á¤º¸ÀÇ °ø°³¸¦ ÅëÇØ¼­ ´ëÀÀµÇ¾î¾ß ÇÔÀ» ¹ÏÀ¸¸ç, ±×¸®°í ±×·¯ÇÑ ¸ñÀûÀ» À§ÇÑ ±¹Á¦ÀûÀÎ ½Å¹®À» ¹ßÇàÇÔ¿¡ °üÇÑ ¹®Á¦¸¦ °í·ÁÇÏ´Â Á߿伺À» ±Ç°íÇÑ´Ù.

"7. The congress proposes to the Inter-parliamentary Conference that the utmost support should be given to every project for unification of weights and measures, coinage, tariff, postage, and telegraphic arrangements, etc., which would assist in constituting a commercial, industrial, and scientific union of the peoples.

¡°7. ȸÀÇ´Â ±¹Á¦ ÀÇ¿ø ȸÀÇ¿¡ µµ·®Çü, È­Æä, °ü¼¼, ¿ìÆí ¹× Àü½Å Çù¾à, µîÀÇ ÅëÀÏ¿¡ °üÇÑ ¸ðµç °èȹµé¿¡ ÃÖ´ëÀÇ Áö¿øÀ» ÇÏ¿©¾ß Çϸç, ±×·ÎÇØ¼­ »ç¶÷µé »çÀÌÀÇ »ó¾÷Àû, »ê¾÷Àû ¹× °úÇÐÀûÀÎ °áÇÕÀ» µµ¿ï ¼ö ÀÖµµ·Ï ÇÒ °ÍÀ» Á¦¾ÈÇÑ´Ù.

¡°8. The congress, in view of the vast social and moral influence of woman, urges upon every woman to sustain the things that make for peace, as otherwise she incurs grave responsibility for the continuance of the systems of mili¡©tarism.

¡°8. ȸÀÇ´Â, ¿©¼ºµéÀÇ ±¤¹üÀ§ÇÑ »çȸÀû ¹× µµ´öÀû ¿µÇâ·ÂÀ» °í·ÁÇϰǴë, Á¦°¢±â ¿©¼ºµéÀÌ ÆòÈ­¸¦ ±¸ÃàÇÏ´Â °ÍµéÀ» Áö¿øÇÒ °ÍÀ» Ã˱¸Çϸç, ±×·¸Áö ¾Ê´Ù¸é ±º»çÁÖÀÇ Ã¼Á¦µéÀÇ Áö¼Ó¿¡ Áö´ëÇÑ Ã¥ÀÓÀ» ÃÊ·¡Çϱ⠶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù.

"9. The congress expresses the hope that the Financial Reform Association and other similar societies in Europe and America should unite in considering means for estab¡©lishing equitable commercial relations between states, by the reduction of import duties. The congress feels that it can affirm that the whole of Europe desires peace, and awaits with impatience the suppression of armaments, which, under the plea of defense, become in their turn a danger by keeping alive mutual distrust, and are, at the same time, the cause of that general economic disturbance which stands in the way of settling in a satisfactory manner the problems of labor and poverty, which ought to take prece¡©dence of all others.

¡°9. ȸÀÇ´Â ÀçÁ¤ °³Çõ Çùȸ ¹× ±âŸ À¯·´°ú ¾Æ¸Þ¸®Ä«ÀÇ ´ÜüµéÀÌ, ¼öÀÔ¼¼¸¦ °¨¸éÇϹǷμ­ ±¹°¡µé °£ÀÇ °øÁ¤ÇÑ »ó¾÷Àû °ü°èµéÀ» È®¸³Çϱâ À§ÇÑ ¹æ¹ýµéÀ» °í·ÁÇÔ¿¡ À־ ¹Ýµå½Ã ¿¬ÇÕÇÏ¿©¾ßµÈ´Ù´Â Èñ¸ÁÀ» Ç¥ÇöÇÑ´Ù. ȸÀÇ´Â Àüü À¯·´Àº ÆòÈ­¸¦ ¹Ù¶ó¸ç, ±º»ç·Â °¨ÃàÀ» ½Ã±ÞÇÏ°Ô ±â´Ù¸®¸ç, ±º»ç·ÂÀº ¹æ¾î¶ó´Â ±¸½ÇÇÏ¿¡, »óÈ£ ºÒ½ÅÀ» Á¸¼ÓÇÏ°Ô ÇϹǷμ­ À§ÇèÀÌ µÇ¸ç, µ¿½Ã¿¡ ³ëµ¿°ú ºó°ïÀÇ ¹®Á¦µéÀ» ¸¸Á·½º·´°Ô ÇØ°áÇϴµ¥ ¹æÇذ¡ µÇ´Â Àü¹ÝÀûÀÎ °æÁ¦Àû ºÒ¾ÈÀÇ ¿øÀÎÀÌ µÇ¸ç, ³ëµ¿°ú ºó°ïÀÇ ¹®Á¦µéÀº ´Ù¸¥ ¸ðµç °Íµéº¸´Ù ¿ì¼±ÇØ¾ß µÊÀ» ÁÖÀåÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖÀ½À» ´À³¤´Ù.

"10. The congress, recognizing that a general disarma¡©ment would be the best guarantee of peace and would lead to the solution of the questions which now most divide states, expresses the wish that a congress of representatives of all the states of Europe may be assembled as soon as possible to consider the means of effecting a gradual general disarmament.

¡°10. ȸÀÇ´Â, Àü¹ÝÀû ±ººñ Ãà¼Ò°¡ ÆòÈ­¿¡ ´ëÇÑ °¡Àå ÁÁÀº º¸ÀåÀ̸ç, ÇöÀç ´ëüÀûÀ¸·Î ±¹°¡µéÀ» ºÐ¿­ÇÏ´Â ¹®Á¦µé¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÇØ°á¿¡ µµ´ÞÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖÀ½À» ÀνÄÇϸ鼭, ¸ðµç À¯·´ ±¹°¡µéÀÇ ´ëÇ¥µéÀÌ Âü¼®Çϴ ȸÀǰ¡ Á¡ÁøÀûÀ̸ç Àü¹ÝÀûÀÎ ±ººñÃà¼Ò¸¦ ½ÇÇàÇϱâ À§ÇÑ ¼ö´ÜµéÀ» ³íÀÇÇϱâ À§Çؼ­, °¡´ÉÇÑ »¡¸® ¼ÒÁýµÇ¾î¾ß ÇÔÀ» Ç¥ÇöÇÑ´Ù.

"11. The congress, in consideration of the fact that the timidity of a single power might delay the convocation of the above-mentioned congress, is of opinion that the govern¡©ment which should first dismiss any considerable number of soldiers would confer a signal benefit on Europe and man¡©kind, because it would, by public opinion, oblige other governments to follow its example, and by the moral force of this accomplished fact would have increased rather than diminished the conditions of its national defense.

¡°11. ȸÀÇ´Â, ´Ü ÇÑ ±¹°¡¶óµµ ¼Ò±ØÀûÀÌµÇ¸é »ó±â¿¡ ¾ð±ÞÇÑ È¸ÀÇÀÇ ¼ÒÁýÀÌ Áö¿¬µÉ °ÍÀ̶ó´Â »ç½ÇÀ» °í·ÁÇÏ¿©, ¸ÕÀú »ó´çÇÑ ¼ýÀÚÀÇ º´·ÂÀ» ÇØÁ¦ÇÏ´Â Á¤ºÎ´Â À¯·´°ú Àηùµé¿¡°Ô »ó¡ÀûÀÎ ÇýÅÃÀ» ºÎ¿©ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ̸ç, ±×°ÍÀº, °ø°øÀÇ ¿©·Ð¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­, ´Ù¸¥ Á¤ºÎµéÀ» ±× ¿¹¸¦ µû¸£°Ô Çϱ⠶§¹®À̸ç, ±×¸®°í, ÀÌ·¸°Ô È®¸³µÈ »ç½ÇÀÇ µµ´öÀûÀÎ Èû¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­ ±× Á¤ºÎÀÇ ±¹°¡ÀûÀÎ ¹æ¾î »óŸ¦ °¨¼ÒÇϱ⺸´Ù´Â Áõ°¡ÇÏ°Ô µÈ´Ù´Â, ÀǰßÀÌ´Ù.

"12. The congress, considering the question of disarma¡©ment, as of peace in general, depends on public opinion, recommends the peace societies, as well as all friends of peace, to be active in its propaganda, especially at the time of parliamentary elections, in order that the electors should give their votes to candidates who are pledged to support Peace, Disarmament, and Arbitration.

¡°12. ȸÀÇ´Â, ±ººñ Ãà¼ÒÀÇ ¹®Á¦¸¦ ³íÀÇÇÔ¿¡ À־, ÀϹÝÀûÀÎ ÆòÈ­ÀÇ ¹®Á¦¿Í ¸¶Âù°¡Áö·Î, °ø°øÀÇ ¿©·Ð¿¡ ÀÇÁ¸Çϸç, ÆòÈ­ ´Üüµé, »Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ¸ðµç ÆòÈ­ÀÇ Ä£±¸µéÀÌ ±× ¼±Àü¿¡ À־, ƯÈ÷ ÀÇ¿ø ¼±°Å¿¡¼­, Àû±ØÀûÀÏ °ÍÀ» ±Ç°íÇÑ´Ù, ±×¸®ÇÏ¿© À¯±ÇÀÚµéÀº ÆòÈ­, ±ººñÃà¼Ò, ¹× ÁßÀ縦 °ø¾àÇÏ´Â Èĺ¸Àڵ鿡°Ô ÅõÇ¥ÇÒ °ÍÀ» ±Ç°íÇÑ´Ù.

"13. The congress congratulates the friends of peace on the resolution adopted by the International American Con¡©ference, held at Washington in April last, by which it was recommended that arbitration should be obligatory in all controversies, whatever their origin, except only those which may imperil the independence of one of the nations involved.

¡°13. ȸÀÇ´Â, Áö³­ 4¿ù ¿ö½ÌÅæ¿¡¼­ ¿­¸° ±¹Á¦ ¾Æ¸Þ¸®Ä« ȸÀÇ¿¡¼­ äÅÃµÈ °áÀǾȿ¡ ´ëÇØ, ±×¸®°í ±× °áÀÇ ¾È¿¡¼­ ¸ðµç ºÐÀïµé¿¡ À־ ±×µéÀÇ ±¹ÀûÀÌ ¹«¾ùÀ̵ç ÁßÀç´Â Àǹ«ÀûÀ̸ç, ´Ù¸¸ °ü·ÃµÈ ±¹°¡µé ÁßÀÇ ÇϳªÀÇ µ¶¸³À» À§ÅÂ·Ó°Ô ÇÏ´Â °ÍµéÀ» Á¦¿ÜÇϱâ·ÎÇÑ °Í¿¡ ´ëÇØ ÆòÈ­ÀÇ Ä£±¸µéÀ» ÃàÇÏÇÏ´Â ¹ÙÀÌ´Ù.

"14. The congress recommends this resolution to the attention of European statesmen, and expresses the ardent desire that similar treaties may speedily be entered into be¡©tween the other nations of the world.

¡°14. ȸÀÇ´Â ÀÌ °áÀǾÈÀ» À¯·´ÀÇ Á¤Ä¡°¡µéÀÌ ÁÖ¸ñÇÒ °ÍÀ» ±Ç°íÇÑ´Ù, ±×¸®°í À¯»çÇÑ ÇùÁ¤µéÀÌ Á¶¼ÓÈ÷ ¼¼°èÀÇ ´Ù¸¥ ±¹°¡µé »çÀÌ¿¡ ü°áµÇ±â¸¦ °­·ÄÇÑ Èñ¸ÁÀ¸·Î Ç¥ÇöÇÑ´Ù.

"15. The congress expresses its satisfaction at the adop¡©tion by the Spanish Senate on June 16 last of a project of law authorizing the government to negotiate general or special treaties of arbitration for the settlement of all dis¡©putes except those relating to the independence or internal government of the states affected; also at the adoption of resolutions to a like effect by the Norwegian Storthing and by the Italian Chamber.

¡°15. ȸÀÇ´Â, ¿µÇâÀ» ¹Þ´Â ±¹°¡µéÀÇ µ¶¸³À̳ª ÀÚÄ¡ Á¤ºÎµé¿¡ °ü·ÃµÈ °æ¿ìµéÀ» Á¦¿ÜÇÑ ¸ðµç ºÐÀïµéÀÇ ÇØ°á¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÁßÀç¿¡ °üÇÑ ÀÏ¹Ý ¶Ç´Â Ưº° Çù¾àµéÀ» Á¤ºÎ°¡ Çù»óÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖµµ·Ï ±ÇÇÑÀ» ÁÖ´Â ÀÔ¹ý °èȹÀ», Áö³­ 6¿ù 16ÀÏ ½ºÆäÀÎ »ó¿ø¿¡¼­ äÅÃÇѵ¥ ´ëÇØ ¸¸Á·À» Ç¥ÇöÇÑ´Ù; ±×¸®°í ³ë¸£¿þÀÌ ±¹È¸¿Í ÀÌÅ»¸®¾Æ ÀÇȸÀÇ À¯»çÇÑ °á°ú¿¡ ´ëÇÑ °áÀǾȵéÀÇ Ã¤Åà ¶ÇÇÑ ¸¸Á·ÇÑ´Ù.

"16. The congress resolves that a committee be appointed to address communications to the principal political, religious, commercial, and labor and peace organizations, requesting them to send petitions to the governmental authorities praying that measures be taken for the formation of suitable tribunals for the adjudicature of international questions so as to avoid the resort to war.

¡°16. ȸÀÇ´Â, Áß¿äÇÑ Á¤Ä¡Àû, Á¾±³Àû, »ó¾÷Àû, ±×¸®°í ³ëµ¿°ú ÆòÈ­¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ´ëÈ­¸¦ Àü´ãÇÏ´Â À§¿øÈ¸¸¦ À§ÃËÇϰí, ±×¸®ÇÏ¿© ÀüÀï¿¡ ÀǰÅÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ» ÇÇÇϵµ·Ï ±¹Á¦ÀûÀÎ ¹®Á¦µé¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ½ÉÆÇÀ» À§ÇÑ ÀûÀýÇÑ ÀçÆÇ¼ÒµéÀÇ Çü¼ºÀ» À§ÇÑ ´ëÃ¥µéÀÌ ÃëÇØÁöµµ·Ï ±â¿øÇϸ鼭, ±×µéÀÌ Á¤ºÎ ´ç±¹µé¿¡ ź¿øÇϵµ·Ï ¿äûÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖµµ·Ï, ÀǰáÇÑ´Ù.

"17. Seeing (1) that the object pursued by all peace societies is the establishment of judicial order between nations, and (2) that neutralization by international treaties constitutes a step toward this judicial state and lessens the number of districts in which war can be carried on, the congress recommends a larger extension of the rule of neutralization, and expresses the wish, (1) that all treaties which at present assure to certain states the benefit of neutrality remain in force, or if necessary be amended in a manner to render the neutrality more effective, either by extending neutralization to the whole of the state or by ordering the demolition of fortresses, which constitute rather a peril than a guarantee for neutrality; (2) that new treaties in harmony with the wishes of the populations con¡©cerned be concluded for establishing the neutralization of other states.

¡°17. (1)¸ðµç ÆòÈ­ ´ÜüµéÀÌ Ãß±¸ÇÏ´Â ¸ñÀûÀº ±¹°¡µé »çÀÌ¿¡ »ç¹ýÀûÀÎ Áú¼­¸¦ È®¸³ÇÔÀÌ´Ù, ±×¸®°í (2) ±¹Á¦ÀûÀÎ Çù¾à¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ Á߸³È­´Â ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ »ç¹ýÀûÀÎ »óŸ¦ ÇâÇÑ ÇÑ °ÉÀ½À» ±¸¼ºÇϸç, ÀüÀïÀÌ ¹ß»ýÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â Áö¿ªÀÇ ¼ýÀÚ¸¦ ÁÙÀÌ°Ô µÉ °ÍÀ» ÁöÇâÇϸ鼭, ȸÀÇ´Â Á߸³È­ ±ÔÁ¤ÀÇ Á»´õ ³ÐÀº È®ÀåÀ» ±Ç°íÇϸç, ´ÙÀ½°ú °°Àº Èñ¸ÁÀ» ÇÇ·ÂÇÑ´Ù: (1) ÇöÀç Æ¯Á¤ÇÑ ±¹°¡µé¿¡°Ô Á߸³ÀÇ ÀÌÀÍÀ» È®½Å½ÃÄÑÁÖ´Â ¸ðµç ÇùÁ¤µéÀÌ È¿·ÂÀ» ¹ßÈÖÇϰųª, ¸¸ÀÏ ÇÊ¿äÇÏ´Ù¸é, Á߸³À» ±¹°¡ÀÇ Àüü Áö¿ªÀ¸·Î È®ÀåÇϰųª ¶Ç´Â Á߸³À» º¸ÀåÇϱ⺸´Ù´Â À§ÇùÀÌ µÇ´Â ¿ä»õµéÀ» ÆÄ±«Åä·Ï ¸í·ÉÇÏ¿©¼­ Á߸³ÀÌ ´õ¿í ½ÇÈ¿¼ºÀ» ¶ìµµ·Ï ÇÏ´Â ¹æÇâÀ¸·Î °³Á¤µÇµµ·Ï ÇÑ´Ù; (2) °ü°èµÇ´Â ±¹¹ÎµéÀÇ ¼Ò¿ø°ú È­ÇÕÇÏ´Â »õ·Î¿î ÇùÁ¤µéÀÌ ´Ù¸¥ ±¹°¡µéÀÇ Á߸³È­¸¦ È®¸³Çϴµ¥ Æ÷ÇԵǾî¾ß ÇÑ´Ù.

"18. The sub-committee proposes, (1) that the annual Peace Congress should be held either immediately before the meeting of the annual Sub-parliamentary Conference, or immediately after it in the same town; (2) that the question of an international peace emblem be postponed sine die; (3) that the following resolutions be adopted:

¡°ºÐ°ú À§¿øÈ¸´Â ´ÙÀ½À» Á¦¾ÈÇÑ´Ù, (1) ¿¬·Ê ÆòȭȸÀÇ´Â ¿¬·Ê ºÐ°ú ÀÇ¿øÈ¸ÀÇ ¸ðÀÓ Á÷Àü¿¡, ¶Ç´Â ±× Á÷ÈÄ¿¡ °°Àº µµ½Ã¿¡¼­ ¿­·Á¾ß ÇÑ´Ù; (2) ±¹Á¦ ÆòÈ­ ÈÖÀåÀÇ ¹®Á¦´Â ¹«±âÇÑÀ¸·Î ¹Ì·ç¾î Áø´Ù; (3) ´ÙÀ½°ú °°Àº °áÀǾÈÀÌ Ã¤ÅõȴÙ.

"a. To express satisfaction at the official overtures of the Presbyterian Church in the United States addressed to the highest representatives of each church organization in Christendom to unite in a general conference to promote the substitution of international arbitration for war.

¡°a. ÀüÀï´ë½Å ±¹Á¦ÀûÀÎ ÁßÀ縦 Á¶ÀåÇÏ´Â ÃÑȸ·Î¼­ ¿¬ÇÕÇϵµ·Ï ÇÏÀÚ´Â, ±âµ¶±³±¹ÀÇ °¢ ±³È¸ ±â±¸ÀÇ ÃÖ»óÀ§ ´ëÇ¥Àڵ鿡°Ô º¸³»´Â ¹Ì±¹ Àå·Î±³È¸ÀÇ °ø½ÄÀûÀÎ °ÇÀǵ鿡 ¸¸Á·À» Ç¥¸íÇÑ´Ù.

"b. To express in the name of the congress its profound reverence for the memory of Aurelio Saffi, the great Italian jurist, a member of the committee of the International League of Peace and Liberty.

¡°b. ȸÀÇÀÇ À̸§À¸·Î, ÀÌÅ»¸®¾ÆÀÇ À§´ëÇÑ ¹ýÇÐÀÚÀ̸ç, ÆòÈ­¿Í ÀÚÀ¯¸¦ À§ÇÑ ±¹Á¦ ¿¬¸Í À§¿øÈ¸ÀÇ È¸¿øÀÎ ¾Æ¿ì·¼¸®¿À »çÇǸ¦ ±â³äÇÏ¿©, ½É¿ÀÇÑ °æÀǸ¦ Ç¥¸íÇÑ´Ù.

"(4) That the memorial adopted by this congress and signed by the president to the heads of the civilized states should, as far as practicable, be presented to each power by influential deputations.

¡°(4) ¹®¸í ±¹°¡µéÀÇ ¼ö¹Ýµé¿¡°Ô º¸³»Áö´Â ÀÌ È¸ÀÇ¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­ äÅÃÀ̵ǰí ȸÀå¿¡ ÀÇÇØ ¼­¸íµÈ °ÇÀǼ­´Â, °¡´ÉÇÑ ÇÑ, ¿µÇâ·ÂÀÖ´Â ´ëÇ¥Àڵ鿡 ÀÇÇØ¼­ °¢±¹¿¡ Á¦ÃâµÇ¾î¾ß ÇÑ´Ù.

"(5) That the following resolutions be adopted: "a. A resolution of thanks to the presidents of the various sittings of the congress. "b. A resolution of thanks to the chairman, the secre¡©taries, and the members of the bureau of the congress. "c. A resolution of thanks to the conveners and members of the sectional committees. "d. A resolution of thanks to Rev. Canon Scott Holland, Rev. Dr. Reuen Thomas, and Rev. J. Morgan Gibbon for their pulpit addresses before the congress, and also to the authorities of St. Paul's Cathedral, the City Temple, and Stamford Hill Congregational Church for the use of those buildings for public services. "e. A letter of thanks to her Majesty for permission to visit Windfor Castle. ''f. And also a resolution of thanks to the Lord Mayor and Lady Mayoress, to Mr. Passmore Edwards, and other friends who have extended their hospitality to the members of the congress.

¡°(5) ´ÙÀ½°ú °°Àº °áÀǾÈÀÌ Ã¤Åõǵµ·Ï ÇÑ´Ù: ¡°a. ȸÀÇÀÇ ´Ù¾çÇÑ ºÐ¾ßÀÇ È¸Àåµé¿¡ ´ëÇÑ °¨»çÀÇ °áÀÇ. ¡°b. ȸÀÇÀÇ »ç¹«±¹ÀÇ ÀÇÀå, ¼­±âµé, ±×¸®°í ÀÓ¿øµé¿¡ ´ëÇÑ °¨»çÀÇ °áÀÇ. ¡°c. ºÐ°úº° À§¿øÈ¸ÀÇ À§¿øÀå°ú À§¿øµé¿¡ ´ëÇÑ °¨»çÀÇ °áÀÇ. ¡°d. ½ÅºÎ ij³í ½ºÄà Ȧ·£µå, ½ÅºÎ ·ÎÀÌÀº Å丶½º ¹Ú»ç, ¹× ½ÅºÎ J. ¸ð°Ç ±âº»ÀÇ È¸ÀǸ¦ À§ÇÑ ¼³±³ ¿¬¼³¿¡ ´ëÇÏ¿©, ±×¸®°í ¼º ¹Ù¿À¸£ ¼º´ç, ½Ã¸³ »ç¿ø, ¹× ½ºÅÆÆ÷µå Èú Á¶ÇÕ±³È¸ ´ç±¹µéÀÇ ´ëÁß ÁýȸµéÀ» À§ÇØ ±×µéÀÇ °Ç¹°µéÀ» »ç¿ëÅä·Ï ÇÔ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ °¨»çÀÇ °áÀÇ. ¡°e. À©Æ÷ ¼º ¹æ¹®À» Çã¶ôÇØÁØ ÀüÇÏ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ °¨»çÀÇ ÆíÁö. ¡°f. ±×¸®°í ¶ÇÇÑ ½ÃÀå°ú ½ÃÀå ºÎÀÎ, ÆÄ½º¸ð¾î ¿¡µå¿öµå ¾¾, ±×¸®°í ȸÀÇÀÇ È¸¿øµé¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ±×µéÀÇ È£ÀǸ¦ µÎ·ç º¸¿©ÁØ ´Ù¸¥ Ä£±¸µé¿¡ ´ëÇÑ °¨»çÀÇ °áÀÇ.

"19. The congress places on record a heartfelt expres¡©sion of gratitude to Almighty God for the remarkable har¡©mony and concord which have characterized the meetings of the assembly, in which so many men and women of varied nations, creeds, tongues, and races have gathered in closest cooperation, and for the conclusion of the labors of the congress; and expresses its firm and unshaken belief in the ultimate triumph of the cause of peace and of the principles advocated at these meetings."

¡°19. ȸÀÇ´Â ÁýȸÀÇ ¸ðÀÓµéÀ» µÎµå·¯Áö°Ô ÇÑ ³î¶ó¿î Á¶È­¿Í ÀÏÄ¡¿¡ ´ëÇÏ¿©, ¿©±â¿¡¼­ ´Ù¾çÇÑ ±¹Àû°ú, ½ÅÁ¶¿Í, ±×¸®°í ÀÎÁ¾µéÀÇ ³Ê¹«³ª ¸¹Àº ³²ÀÚ¿Í ¿©ÀÚµéÀÌ ±ä¹ÐÈ÷ ÇùÁ¶Çϸç ÇÔ²² ¸ð¿´À¸¸ç, ±×¸®°í ȸÀÇÀÇ ³ë·ÂµéÀÇ °á°ú¿¡ ´ëÇÏ¿© Àü´ÉÇϽŠÇϳª´Ô¿¡ ´ëÇÑ °¡½¿±íÀÌ ¿ì·¯³ª´Â °¨»çÀÇ Ç¥ÇöÀ» ±â·ÏÇÑ´Ù; ±×¸®°í ÀÌµé ¸ðÀӵ鿡¼­ ÁÖÀåµÈ ÆòÈ­ÀÇ ¿øÀεé°ú ¿ø¸®µéÀÇ ½Â¸®¿¡ ´ëÇÑ È®°íÇϸç Èçµé¸®Áö ¾Ê´Â ¹ÏÀ½À» Ç¥ÇöÇÑ´Ù.

The fundamental idea of the congress is the necessity (1) of diffusing among all people by all means the conviction of the disadvantages of war and the great blessing of peace, and (2) of rousing governments to the sense of the superi¡©ority of international arbitration over war and of the consequent advisability and necessity of disarmament. To attain the first aim the congress has recourse to teachers of his¡©tory, to women, and to the clergy, with the advice to the latter to preach on the evil of war and the blessing of peace every third Sunday in December. To attain the second object the congress appeals to governments with the sug¡©gestion that they should disband their armies and replace war by arbitration.

ȸÀÇÀÇ ±âº»ÀûÀÎ »ç»óÀº (1) ¸ðµç »ç¶÷µé »çÀÌ¿¡ ¸ðµç ¼ö´ÜÀ» µ¿¿øÇÏ¿© ÀüÀïÀÇ ºÒ¸®ÇÑ Á¡°ú ÆòÈ­ÀÇ Ä¿´Ù¶õ Ãູ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ È®½ÅÀ» ÀüÆÄÇÔ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Çʿ伺, ±×¸®°í (2) Á¤ºÎµé·Î ÇÏ¿©±Ý ÀüÀï¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ±¹Á¦ÀûÀÎ ÁßÀçÀÇ ¿ì¼± ¼øÀ§¸¦ Áö°¢ÇÏ°Ô Àϱú¿ì¸ç, ±ººñÃà¼ÒÀÇ Çʿ伺ÀÌ´Ù. ù¹øÂ° ¸ñÀûÀ» ´Þ¼ºÇϱâ À§Çؼ­ ȸÀÇ´Â ¿ª»ç ±³»çµé, ¿©ÀÚµé, ±×¸®°í ¼ºÁ÷ÀÚµéÀ» ¾ð±ÞÇÏ¿´À¸¸ç, ÈÄÀÚ¿¡°Ô´Â ¸Å³â 12¿ù ¼¼¹øÂ° ÀÏ¿äÀÏ ÀüÀïÀÇ ÇØ¾Ç°ú ÆòÈ­ÀÇ ÃູÀ» ¼³±³ÇØ ÁÙ °ÍÀ» ±Ç°íÇÏ¿´´Ù. µÎ¹øÂ° ¸ñÀûÀ» ´Þ¼ºÇϱâ À§Çؼ­ ȸÀÇ´Â Á¤ºÎµéÀÌ ±×µéÀÇ ±º´ë¸¦ ÇØÃ¼ÇÒ °Í°ú ÀüÀï ´ë½Å ÁßÀç·Î ´ëüÇÏ´Â Á¦¾ÈÀ¸·Î Á¤ºÎµé¿¡°Ô È£¼ÒÇÑ´Ù.

To preach to men of the evil of war and the blessing of peace! But the blessing of peace is so well known to men that, ever since there have been men at all, their best wish has been expressed in the greeting, "Peace be with you." So why preach about it?

»ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô ÀüÀïÀÇ ÇØ¾Ç°ú ÆòÈ­ÀÇ ÃູÀ» ¼³±³ÇÏ´Â °Í! ±×·¯³ª ÆòÈ­ÀÇ ÃູÀº ¸ðµç »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô ³Ê¹«³ª Àß ¾Ë·ÁÁ®¼­, ±× µÚ·Î »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ÀÖ±â¶óµµ Çϸé, ±×µéÀÇ °¡Àå ÁÁÀº ¼Ò¿øÀÌ Àλ縻 ¼Ó¿¡ Ç¥ÇöµÇ¾ú´Ù. ¡°´ç½Å¿¡°Ô ÆòÈ­°¡ ±êµé±â¸¦.¡± ±×·±µ¥ ¿Ö ±×°ÍÀ» ¼³±³Çϴ°¡?

Not only Christians, but pagans, thousands of years ago, all recognized the evil of war and the blessing of peace. So that the recommendation to ministers of the Gospel to preach on the evil of war and the blessing of peace every third Sunday in December is quite superfluous.

±âµ¶±³ÀÎµé »Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, À̱³µµµé¿¡°Ôµµ, ¼öõ³â ÀüºÎÅÍ, ¸ðµÎ°¡ ÀüÀïÀÇ ÇØ¾Ç°ú ÆòÈ­ÀÇ ÃູÀ» ±ú´Þ¾Ò´Ù. ±×·¡¼­ º¹À½À» ÀüÇÏ´Â ¼ºÁ÷ÀÚµéÀÌ ¸Å³â 12¿ù ¼¼Â° ÀÏ¿äÀÏ¿¡ ÀüÀïÀÇ ÇØ¾Ç°ú ÆòÈ­ÀÇ ÃູÀ» ¼³±³Ç϶ó°í ±Ç°íÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº ¸Å¿ì ¾µµ¥ ¾ø´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù.

The Christian cannot but preach on that subject every day of his life. If Christians and preachers of Christianity do not do so, there must be reasons for it. And until these have been removed no recommendations will be effective. Still less effective will be the recommendations to govern¡©ments to disband their armies and replace them by inter¡©national boards of arbitration. Governments, too, know very well the difficulty and the burdensomeness of raising and maintaining forces, and if in spite of that knowledge they do, at the cost of terrible strain and effort, raise and maintain forces, it is evident that they cannot do otherwise, and the recommendation of the congress can never change it. But the learned gentlemen are unwilling to see that, and keep hoping to find a political combination, through which governments shall be induced to limit their powers themselves.

±âµ¶±³ÀÎÀº ±×ÀÇ»îÀÇ ³ª³¯ÀÌ ±× ÁÖÁ¦¿¡ ´ëÇÏ¿© ¼³±³ÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀ» ¼ö°¡ ¾ø´Ù. ¸¸ÀÏ ±âµ¶±³Àεé°ú ±âµ¶±³ÀÇ ¼³±³ÀÚµéÀÌ ±×·¸°Ô ÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù¸é, ±×¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÀÌÀ¯°¡ ÀÖÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ±×¸®°í ÀÌ ÀÌÀ¯µéÀÌ Á¦°ÅµÇ°í ³ª¸é ¾Æ¹«·± ±Ç°í¸¦ ÇÒ Çʿ䰡 ¾øÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ±º´ë¸¦ ÇØ»êÇÏ°í ±×°ÍµéÀ» ±¹Á¦ÀûÀÎ ÁßÀç À§¿øµé·Î ´ëüÇ϶ó°í Á¤ºÎ¿¡ ±Ç°íÇÒ ÇÊ¿ä´Â ´õ¿í ¾øÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù. Á¤ºÎµéµµ ±º´ë¸¦ ÀÏÀ¸ÄѼ­ À¯ÁöÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÇ ¾î·Á¿ò°ú ºÎ´ã½º·¯¿òÀ» ³Ê¹«³ª Àß ¾È´Ù, ±×¸®°í ¸¸ÀÏ ±×·¯ÇÑ °ÍÀ» ¾Ë°í ÀÖÀ½¿¡µµ ¹«¼­¿î ±äÀå°ú ³ë·ÂÀ» ÁöºÒÇϰí¶óµµ, ±×µéÀÌ ±º´ë¸¦ ÀÏÀ¸ÄѼ­ À¯ÁöÇÑ´Ù¸é, ±×µéÀº ´Ù¸¥ ½ÄÀ¸·Î´Â ÇൿÇÒ ¼ö ¾øÀ¸¸ç, ÆòÈ­ ȸÀÇÀÇ ±Ç°íµµ °áÄÚ ±×°ÍÀ» º¯È­ ½Ãų ¼ö ¾ø´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ÇнÄÀÖ´Â ½Å»çµéÀº ±×°ÍÀ» ±ú´Ý°íÀÚ ÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù, ±×¸®°í °è¼ÓÇÏ¿© Á¤Ä¡ÀûÀÎ Çù·ÂÀ» ã±â¸¦ Èñ¸ÁÇϸç, ±×°ÍÀ» ÅëÇÏ¿© Á¤ºÎµéÀº ±×µéÀÇ ±Ç·ÂµéÀ» ±×µé ½º½º·Î Á¦ÇÑÇϵµ·Ï À¯µµµÈ´Ù.

"Can we get rid of war"? asks a learned writer in the Revue des Revues. "All are agreed that if it were to break out in Europe, its consequences would be like those of the great inroads of barbarians. The existence of whole nationalities would be at stake, and therefore the war would be desperate, bloody, atrocious.

¡°¿ì¸®´Â ÀüÀïÀ» ¾ø¾Ù ¼ö°¡ ÀÖÀ»±î?¡± ¾î¶² Áö½ÄÀÎ ÀÛ°¡°¡ ¸®ºä¸®ºä¿¡¼­ ¹¯´Â´Ù. ¡°¸¸ÀÏ ÀüÀïÀÌ À¯·´¿¡¼­ ¹ß¹ßÇÑ´Ù¸é, ±× °á°úµéÀº ¸¶Ä¡ ¾öû³­ ¼öÀÇ ¾ß¸¸ÀεéÀÌ Ä§·«ÇÑ °Í°ú °°À» °ÍÀÓ¿¡ ¸ðµÎ µ¿ÀÇÇÑ´Ù. Àüü ±¹°¡µéÀÇ ÁØÀç°¡ À§Çè¿¡ ºüÁö°í, ±×·¯¹Ç·Î ÀüÀïÀº ÇÊ»çÀûÀ̸ç, À¯Ç÷ÀûÀ̰í, ÀÜÀÎÇÒ °ÍÀÌ´Ù.

"This consideration, together with the terrible engines of destruction invented by modern science, retards the moment of declaring war, and maintains the present temporary situa¡©tion, which might continue for an indefinite period, except for the fearful cost of maintaining armaments which are exhausting the European states and threatening to reduce nations to a state of misery hardly less than that of war itself.

¡°ÀÌ·± »ý°¢Àº, Çö´ë °úÇп¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­ ¹ß¸íµÈ ¹«¼­¿î ÆÄ±« ¿£Áø°ú ÇÔ²², ÀüÀïÀ» ¼±Æ÷ÇÏ´Â ¼ø°£À» Áö¿¬½ÃŲ´Ù, ±×¸®°í ÇöÀçÀÇ ÀϽÃÀûÀÎ »óȲÀ» À¯ÁöÇÑ´Ù, ±×¸®°í ±×°ÍÀº ±â¾à¾ø´Â ±â°£µ¿¾È °è¼ÓµÉ °ÍÀÌ´Ù, ´Ù¸¸ À¯·´±¹°¡µéÀ» ¼ÒÁøÇϰí ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ÀüÀï ±× ÀÚüº¸´Ù °ÅÀÇ ³ªÀ» °ÍÀÌ ¾ø´Â ºÒÇàÇÑ »óÅ·Π±¹¹ÎµéÀ» ¸ô¾Æ ³ÖÀ¸·Á°í À§ÇùÇÏ´Â ±º»ç·ÂÀ» À¯ÁöÇϱâ À§ÇØ µå´Â ¹«¼­¿î ºñ¿ëÀ» Á¦¿ÜÇÏ°í¼­ ¸»ÀÌ´Ù.

"Struck by this reflection, men of various countries have tried to find means for preventing, or at least for softening, the results of the terrible slaughter with which we are threatened.

¡°ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ »ý°¢¿¡ »ç·ÎÀâÇô¼­, ¿©·¯ ±¹°¡µéÀÇ »ç¶÷µéÀÌ, ¿ì¸®°¡ À§Çù¹Þ°í ÀÖ´Â ¹«¼­¿î »ì·úµéÀÇ °á°úµéÀ» ¿¹¹æÇÏ·Á°í, ¾Æ´Ï Àû¾îµµ ¿ÏÈ­½ÃŰ·Á´Â ¹æ¹ýÀ» ãÀ¸·Á°í ³ë·ÂÇÏ¿´´Ù.

"Such are the questions brought forward by the Peace Congress shortly to be held in Rome, and the publication of a pamphlet, 'Sur le Desarmement.'

¡°¹Ù·Î ±×·± °ÍµéÀÌ ·Î¸¶¿¡¼­ °ð ¿­¸®°Ô µÉ ÆòÈ­ ȸÀÇ¿¡¼­, ±×¸®°í, ¡®±ººñ Ãà¼Ò¿¡ ´ëÇÏ¿©¡¯¶ó´Â Á¦¸ñÀÇ ÆÊÇ÷¿¿¡¼­ Á¦ÃâµÇ´Â ¹®Á¦µéÀÌ´Ù.

"It is unhappily beyond doubt that with the present organization of the majority of European states, isolated from one another and guided by distinct interests, the abso¡©lute suppression of war is an illusion with which it would be dangerous to cheat ourselves. Wiser rules and regula¡©tions imposed on these duels between nations might, how¡©ever, at least limit its horrors.

¡°´ëºÎºÐÀÇ À¯·´ ±¹°¡µéÀÇ ÇöÀç ±â±¸´Â ¼­·Î¿¡°Ô °Ý¸®µÇ¾î ÀÖÀ¸¸ç ƯÁ¤ÇÑ ÀÌÀ͵鿡 ÀÇÇØ¼­ À̲ø¸®°í À־, ÀüÀïÀÇ Àý´ëÀû ¾ïÁ¦´Â ¿ì¸® ÀڽŵéÀ» À§Ç轺·´°Ô ¼ÓÀÌ·ÁÇϴ ȯ»óÀ̶ó´Â °ÍÀº ºÒÇàÇϰԵµ ÀǽÉÀÇ ¿©Áö°¡ ¾ø´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ±¹°¡µé »çÀÌÀÇ ÀÌµé °áÅõ¿¡ ºÎ°úµÈ ÁöÇý·Î¿î ¸í·Éµé°ú ±ÔÄ¢µéÀº Àû¾îµµ ±× °øÆ÷µéÀ» Á¦ÇÑÇÑ´Ù.

"It is equally chimerical to reckon on projects of disarma¡©ment, the execution of which is rendered almost impossible by considerations of a popular character present to the mind of all our readers. [This probably means that France can¡©not disband its army before taking its revenge.] Public opinion is not prepared to accept them, and moreover, the international relations between different peoples are not such as to make their acceptance possible. Disarmament imposed on one nation by another in circumstances threaten¡©ing its security would be equivalent to a declaration of war.

¡°±ººñ Ãà¼Ò¶ó´Â °èȹµéÀ» ¹Ï´Â´Ù´Â °ÍÀº ¿À·ÎÁö Ȳ´ç¹«°èÇÒ »ÓÀÌ´Ù, ±×¸®°í ±×°ÍÀ» ½ÇÇàÇÑ´Ù´Â °ÍÀº ¿ì¸®ÀÇ ¸ðµç µ¶ÀÚµéÀÇ ¸¶À½¿¡ ÇöÁ¸ÇÏ´Â ´ëÁßÀûÀÎ ¼º°ÝµéÀ» °í·ÁÇÑ´Ù¸é °ÅÀÇ ºÒ°¡´ÉÇÏ´Ù. [À̰ÍÀº ¾Æ¸¶µµ ÇÁ¶û½º´Â ±×µéÀÇ º¹¼ö¸¦ ÇàÇϱâ Àü¿¡´Â ±×ÀÇ ±º´ë¸¦ ÇØÃ¼ÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ÀǹÌÇÑ´Ù.] ¿©·ÐÀº ±×°ÍÀ» ¹Þ¾Æ µéÀÏ Áغñ°¡ µÇ¾îÀÖÁö ¾Ê´Ù, ±×¸®°í °Ô´Ù°¡, »óÀÌÇÑ »ç¶÷µé »çÀÌÀÇ ±¹Á¦ °ü°èµéÀº ±×°ÍµéÀ» ¼ö¿ëÇÔÀ» °¡´ÉÄÉ ÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù. ÀÚ±¹ÀÇ ¾Èº¸¸¦ À§ÇùÇÏ´Â »óȲ¿¡¼­ ´Ù¸¥ ±¹°¡¿¡ ÀÇÇÏ¿© Çѳª¶ó¿¡ ºÎ°úµÈ ±ººñ Ãà¼Ò´Â ÀüÀï ¼±¾ð°úµµ ¸Â ¸ÔÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù.

"However, one may admit that an exchange of ideas be¡©tween the nations interested could aid, to a certain degree, in bringing about the good understanding indispensable to any negotiations, and would render possible a considerable reduction of the military expenditure which is crushing the nations of Europe and greatly hindering the solution of the social question, which each individually must solve on pain of having internal war as the price for escaping it externally.

¡°±×·¯³ª, °ü·Ã ´ç»ç±¹µé °£¿¡ »ý°¢µéÀ» ±³È¯ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº, ¾î´À Á¤µµ±îÁö´Â, ¾î¶² Çù»óµé¿¡ ¾ø¾î¼­´Â ¾ÈµÉ ÀÌÇØ¸¦ ¸¸µå´Âµ¥ µµ¿òÀ» ÁÙ ¼ö ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, À¯·´ÀÇ ±¹°¡µéÀ» ³»¸® ´©¸£¸ç »çȸÀû ¹®Á¦µéÀÇ ÇØ°áÀ» ½É°¢ÇÏ°Ô °¡·Î¸·´Â ±ººñ ÁöÃâÀ» »ó´çÈ÷ °¨ÃàÇÔÀ» °¡´ÉÄÉ ÇÒ °ÍÀ̸ç, ±×µé »çȸÀû ¹®Á¦´Â ±×°ÍÀ» ¿ÜÀûÀ¸·Î ȸÇÇÇÔ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ´ñ°¡·Î¼­ ³»ÀûÀÎ ÀüÀïÀ» °Þ´Â ¾ÆÇÄÀ¸·Î ¹Ýµå½Ã °¢ÀÚ°¡ °³ÀÎÀûÀ¸·Î Ç®¾î¾ß ÇÑ´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ÀÎÁ¤ÇÒ °ÍÀÌ´Ù.

"We might at least demand the reduction of the enor¡©mous expenses of war organized as it is at present with a view to the power of invasion within twenty-four hours and a decisive battle within a week of the declaration of war. "We ought to manage so that states could not make the attack suddenly and invade each other's territories within twenty-four hours."

¡°¿ì¸®´Â ÀüÀï ¼±¾ðÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ 24½Ã°£ À̳»¿¡ ħ·«ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖÀ¸¸ç ÀÏÁÖÀÏ À̳»¿¡ °áÁ¤ÀûÀÎ ÀüÅõ¸¦ ÇàÇÒ ÈûÀ» ¸ñÀûÀ¸·Î ÇöÀç Á¶Á÷µÈ ¾öû³­ ÀüÀï ÁöÃâºñ¿ëÀÇ °¨ÃàÀ» Àû¾îµµ ¿ä±¸ÇÒ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ¡°¿ì¸®´Â ±¹°¡µéÀÌ °©Àڱ⠰ø°ÝÇÏ¿© 24 ½Ã°£ ³»¿¡ ¼­·ÎÀÇ ±¹°æÀ» ħ·«ÇÒ ¼ö ¾øµµ·Ï ¿î¿µÇÏ¿©¾ß¸¸ ÇÑ´Ù.¡±

This practical notion has been put forth by Maxime du Camp, and his article concludes with it. The propositions of M. du Camp are as follows: 1. A diplomatic congress to be held every year. 2. No war to be declared till two months after the inci¡©dent which provoked it. (The difficulty here would be to decide precisely what incident did provoke the war, since whenever war is declared there are very many such inci¡©dents, and one would have to decide from which to reckon the two months' interval.) 3. No war to be declared before it has be submitted to a plebiscitum of the nations preparing to take part in it. 4. No hostilities to be commenced till a month after the official declaration of war.

ÀÌ·± ½Ç¿ëÀûÀÎ ÁÖÀåÀº ¸·½É µå įÇÁ¿¡ÀÇÇØ Á¦ÃâµÇ¾úÀ¸¸ç, ±×ÀÇ ³í¹®Àº ±×°ÍÀ¸·Î °á·ÐÀ» Áþ´Â´Ù. ¸·½É µå įÇÁÀÇ ÁÖÀåµéÀº ´ÙÀ½°ú °°´Ù. 1. ¸Å³â ¿Ü±³È¸Àǰ¡ ¿­¸± °Í 2. ÀüÀïÀ» ¾ß±âÇÑ »ç°ÇµÚ µÎ´Þ µ¿¾È ÀüÀïÀÌ ¼±Æ÷µÉ ¼ö ¾ø´Ù. (¿©±â¼­ ¾î·Á¿òÀº Á¤È®È÷ ¾î¶² »ç°ÇÀÌ ÀüÀïÀ» À¯¹ß½ÃÄ״°¡¸¦ °áÁ¤ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù, ¿Ö³ÄÇϸé, ÀüÀïÀÌ ¼±Æ÷µÉ ¶§¸¶´Ù ³Ê¹«³ª ¸¹Àº ±×·¯ÇÑ »ç°ÇµéÀÌ ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ±×¸®°í ¹«¾ùÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ µÎ´ÞÀ̶ó´Â °£°ÝÀ» °è»êÇÒ Áö¸¦ °áÁ¤ÇØ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù.) 3. ÀüÀï¿¡ Âü°¡¸¦ ÁغñÇØ¾ß ÇÏ´Â ±¹¹ÎµéÀÇ ÅõÇ¥¿¡ ȸºÎÇϱâ Àü¿¡´Â ¾î¶² ÀüÀïµµ ¼±Æ÷µÉ ¼ö ¾ø´Ù. 4. °ø½ÄÀûÀÎ ÀüÀï ¼±Æ÷°¡ ÀÖÀº µÚ ÇÑ´Þ À̳»¿¡ ¾î¶² Àû´ë ÇàÀ§µéµµ ½ÃÀ۵Ǿ´Â ¾ÈµÈ´Ù.

"No war to be declared. No hostilities to be com¡©menced," etc. But who is to arrange that no war is to be declared? Who is to compel people to do this and that? Who is to force states to delay their operations for a certain fixed time? All the other states. But all these others are also states which want holding in check and keeping within limits, and forcing, too. Who is to force them, and how? Public opinion. But if there is a public opinion which can force governments to delay their operations for a fixed period, the same public opinion can force governments not to declare war at all.

¡°¾î¶² ÀüÀïµµ ¼±Æ÷µÉ ¼ö ¾ø´Ù. ¾î¶² Àû´ë ÇàÀ§µéµµ ½ÃÀÛµÉ ¼ö ¾ø´Ù,¡± µî. ±×·¯³ª ´©°¡ ¾î¶² ÀüÀïµµ ¼±Æ÷µÉ ¼ö ¾ø´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» °áÁ¤Çϴ°¡? ´©°¡ »ç¶÷µéÀÌ À̰ÍÀ» Ç϶ó Àú°ÍÀ» ÇÏÁö¸»¶ó°í ¸í·ÉÇÒ ¼ö Àִ°¡? ´©°¡ ±¹°¡·Î ÇÏ¿©±Ý ±×µéÀÇ ÀÛÀüµéÀ» Á¤ÇØÁø ±â°£ µ¿¾È Áö¿¬Çϵµ·Ï °­Á¦ÇÒ ¼ö Àִ°¡? ´Ù¸¥ ¸ðµç ±¹°¡µé. ±×·¯³ª ÀÌ·± ´Ù¸¥ ¸ðµç ±¹°¡µé ¶ÇÇÑ Á¦ÁöµÇ¾î¾ß Çϸç, Á¦ÇÑ ¼Ó¿¡ ¹­¾î µÎ¾î¾ß µÇ¸ç, °­Á¦ÇÏ¿©¾ß ÇÒ Çʿ䰡 ÀÖ´Â ±¹°¡µéÀÌ´Ù. ´©°¡ ±×µéÀ» °­Á¦ÇÑ´À°¡, ±×¸®°í ¾î¶»°Ô ÇÒ °ÍÀΰ¡? ¿©·ÐÀÌ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ¸¸ÀÏ Á¤ºÎµé·ÎÇÏ¿©±Ý ±×µéÀÇ ÇൿµéÀ» ÀÏÁ¤ÇÑ ±â°£ µ¿¾È ¿¬±âÇϵµ·Ï °­Á¦ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ¿©·ÐÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù¸é, ¶È°°Àº ¿©·ÐÀº Á¤ºÎ·ÎÇÏ¿©±Ý ÀüÀïÀ» ÀüÇô ¼±Æ÷ÇÏÁö ¾Êµµ·Ï °­Á¦ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.

But, it will be replied, there may be such a balance of power, such a ponderation de forces, as would lead states to hold back of their own accord. Well, that has been tried and is being tried even now. The Holy Alliance was noth¡©ing but that, the League of Peace was another attempt at the same thing, and so on.

±×·¯³ª, ÀÀ´äÇϰǴë, ÈûÀÇ ±ÕÇüÀÌ, Áï ponderation de forcesÀÌ Á¸ÀçÇÏ¿©¼­ ±¹°¡µéÀÌ ÀÚÁøÇÏ¿© ÀÚÁ¦¸¦ ÇÒ °ÍÀÌ´Ù°í ÇÒ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ±Û½ê, ±×°ÍÀº ½ÃµµµÇ¾ú°í, ½ÉÁö¾î Áö±Ý±îÁö ½ÃµµµÇ°í ÀÖ´Ù. ½Å¼ºµ¿¸Íµµ ¿ÀÁ÷ ±×·¯ÇÏ¿´°í, ÆòÈ­ ¿¬¸Íµµ ¶ÇÇϳªÀÇ ¶È°°Àº °Í¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ½ÃµµÀ̸ç, ±×·¸°í ±×·± °ÍÀÌ´Ù.

But, it will be answered, suppose all were agreed. If all were agreed there would be no more war certainly, and no need for arbitration either.

±×·¯³ª, ÀÀ´äÇϰǴë, ¸¸ÀÏ ¸ðµÎ°¡ µ¿ÀÇÇÏ¿´´Ù°í °¡Á¤Çغ¸¶ó. ¸¸ÀÏ ¸ðµÎ°¡ Âù¼ºÇÏ¿´´Ù¸é È®½ÇÀÌ ´õÀÌ»ó ÀüÀïÀº ¾øÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù, ±×¸®°í ÁßÀçÇÒ ¾Æ¹«·± ÇÊ¿ä ¶ÇÇÑ ¾ø´Ù.

"A court of arbitration! Arbitration shall replace war. Questions shall be decided by a court of arbitration. The Alabama question was decided by a court of arbitration, and the question of the Caroline Islands was submitted to the decision of the Pope. Switzerland, Belgium, Denmark, and Holland have all declared that they prefer arbitration to war."

¡°ÁßÀç ¹ýÁ¤! ÁßÀç°¡ ÀüÀïÀ» ´ëüÇÒ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ¹®Á¦µéÀÌ ÁßÀç ¹ýÁ¤¿¡ ÀÇÇÏ¿© °áÁ¤µÉ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ¾Ë¶ó¹Ù¸¶ ¹®Á¦´Â ÁßÀç ¹ýÁ¤¿¡ ÀÇÇÏ¿© °áÁ¤µÇ¾ú´Ù, ±×¸®°í ij·Ñ¶óÀÎ ¼¶ÀÇ ¹®Á¦µµ ±³È²ÀÇ °áÁ¤¿¡ ȸºÎµÇ¾ú´Ù. ½ºÀ§½º, º§±â¿¡, µ§¸¶Å©, ±×¸®°í ³×´ú¶õµåµµ ¸ðµÎ ÀüÀﺸ´Ù´Â ÁßÀ縦 ¼±È£ÇÑ´Ù°í ¼±¾ðÇß´Ù.

I dare say Monaco has expressed the same preference. The only unfortunate thing is that Germany, Russia, Aus¡©tria, and France have not so far shown the same inclination. It is amazing how men can deceive themselves when they find it necessary! Governments consent to decide their disagreements by arbitration and to disband their armies! The differences between Russia and Poland, between Eng¡©land and Ireland, between Austria and Bohemia, between Turkey and the Slavonic states, between France and Ger¡©many, to be soothed away by amiable conciliation!

³ª´Â ¸ð³ªÄÚµµ ¶È°°Àº °áÁ¤À» Ç¥¸íÇß´Ù°í °¨È÷ ¸»ÇÑ´Ù. À¯ÀÏÇÏ°Ô ºÒÇàÇÑ ÀÏÀº µ¶ÀÏ, ·¯½Ã¾Æ, ¿À½ºÆ®¸®¾Æ, ±×¸®°í ÇÁ¶û½º´Â ÀÌÁ¦±îÁö ¶È°°Àº °æÇâÀ» º¸ÀÌÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù. »ç¶÷µéÀº ±×µéÀÌ ±×°ÍÀ» ÇÊ¿äÇÏ´Ù°í ¿©±æ¶§´Â ¾î¶»°Ô ½º½º·Î¸¦ ¼ÓÀÏ ¼ö ÀÖ´ÂÁö ³î¶ó¿ï »ÓÀÌ´Ù! Á¤ºÎµéÀº ±×µéÀÇ ºÐÀïµéÀ» ÁßÀç¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­ ÇØ°áÇϱ⸦ ±×¸®°í ±×µéÀÇ ±º´ëµéÀ» ÇØÃ¼Çϱâ·Î µ¿ÀÇÇÑ´Ù! ·¯½Ã¾Æ¿Í Æú¶õµå, ¿µ±¹°ú ¾ÆÀÏ·£µå, ¿À½ºÆ®¸®¾Æ¿Í º¸Çì¹Ì¾Æ, Å;îŰ¿Í ½½¶óºê ±¹°¡µé, ÇÁ¶û½º¿Í µ¶ÀÏÀÇ ºÐÀïµéÀÌ È­±â¾Ö¾ÖÇÑ Å¸ÇùÀ¸·Î ¿ÏÈ­µÉ ¼ö°¡ Àֱ⸦ ¹Ù¶ó°í ÀÖÁö ¾Ê´Â°¡!

One might as well suggest to merchants and bankers that they should sell nothing for a greater price than they gave for it, should undertake the distribution of wealth for no profit, and should abolish money, as it would thus be ren¡©dered unnecessary.

»óÀεé°ú ÀºÇà°¡µé¿¡°Ô, ±×µéÀÌ Á¤ÇÑ °Íº¸´Ù ´õ ³ôÀº °¡°Ý¿¡ ÆÈÁö ¸»¶ó, ¾Æ¹«·± ÀÌÀÍ ¾øÀÌ ºÎÀÇ ºÐ¹è¸¦ °¨ÇàÇ϶ó, ±×¸®°í È­Æó¸¦ ÆóÁöÇ϶ó, ¿Ö³ÄÇϸé ÀÌÁ¦ ±×·¡¼­ È­Æó´Â ÇÊ¿ä ¾ø¾îÁö±â ¶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù¶ó°í ±ÇÀ¯ÇÏ´Â °Í°ú °°À» °ÍÀÌ´Ù.

But since commercial and banking operations consist in nothing but selling for more than the cost price, this would be equivalent to an invitation to suppress themselves. It is the same in regard to governments. To suggest to governments that they should not have recourse to violence, but should decide their misunderstandings in accordance with equity, is inviting them to abolish themselves as rulers, and that no government can ever consent to do.

±×·¯³ª »ó¾÷ ¹× ÀºÇà Ȱµ¿Àº ¿ÀÁ÷ ºñ¿ë °¡Ä¡ ÀÌ»óÀ¸·Î ÆÇ¸ÅÇϴµ¥ ÀÖÀ¸¹Ç·Î, ÀڽŵéÀ» ¾ïÁ¦Ç϶ó°í ±ÇÀ¯ÇÏ´Â °Í°ú °°À» °ÍÀÌ´Ù. Á¤ºÎµé¿¡ °üÇØ¼­µµ ¶È°°´Ù. Á¤ºÎµé¿¡°Ô Æø·Â¿¡ ÀǰÅÇÏÁö ¸»°í °øÆòÀ» ±âÇϹǷμ­ ±×µéÀÇ ¿ÀÇØµéÀ» ÇØ°áÇØ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù°í Á¦¾ÈÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº ±×µé¿¡°Ô ½º½º·Î ÅëÄ¡ÀÚÀÓÀ» Æ÷±âÇ϶ó°í ±ÇÀ¯ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ̸ç, ±×¸®°í ¾î¶² Á¤ºÎ¶óµµ °áÄÚ ÀÀÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø´Ù.

The learned men form societies (there are more than a hundred such societies), assemble in congresses (such as those recently held in London and Paris, and shortly to be held in Rome), deliver addresses, eat public dinners and make speeches, publish journals, and prove by every means possible that the nations forced to support millions of troops are strained to the furthest limits of their endurance, that the maintenance of these huge armed forces is in opposition to all the aims, the interests, and the wishes of the people, and that it is possible, moreover, by writing numerous papers, and uttering a great many words, to bring all men into agreement and to arrange so that they shall have no antagonistic interests, and then there will be no more war.

ÇнÄÀÖ´Â »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ´Üü¸¦ Çü¼ºÇϰí (±×·¯ÇÑ ´ÜüµéÀº ¼ö¹é°³°¡ ³Ñ´Â´Ù), ȸÀǵé Âü°¡Çϸç (¿¹¸¦ µé¸é, ·±´ø°ú ÆÄ¸®¿¡¼­ ÃÖ±Ù¿¡ ¿­·È´ø °Íµé, ±×¸®°í ¸ÓÁö ¾Ê¾Æ ·Î¸¶¿¡¼­ ¿­¸± °Íµé), °­¿¬À» Çϸç, °ø°ø ¸¸Âù¿¡¼­ ½Ä»çÇÏ¸ç ¿¬¼³Çϸç, ÀâÁö¸¦ ÃâÆÇÇϸç, ±×¸®°í °¡´ÉÇÑ ¸ðµç ¼ö´ÜÀ¸·Î¼­ ¼ö¹é¸¸¸íÀÇ ±º´ë¸¦ Áö¿øÇϵµ·Ï °­¿ä¹Þ´Â ±¹¹ÎµéÀº ±×µé Àγ»ÀÇ ÃÖ´ë ÇѰè±îÁö ´Ã¾îÁ³À¸¸ç, ÀÌ·¸°Ô ¾öû³­ ±º´ë¸¦ À¯ÁöÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº »ç¶÷µéÀÇ ¸ðµç ¸ñÀû, °ü½Éµé, ±×¸®°í Èñ¸Áµé¿¡ ´ëÄ¡µÇ¸ç, ±×¸®°í °Ô´Ù°¡, ¹«¼öÇÑ ³í¹®µéÀ» ½á³ª°¡°í, ³Ê¹«³ª ¸¹Àº ¸»À» ÇØ´ëÁö¸¸, ¸ðµç »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ÀǰßÀÏÄ¡¸¦ º¸°Ô Çϰí Á¶Á¤ÇÏ¿©¼­ ±×µéÀº ¾Æ¹«·± ¹Ý¸ñÀûÀÎ ÀÌÇØµéÀ» °¡ÁöÁö ¾ÊÀ¸¸ç, ±×·¯¹Ç·Î ´õ ÀÌ»óÀÇ ÀüÀïÀÌ ¾øµµ·Ï ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ °¡´ÉÇÏ´Ù°í Áõ¸íÇÏ·ÁÇÑ´Ù.

When I was a little boy they told me if I wanted to catch a bird I must put salt on its tail. I ran after the birds with the salt in my hand, but I soon convinced myself that if I could put salt on a bird's tail, I could catch it, and realized that I had been hoaxed.

³»°¡ ¾î¸± ¶§ ±×µéÀº ³»°Ô ¸»Çß´Ù ¸¸ÀÏ ³»°¡ »õ¸¦ Àâ°í ½Í´Ù¸é ±× ²¿¸®¿¡ ¼Ò±ÝÀ» ¹¯Çô¾ß µÈ´Ù°í. ³ª´Â ¼Õ¿¡´Ù ¼Ò±ÝÀ» µé°í¼­ »õµéÀ» ÂÑ¾Æ ´Ù³æ´Ù, ±×·¯³ª ¸¸ÀÏ ³»°¡ »õÀÇ ²¿¸®¿¡ ¼Ò±ÝÀ» ¹¯Èú ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù¸é, ³ª´Â ±×°ÍÀ» Àâ¾ÒÀ» °ÍÀÓÀ» °ð ¾Ë°Ô µÇ¾ú°í, ±×¸®°í, ³ª´Â ¼Ó¾Ò´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ±ú´Þ¾Ò´Ù.

People ought to realize the same fact when they read books and articles on arbitration and disarmament.

»ç¶÷µéÀº ±×µéÀÌ ÁßÀç¿Í ±ººñ Ãà¼Ò¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Ã¥µé°ú ³í¹®µéÀ» ÀÐÀ» ¶§ ¶È°°Àº »ç½ÇÀ» ±ú´Þ¾Æ¾ß¸¸ ÇÑ´Ù.

If one could put salt on a bird's tail, it would be because it could not fly and there would be no difficulty in catching it. If the bird had wings and did not want to be caught, it would not let one put salt on its tail, because the specialty of a bird is to fly. In precisely the same way the specialty of government is not to obey, but to enforce obedience. And a government is only a government so long as it can make itself obeyed, and therefore it always strives for that and will never willingly abandon its power. But since it is on the army that the power of government rests, it will never give up the army, and the use of the army in war.

¸¸ÀÏ ´©°¡ »õÀÇ ²¿¸®¿¡ ¼Ò±ÝÀ» ¹¯Èú ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù¸é, ±× »õ°¡ ³¯ ¼ö ¾ø±â ¶§¹®ÀÏ °ÍÀ̸ç, ±× »õ¸¦ Àâ´Âµ¥ ¾î·Á¿òÀÌ ¾øÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ¸¸ÀÏ »õ°¡ ³¯°³°¡ ÀÖÀ¸¸ç ÀâÈ÷±â¸¦ ¿øÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù¸é, »ç¶÷ÀÌ ±×ÀÇ ²¿¸®¿¡ ¼Ò±ÝÀ» ¹¯È÷°Ô ÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù, ¿Ö³ÄÇÏ¸é »õÀÇ Àü°øÀº ³ª´Â °ÍÀ̱⠶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù. Á¤È®È÷ ¶È°°Àº ½ÄÀ¸·Î, Á¤ºÎÀÇ Àü°øÀº º¹Á¾ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó º¹Á¾À» °­¿äÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ±×¸®°í Á¤ºÎ´Â Àڽſ¡°Ô º¹Á¾´çÇϵµ·Ï ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖÀ» ¶§ ¿À·ÎÁö Á¤ºÎÀÌ´Ù, ±×¸®°í ±×·¯¹Ç·Î ¾ðÁ¦³ª Á¤ºÎ´Â ±×·¯ÇÑ °ÍÀ» À§Çؼ­ ¾Ö¸¦ ¾µ °ÍÀÌ¸ç °áÄÚ ÀÚ¹ßÀûÀ¸·Î ±× ±Ç·ÂÀ» Æ÷±âÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª Á¤ºÎÀÇ ±Ç·ÂÀÌ ÀÇÁ¸ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº ±º´ëÀ̱⠶§¹®¿¡, ±×°ÍÀº ±º´ë¸¦, ±×¸®°í ÀüÀï¿¡¼­ ±º´ëÀÇ »ç¿ëÀ» °áÄÚ Æ÷±âÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù.

The error arises from the learned jurists deceiving them¡©selves and others, by asserting that government is not what it really is, one set of men banded together to oppress another set of men, but, as shown by science, is the repre¡©sentation of the citizens in their collective capacity. They have so long been persuading other people of this that at last they have persuaded themselves of it; and thus they often seriously suppose that government can be bound by considerations of justice. But history shows that from Caesar to Napoleon, and from Napoleon to Bismarck, government is in its essence always a force acting in viola¡©tion of justice, and that it cannot be otherwise. Justice can have no binding force on a ruler or rulers who keep men, deluded and drilled in readiness for acts of violence-sol¡©diers, and by means of them control others. And so govern¡©ments can never be brought to consent to diminish the number of these drilled slaves, who constitute their whole power and importance.

Á¤ºÎ´Â, ±×°ÍÀÌ »ç½Ç»ó Àִ´ë·ÎÀÇ °Í, ÇÑ ¹«¸®ÀÇ »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ´Ù¸¥ ¹«¸®ÀÇ »ç¶÷µéÀ» ¾ï¾ÐÇÏ·Á°í ¹¶ÃÄÁø °ÍÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, °úÇп¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­ º¸¿© ÁöµíÀÌ, ÁýÇÕÀûÀÎ ´É·ÂÀ» °¡Áø ½Ã¹ÎµéÀÇ ´ëÇ¥ÀÌ´Ù¶ó°í ÁÖÀåÇÔÀ¸·Î½á ¹Ú½ÄÇÑ ¹ýÇÐÀÚµéÀÌ Àڽŵé°ú ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷µéÀ» ±â¸¸ÇÔÀ¸·Î½á ¿À·ù°¡ ÀϾ´Ù. ±×µéÀº ¿À·§µ¿¾È ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô À̰Ϳ¡ ´ëÇÏ¿© ¼³µæÇÏ¿© ¿ÔÀ¸¹Ç·Î ¸¶Ä§³» ±×µéÀº ±×°ÍÀ» È®½ÅÇÏ¿´´Ù; ±×¸®°í ÀÌ·¸°Ô ÇÏ¿© ±×µéÀº ÈçÈ÷ Á¤ºÎ´Â Á¤ÀÇ¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ »ç»óµé·Î¼­ ±¸¼ÓµÉ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù°í ÁøÁöÇÏ°Ô »ó»óÇÑ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ¿ª»ç´Â ½ÃÀúºÎÅÍ ³ªÆú·¹¿Ë±îÁö, ±×¸®°í ³ªÆú·¹¿ËºÎÅÍ ºñ½º¸¶¸£Å©±îÁö, Á¤ºÎ´Â ±× º»Áú¿¡ À־ ¾ðÁ¦³ª Á¤ÀǸ¦ À¯¸°ÇÏ´Â ÈûÀ̾úÀ¸¸ç, ±×¸®°í ±×°ÍÀº ´Ù¸¥ ¾î¶² °Íµµ ¾Æ´ÔÀ» º¸¿©ÁØ´Ù. Æø·ÂÀûÀÎ Çൿµé¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¹Îø¼º¿¡ À־ ¼ÓÀÓÀ» ´çÇϸç ÈÆ·Ã ¹ÞÀº »ç¶÷µé, Áï º´»çµéÀ» ±¸¼ÓÇϸç, ±×µéÀ» ÀÌ¿ëÇØ¼­ ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷µéÀ» ÅëÁ¦ÇÏ´Â ÅëÄ¡ÀÚ³ª ÅëÄ¡Àڵ鿡 ´ëÇØ¼­ Á¤ÀÇ´Â ¾Æ¹«·± Àǹ«ÀûÀÎ ÈûÀ» °¡Áú ¼ö ¾ø´Ù. ±×¸®°í ±×·¯ÇϹǷÎ, Á¤ºÎµéÀº ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ÈÆ·ÃµÈ ³ë¿¹µéÀÇ ¼ýÀÚµéÀ» °¨¼Ò½Ã۴µ¥ µû¶óÁú ¼ö ¾øÀ¸¸ç, ±×µé ³ë¿¹µéÀº ±×µéÀÇ Àüü ±Ç·Â°ú Á߿伺À» Â÷ÁöÇÑ´Ù.

Such is the attitude of certain learned men to the contra¡©diction under which our society is being crushed, and such are their methods of solving it. Tell these people that the whole matter rests on the personal attitude of each man to the moral and religious question put nowadays to everyone, the question, that is, whether it is lawful or unlawful for him to take his share of military service, and these learned gentlemen will shrug their shoulders and not condescend to listen or to answer you. The solution of the question in their idea is to be found in reading addresses, writing books, electing presidents, vice-presidents, and secretaries, and meeting and speaking first in one town and then in another. From all this speechifying and writing it will come to pass, according to their notions, that governments will cease to levy the soldiers, on whom their whole strength depends, will listen to their discourses, and will disband their forces, leaving themselves without any defense, not only against their neighbors, but also against their own subjects. As though a band of brigands, who have some unarmed travel¡©ers bound and ready to be plundered, should be so touched by their complaints of the pain caused by the cords they are fastened with as to let them go again.

ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ °ÍµéÀÌ Æ¯Á¤ÇÑ ÇнÄÀÖ´Â »ç¶÷µéÀÇ ¿ì¸® »çȸ°¡ ¹«³ÊÁ® °¡°í ÀÖ´Â ¸ð¼ø¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÅµµÀ̸ç, ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ °ÍµéÀÌ ±×°ÍÀ» ÇØ°áÇÏ´Â ±×µéÀÇ ¹æ¹ýµéÀÌ´Ù. ÀÌ »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô Àüü ¹®Á¦´Â ¿À´Ã³¯ ¸ðµç »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô ÁÖ¾îÁø µµ´öÀû ¹× Á¾±³ÀûÀÎ Áú¹®, Áï, ±×ÀÇ ¸òÀÇ º´¿ªÀǹ«¸¦ ÀÌÇàÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ ÇÕ¹ýÀûÀÎÁö ºÒ¹ýÀûÀÎÁö¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Áú¹®¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Á¦°¢±â »ç¶÷µéÀÇ °³ÀÎÀûÀΠŵµ¿¡ ´Þ·ÁÀÖ´Ù°í ¸»Çغ¸¶ó, ±×·¯¸é ÀÌ ¹Ú½ÄÇÑ ½Å»çµéÀº ±×µéÀÇ ¾î±úÀ» ¿òÃ÷¸± °ÍÀÌ¸ç °Å¸¸ÇϰԵµ ´ç½ÅÀÇ ¸»À» µéÀ¸·ÁÇϰųª ´äº¯ÇÏ·ÁÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ±×µéÀÇ »ç»ó¿¡ À־ Áú¹®¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÇØ´äÀº, °­¿¬µéÀ» µè°í, Ã¥À» Àú¼úÇϸç, ´ëÅë·Éµé, ºÎ´ëÅë·Éµé, ±×¸®°í ¼­±âµéÀ» ¼±ÃâÇϸç, óÀ½¿£ ÀÌ µµ½Ã¿¡¼­ ´ÙÀ½¿£ ´Ù¸¥ µµ½Ã¿¡¼­ ¸ðÀÓÀ» °¡Áö¸ç ¿¬¼³ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ÀÌ ¸ðµç ¿¬¼³ ¸¸µé±â¿Í Àú¼ú·ÎºÎÅÍ, ±×µéÀÇ °ßÇØµé¿¡ µû¸£¸é, Á¤ºÎµéÀº º´»çµéÀ» ¡ÁýÇϱ⸦ ¸ØÃâ °ÍÀ̰í, ±×µé¿¡°Ô Á¤ºÎµéÀÇ ¸ðµç ±Ç·ÂÀÌ ÀÇÁ¸Çϰí ÀÖÀ½¿¡µµ, ±×µéÀÇ °­¿¬µéÀ» µéÀ» °ÍÀ̸ç, ±×µéÀÇ ±º´ëµéÀ» ÇØÁ¦ÇÒ °ÍÀ̰í, ¹Ý¸é¿¡ ±×µé ÀÚ½ÅÀº ±×µéÀÇ ÀÌ¿ôµé¿¡ ´ëÇØ¼­ »Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, ±×µé ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ±¹¹Îµé¿¡°Ôµµ ¾î¶² ¹æ¾îµµ ÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â ÀÏÀÌ ÀÏ¾î ³¯ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ±×°ÍÀº ¸¶Ä¡, ÇÑ ¹«¸®ÀÇ °­µµµéÀÌ, ¹«ÀåÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀº ¿©ÇàÀÚµéÀ» ¹­°í¼­ ¾àÅ»ÇÒ Áغñ°¡ µÇ¾ú´Âµ¥µµ, ±×µéÀÌ ¹­¿© ÀÖ´Â ¿À¶ùÁÙÀÌ °¡ÇÏ´Â °íÅë¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ±×µéÀÇ ºÒÆòµé¿¡ ³Ê¹«³ª °¨µ¿ÇÏ¿© ±×µéÀ» ´Ù½Ã ³õ¾Æ ÁÖ´Â °Í°ú °°´Ù.

Still there are people who believe in this, busy themselves over peace congresses, read addresses, and write books. And governments, we may be quite sure, express their sym¡©pathy and make a show of encouraging them. In the same way they pretend to support temperance societies, while they are living principally on the drunkenness of the people; and pretend to encourage education, when their whole strength is based on ignorance; and to support constitu¡©tional freedom, when their strength rests on the absence of freedom; and to be anxious for the improvement of the condition of the working classes, when their very existence depends on their oppression; and to support Christianity, when Christianity destroys all government.

¾ÆÁ÷µµ À̰ÍÀ» ¹ÏÀ¸¸ç, ÆòÈ­ ȸÀÇ ¹®Á¦·Î ºÐÁÖÇϸç, °­¿¬µéÀ» µè°í, Ã¥À» Àú¼úÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù. ±×¸®°í Á¤ºÎµéÀº, ¿ì¸®°¡ ¸Å¿ì È®½ÅÇϰǴë, ±×µéÀÇ µ¿Á¤À» Ç¥ÇöÇÏ¸ç ±×µéÀ» °Ý·ÁÇϴ üÇÑ´Ù. ±×µéÀº ¶È°°Àº ¹æ¹ýÀ¸·Î ±ÝÁÖ ´ÜüµéÀ» Áö¿øÇϴ ôÇÑ´Ù, ±×·¯³ª ±âº»ÀûÀ¸·Î ±×µéÀº »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ÃëÇÑ »óŸ¦ ÀÌ¿ëÇÏ¿© »ì°í ÀÖ´Ù. ±×¸®°í ±×µéÀÇ Àüü ±Ç·ÂÀº ¹«Áö¿¡ ±âÃÊÇϰí ÀÖÀ½¿¡µµ ±³À°À» Àå·ÁÇϴ ô ÇÑ´Ù; ±×¸®°í ±×µéÀÇ Àüü ±Ç·ÂÀº ÀÚÀ¯ÀÇ °á¿©¿¡ ÀÇÁöÇÔ¿¡µµ Çå¹ýÀûÀÎ ÀÚÀ¯¸¦ º¸ÀåÇϴ ôÇÑ´Ù; ±×¸®°í ³ëµ¿ÀÚ °è±ÞµéÀÇ »óÅ °³¼±À» ¿°·ÁÇϴ ôÇÏÁö¸¸, ±×µéÀÇ Á¸Àç ÀÚü´Â ±×µéÀ» ¾ï¾ÐÇÔ¿¡ ÀÖ´Ù; ±×¸®°í ±âµ¶±³°¡ ¸ðµç Á¤ºÎ¸¦ ÆÄ±«ÇÒ ¶§¿¡µµ ±âµ¶±³¸¦ Áö¿øÇϴ ôÇÑ´Ù.

To be able to do this they have long ago elaborated methods encouraging temperance, which cannot suppress drunkenness; methods of supporting-education, which not only fail to prevent ignorance, but even increase it; methods of aiming at freedom and constitutionalism, which are no hindrance to despotism; methods of protecting the working classes, which will not free them from slavery; and a Christianity, too, they have elaborated, which does not destroy, but supports governments.

ÀÌ·± ÀÏÀÌ °¡´ÉÅä·Ï Çϱâ À§ÇÏ¿©, Á¤ºÎµéÀº ¿À·¡ Àü¿¡ ±³¹¦ÇÏ°Ô ÁغñÇß´Ù, ±ÝÁÖ¸¦ Àå·ÁÇÏ´Â ¹æ¹ýµé·Î¼­ ¼úÃëÇÔÀ» ¾ïÁ¦ÇÒ ¼ö ¾øÀ¸¸ç, ±³À°À» Áö¿øÇÏ´Â ¹æ¹ýµé·Î¼­ ¹«ÁöÇÔÀ» ¸·À» ¼ö ¾øÀ» »Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ½ÉÁö¾î´Â ±×°ÍÀ» Áõ°¡½Ã۸ç; ÀÚÀ¯¿Í Çå¹ý º¸ÀåÁÖÀǸ¦ ¸ñÀûÀ¸·Î ÇÏ´Â ¹æ¹ýµéÀÌ ÆøÁ¤À» ¸·À» ¼ö ¾øÀ¸¸ç; ³ëµ¿ÀÚ °è±ÞµéÀ» º¸È£ÇÏ´Â ¹æ¹ýµéÀÌ ±×µéÀ» ³ë¿¹ »óÅ¿¡¼­ ¹þ¾î³ªÁö ¸øÇϵµ·Ï ±³¹¦È÷ ÁغñÇß´Ù; ±×¸®°í ±âµ¶±³ ¿ª½Ã ±×µéÀÌ ±³¹¦ÇÏ°Ô Áغñ¸¦ ÇÏ¿´À¸¹Ç·Î, Á¤ºÎµéÀ» ÆÄ±«Çϱâ´Â Ä¿³ç Áö¿øÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù.

Now there is something more for the government to encourage-peace. The sovereigns, who nowadays take counsel with their ministers, decide by their will alone whether the butchery of millions is to be begun this year or next. They know very well that all these discourses upon peace will not hinder them from sending millions of men to butchery when it seems good to them. They listen even with satisfaction to these discourses, encourage them, and take part in them.

ÀÌÁ¦ Á¤ºÎµé·Î¼­´Â Àå·ÁÇØ¾ß ÇÒ °ÍÀÌ Á»´õ ÀÖ´Ù-ÆòÈ­°¡ ±×°ÍÀÌ´Ù. ±ºÁÖµéÀº, ¿À´Ã³¯¿¡´Â ±×µéÀÇ °¢·áµé¿¡°Ô¼­ Á¶¾ðµé µè°í ÀÖ´Â °¡¿îµ¥, ±×µéÀÇ ÀÇÁö¸¸À¸·Î ¼ö¹é¸¸ÀÇ µµ»ìÀÌ ¿ÃÇØ ½ÃÀÛµÉ °ÍÀÎÁö ³»³âÀÎÁö °áÁ¤ÇÑ´Ù. ÆòÈ­¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ °­¿¬µéÀÌ ±×µé¿¡°Ô À¯¸®ÇÏ´Ù°í ´À²¸Áú ¶§ ¼ö¹é¸¸ÀÇ »ç¶÷µéÀ» µµ»ìÀåÀ¸·Î º¸³»´Â °ÍÀ» ¸·Áö ¸øÇÑ´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ±×µéÀº ³Ê¹«³ª Àß ¾Ë°í ÀÖ´Ù. ±×µéÀº ½ÉÁö¾î ÀÌµé °­¿¬µéÀ» ¸¸Á·½º·´°Ô °æÃ»Çϸç, ±×µéÀ» Àå·ÁÇϸç, ±×¸®°í ±× ÀÏ¿¡ Âü¿©ÇÑ´Ù.

All this, far from being detrimental, is even of service to governments, by turning people's attention from the most important and pressing question: Ought or ought not each man called upon for military service to submit to serve in the army?

ÀÌ ¸ðµç °ÍÀº, »ç¶÷µéÀÇ ÁÖÀǸ¦ °¡Àå Áß¿äÇÏ¸ç ´ç¸éÇÑ ¹®Á¦µé·ÎºÎÅÍ µ¹¸²À¸·Î½á, Á¤ºÎ¿¡ ÇØ·Ó±â´Â Ä¿³ç ½ÉÁö¾î´Â µµ¿òÀ» ÁÖ°í ÀÖ´Ù: °¢ÀÚÀÇ »ç¶÷µéÀº ±º´ë¿¡ º¹¹«Çϱâ À§ÇÏ¿© º´¿ªÀǹ«¿¡ ¼ÒÁýµÇ¾î¾ß Çϴ°¡ ¸»¾Æ¾ß Çϴ°¡?

"Peace will soon be arranged, thanks to alliances and congresses, to books and pamphlets; meantime go and put on your uniform, and prepare to cause suffering and to endure it for our benefit," is the government's line of argu¡©ment. And the learned gentlemen who get up congresses and write articles are in perfect agreement with it.

¡°ÆòÈ­´Â, µ¿¸Íµé°ú ȸÀǵé, Ã¥µé°ú ÆÊÇ÷¿µé ´öÅÃÀ¸·Î, °ð Á¤ÂøÀÌ µÉ °ÍÀÌ´Ù; ±× µ¿¾È ³ª°¡¼­ ³ÊÀÇ Á¦º¹À» ÀÔÀ¸¶ó, ±×¸®°í ¿ì¸®ÀÇ ÀÌÀÍÀ» À§Çؼ­ °íÅëÀ» ÁÖ°í ±×°ÍÀ» Àγ»ÇÒ Áغñ¸¦ Ç϶ó,¡± ´Â °ÍÀÌ Á¤ºÎÀÇ ÁÖÀå ¹æÄ§ÀÌ´Ù. ±×¸®°í ȸÀǵéÀ» ¼³¸³ÇÏ°í ³í¹®µéÀ» ±â°íÇÏ´Â ÇнÄÀÖ´Â ½Å»çµéÀº ±×°Í°ú ¿ÏÀüÈ÷ ÇÕÀÇÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù.

This is the attitude of one set of thinkers. And since it is that most beneficial to governments, it is also the most encouraged by all intelligent governments.

À̰ÍÀÌ ÀÏ´ÜÀÇ »ç»ó°¡µéÀÇ ÅµµÀÌ´Ù. ±×¸®°í ±×°ÍÀÌ Á¤ºÎµé¿¡°Ô °¡Àå ÀÌ·Î¿î °ÍÀ̹ǷÎ, ±×°ÍÀº ¶ÇÇÑ ¸ðµç ÁöÇý·Î¿î Á¤ºÎµé¿¡ÀÇÇØ¼­ Àå·ÁµÇ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù.

Another attitude to war has something tragical in it. There are men who maintain that the love for peace and the inevitability of war form a hideous contradiction, and that such is the fate of man. These are mostly gifted and sensi¡©tive men, who see and realize all the horror and imbecility and cruelty of war, but through some strange perversion of mind neither see nor seek to find any way out of this posi¡©tion, and seem to take pleasure in teasing the wound by dwelling on the desperate position of humanity. A notable example of such an attitude to war is to be found in the celebrated French writer Guy de Maupassant. Looking from his yacht at the drill and firing practice of the French soldiers the following reflections occur to him:

ÀüÀï¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ´Ù¸¥ ŵµµéÀº ±× Á¡¿¡ ´ëÇØ¼­ ºñ±ØÀûÀÎ ¿ä¼Ò°¡ ÀÖ´Ù. ÆòÈ­¿¡ ´ëÇÑ »ç¶û°ú ÀüÀïÀÇ ºÒ°¡ÇÇÇÔÀÌ ¼Ò¸§³¢Ä¡´Â ¸ð¼øÀ» ¸¸µé¸ç ±×°ÍÀº Àΰ£ÀÇ ¿î¸íÀ̶ó°í ÁÖÀåÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù. ÀÌ »ç¶÷µéÀº °¡Àå Àç´ÉÀÖ°í ¿¹¹ÎÇÑ »ç¶÷µé·Î¼­, ±×µéÀº ÀüÀïÀÇ ¸ðµç °øÆ÷, ¾î¸®¼®À½ ¹× ÀÜÀÎÇÔÀ» º¸¸é¼­ ±ú´Ý´Â´Ù, ±×·¯³ª ¸¶À½ÀÇ ¾î¶°ÇÑ ¿Ö°îÀ¸·Î ÀÎÇØ¼­ ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ÀÔÀåÀ» ¹þ¾î³¯ ¹æ¹ýÀ» ãÁöµµ ±¸ÇÏÁöµµ ¾Ê´Â´Ù, ±×¸®°í ÀηùÀÇ Àý¸ÁÀûÀÎ ÀÔÀåÀ» »ç»öÇϸ鼭 »óó¸¦ °Çµå¸®´Â °Í¿¡ Äè¶ôÀ» ã´Â´Ù. ÀüÀï¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ±×·¯ÇÑ ÅµµÀÇ µÎµå·¯Áø ¿¹´Â À¯¸íÇÑ ÇÁ¶û½º ÀÛ°¡ °¡ÀÌ µå ¸ðÆÄ»ó¿¡°Ô¼­ ãÀ» ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ±×ÀÇ ¿äÆ®¿¡ ¿Ã¶ó¼­ ÇÁ¶û½º º´»çµéÀÇ ÈÆ·Ã°ú »ç°Ý ¿¬½ÀÀ» º¸¸é¼­, ´ÙÀ½°ú °°Àº »ý°¢µéÀÌ ±×¿¡°Ô ¶°¿Ã¶ú´Ù:

"When I think only of this word war, a kind of terror seizes upon me, as though I were listening to some tale of sorcery, of the Inquisition, some long past, remote abomi¡©nation, monstrous, unnatural.

¡°³ª´Â ÀÌ ÀüÀïÀ̶ó´Â ´Ü¾î¸¦ »ý°¢ÇÒ ¶§, ÀÏÁ¾ÀÇ °øÆ÷°¡ ³ª¸¦ »ç·ÎÀâ´Â´Ù, ¸¶Ä¡ ³»°¡ ¾î¶² ¸¶¹ýÀÇ, À̱³ÀÚ ÀçÆÇ, ¾à°£ ¿À·¡ µÈ °ú°ÅÀÇ ¸Õ Çø¿À½º·¯¿î °Í, ±«¹°°°°í ÀÚ¿¬½º·´Áö ¸øÇÑ °Í¿¡ ´ëÇÑ À̾߱⿡ ±Í¸¦ ±â¿ïÀÌ´Â °Í °°´Ù.

"When cannibalism is spoken of, we smile with pride, proclaiming our superiority to these savages. Which are the savages, the real savages? Those who fight to eat the conquered, or those who fight to kill, for nothing but to kill?

¡°»ìÀÎ ¸¸ÇàÀ» À̾߱âÇÒ ¶§, ¿ì¸®´Â ÀںνÉÀ¸·Î ¹Ì¼ÒÁöÀ¸¸ç, ÀÌ·± ¾ß¸¸Àο¡ ´ëÇÑ ¿ì¸®ÀÇ ¿ì¿ùÇÔÀ» ĪÂùÇÑ´Ù. ¾î´À ÂÊÀÌ ¾ß¸¸ÀεéÀΰ¡, ÁøÂ¥ ¾ß¸¸ÀÎ µéÀΰ¡? Á¤º¹´çÇÑ ÀÚ¸¦ ¸Ô±â À§Çؼ­ ½Î¿ì´Â ÀÚµéÀΰ¡, ¾Æ´Ï¸é, Á×À̱â À§Çؼ­, ¿À·ÎÁö Á×À̱â À§Çؼ­ ½Î¿ì´Â ÀÚµéÀΰ¡?

"The young recruits, moving about in lines yonder, are destined to death like the flocks of sheep driven by the butcher along the road. They will fall in some plain with a saber cut in the head, or a bullet through the breast. And these are young men who might work, be productive and useful. Their fathers are old and poor. Their mothers, who have loved them for twenty years, worshiped them as none but mothers can, will learn in six months' time, or a year perhaps, that their son, their boy, the big boy reared with so much labor, so much expense, so much love, has been thrown in a hole like some dead dog, after being dis¡©emboweled by a bullet, and trampled, crushed, to a mass of pulp by the charges of cavalry. Why have they killed her boy, her handsome boy, her one hope, her pride, her life? She does not know. Ah, why?

¡°ÀþÀº º¸Ã溴µéÀº, ÀúÂÊÀÇ Àü¼±¿¡¼­ ¿òÁ÷À̰í ÀÖÁö¸¸, ¹éÁ¤¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­ ±æÀ» µû¶ó¼­ ¸ô·Á °¡´Â ¾ç¶¼µé °°ÀÌ Á×À» ¿î¸íÀÌ´Ù. ±×µéÀº ±ºµµ·Î ¸Ó¸®°¡ À߸®°Å³ª °¡½¿¿¡ ÃѾËÀÌ °üÅëÇÏ¿© Æò¿ø¿¡ ³Ñ¾î Áú °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ±×¸®°í À̵éÀº ÀÏÀ» ÇÏ¸é »ý»êÀûÀ̸ç À¯ÀÍÇÑ ÀþÀºÀ̵éÀÌ´Ù. ±×µéÀÇ ¾Æ¹öÁöµéÀº ³ªÀ̰¡ µé°í °¡³­ÇÏ´Ù. ±×µéÀÇ ¾î¸Ó´Ïµéµµ, ±×µéÀ» À̽ʳ⠵¿¾È »ç¶ûÇßÀ¸¸ç, ±×µéÀ» ¿À·ÎÁö ¾î¸Ó´Ïµé ¸¸ÀÌ ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ¼þ¹è¸¦ ÇÏ¿´À¸¸ç, À°°³¿ù À̳»¿¡, ¾Æ¸¶µµ ÀÏ ³â³»¿¡ ±×µéÀÇ ¾Æµé, ±×µéÀÇ ¾Æ´Ï, ±×·¸°Ô ¸¹Àº ¾Ö¸¦ ½á¼­ ¾çÀ°ÇÑ Å« ¾ÆÀ̰¡, ±×·¸°Ô ±ÍÁßÇϰí, ±×·¸°Ô »ç¶ûÇ߰Ǹ¸, Á×Àº °³Ã³·³ ±¸¸Û¿¡ ´øÁ®Á®¼­, ÃÑ¿¡ ¸Â¾Æ âÀÚ°¡ ±â¾î ³ª¿À°í, ¹âÈ÷°í, ºÎ¼­Á®¼­, ±âº´´ëÀÇ °ø°ÝÀ¸·Î ¹ÝÁ× µ¢¾î¸®°¡ µÉ °ÍÀÓÀ» ¾Ë°Ô µÉ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ±×µéÀº ¿Ö ±×³àÀÇ ¾ÆµéÀ», ±×³àÀÇ ¸ÚÁø ¾ÆÀ̸¦, ±×³àÀÇ À¯ÀÏÇÑ Èñ¸ÁÀ», ±×³àÀÇ ÀÚ¶ûÀ», ±×³àÀÇ »ý¸íÀ» Á׿´´Â°¡? ±×³à´Â ¸ð¸¥´Ù. ¾Æ´Ï, ¿Ö ±×·±°¡?

"War! fighting! slaughter! massacres of men! And we have now, in our century, with our civilization, with the spread of science, and the degree of philosophy which the genius of man is supposed to have attained, schools for training to kill, to kill very far off, to perfection, great num¡©bers at once, to kill poor devils of innocent men with fam¡©ilies and without any kind of trial.

¡°ÀüÀï! ½Î¿ò! µµ»ì! »ç¶÷µéÀ» »ì·úÇÏ´Ù! ±×¸®°í ÀÌÁ¦ ¿ì¸®ÀÇ ¼¼±â¿¡, ¿ì¸®ÀÇ ¹®¸íÀ¸·Î, °úÇÐÀÇ È®»ê°ú »ç¶÷ÀÇ ÃµÀ缺ÀÌ ´Þ¼ºÇÏ°Ô µÇ¾îÀִ öÇÐÀÇ Á¤µµ·Î¼­, Á×À̱â À§Çؼ­, ¸Ö¸®±îÁö, ¿ÏÀüÇϰÔ, ÇѲ¨¹ø¿¡ ´ë·®À¸·Î »ì»óÇϱâ À§ÇØ, ¾î¶² ½É¸®µµ °ÅÄ¡Áö ¾Ê°í¼­ °¡Á·µéÀ» °¡Áø ¹«°íÇÑ »ç¶÷µé·Î¼­ °¡·ÃÇÑ ÀÚµéÀ» Á×ÀÌ´Â ±³À°À» ÇÏ´Â Çб³¸¦ ¿ì¸®´Â ÀÌÁ¦ °¡Áö°í ÀÖ´Ù.

"And what is most bewildering is that the people do not rise against their governments. For what difference is there be¡©tween monarchies and republics! The most bewildering thing is that the whole of society is not in revolt at the word war."

¡°±×¸®°í °¡Àå ´çȤ½º·¯¿î °ÍÀº »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ±×µéÀÇ Á¤ºÎµéÀ» ¹Ý´ëÇÏ¿© ÀϾÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ±ºÁÖ±¹°¡ µé°ú °øÈ­±¹°¡µé »çÀÌ¿¡ ¾î¶² Â÷ÀÌÁ¡ÀÌ Àִ°¡! °¡Àå ´çȤ½º·¯¿î °ÍÀº Àüü »çȸ°¡ ÀüÀïÀ̶ó´Â ¸»¿¡ ¹Ý´ëÇÏ¿© ÀϾÁö ¾Ê´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù.¡±

"Ah! we shall always live under the burden of the ancient and odious customs, the criminal prejudices, the ferocious ideas of our barbarous ancestors, for we are beasts, and beasts we shall remain, dominated by instinct and changed by nothing. Would not any other man than Victor Hugo have been exiled for that mighty cry of deliverance and truth? 'To-day force is called violence, and is being brought to judgment; war has been put on its trial. At the plea of the human race, civilization arraigns warfare, and draws up the great list of crimes laid at the charge of con¡©querors and generals. The nations are coming to under¡©stand that the magnitude of a crime cannot be its extenua¡©tion; that if killing is a crime, killing many can be no extenuating circumstance; that if robbery is disgraceful, invasion cannot be glorious. Ah! let us proclaim these absolute truths; let us dishonor war!'

¡°¾Æ! ¿ì¸®´Â ¾ðÁ¦³ª ÄùÄù¹­°í Çø¿À½º·± °ü½Àµé, ¹üÁËÀûÀÎ Æí°ßµé, ¿ì¸®ÀÇ ¾ß¸¸ÀûÀÎ ¼±Á¶µéÀÇ ³­ÆøÇÑ »ç»óµé °°Àº Áü ¾Æ·¡¼­ »ì°í ÀÖ´Ù, ¿Ö³ÄÇÏ¸é ¿ì¸®´Â º»´É¿¡ ÀÇÇØ Áö¹èµÇ¸ç, ¾î´À °Í¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­µµ º¯È­µÇÁö ¾ÊÀ½À¸·Î½á, Áü½ÂµéÀ̸ç, ¿ì¸®´Â ¾ðÁ¦³ª Áü½ÂÀ¸·Î ¸Ó¹°·¯ ÀÖÀ» °ÍÀ̱⠶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù. ´Ù¸§ ¾Æ´Ñ ºòÅ丣 À§°í Á¶Â÷µµ ÇØ¹æ°ú Áø¸®ÀÇ °Å´ëÇÑ ¿ÜħÀ¸·Î ÀÎÇØ¼­ Ãß¹æµÇÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´ø°¡? ¡®¿À´Ã³­ ÈûÀº Æø·ÂÀ¸·Î ºÒ¸®¸ç,