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| CHAPTER VI. |
Á¦
6
Àå
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ATTITUDE OF MEN OF THE PRESENT DAY TO WAR. |
ÀüÀï¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¿À´Ã³¯ »ç¶÷µéÀÇ
ÀÚ¼¼ |
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People do not Try to Remove the Contradiction between Life and Con¡©science
by a Change of Life, but their Cultivated Leaders Exert Every Effort to
Obscure the Demands of Conscience, and Justify their Life; in this Way
they Degrade Society below Paganism to a State of Prime¡©val
Barbarism-Undefined Attitude of Modern Leaders of Thought to War, to
Universal Militarism, and to Compulsory Service in Army- One Section
Regards War as an Accidental Political Phenomenon, to be Avoided by
External Measures only-Peace Congress-The Article in the Revue des
Revues-Proposition of Maxime du Camp- Value of Boards of Arbitration
and Suppression of Armies-Attitude of Governments to Men of this Opinion
and What they Do-Another Section Regards War as Cruel, but
Inevitable-Maupassant-Rod-A Third Section Regard War as Necessary, and not
without its Advantages -Doucet-Claretie-Zola-Vogue. |
»ç¶÷µéÀº »îÀ» º¯È¸¦ ÅëÇØ¼ »î°ú ¾ç½É »çÀÌÀÇ
¸ð¼øÀ» Á¦°ÅÇÏ·Á°í ÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù,
±×·¯³ª ±×µéÀÇ
±³¾çÀÖ´Â ÁöµµÀÚµéÀº ¾ç½ÉÀÇ ¿ä±¸¸¦ È帮°Ô Çϰí,
±×¸®°í ±×µéÀÇ »îÀ» Á¤´çÈÇÏ·Á´Â ¸ðµç ³ë·ÂÀ» ´ÙÇÑ´Ù;
ÀÌ·±½ÄÀ¸·Î ±×µéÀº »çȸ¸¦ Àú±ÞÇÑ À̱³ÁÖÀÇ¿¡¼
¿ø½ÃÀûÀÎ ¾ß¸¸ÁÖÀǷΠŸ¶ô½ÃŲ´Ù-ÀüÀï,
Àü¼¼°èÀûÀÎ
±º±¹ÁÖÀÇ ±×¸®°í °¾ÐÀûÀÎ ±º´ë º¹¹«¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Çö´ë
ÁöµµÀÚµéÀÇ »ç»óÀÇ Á¤ÀǵÇÁö ¾Ê´Â ŵµ-ÇÑ ºÐÆÄ´Â
ÀüÀïÀ» ¿ì¿¬ÇÑ Á¤Ä¡ÀûÀÎ Çö»óÀ¸·Î¼ ¿ÜÀûÀÎ
¹æ¹ýÀ¸·Î¼¸¸ ±Øº¹ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù°í ¿©±ä´Ù-ÆòÈȸÀÇ-¸®ºä
¸®ºäÀÇ ³í°íµé-¸Æ½É µåįÇÁÀÇ ÁÖÀå-ÁßÀç À§¿øÈ¸ÀÇ
°¡Áö¿Í ±º´ëÀÇ °¨Ãà-ÀÌ Àǰ߿¡ ´ëÇÑ Á¤ºÎµéÀÇ Åµµ¿Í
±×µé ÇàÇÑ °Í-´Ù¸¥ ÇÑ ºÐÆÄ´Â ÀüÀïÀº ÀÜÀÎÇÏÁö¸¸ ÇÇÇÒ
¼ö ¾ø´Ù°í ¿©±ä´Ù-·Îµå-¼¼¹øÂ° ºÐÆÄ´Â ÀüÀïÀÌ ÇÊ¿äÇϸç,
ÀÌÀÍÀÌ ¾øÁö ¾Ê´Ù°í ¿©±ä´Ù-µÎ½º-Ŭ¶ó·¹Æ¼-Á¹¶ó-º¸±× |
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the antagonism between life and the conscience may be removed in two
ways: by a change of life or by a change of conscience. And there would
seem there can be no doubt as to these alternatives. |
»î°ú ¾ç½ÉÀÇ ¹Ý¸ñÀº µÎ°¡Áö ¹æ¹ýÀ¸·Î Á¦°ÅµÉ °ÍÀÌ´Ù:
»îÀÇ º¯È¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼ ¶Ç´Â ¾ç½ÉÀÇ º¯È¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼.
±×¸®°í
ÀÌµé ´ë¾Èµé¿¡ °üÇØ¼ ¾Æ¹«·± ÀǽÉÀÌ ¾øÀ¸¸®¶ó º¸ÀδÙ. |
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A man may cease to do what he regards as wrong, but he cannot cease to
consider wrong what is wrong. Just in the same way all humanity may cease
to do what it regards as wrong, but far from being able to change, it
cannot even retard for a time the continual growth of a clearer recogni¡©tion
of what is wrong and therefore ought not to be. And therefore it would
seem inevitable for Christian men to abandon the pagan forms of society
which they condemn, and to reconstruct their social existence on the
Christian principles they profess. |
»ç¶÷Àº ÀÚ½ÅÀÌ À߸øµÇ¾ú´Ù°í ¿©±â´Â °ÍÀ» Áß´ÜÇÒ ¼ö
ÀÖ´Ù ±×·¯³ª À߸øµÈ °ÍÀ» À߸øµÇ¾ú´Ù°í »ý°¢ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ»
¸ØÃâ ¼ö ¾ø´Ù.
Á¤¸» ¶È°°Àº ¹æ¹ýÀ¸·Î ¸ðµç ÀηùµéÀº
À߸øµÇ¾ú´Ù°í »ý°¢ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ» ¸ØÃâ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù,
±×·¯³ª
º¯ÈÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ±â´Â Ä¿³ç,
À߸øµÇ¾úÀ¸¸ç ±×·¯¹Ç·Î
À߸øµÇ¾î¼´Â ¾ÈµÈ´Ù´Â °Í¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ´õ¿í ¸í¹éÇÑ ÀνÄÀÇ
Áö¼ÓÀûÀÎ ¼ºÀåÀ» ½ÉÁö¾î Àá½Ã¶óµµ ´ÊÃâ¼ö°¡ ¾ø´Ù.
±×¸®°í ±×·¯¹Ç·Î ±âµ¶±³ÀÇ »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ±×µéÀÌ ºñ³ÇÏ´Â
À̱³µµÀû ÇüÅÂÀÇ »çȸ¸¦ Æ÷±âÇÏ°í ±×µéÀÌ °í¹éÇÏ´Â
±âµ¶±³Àû À©¸®µé À§¿¡ ±×µéÀÇ »çȸÀû Á¸À縦
Àç°Ç¼³ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº ºÒ°¡ÇÇÇÏ´Ù. |
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So it would be were it not for the law of inertia, as immu¡©table a
force in men and nations as in inanimate bodies. In men it takes the form
of the psychological principle, so truly expressed in the words of the
Gospel, "They have loved darkness better than light because their deeds
were evil." This principle shows itself in men not trying to recognize
the truth, but to persuade themselves that the life they are leading,
which is what they like and are used to, is a life perfectly consistent
with truth. |
±×·¡¼,
¹«·ÂÇÑ ¹ý·üÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó¸é,
±×·¯ÇÑ ÀνÄÀº
¹«»ý¹°Ã³·³ »ç¶÷µé°ú ¹ÎÁ·µé¿¡¼ ºÒº¯ÇÏ´Â ÈûÀÏ °ÍÀÌ´Ù.
»ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô¼ ±×°ÍÀº ½É¸®ÀûÀÎ ¿ø¸®ÀÇ ÇüŸ¦ ÃëÇϸç,
º¹À½¼ÀÇ ¸»¾¸µé¿¡¼ ³Ê¹«³ª Áø½ÇÇÏ°Ô Ç¥ÇöµÇ¾î ÀÖ´Ù,
¡°±×µéÀÇ ÇàÀ§µéÀÌ ¾ÇÇϹǷΠ±×µéÀº ºûº¸´Ù´Â ¾îµÎ¿òÀ»
»ç¶ûÇÏ¿´´Ù.¡±
ÀÌ ¿ø¸® ÀÚü´Â »ç¶÷µéÀÌ Áø¸®¸¦
ÀνÄÇÏ·Á ½ÃµµÇÔÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó,
±×µéÀÌ ¿µÀ§Çϰí ÀÖ´Â »îÀº,
±×°ÍÀº ±×µéÀÌ ÁÁ¾Æ Çϸç ÀûÀÀÇØ¿Â °ÍÀ¸·Î,
¿Ïº®ÇϰÔ
Áø¸®¿Í ÀÏÄ¡ÇÏ´Â »îÀ¸·Î È®½ÅÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù´Â °ÍÀ»
º¸¿©ÁØ´Ù. |
|
Slavery was opposed to all the moral principles advocated by Plato and
Aristotle, yet neither of them saw that, because to renounce slavery would
have meant the break up of the life they were living. We see the same
thing in our modern world. |
³ë¿¹ Á¦µµ´Â ÇöóÅæ°ú ¾Æ¸®½ºÅäÅÚ·¹½º°¡ ¿ËÈ£ÇÏ´Â
¸ðµç µµ´öÀûÀÎ ¿ø¸®µé°ú ´ëÄ¡µÇ¾ú´Ù,
±×·¯³ª ±×µé ÁßÀÇ
¾Æ¹«µµ ±×·¯ÇÑ Á¡À» º¸Áö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù,
¿Ö³ÄÇÏ¸é ³ë¿¹ Á¦µµ¸¦
Æ÷±âÇÔÀº ±×µéÀÌ ¿µÀ§ÇÏ´Â »îÀ» ÆÄ±«ÇÔÀ¸·Î ÀǹÌÇϱâ
¶§¹®À̾ú´Ù.
¿ì¸®´Â ¿ì¸®ÀÇ Çö´ë ¼¼°è¿¡¼ ¶È°°Àº °ÍÀ»
º¸°í ÀÖ´Ù. |
|
The division of men into two castes, as well as the use of force in
government and war, are opposed to every moral principle professed by our
modern society. Yet the culti¡©vated and advanced men of the day seem not
to see it. |
Á¤ºÎ¿Í ÀüÀï¿¡¼ Æø·ÂÀÇ »ç¿ë »Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó,
»ç¶÷µéÀ»
µÎ°¡Áö °è±ÞÀ¸·Î ³ª´©´Â °ÍÀº ¿ì¸®ÀÇ Çö´ë »çȸ°¡
°í¹éÇÏ´Â ¸ðµç µµ´öÀû ¿ø¸®µé¿¡ ´ëÄ¡µÈ´Ù.
±×·¯³ª ÀÌ
½Ã´ëÀÇ ±³¾çÀÖ°í Áøº¸ÇÑ »ç¶÷µéÀº ±×°ÍÀ» ±ú´ÝÁö
¸øÇÏ´Â °Íó·³ º¸ÀδÙ. |
|
The majority, if not all, of the cultivated men of our day try
unconsciously to maintain the old social conception of life, which
justifies their position, and to hide from them¡©selves and others its
insufficiency, and above all the necessity of adopting the Christian
conception of life, which will mean the break up of the whole existing
social order. They struggle to keep up the organization based on the
social conception of life, but do not believe in it themselves, because it
is extinct and it is impossible to believe in it. |
ÀüºÎ´Â ¾Æ´ÒÁö¶óµµ,
¿ì¸®½Ã´ëÀÇ ´ëºÎºÐÀÇ ±³¾çÀÖ´Â
»ç¶÷µéÀº ¹«ÀǽÄÀûÀ¸·Î ±×µéÀÇ ÁöÀ§¸¦ º¸ÀåÇÏ´Â ¿¾³¯ÀÇ
»çȸÀû °³³äÀÇ »îÀ» À¯ÁöÇÏ·Á°í ÇÑ´Ù,
±×¸®°í Àڽŵé°ú
´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô¼ ±×°ÍÀÌ ºÒÃæºÐÇÔÀ»,
±×¸®°í
¹«¾ùº¸´Ù ¸ÕÀú ±âµ¶±³ÀûÀÎ °³³äÀÇ »îÀ» äÅÃÇÒ
Çʿ伺À» ¼û±â·Á ÇÑ´Ù,
¿Ö³ÄÇÏ¸é ±×°ÍÀº ±âÁ¸ÀÇ Àüü
»çȸ Áú¼¸¦ ºÎ¼ö´Â °ÍÀ» ÀǹÌÇϱ⠶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù.
±×µéÀº
»çȸÀû °³³äÀÇ »î¿¡ ±âÃÊÇÑ ±â±¸µéÀ» À¯ÁöÇÏ·Á ¾Ö¸¦
¾´´Ù,
±×·¯³ª ±×µé ½º½º·Î´Â ±×°ÍÀ» ¹ÏÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù,
¿Ö³ÄÇÏ¸é ±×°ÍÀº ¸êÁ¾ÇÏ¿´À¸¹Ç·Î ±×°ÍÀ» ¹Ï±â´Â
ºÒ°¡´ÉÇϱ⠶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù. |
|
All modern literature-philosophical, political, and artis¡©tic-is
striking in this respect. What wealth of idea, of form, of color, what
erudition, what art, but what a lack of serious matter, what dread of any
exactitude of thought or expression! Subtleties, allegories, humorous
fancies, the widest generalizations, but nothing simple and clear, noth¡©ing
going straight to the point, that is, to the problem of life. |
¸ðµç Çö´ë ¹®ÇÐ-öÇÐ,
Á¤Ä¡,
±×¸®°í ¿¹¼úÀûÀÎ-Àº
ÀÌÁ¡¿¡¼ µÎµå·¯Áø´Ù.
ȍȗ,
Çü½Ä,
»ö±òÀÌ ¾ó¸¶³ª
dzºÎÇѰ¡,
¾ó¸¶³ª ¹Ú½ÄÇϸç,
¾ó¸¶³ª ¿¹¼úÀûÀΰ¡,
±×·¯³ª
¾ó¸¶³ª Áø½ÇÇÔÀÌ °á¿©µÇ¾ú´Â°¡,
»ç»ó ¶Ç´Â Ç¥ÇöÀÇ
Á¤È®¼ºÀ» ¾ó¸¶³ª µÎ·Á¿ö Çϴ°¡!
±³¹¦ÇÔµé,
ºñÀ¯µé,
ÇØÇÐÀûÀÎ »ó»óµé,
°¡Àå ³ÐÀº º¸Æí¼ºÀ» °¡ÁöÁö¸¸,
´Ü¼øÇÏ°í ¸í·áÇÑ °ÍÀº ¾Æ¹«°Íµµ ¾øÀ¸¸ç,
»îÀ»,
Áï,
Ȕ˂
¹®Á¦¸¦ Á÷Á¢ ¾ð±ÞÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº ¾Æ¹«°Íµµ ¾ø´Ù. |
|
But that is not all; besides these graceful frivolities, our literature
is full of simple nastiness and brutality, of argu¡©ments which would lead
men back in the most refined way to primeval barbarism, to the principles
not only of the pagan, but even of the animal life, which we have left be¡©hind
us five thousand years ago. |
±×·¯³ª ±×°ÍÀÌ ÀüºÎ°¡ ¾Æ´Ï´Ù;
ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ¿ì¾ÆÇÑ ÇÏÂúÀº
°Íµé »Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó,
¿ì¸®ÀÇ ¹®ÇÐÀº ´Ü¼øÇÑ À½´ãÆÐ¼³°ú
ÀÜÀÎÇÔÀ¸·Î °¡µæÂ÷ ÀÖÀ¸¸ç,
±×·¯ÇÔÀÇ ³í¸®µéÀº °á±¹
°¡Àå ¼¼·ÃµÈ ¹æ¹ýÀ¸·Î »ç¶÷µéÀ» ´Ù½Ã ¿ø½ÃÀûÀÎ
¾ß¸¸ÁÖÀÇ·Î,
À̱³ÀûÀÎ ¿ø¸®·Î »Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó,
½ÉÁö¾î
µ¿¹°ÀûÀÎ »îÀÇ ¿ø¸®·Î À̲ø°í °¥ °ÍÀ̸ç,
±×·¯ÇÑ »îÀº
¿ì¸®°¡ ÀÌ¹Ì ¿Àõ³â Àü¿¡ ¿ì¸® µÚ¿¡ ³²±â°í ¿Â °ÍÀ̾ú´Ù. |
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And it could not be otherwise. In their dread of the Christian
conception of life which will destroy the social order, which some cling
to only from habit, others also from interest, men cannot but be thrown
back upon the pagan conception of life and the principles based on it.
Nowa¡©days we see advocated not only patriotism and aristocratic
principles just as they were advocated two thousand years ago, but even
the coarsest Epicureanism and animalism, only with this difference, that
the men who then professed those views believed in them, while nowadays
even the advocates of such views do not believe in them, for they have no
mean¡©ing for the present day. No one can stand still when the earth is
shaking under his feet. If we do not go forward we must go back. And
strange and terrible to say, the cultivated men of our day, the leaders of
thought, are in reality with their subtle reasoning drawing society back,
not to paganism even, but to a state of primitive barbarism. |
±×¸®°í ±×°ÍÀº ´Þ¸® µÉ ¼ö°¡ ¾ø¾ú´Ù.
±×µéÀÇ »çȸÀû
Áú¼¸¦ ÆÄ±«ÇÒ ±âµ¶±³ÀûÀÎ °³³äÀÇ »îÀ» ¹«¼¿öÇÏ¿©,
¾î¶² À̵éÀº ±×°ÍÀ» ¿ÀÁ÷ ½À°üÀ¸·Î¼,
¾î¶²ÀÌ µéÀº ¶ÇÇÑ
Èï¹Ì·Î¼ ºÙµé°í ÀÖÁö¸¸,
»ç¶÷µéÀº ´Ù½Ã±Ý À̱³Àû
°³³äÀÇ »î°ú ±×°ÍÀ» ±âÃÊ·ÎÇÑ ¿ø¸®µé·Î µÇµ¹¾Æ °¡Áö
¾ÊÀ» ¼ö°¡ ¾ø´Ù.
¿À´Ã³¯,
¿ì¸®´Â ¾Ö±¹ÁÖÀÇ¿Í ±ÍÁ·ÁÖÀÇ
¿ø¸®µéÀÌ ÀÌõ³â Àü¿¡ ¿ËÈ£µÇ¾ú´ø °Íó·³ »Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó,
½ÉÁö¾î °¡Àå Àú¼ÓÇÑ Äè¶ôÁÖÀÇ ¿Í µ¿¹°ÁÖÀǰ¡ ¿ËÈ£µÇ´Â
°ÍÀ» º¸°í ÀÖÀ¸³ª,
¿ÀÁ÷ ÀÌ·± Â÷ÀÌÀÏ »ÓÀÌ´Ù,
Áï,
±×´ç½Ã
±×·¯ÇÑ ½Ã°¢µéÀ» °í¹éÇÑ »ç¶÷µéÀº ±×°ÍµéÀ» ¹Ï¾úÀ¸³ª,
¹Ý¸é¿¡ ¿À´Ã³¯Àº ±×·¯ÇÑ ½Ã°¢À» ¿ËÈ£ÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷µéÀ̶óµµ
±×°ÍµéÀ» ¹ÏÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù,
¿Ö³ÄÇϸé Çö ½Ã´ë¿¡´Â ±×°ÍµéÀº
¾Æ¹«·± Àǹ̵µ °®Áö ¾Ê±â ¶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù.
ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ¹ß ¹Ø¿¡¼
¶¥ÀÌ Èçµé¸± ¶§ ¾Æ¹«µµ Á¶¿ëÈ÷ ¼ÀÖÀ» ¼ö ¾ø´Ù.
¸¸ÀÏ
¿ì¸®°¡ ¾ÕÀ¸·Î °¡Áö ¾Ê´Â´Ù¸é µÚ·Î °¡¾ßÇÑ´Ù.
±×¸®°í
¸»ÇϱⰡ ÀÌ»óÇϱ⵵ ÇÏ¸ç ¹«¼·±âµµ ÇÏÁö¸¸,
¿ì¸®
½Ã´ëÀÇ ±³¾çÀÖ´Â »ç¶÷µé,
»ç»óÀÇ ÁöµµÀÚµéÀº,
»ç½Ç»ó
±×µéÀÇ ±³¹¦ÇÑ Ãß·ÐÀ¸·Î¼ »çȸ¸¦ ÈÄÅð½Ã۰í ÀÖÀ¸¸ç,
½ÉÁö¾î À̱³ÁÖÀÇ·Î »Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó,
¿ø½ÃÀûÀÎ ¾ß¸¸ÁÖÀÇ
»óÅ·Π¸»ÀÌ´Ù. |
|
This tendency on the part of the leading thinkers of the day is nowhere
more apparent than in their attitude to the phenomenon in which all the
insufficiency of the social con¡©ception of life is presented in the most
concentrated form- in their attitude, that is, to war, to the general
arming of nations, and to universal compulsory service. |
¿À´Ã³¯ÀÇ ÁöµµÀûÀÎ »ç»ó°¡µé Ãø¿¡¼ÀÇ ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ °æÇâÀº
»çȸÀû °³³äÀÇ »îÀÇ ¸ðµç ºÒÃæºÐÇÔÀÌ °¡Àå Áý¾àµÈ
ÇüÅ·μ Á¦½ÃµÇ´Â Çö»ó¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Åµµ¿¡¼ ´õ¿í
ÇöÀúÇÏ´Ù-Áï,
ÀüÀï¿¡ ´ëÇÑ,
±¹°¡µéÀÇ º¸ÆíÀûÀÎ ¹«Àå,
±×¸®°í ¼¼°èÀûÀÎ °¾ÐÀû º´¿ªÀǹ« µî¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Åµµ¿¡¼
±×·¯ÇÏ´Ù. |
|
The undefined, if not disingenuous, attitude of modern thinkers to this
phenomenon is striking. It takes three forms in cultivated society. One
section look at it as an incidental phenomenon, arising out of the special
political situation of Europe, and consider that this state of things can
be reformed without a revolution in the whole internal social order of
nations, by external measures of international diplomacy. Another section
regard it as something cruel and hideous, but at the same time fated and
inevitable, like disease and death. A third party with cool indifference
consider war as an inevitable phenomenon, beneficial in its effects and
therefore desirable. |
¸¸ÀÏ ºÎÁ¤Á÷ÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Ù°í ÇÏ´õ¶ó°í,
ÀÌ·± Çö»óµé¿¡
´ëÇÑ Çö´ë »ç»ó°¡µéÀÇ Á¤ÀǵÇÁö ¾ÊÀº ŵµ´Â ³î¶ó¿ï
Á¤µµÀÌ´Ù.
±³¾çÀÖ´Â »çȸ¿¡¼ ±×°ÍÀº ¼¼°¡Áö ÇüŸ¦
ÃëÇÑ´Ù.
ÇÑ °èÃþÀº ±×°ÍÀ» À¯·´À̶ó´Â Ư¼öÇÑ Á¤Ä¡Àû
»óȲ¿¡¼ ¹ß»ýÇÏ´Â ¿ì¿¬ÇÑ Çö»óÀ¸·Î ¹Ù¶óº»´Ù,
±×¸®°í
ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ »ç¹°ÀÇ »óÅ´ ±¹°¡µéÀÇ ³»ÀûÀÎ »çȸÁú¼¿¡¼ÀÇ
Çõ¸íÀÌ ¾øÀÌ,
±¹Á¦ ¿Ü±³ÀÇ ¿ÜÀûÀÎ ¹æ¹ýµé¿À¼ °³ÇõµÉ ¼ö
ÀÖ´Ù°í ¿©±ä´Ù.
´Ù¸¥ ÇÑ °èÃþÀº ±×°ÍÀ» ÀÜÀÎÇÏ°í ¹«¼¿î
°ÍÀ¸·Î ¿©±â¸ç,
µ¿½Ã¿¡,
Áúº´À̳ª Á×À½ °°ÀÌ,
¿î¸íÀ̸ç
ÇÇÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø´Â ¾î¶² °ÍÀ¸·Î ¿©±ä´Ù.
Â÷°¡¿î ³ÃÁ¤ÇÔÀ»
Áö´Ñ ¼¼¹øÂ° °èÃþÀº ÀüÀïÀº ÇÇÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø´Â Çö»óÀ̸ç,
±×ÀÇ È¿°ú·Î¼ À̷οòÀÌ ÀÖÀ¸¸ç,
±×·¯¹Ç·Î,
¹Ù¶÷Á÷ÇÏ´Ù°í ¿©±ä´Ù. |
|
Men look at the subject from different points of view, but all alike
talk of war as though it were something absolutely independent of the will
of those who take part in it. And consequently they do not even admit the
natural question which presents itself to every simple man: "How about
me-ought I to take any part in it?" In their view no question of this
kind even exists, and every man, however he may regard war from a personal
standpoint, must slavishly submit to the requirements of the authorities
on the subject. |
»ç¶÷µéÀº ´Ù¸¥ °üÁ¡ µé¿¡¼ ±× ÁÖÁ¦¸¦ ¹Ù¶óº»´Ù,
±×·¯³ª ¸ðµÎ ´Ù ¸¶Âù°¡Áö·Î ÀüÀïÀº ¸¶Ä¡ Âü°¡ÇÏ´Â
»ç¶÷µéÀÇ ÀÇÁö¿Í Àý´ëÀûÀ¸·Î µ¶¸³µÇ¾î ÀÖ´Â °Íó·³
¸»ÇÑ´Ù.
±×¸®°í °á±¹ ±×µéÀº Á¦°¢±â ´Ü¼øÇÑ »ç¶÷¿¡°Ô
¶°¿À¸£´Â ´ç¿¬ÇÑ Àǹ®¸¶Àúµµ ½ÃÀÎÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀ¸·Á µç´Ù: ¡°³ª´Â
¾î¶²°¡-³ªµµ ±×°Í¿¡ Âü¿©ÇØ¾ß µÇÁö ¾Ê´Â°¡?¡±
±×µéÀÇ
½Ã°¢¿¡´Â ÀÌ·± Á¾·ùÀÇ Àǹ®µéÀº ÀüÇô Á¸ÀçÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù,
±×¸®°í °¢ÀÚ´Â,
±×°¡ ¾Æ¹«¸® °³ÀÎÀûÀÎ °üÁ¡¿¡¼ ÀüÀïÀ»
º¼Áö¶óµµ,
±× ÁÖÁ¦¿¡ °üÇÑÇÑ ´ç±¹ÀÇ ¿ä±¸µé¿¡ ³ë¿¹Ã³·³
¹Ýµå½Ã º¹Á¾ÇØ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. |
|
The attitude of the first section of thinkers, those who see a way out
of war in international diplomatic measures, is well expressed in the
report of the last Peace Congress in Lon¡©don, and the articles and
letters upon war that appeared in No. 8 of the Revue des Revues,
1891. The congress after gathering together from various quarters the
verbal and written opinion of learned men opened the proceedings by a
religious service, and after listening to addresses for five whole days,
concluded them by a public dinner and speeches. They adopted the following
resolutions: |
ù¹øÂ° °èÃþÀÇ »ç»ó°¡µéÀÇ Åµµ´Â,
±¹Á¦ ¿Ü±³ ´ëÃ¥À»
ÅëÇÏ¿© ÀüÀï¿¡¼ ¹þ¾î³ª´Â ¹æ¹ýÀ» ã´Â »ç¶÷µé·Î¼,
ÃÖ±ÙÀÇ ·±´ø ÆòÈȸÀÇÀÇ º¸°í¼¿¡¼,
±×¸®°í 1891³â
¸®ºä¸®ºä ÁöÀÇ 8¹ø¿¡ ³ªÅ¸³ ÀüÀï¿¡ °üÇÑ ³í¹®µé°ú
¼Çѵ鿡 Àß Ç¥ÇöµÇ¾îÀÖ´Ù.
¹Ú½ÄÇÑ »ç¶÷µé°í ±¸¼ºµÈ
´Ù¾çÇÑ Áø¿µÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍÀÇ ±¸µÎ ¹× ¼¸é ÀǰßÀ» ÃëÇÕÇÑ
ȸÀÇ´Â Á¾±³ ¿¹¹è¸¦ ÅëÇØ¼ ÀýÂ÷¸¦ ¿¾ú´Ù,
±×¸®°í ²¿¹Ú
5ÀÏ µ¿¾È ¿¬¼³µéÀ» µè°í³ª¼,
°ø½Ä ¸¸Âù°ú ¿¬¼³µé·Î¼
±×°ÍµéÀ» °á·Ð³»·È´Ù.
±×µéÀº ´ÙÀ½°ú °°Àº °áÀǾÈÀ»
äÅÃÇÏ¿´´Ù. |
|
"1. The congress affirms its belief that the brotherhood of man
involves as a necessary consequence a brotherhood of nations. |
¡°1.
ȸÀÇ´Â »ç¶÷µéÀÇ ¿ì¾Ö´Â ÇÊ¿¬ÀûÀÎ °á°ú·Î¼
±¹°¡°£ÀÇ ¿ì¾Ö¸¦ Æ÷ÇÔÇÑ´Ù. |
|
"2. The congress recognizes the important influence that Christianity
exercises on the moral and political progress of mankind, and earnestly
urges upon ministers of the Gospel and other religious teachers the duty
of setting forth the principles of peace and good will toward men. And
it recommends that the third Sunday in December be set apart for that
purpose. |
¡°2.
ȸÀÇ´Â ±âµ¶±³°¡ ÀηùÀÇ µµ´ö ¹× Á¤Ä¡Àû Áøº¸¿¡
Çà»çÇÏ´Â Áß¿äÇÑ ¿µÇâÀ» ÀÎÁ¤ÇÑ´Ù,
±×¸®°í º¹À½À»
´Ù·ç´Â ¼ºÁ÷ÀÚµé°ú ´Ù¸¥ Á¾±³ ±³»çµé¿¡°Ô »ç¶÷µéÀ»
À§ÇÑ ÆòÈ¿Í È£ÀÇÀÇ ¿ø¸®µéÀ» üÃâÇÒ Àǹ«¸¦ ÁøÁ¤À¸·Î
¿ä±¸ÇÑ´Ù.
±×¸®°í ȸÀÇ´Â 12¿ù ¼¼¹øÂ° ÀÏ¿äÀÏÀ» ±×·¯ÇÑ
¸ñÀûÀ¸·Î Á¤ÇصдÙ. |
|
"3. The congress expresses the opinion that all teachers of history
should call the attention of the young to the grave evils inflicted on
mankind in all ages by war, and to the fact that such war has been waged
for most inadequate causes. |
¡°3.
ȸÀÇ´Â ¸ðµç ¿ª»ç ±³»çµéÀÌ ¾ÆÀ̵鿡°Ô ÀüÀï¿¡
ÀÇÇØ¼ ¸ðµç ¼¼´ë¿¡¼ Àηù¿¡°Ô °¡ÇØÁø Áß´ëÇÑ
¾ÇÇàµé°ú,
±×·¯ÇÑ ÀüÀïÀº °¡Àå ÀûÀýÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀº
ÀÌÀ¯µé·Î¼ ÇàÇØÁ³´Ù´Â »ç½ÇÀ» ÁÖÁö½ÃÄÑ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù´Â
ÀǰßÀ» Ç¥ÇöÇÑ´Ù. |
|
"4. The congress protests against the use of military drill in
schools by way of physical exercise, and suggests the formation of
brigades for saving life rather than of a quasi-military character; and
urges the desirability of impressing on the Board of Examiners who
formulate the questions for examination the propriety of guiding the minds
of children in the principles of peace. |
¡°4.
ȸÀÇ´Â Çб³¿¡¼ À°Ã¼Àû ´Ü·ÃÀ» ÅëÇÑ ±º»çÈÆ·ÃÀ»
ÀÌ¿ëÇÏ´Â °Í¿¡ ¹Ý´ëÇϸç,
±º»çÀûÀÎ °Í¿¡ °¡±î¿î
¼º°Ýº¸´Ù´Â »ý¸íÀ» ±¸Çϱâ À§ÇÑ ´Üü ±¸¼ºÀ» Á¦¾ÈÇϰí,
½ÃÇè ¹®Á¦¸¦ Á¦ÃâÇÏ´Â ½ÃÇè À§¿øÈ¸¿¡ ÆòÈÀÇ ¿ø¸®µé¿¡
µû¸¥ ¾Æµ¿µéÀÇ ¸¶À½µéÀ» ¾È³»ÇÏ´Â Á¤´ç¼ºÀ» ºÎ¿©ÇÔÀÌ
¹Ù¶÷Á÷ÇÏ´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ¿ä±¸ÇÑ´Ù. |
|
"5. The congress holds that the doctrine of the Rights of Man
requires that the aboriginal and weaker races, their territories and
liberties, shall be guarded from injustice and fraud, and that these races
shall be shielded against the vices so prevalent among the so-called
advanced races of men. It further expresses its conviction that there
should be concert of action among the nations for the accomplish¡©ment of
these ends. The congress expresses its hearty appreciation of the
resolutions of the Anti-slavery Confer¡©ence held recently at Brussels for
the amelioration of the condition of the peoples of Africa. |
¡°5.
ȸÀÇ´Â »ç¶÷ÀÇ ±Ç¸®¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ±³¸®´Â ¿øÁֹΰú
¾àÇÑ Àηùµé,
±×µéÀÇ ¿µÅäµé,
¹× ÀÚÀ¯µéÀÌ ºÒÀÇ¿Í
±â¸¸À¸·ÎºÎÅÍ º¸È£µÇ¾î¾ß Çϸç,
À̵é ÀηùµéÀº ¼ÒÀ§
ÁøµµµÈ Àηùµé »çÀÌ¿¡ ÆØ¹èÇØ ÀÖ´Â ¾ÇÀǵ鿡 ¸Â¼¼
º¸È£µÇ¾î¾ß ÇÑ´Ù°í ÁÖÀåÇÑ´Ù.
ȸÀÇ´Â ´õ ³ª¾Æ°¡¼ ÀÌ
¸ñÀûÀÇ ´Þ¼ºÀ» À§Çؼ ±¹°¡°£ÀÇ ´ÜÇÕµÈ ÇൿÀÌ ÀÖ¾î¾ß
ÇÑ´Ù´Â È®½ÅÀ» Ç¥ÇöÇÑ´Ù.
ȸÀÇ´Â ¾ÆÇÁ¸®Ä« »ç¶÷µéÀÇ
»óŸ¦ °³¼±Çϱâ À§Çؼ ÃÖ±Ù¿¡ ºê·ò¼¿¿¡ ¿·È´ø ³ë¿¹
¹Ý´ë ȸÀÇÀÇ °áÁ¤¿¡ ´ëÇØ ÁøÁ¤ÇÑ °í¸¶¿òÀ» ´À³¤´Ù. |
|
"6. The congress believes that the warlike prejudices and traditions
which are still fostered in the various nation¡©alities, and the
misrepresentations by leaders of public opinion in legislative assemblies
or through the press, are often indirect causes of war, and that these
evils should be counteracted by the publication of accurate information
tending to the removal of misunderstanding between nations, and recommends
the importance of considering the question of commencing an international
newspaper with such a purpose. |
¡°6.
ȸÀÇ´Â ¿©·¯ ±¹°¡µé¿¡¼ ¾ÆÁ÷µµ Á¶ÀåµÇ°í ÀÖ´Â
È£ÀüÀûÀÎ Æí°ßµé°ú °ü½Àµé,
±×¸®°í ÀÔ¹ý±â±¸³ª ¾ð·ÐÀÇ
¿©·Ð ÁöµµÀڵ鿡 ÀÇÇÑ ¿ÀÇØµéÀÌ ÈçÈ÷ ÀüÀïÀÇ °£Á¢ÀûÀÎ
¿øÀεéÀÌ µÇ¸ç,
ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ÇØ¾ÇµéÀº ±¹°¡µé °£ÀÇ ¿ÀÇØ¸¦
Á¦°ÅÇÔ¿¡ µµ¿òÀ̵Ǵ Á¤È®ÇÑ Á¤º¸ÀÇ °ø°³¸¦ ÅëÇØ¼
´ëÀÀµÇ¾î¾ß ÇÔÀ» ¹ÏÀ¸¸ç,
±×¸®°í ±×·¯ÇÑ ¸ñÀûÀ» À§ÇÑ
±¹Á¦ÀûÀÎ ½Å¹®À» ¹ßÇàÇÔ¿¡ °üÇÑ ¹®Á¦¸¦ °í·ÁÇÏ´Â
Á߿伺À» ±Ç°íÇÑ´Ù. |
|
"7. The congress proposes to the Inter-parliamentary Conference that
the utmost support should be given to every project for unification of
weights and measures, coinage, tariff, postage, and telegraphic
arrangements, etc., which would assist in constituting a commercial,
industrial, and scientific union of the peoples. |
¡°7.
ȸÀÇ´Â ±¹Á¦ ÀÇ¿ø ȸÀÇ¿¡ µµ·®Çü,
ÈÆä,
°ü¼¼,
¿ìÆí ¹× Àü½Å Çù¾à,
µîÀÇ ÅëÀÏ¿¡ °üÇÑ ¸ðµç °èȹµé¿¡
ÃÖ´ëÀÇ Áö¿øÀ» ÇÏ¿©¾ß Çϸç,
±×·ÎÇØ¼ »ç¶÷µé »çÀÌÀÇ
»ó¾÷Àû,
»ê¾÷Àû ¹× °úÇÐÀûÀÎ °áÇÕÀ» µµ¿ï ¼ö ÀÖµµ·Ï ÇÒ
°ÍÀ» Á¦¾ÈÇÑ´Ù. |
|
¡°8. The congress, in view of the vast social and moral influence of
woman, urges upon every woman to sustain the things that make for peace,
as otherwise she incurs grave responsibility for the continuance of the
systems of mili¡©tarism. |
¡°8.
ȸÀÇ´Â,
¿©¼ºµéÀÇ ±¤¹üÀ§ÇÑ »çȸÀû ¹× µµ´öÀû
¿µÇâ·ÂÀ» °í·ÁÇϰǴë,
Á¦°¢±â ¿©¼ºµéÀÌ Æòȸ¦
±¸ÃàÇÏ´Â °ÍµéÀ» Áö¿øÇÒ °ÍÀ» Ã˱¸Çϸç,
±×·¸Áö ¾Ê´Ù¸é
±º»çÁÖÀÇ Ã¼Á¦µéÀÇ Áö¼Ó¿¡ Áö´ëÇÑ Ã¥ÀÓÀ» ÃÊ·¡Çϱâ
¶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù. |
|
"9. The congress expresses the hope that the Financial Reform
Association and other similar societies in Europe and America should unite
in considering means for estab¡©lishing equitable commercial relations
between states, by the reduction of import duties. The congress feels that
it can affirm that the whole of Europe desires peace, and awaits with
impatience the suppression of armaments, which, under the plea of defense,
become in their turn a danger by keeping alive mutual distrust, and are,
at the same time, the cause of that general economic disturbance which
stands in the way of settling in a satisfactory manner the problems of
labor and poverty, which ought to take prece¡©dence of all others. |
¡°9.
ȸÀÇ´Â ÀçÁ¤ °³Çõ Çùȸ ¹× ±âŸ À¯·´°ú
¾Æ¸Þ¸®Ä«ÀÇ ´ÜüµéÀÌ,
¼öÀÔ¼¼¸¦ °¨¸éÇϹǷμ ±¹°¡µé
°£ÀÇ °øÁ¤ÇÑ »ó¾÷Àû °ü°èµéÀ» È®¸³Çϱâ À§ÇÑ ¹æ¹ýµéÀ»
°í·ÁÇÔ¿¡ ÀÖ¾î¼ ¹Ýµå½Ã ¿¬ÇÕÇÏ¿©¾ßµÈ´Ù´Â Èñ¸ÁÀ»
Ç¥ÇöÇÑ´Ù.
ȸÀÇ´Â Àüü À¯·´Àº Æòȸ¦ ¹Ù¶ó¸ç,
±º»ç·Â
°¨ÃàÀ» ½Ã±ÞÇÏ°Ô ±â´Ù¸®¸ç,
±º»ç·ÂÀº ¹æ¾î¶ó´Â
±¸½ÇÇÏ¿¡,
»óÈ£ ºÒ½ÅÀ» Á¸¼ÓÇÏ°Ô ÇϹǷμ À§ÇèÀÌ µÇ¸ç,
µ¿½Ã¿¡ ³ëµ¿°ú ºó°ïÀÇ ¹®Á¦µéÀ» ¸¸Á·½º·´°Ô ÇØ°áÇϴµ¥
¹æÇذ¡ µÇ´Â Àü¹ÝÀûÀÎ °æÁ¦Àû ºÒ¾ÈÀÇ ¿øÀÎÀÌ µÇ¸ç,
³ëµ¿°ú ºó°ïÀÇ ¹®Á¦µéÀº ´Ù¸¥ ¸ðµç °Íµéº¸´Ù ¿ì¼±Çؾß
µÊÀ» ÁÖÀåÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖÀ½À» ´À³¤´Ù. |
|
"10. The congress, recognizing that a general disarma¡©ment would be
the best guarantee of peace and would lead to the solution of the
questions which now most divide states, expresses the wish that a congress
of representatives of all the states of Europe may be assembled as soon as
possible to consider the means of effecting a gradual general disarmament. |
¡°10.
ȸÀÇ´Â,
Àü¹ÝÀû ±ººñ Ãà¼Ò°¡ ÆòÈ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ °¡Àå
ÁÁÀº º¸ÀåÀ̸ç,
ÇöÀç ´ëüÀûÀ¸·Î ±¹°¡µéÀ» ºÐ¿ÇÏ´Â
¹®Á¦µé¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÇØ°á¿¡ µµ´ÞÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖÀ½À» ÀνÄÇϸé¼,
¸ðµç À¯·´ ±¹°¡µéÀÇ ´ëÇ¥µéÀÌ Âü¼®Çϴ ȸÀǰ¡
Á¡ÁøÀûÀ̸ç Àü¹ÝÀûÀÎ ±ººñÃà¼Ò¸¦ ½ÇÇàÇϱâ À§ÇÑ
¼ö´ÜµéÀ» ³íÀÇÇϱâ À§Çؼ,
°¡´ÉÇÑ »¡¸® ¼ÒÁýµÇ¾î¾ß
ÇÔÀ» Ç¥ÇöÇÑ´Ù. |
|
"11. The congress, in consideration of the fact that the timidity of
a single power might delay the convocation of the above-mentioned
congress, is of opinion that the govern¡©ment which should first dismiss
any considerable number of soldiers would confer a signal benefit on
Europe and man¡©kind, because it would, by public opinion, oblige other
governments to follow its example, and by the moral force of this
accomplished fact would have increased rather than diminished the
conditions of its national defense. |
¡°11.
ȸÀÇ´Â,
´Ü ÇÑ ±¹°¡¶óµµ ¼Ò±ØÀûÀÌµÇ¸é »ó±â¿¡
¾ð±ÞÇÑ È¸ÀÇÀÇ ¼ÒÁýÀÌ Áö¿¬µÉ °ÍÀ̶ó´Â »ç½ÇÀ»
°í·ÁÇÏ¿©,
¸ÕÀú »ó´çÇÑ ¼ýÀÚÀÇ º´·ÂÀ» ÇØÁ¦ÇÏ´Â Á¤ºÎ´Â
À¯·´°ú Àηùµé¿¡°Ô »ó¡ÀûÀÎ ÇýÅÃÀ» ºÎ¿©ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ̸ç,
±×°ÍÀº,
°ø°øÀÇ ¿©·Ð¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼,
´Ù¸¥ Á¤ºÎµéÀ» ±× ¿¹¸¦
µû¸£°Ô Çϱ⠶§¹®À̸ç,
±×¸®°í,
ÀÌ·¸°Ô È®¸³µÈ »ç½ÇÀÇ
µµ´öÀûÀÎ Èû¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼ ±× Á¤ºÎÀÇ ±¹°¡ÀûÀÎ ¹æ¾î »óŸ¦
°¨¼ÒÇϱ⺸´Ù´Â Áõ°¡ÇÏ°Ô µÈ´Ù´Â,
ÀǰßÀÌ´Ù. |
|
"12. The congress, considering the question of disarma¡©ment, as of
peace in general, depends on public opinion, recommends the peace
societies, as well as all friends of peace, to be active in its
propaganda, especially at the time of parliamentary elections, in order
that the electors should give their votes to candidates who are pledged to
support Peace, Disarmament, and Arbitration. |
¡°12.
ȸÀÇ´Â,
±ººñ Ãà¼ÒÀÇ ¹®Á¦¸¦ ³íÀÇÇÔ¿¡ ÀÖ¾î¼,
ÀϹÝÀûÀÎ ÆòÈÀÇ ¹®Á¦¿Í ¸¶Âù°¡Áö·Î,
°ø°øÀÇ ¿©·Ð¿¡
ÀÇÁ¸Çϸç,
ÆòÈ ´Üüµé,
»Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ¸ðµç ÆòÈÀÇ
Ä£±¸µéÀÌ ±× ¼±Àü¿¡ ÀÖ¾î¼,
ƯÈ÷ ÀÇ¿ø ¼±°Å¿¡¼,
Àû±ØÀûÀÏ °ÍÀ» ±Ç°íÇÑ´Ù,
±×¸®ÇÏ¿© À¯±ÇÀÚµéÀº ÆòÈ,
±ººñÃà¼Ò,
¹× ÁßÀ縦 °ø¾àÇÏ´Â Èĺ¸Àڵ鿡°Ô ÅõÇ¥ÇÒ
°ÍÀ» ±Ç°íÇÑ´Ù. |
|
"13. The congress congratulates the friends of peace on the
resolution adopted by the International American Con¡©ference, held at
Washington in April last, by which it was recommended that arbitration
should be obligatory in all controversies, whatever their origin, except
only those which may imperil the independence of one of the nations
involved. |
¡°13.
ȸÀÇ´Â,
Áö³ 4¿ù ¿ö½ÌÅæ¿¡¼ ¿¸° ±¹Á¦
¾Æ¸Þ¸®Ä« ȸÀÇ¿¡¼ äÅÃµÈ °áÀǾȿ¡ ´ëÇØ,
±×¸®°í ±×
°áÀÇ ¾È¿¡¼ ¸ðµç ºÐÀïµé¿¡ ÀÖ¾î¼ ±×µéÀÇ ±¹ÀûÀÌ
¹«¾ùÀ̵ç ÁßÀç´Â Àǹ«ÀûÀ̸ç,
´Ù¸¸ °ü·ÃµÈ ±¹°¡µé ÁßÀÇ
ÇϳªÀÇ µ¶¸³À» À§ÅÂ·Ó°Ô ÇÏ´Â °ÍµéÀ» Á¦¿ÜÇϱâ·ÎÇÑ
°Í¿¡ ´ëÇØ ÆòÈÀÇ Ä£±¸µéÀ» ÃàÇÏÇÏ´Â ¹ÙÀÌ´Ù. |
|
"14. The congress recommends this resolution to the attention of
European statesmen, and expresses the ardent desire that similar treaties
may speedily be entered into be¡©tween the other nations of the world. |
¡°14.
ȸÀÇ´Â ÀÌ °áÀǾÈÀ» À¯·´ÀÇ Á¤Ä¡°¡µéÀÌ ÁÖ¸ñÇÒ
°ÍÀ» ±Ç°íÇÑ´Ù,
±×¸®°í À¯»çÇÑ ÇùÁ¤µéÀÌ Á¶¼ÓÈ÷ ¼¼°èÀÇ
´Ù¸¥ ±¹°¡µé »çÀÌ¿¡ ü°áµÇ±â¸¦ °·ÄÇÑ Èñ¸ÁÀ¸·Î
Ç¥ÇöÇÑ´Ù. |
|
"15. The congress expresses its satisfaction at the adop¡©tion by the
Spanish Senate on June 16 last of a project of law authorizing the
government to negotiate general or special treaties of arbitration for the
settlement of all dis¡©putes except those relating to the independence or
internal government of the states affected; also at the adoption of
resolutions to a like effect by the Norwegian Storthing and by the Italian
Chamber. |
¡°15.
ȸÀÇ´Â,
¿µÇâÀ» ¹Þ´Â ±¹°¡µéÀÇ µ¶¸³À̳ª ÀÚÄ¡
Á¤ºÎµé¿¡ °ü·ÃµÈ °æ¿ìµéÀ» Á¦¿ÜÇÑ ¸ðµç ºÐÀïµéÀÇ
ÇØ°á¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÁßÀç¿¡ °üÇÑ ÀÏ¹Ý ¶Ç´Â Ưº° Çù¾àµéÀ»
Á¤ºÎ°¡ Çù»óÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖµµ·Ï ±ÇÇÑÀ» ÁÖ´Â ÀÔ¹ý °èȹÀ»,
Áö³ 6¿ù 16ÀÏ ½ºÆäÀÎ »ó¿ø¿¡¼ äÅÃÇѵ¥ ´ëÇØ ¸¸Á·À»
Ç¥ÇöÇÑ´Ù;
±×¸®°í ³ë¸£¿þÀÌ ±¹È¸¿Í ÀÌÅ»¸®¾Æ ÀÇȸÀÇ
À¯»çÇÑ °á°ú¿¡ ´ëÇÑ °áÀǾȵéÀÇ Ã¤Åà ¶ÇÇÑ ¸¸Á·ÇÑ´Ù. |
|
"16. The congress resolves that a committee be appointed to address
communications to the principal political, religious, commercial, and
labor and peace organizations, requesting them to send petitions to the
governmental authorities praying that measures be taken for the formation
of suitable tribunals for the adjudicature of international questions so
as to avoid the resort to war. |
¡°16.
ȸÀÇ´Â,
Áß¿äÇÑ Á¤Ä¡Àû,
Á¾±³Àû,
»ó¾÷Àû,
±×¸®°í
³ëµ¿°ú ÆòÈ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ´ëȸ¦ Àü´ãÇÏ´Â À§¿øÈ¸¸¦
À§ÃËÇϰí,
±×¸®ÇÏ¿© ÀüÀï¿¡ ÀǰÅÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ» ÇÇÇϵµ·Ï
±¹Á¦ÀûÀÎ ¹®Á¦µé¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ½ÉÆÇÀ» À§ÇÑ ÀûÀýÇÑ
ÀçÆÇ¼ÒµéÀÇ Çü¼ºÀ» À§ÇÑ ´ëÃ¥µéÀÌ ÃëÇØÁöµµ·Ï
±â¿øÇϸé¼,
±×µéÀÌ Á¤ºÎ ´ç±¹µé¿¡ ź¿øÇϵµ·Ï ¿äûÇÒ
¼ö ÀÖµµ·Ï,
ÀǰáÇÑ´Ù. |
|
"17. Seeing (1) that the object pursued by all peace societies is the
establishment of judicial order between nations, and (2) that
neutralization by international treaties constitutes a step toward this
judicial state and lessens the number of districts in which war can be
carried on, the congress recommends a larger extension of the rule of
neutralization, and expresses the wish, (1) that all treaties which at
present assure to certain states the benefit of neutrality remain in
force, or if necessary be amended in a manner to render the neutrality
more effective, either by extending neutralization to the whole of the
state or by ordering the demolition of fortresses, which constitute rather
a peril than a guarantee for neutrality; (2) that new treaties in harmony
with the wishes of the populations con¡©cerned be concluded for
establishing the neutralization of other states. |
¡°17. (1)¸ðµç ÆòÈ ´ÜüµéÀÌ Ãß±¸ÇÏ´Â ¸ñÀûÀº ±¹°¡µé
»çÀÌ¿¡ »ç¹ýÀûÀÎ Áú¼¸¦ È®¸³ÇÔÀÌ´Ù,
±×¸®°í (2)
±¹Á¦ÀûÀÎ Çù¾à¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ Á߸³È´Â ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ »ç¹ýÀûÀÎ
»óŸ¦ ÇâÇÑ ÇÑ °ÉÀ½À» ±¸¼ºÇϸç,
ÀüÀïÀÌ ¹ß»ýÇÒ ¼ö
ÀÖ´Â Áö¿ªÀÇ ¼ýÀÚ¸¦ ÁÙÀÌ°Ô µÉ °ÍÀ» ÁöÇâÇϸé¼,
ȸÀÇ´Â
Á߸³È ±ÔÁ¤ÀÇ Á»´õ ³ÐÀº È®ÀåÀ» ±Ç°íÇϸç,
´ÙÀ½°ú °°Àº
Èñ¸ÁÀ» ÇÇ·ÂÇÑ´Ù: (1)
ÇöÀç Æ¯Á¤ÇÑ ±¹°¡µé¿¡°Ô Á߸³ÀÇ
ÀÌÀÍÀ» È®½Å½ÃÄÑÁÖ´Â ¸ðµç ÇùÁ¤µéÀÌ È¿·ÂÀ» ¹ßÈÖÇϰųª,
¸¸ÀÏ ÇÊ¿äÇÏ´Ù¸é,
Á߸³À» ±¹°¡ÀÇ Àüü Áö¿ªÀ¸·Î
È®ÀåÇϰųª ¶Ç´Â Á߸³À» º¸ÀåÇϱ⺸´Ù´Â À§ÇùÀÌ µÇ´Â
¿ä»õµéÀ» ÆÄ±«Åä·Ï ¸í·ÉÇÏ¿©¼ Á߸³ÀÌ ´õ¿í ½ÇÈ¿¼ºÀ»
¶ìµµ·Ï ÇÏ´Â ¹æÇâÀ¸·Î °³Á¤µÇµµ·Ï ÇÑ´Ù; (2)
°ü°èµÇ´Â
±¹¹ÎµéÀÇ ¼Ò¿ø°ú ÈÇÕÇÏ´Â »õ·Î¿î ÇùÁ¤µéÀÌ ´Ù¸¥
±¹°¡µéÀÇ Á߸³È¸¦ È®¸³Çϴµ¥ Æ÷ÇԵǾî¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. |
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"18. The sub-committee proposes, (1) that the annual Peace Congress
should be held either immediately before the meeting of the annual
Sub-parliamentary Conference, or immediately after it in the same town;
(2) that the question of an international peace emblem be postponed sine
die; (3) that the following resolutions be adopted: |
¡°ºÐ°ú À§¿øÈ¸´Â ´ÙÀ½À» Á¦¾ÈÇÑ´Ù, (1)
¿¬·Ê
ÆòÈȸÀÇ´Â ¿¬·Ê ºÐ°ú ÀÇ¿øÈ¸ÀÇ ¸ðÀÓ Á÷Àü¿¡,
¶Ç´Â ±×
Á÷ÈÄ¿¡ °°Àº µµ½Ã¿¡¼ ¿·Á¾ß ÇÑ´Ù; (2)
±¹Á¦ ÆòÈ
ÈÖÀåÀÇ ¹®Á¦´Â ¹«±âÇÑÀ¸·Î ¹Ì·ç¾î Áø´Ù; (3)
´ÙÀ½°ú °°Àº
°áÀǾÈÀÌ Ã¤ÅõȴÙ. |
|
"a. To express satisfaction at the official
overtures of the Presbyterian Church in the United States addressed to the
highest representatives of each church organization in Christendom to
unite in a general conference to promote the substitution of international
arbitration for war. |
¡°a.
ÀüÀï´ë½Å ±¹Á¦ÀûÀÎ ÁßÀ縦 Á¶ÀåÇÏ´Â
ÃÑȸ·Î¼ ¿¬ÇÕÇϵµ·Ï ÇÏÀÚ´Â,
±âµ¶±³±¹ÀÇ °¢ ±³È¸
±â±¸ÀÇ ÃÖ»óÀ§ ´ëÇ¥Àڵ鿡°Ô º¸³»´Â ¹Ì±¹ Àå·Î±³È¸ÀÇ
°ø½ÄÀûÀÎ °ÇÀǵ鿡 ¸¸Á·À» Ç¥¸íÇÑ´Ù. |
|
"b. To express in the name of the congress
its profound reverence for the memory of Aurelio Saffi, the great Italian
jurist, a member of the committee of the International League of Peace and
Liberty. |
¡°b.
ȸÀÇÀÇ À̸§À¸·Î,
ÀÌÅ»¸®¾ÆÀÇ À§´ëÇÑ
¹ýÇÐÀÚÀ̸ç,
ÆòÈ¿Í ÀÚÀ¯¸¦ À§ÇÑ ±¹Á¦ ¿¬¸Í À§¿øÈ¸ÀÇ
ȸ¿øÀÎ ¾Æ¿ì·¼¸®¿À »çÇǸ¦ ±â³äÇÏ¿©,
½É¿ÀÇÑ °æÀǸ¦
Ç¥¸íÇÑ´Ù. |
|
"(4) That the memorial adopted by this congress and signed by the
president to the heads of the civilized states should, as far as
practicable, be presented to each power by influential deputations. |
¡°(4)
¹®¸í ±¹°¡µéÀÇ ¼ö¹Ýµé¿¡°Ô º¸³»Áö´Â ÀÌ È¸ÀÇ¿¡
ÀÇÇØ¼ äÅÃÀ̵ǰí ȸÀå¿¡ ÀÇÇØ ¼¸íµÈ °ÇÀǼ´Â,
°¡´ÉÇÑ ÇÑ,
¿µÇâ·ÂÀÖ´Â ´ëÇ¥Àڵ鿡 ÀÇÇØ¼ °¢±¹¿¡
Á¦ÃâµÇ¾î¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. |
|
"(5) That the following resolutions be adopted: "a. A
resolution of thanks to the presidents of the various sittings of the
congress. "b. A resolution of thanks to the chairman, the secre¡©taries,
and the members of the bureau of the congress. "c. A resolution
of thanks to the conveners and members of the sectional committees. "d.
A resolution of thanks to Rev. Canon Scott Holland, Rev. Dr. Reuen Thomas,
and Rev. J. Morgan Gibbon for their pulpit addresses before the congress,
and also to the authorities of St. Paul's Cathedral, the City Temple,
and Stamford Hill Congregational Church for the use of those buildings for
public services. "e. A letter of thanks to her Majesty for
permission to visit Windfor Castle. ''f. And also a resolution
of thanks to the Lord Mayor and Lady Mayoress, to Mr. Passmore Edwards,
and other friends who have extended their hospitality to the members of
the congress. |
¡°(5)
´ÙÀ½°ú °°Àº °áÀǾÈÀÌ Ã¤Åõǵµ·Ï ÇÑ´Ù: ¡°a.
ȸÀÇÀÇ ´Ù¾çÇÑ ºÐ¾ßÀÇ È¸Àåµé¿¡ ´ëÇÑ °¨»çÀÇ °áÀÇ. ¡°b.
ȸÀÇÀÇ »ç¹«±¹ÀÇ ÀÇÀå,
¼±âµé,
±×¸®°í ÀÓ¿øµé¿¡
´ëÇÑ °¨»çÀÇ °áÀÇ. ¡°c.
ºÐ°úº° À§¿øÈ¸ÀÇ À§¿øÀå°ú
À§¿øµé¿¡ ´ëÇÑ °¨»çÀÇ °áÀÇ. ¡°d.
½ÅºÎ ij³í ½ºÄà
Ȧ·£µå,
½ÅºÎ ·ÎÀÌÀº Å丶½º ¹Ú»ç,
¹× ½ÅºÎ J.
¸ð°Ç
±âº»ÀÇ È¸ÀǸ¦ À§ÇÑ ¼³±³ ¿¬¼³¿¡ ´ëÇÏ¿©,
±×¸®°í ¼º
¹Ù¿À¸£ ¼º´ç,
½Ã¸³ »ç¿ø,
¹× ½ºÅÆÆ÷µå Èú Á¶ÇÕ±³È¸
´ç±¹µéÀÇ ´ëÁß ÁýȸµéÀ» À§ÇØ ±×µéÀÇ °Ç¹°µéÀ»
»ç¿ëÅä·Ï ÇÔ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ °¨»çÀÇ °áÀÇ. ¡°e.
À©Æ÷ ¼º
¹æ¹®À» Çã¶ôÇØÁØ ÀüÇÏ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ °¨»çÀÇ ÆíÁö. ¡°f.
±×¸®°í ¶ÇÇÑ ½ÃÀå°ú ½ÃÀå ºÎÀÎ,
ÆÄ½º¸ð¾î ¿¡µå¿öµå ¾¾,
±×¸®°í ȸÀÇÀÇ È¸¿øµé¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ±×µéÀÇ È£ÀǸ¦ µÎ·ç
º¸¿©ÁØ ´Ù¸¥ Ä£±¸µé¿¡ ´ëÇÑ °¨»çÀÇ °áÀÇ. |
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"19. The congress places on record a heartfelt expres¡©sion of
gratitude to Almighty God for the remarkable har¡©mony and concord which
have characterized the meetings of the assembly, in which so many men and
women of varied nations, creeds, tongues, and races have gathered in
closest cooperation, and for the conclusion of the labors of the congress;
and expresses its firm and unshaken belief in the ultimate triumph of the
cause of peace and of the principles advocated at these meetings." |
¡°19.
ȸÀÇ´Â ÁýȸÀÇ ¸ðÀÓµéÀ» µÎµå·¯Áö°Ô ÇÑ ³î¶ó¿î
Á¶È¿Í ÀÏÄ¡¿¡ ´ëÇÏ¿©,
¿©±â¿¡¼ ´Ù¾çÇÑ ±¹Àû°ú,
½ÅÁ¶¿Í,
±×¸®°í ÀÎÁ¾µéÀÇ ³Ê¹«³ª ¸¹Àº ³²ÀÚ¿Í ¿©ÀÚµéÀÌ ±ä¹ÐÈ÷
ÇùÁ¶Çϸç ÇÔ²² ¸ð¿´À¸¸ç,
±×¸®°í ȸÀÇÀÇ ³ë·ÂµéÀÇ
°á°ú¿¡ ´ëÇÏ¿© Àü´ÉÇϽŠÇϳª´Ô¿¡ ´ëÇÑ °¡½¿±íÀÌ
¿ì·¯³ª´Â °¨»çÀÇ Ç¥ÇöÀ» ±â·ÏÇÑ´Ù;
±×¸®°í À̵é
¸ðÀӵ鿡¼ ÁÖÀåµÈ ÆòÈÀÇ ¿øÀεé°ú ¿ø¸®µéÀÇ ½Â¸®¿¡
´ëÇÑ È®°íÇϸç Èçµé¸®Áö ¾Ê´Â ¹ÏÀ½À» Ç¥ÇöÇÑ´Ù. |
|
The fundamental idea of the congress is the necessity (1) of diffusing
among all people by all means the conviction of the disadvantages of war
and the great blessing of peace, and (2) of rousing governments to the
sense of the superi¡©ority of international arbitration over war and of
the consequent advisability and necessity of disarmament. To attain the
first aim the congress has recourse to teachers of his¡©tory, to women,
and to the clergy, with the advice to the latter to preach on the evil of
war and the blessing of peace every third Sunday in December. To attain
the second object the congress appeals to governments with the sug¡©gestion
that they should disband their armies and replace war by arbitration. |
ȸÀÇÀÇ ±âº»ÀûÀÎ »ç»óÀº (1)
¸ðµç »ç¶÷µé »çÀÌ¿¡ ¸ðµç
¼ö´ÜÀ» µ¿¿øÇÏ¿© ÀüÀïÀÇ ºÒ¸®ÇÑ Á¡°ú ÆòÈÀÇ Ä¿´Ù¶õ
Ãູ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ È®½ÅÀ» ÀüÆÄÇÔ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Çʿ伺,
±×¸®°í (2)
Á¤ºÎµé·Î ÇÏ¿©±Ý ÀüÀï¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ±¹Á¦ÀûÀÎ ÁßÀçÀÇ ¿ì¼±
¼øÀ§¸¦ Áö°¢ÇÏ°Ô Àϱú¿ì¸ç,
±ººñÃà¼ÒÀÇ Çʿ伺ÀÌ´Ù.
ù¹øÂ° ¸ñÀûÀ» ´Þ¼ºÇϱâ À§Çؼ ȸÀÇ´Â ¿ª»ç ±³»çµé,
¿©ÀÚµé,
±×¸®°í ¼ºÁ÷ÀÚµéÀ» ¾ð±ÞÇÏ¿´À¸¸ç,
ÈÄÀÚ¿¡°Ô´Â
¸Å³â 12¿ù ¼¼¹øÂ° ÀÏ¿äÀÏ ÀüÀïÀÇ ÇØ¾Ç°ú ÆòÈÀÇ ÃູÀ»
¼³±³ÇØ ÁÙ °ÍÀ» ±Ç°íÇÏ¿´´Ù.
µÎ¹øÂ° ¸ñÀûÀ» ´Þ¼ºÇϱâ
À§Çؼ ȸÀÇ´Â Á¤ºÎµéÀÌ ±×µéÀÇ ±º´ë¸¦ ÇØÃ¼ÇÒ °Í°ú
ÀüÀï ´ë½Å ÁßÀç·Î ´ëüÇÏ´Â Á¦¾ÈÀ¸·Î Á¤ºÎµé¿¡°Ô
È£¼ÒÇÑ´Ù. |
|
To preach to men of the evil of war and the blessing of peace! But the
blessing of peace is so well known to men that, ever since there have been
men at all, their best wish has been expressed in the greeting, "Peace
be with you." So why preach about it? |
»ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô ÀüÀïÀÇ ÇØ¾Ç°ú ÆòÈÀÇ ÃູÀ» ¼³±³ÇÏ´Â
°Í!
±×·¯³ª ÆòÈÀÇ ÃູÀº ¸ðµç »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô ³Ê¹«³ª Àß
¾Ë·ÁÁ®¼,
±× µÚ·Î »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ÀÖ±â¶óµµ Çϸé,
±×µéÀÇ
°¡Àå ÁÁÀº ¼Ò¿øÀÌ Àλ縻 ¼Ó¿¡ Ç¥ÇöµÇ¾ú´Ù. ¡°´ç½Å¿¡°Ô
ÆòȰ¡ ±êµé±â¸¦.¡±
±×·±µ¥ ¿Ö ±×°ÍÀ» ¼³±³Çϴ°¡? |
|
Not only Christians, but pagans, thousands of years ago, all recognized
the evil of war and the blessing of peace. So that the recommendation to
ministers of the Gospel to preach on the evil of war and the blessing of
peace every third Sunday in December is quite superfluous. |
±âµ¶±³ÀÎµé »Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó,
À̱³µµµé¿¡°Ôµµ,
¼öõ³â
ÀüºÎÅÍ,
¸ðµÎ°¡ ÀüÀïÀÇ ÇØ¾Ç°ú ÆòÈÀÇ ÃູÀ» ±ú´Þ¾Ò´Ù.
±×·¡¼ º¹À½À» ÀüÇÏ´Â ¼ºÁ÷ÀÚµéÀÌ ¸Å³â 12¿ù ¼¼Â°
ÀÏ¿äÀÏ¿¡ ÀüÀïÀÇ ÇØ¾Ç°ú ÆòÈÀÇ ÃູÀ» ¼³±³Ç϶ó°í
±Ç°íÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº ¸Å¿ì ¾µµ¥ ¾ø´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. |
|
The Christian cannot but preach on that subject every day of his life.
If Christians and preachers of Christianity do not do so, there must be
reasons for it. And until these have been removed no recommendations will
be effective. Still less effective will be the recommendations to govern¡©ments
to disband their armies and replace them by inter¡©national boards of
arbitration. Governments, too, know very well the difficulty and the
burdensomeness of raising and maintaining forces, and if in spite of that
knowledge they do, at the cost of terrible strain and effort, raise and
maintain forces, it is evident that they cannot do otherwise, and the
recommendation of the congress can never change it. But the learned
gentlemen are unwilling to see that, and keep hoping to find a political
combination, through which governments shall be induced to limit their
powers themselves. |
±âµ¶±³ÀÎÀº ±×ÀÇ»îÀÇ ³ª³¯ÀÌ ±× ÁÖÁ¦¿¡ ´ëÇÏ¿©
¼³±³ÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀ» ¼ö°¡ ¾ø´Ù.
¸¸ÀÏ ±âµ¶±³Àεé°ú ±âµ¶±³ÀÇ
¼³±³ÀÚµéÀÌ ±×·¸°Ô ÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù¸é,
±×¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÀÌÀ¯°¡
ÀÖÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù.
±×¸®°í ÀÌ ÀÌÀ¯µéÀÌ Á¦°ÅµÇ°í ³ª¸é ¾Æ¹«·±
±Ç°í¸¦ ÇÒ Çʿ䰡 ¾øÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù.
±º´ë¸¦ ÇØ»êÇϰí
±×°ÍµéÀ» ±¹Á¦ÀûÀÎ ÁßÀç À§¿øµé·Î ´ëüÇ϶ó°í Á¤ºÎ¿¡
±Ç°íÇÒ ÇÊ¿ä´Â ´õ¿í ¾øÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù.
Á¤ºÎµéµµ ±º´ë¸¦
ÀÏÀ¸ÄѼ À¯ÁöÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÇ ¾î·Á¿ò°ú ºÎ´ã½º·¯¿òÀ» ³Ê¹«³ª
Àß ¾È´Ù,
±×¸®°í ¸¸ÀÏ ±×·¯ÇÑ °ÍÀ» ¾Ë°í ÀÖÀ½¿¡µµ
¹«¼¿î ±äÀå°ú ³ë·ÂÀ» ÁöºÒÇϰí¶óµµ,
±×µéÀÌ ±º´ë¸¦
ÀÏÀ¸ÄѼ À¯ÁöÇÑ´Ù¸é,
±×µéÀº ´Ù¸¥ ½ÄÀ¸·Î´Â ÇൿÇÒ ¼ö
¾øÀ¸¸ç,
ÆòÈ È¸ÀÇÀÇ ±Ç°íµµ °áÄÚ ±×°ÍÀ» º¯È ½Ãų ¼ö
¾ø´Ù.
±×·¯³ª ÇнÄÀÖ´Â ½Å»çµéÀº ±×°ÍÀ» ±ú´Ý°íÀÚ ÇÏÁö
¾Ê´Â´Ù,
±×¸®°í °è¼ÓÇÏ¿© Á¤Ä¡ÀûÀÎ Çù·ÂÀ» ã±â¸¦
Èñ¸ÁÇϸç,
±×°ÍÀ» ÅëÇÏ¿© Á¤ºÎµéÀº ±×µéÀÇ ±Ç·ÂµéÀ»
±×µé ½º½º·Î Á¦ÇÑÇϵµ·Ï À¯µµµÈ´Ù. |
|
"Can we get rid of war"? asks a learned writer in the Revue des
Revues. "All are agreed that if it were to break out in Europe, its
consequences would be like those of the great inroads of barbarians. The
existence of whole nationalities would be at stake, and therefore the war
would be desperate, bloody, atrocious. |
¡°¿ì¸®´Â ÀüÀïÀ» ¾ø¾Ù ¼ö°¡ ÀÖÀ»±î?¡±
¾î¶² Áö½ÄÀÎ
ÀÛ°¡°¡ ¸®ºä¸®ºä¿¡¼ ¹¯´Â´Ù. ¡°¸¸ÀÏ ÀüÀïÀÌ À¯·´¿¡¼
¹ß¹ßÇÑ´Ù¸é,
±× °á°úµéÀº ¸¶Ä¡ ¾öû³ ¼öÀÇ ¾ß¸¸ÀεéÀÌ
ħ·«ÇÑ °Í°ú °°À» °ÍÀÓ¿¡ ¸ðµÎ µ¿ÀÇÇÑ´Ù.
Àüü ±¹°¡µéÀÇ
ÁØÀç°¡ À§Çè¿¡ ºüÁö°í,
±×·¯¹Ç·Î ÀüÀïÀº ÇÊ»çÀûÀ̸ç,
À¯Ç÷ÀûÀ̰í,
ÀÜÀÎÇÒ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. |
|
"This consideration, together with the terrible engines of
destruction invented by modern science, retards the moment of declaring
war, and maintains the present temporary situa¡©tion, which might continue
for an indefinite period, except for the fearful cost of maintaining
armaments which are exhausting the European states and threatening to
reduce nations to a state of misery hardly less than that of war itself. |
¡°ÀÌ·± »ý°¢Àº,
Çö´ë °úÇп¡ ÀÇÇØ¼ ¹ß¸íµÈ ¹«¼¿î
ÆÄ±« ¿£Áø°ú ÇÔ²²,
ÀüÀïÀ» ¼±Æ÷ÇÏ´Â ¼ø°£À» Áö¿¬½ÃŲ´Ù,
±×¸®°í ÇöÀçÀÇ ÀϽÃÀûÀÎ »óȲÀ» À¯ÁöÇÑ´Ù,
±×¸®°í
±×°ÍÀº ±â¾à¾ø´Â ±â°£µ¿¾È °è¼ÓµÉ °ÍÀÌ´Ù,
´Ù¸¸
À¯·´±¹°¡µéÀ» ¼ÒÁøÇϰí ÀÖÀ¸¸ç,
ÀüÀï ±× ÀÚüº¸´Ù °ÅÀÇ
³ªÀ» °ÍÀÌ ¾ø´Â ºÒÇàÇÑ »óÅ·Π±¹¹ÎµéÀ» ¸ô¾Æ ³ÖÀ¸·Á°í
À§ÇùÇÏ´Â ±º»ç·ÂÀ» À¯ÁöÇϱâ À§ÇØ µå´Â ¹«¼¿î ºñ¿ëÀ»
Á¦¿ÜÇÏ°í¼ ¸»ÀÌ´Ù. |
|
"Struck by this reflection, men of various countries have tried to
find means for preventing, or at least for softening, the results of the
terrible slaughter with which we are threatened. |
¡°ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ »ý°¢¿¡ »ç·ÎÀâÇô¼,
¿©·¯ ±¹°¡µéÀÇ
»ç¶÷µéÀÌ,
¿ì¸®°¡ À§Çù¹Þ°í ÀÖ´Â ¹«¼¿î »ì·úµéÀÇ
°á°úµéÀ» ¿¹¹æÇÏ·Á°í,
¾Æ´Ï Àû¾îµµ ¿ÏȽÃŰ·Á´Â
¹æ¹ýÀ» ãÀ¸·Á°í ³ë·ÂÇÏ¿´´Ù. |
|
"Such are the questions brought forward by the Peace Congress shortly
to be held in Rome, and the publication of a pamphlet, 'Sur le
Desarmement.' |
¡°¹Ù·Î ±×·± °ÍµéÀÌ ·Î¸¶¿¡¼ °ð ¿¸®°Ô µÉ ÆòÈ
ȸÀÇ¿¡¼,
±×¸®°í, ¡®±ººñ Ãà¼Ò¿¡ ´ëÇÏ¿©¡¯¶ó´Â Á¦¸ñÀÇ
ÆÊÇ÷¿¿¡¼ Á¦ÃâµÇ´Â ¹®Á¦µéÀÌ´Ù. |
|
"It is unhappily beyond doubt that with the present organization of
the majority of European states, isolated from one another and guided by
distinct interests, the abso¡©lute suppression of war is an illusion with
which it would be dangerous to cheat ourselves. Wiser rules and regula¡©tions
imposed on these duels between nations might, how¡©ever, at least limit
its horrors. |
¡°´ëºÎºÐÀÇ À¯·´ ±¹°¡µéÀÇ ÇöÀç ±â±¸´Â ¼·Î¿¡°Ô
°Ý¸®µÇ¾î ÀÖÀ¸¸ç ƯÁ¤ÇÑ ÀÌÀ͵鿡 ÀÇÇØ¼ À̲ø¸®°í
ÀÖ¾î¼,
ÀüÀïÀÇ Àý´ëÀû ¾ïÁ¦´Â ¿ì¸® ÀڽŵéÀ»
À§Ç轺·´°Ô ¼ÓÀÌ·ÁÇϴ ȯ»óÀ̶ó´Â °ÍÀº ºÒÇàÇϰԵµ
ÀǽÉÀÇ ¿©Áö°¡ ¾ø´Ù.
±×·¯³ª ±¹°¡µé »çÀÌÀÇ ÀÌµé °áÅõ¿¡
ºÎ°úµÈ ÁöÇý·Î¿î ¸í·Éµé°ú ±ÔÄ¢µéÀº Àû¾îµµ ±×
°øÆ÷µéÀ» Á¦ÇÑÇÑ´Ù. |
|
"It is equally chimerical to reckon on projects of disarma¡©ment, the
execution of which is rendered almost impossible by considerations of a
popular character present to the mind of all our readers. [This probably
means that France can¡©not disband its army before taking its revenge.]
Public opinion is not prepared to accept them, and moreover, the
international relations between different peoples are not such as to make
their acceptance possible. Disarmament imposed on one nation by another in
circumstances threaten¡©ing its security would be equivalent to a
declaration of war. |
¡°±ººñ Ãà¼Ò¶ó´Â °èȹµéÀ» ¹Ï´Â´Ù´Â °ÍÀº ¿À·ÎÁö
Ȳ´ç¹«°èÇÒ »ÓÀÌ´Ù,
±×¸®°í ±×°ÍÀ» ½ÇÇàÇÑ´Ù´Â °ÍÀº
¿ì¸®ÀÇ ¸ðµç µ¶ÀÚµéÀÇ ¸¶À½¿¡ ÇöÁ¸ÇÏ´Â ´ëÁßÀûÀÎ
¼º°ÝµéÀ» °í·ÁÇÑ´Ù¸é °ÅÀÇ ºÒ°¡´ÉÇÏ´Ù. [À̰ÍÀº ¾Æ¸¶µµ
ÇÁ¶û½º´Â ±×µéÀÇ º¹¼ö¸¦ ÇàÇϱâ Àü¿¡´Â ±×ÀÇ ±º´ë¸¦
ÇØÃ¼ÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ÀǹÌÇÑ´Ù.]
¿©·ÐÀº ±×°ÍÀ» ¹Þ¾Æ
µéÀÏ Áغñ°¡ µÇ¾îÀÖÁö ¾Ê´Ù,
±×¸®°í °Ô´Ù°¡,
»óÀÌÇÑ
»ç¶÷µé »çÀÌÀÇ ±¹Á¦ °ü°èµéÀº ±×°ÍµéÀ» ¼ö¿ëÇÔÀ»
°¡´ÉÄÉ ÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù.
ÀÚ±¹ÀÇ ¾Èº¸¸¦ À§ÇùÇÏ´Â »óȲ¿¡¼
´Ù¸¥ ±¹°¡¿¡ ÀÇÇÏ¿© Çѳª¶ó¿¡ ºÎ°úµÈ ±ººñ Ãà¼Ò´Â ÀüÀï
¼±¾ð°úµµ ¸Â ¸ÔÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù. |
|
"However, one may admit that an exchange of ideas be¡©tween the
nations interested could aid, to a certain degree, in bringing about the
good understanding indispensable to any negotiations, and would render
possible a considerable reduction of the military expenditure which is
crushing the nations of Europe and greatly hindering the solution of the
social question, which each individually must solve on pain of having
internal war as the price for escaping it externally. |
¡°±×·¯³ª,
°ü·Ã ´ç»ç±¹µé °£¿¡ »ý°¢µéÀ» ±³È¯ÇÏ´Â
°ÍÀº,
¾î´À Á¤µµ±îÁö´Â,
¾î¶² Çù»óµé¿¡ ¾ø¾î¼´Â ¾ÈµÉ
ÀÌÇØ¸¦ ¸¸µå´Âµ¥ µµ¿òÀ» ÁÙ ¼ö ÀÖÀ¸¸ç,
À¯·´ÀÇ ±¹°¡µéÀ»
³»¸® ´©¸£¸ç »çȸÀû ¹®Á¦µéÀÇ ÇØ°áÀ» ½É°¢ÇϰÔ
°¡·Î¸·´Â ±ººñ ÁöÃâÀ» »ó´çÈ÷ °¨ÃàÇÔÀ» °¡´ÉÄÉ ÇÒ
°ÍÀ̸ç,
±×µé »çȸÀû ¹®Á¦´Â ±×°ÍÀ» ¿ÜÀûÀ¸·Î ȸÇÇÇÔ¿¡
´ëÇÑ ´ñ°¡·Î¼ ³»ÀûÀÎ ÀüÀïÀ» °Þ´Â ¾ÆÇÄÀ¸·Î ¹Ýµå½Ã
°¢ÀÚ°¡ °³ÀÎÀûÀ¸·Î Ç®¾î¾ß ÇÑ´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ÀÎÁ¤ÇÒ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. |
|
"We might at least demand the reduction of the enor¡©mous expenses of
war organized as it is at present with a view to the power of invasion
within twenty-four hours and a decisive battle within a week of the
declaration of war. "We ought to manage so that states could not make
the attack suddenly and invade each other's territories within
twenty-four hours." |
¡°¿ì¸®´Â ÀüÀï ¼±¾ðÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ 24½Ã°£ À̳»¿¡ ħ·«ÇÒ ¼ö
ÀÖÀ¸¸ç ÀÏÁÖÀÏ À̳»¿¡ °áÁ¤ÀûÀÎ ÀüÅõ¸¦ ÇàÇÒ ÈûÀ»
¸ñÀûÀ¸·Î ÇöÀç Á¶Á÷µÈ ¾öû³ ÀüÀï ÁöÃâºñ¿ëÀÇ °¨ÃàÀ»
Àû¾îµµ ¿ä±¸ÇÒ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ¡°¿ì¸®´Â ±¹°¡µéÀÌ °©ÀÚ±â
°ø°ÝÇÏ¿© 24
½Ã°£ ³»¿¡ ¼·ÎÀÇ ±¹°æÀ» ħ·«ÇÒ ¼ö ¾øµµ·Ï
¿î¿µÇÏ¿©¾ß¸¸ ÇÑ´Ù.¡± |
|
This practical notion has been put forth by Maxime du Camp, and his
article concludes with it. The propositions of M. du Camp are as follows:
1. A diplomatic congress to be held every year. 2. No war to be declared
till two months after the inci¡©dent which provoked it. (The difficulty
here would be to decide precisely what incident did provoke the war, since
whenever war is declared there are very many such inci¡©dents, and one
would have to decide from which to reckon the two months' interval.) 3.
No war to be declared before it has be submitted to a plebiscitum of the
nations preparing to take part in it. 4. No hostilities to be commenced
till a month after the official declaration of war. |
ÀÌ·± ½Ç¿ëÀûÀÎ ÁÖÀåÀº ¸·½É µå įÇÁ¿¡ÀÇÇØ
Á¦ÃâµÇ¾úÀ¸¸ç,
±×ÀÇ ³í¹®Àº ±×°ÍÀ¸·Î °á·ÐÀ» Áþ´Â´Ù.
¸·½É µå įÇÁÀÇ ÁÖÀåµéÀº ´ÙÀ½°ú °°´Ù. 1.
¸Å³â
¿Ü±³È¸Àǰ¡ ¿¸± °Í 2.
ÀüÀïÀ» ¾ß±âÇÑ »ç°ÇµÚ µÎ´Þ µ¿¾È
ÀüÀïÀÌ ¼±Æ÷µÉ ¼ö ¾ø´Ù. (¿©±â¼ ¾î·Á¿òÀº Á¤È®È÷ ¾î¶²
»ç°ÇÀÌ ÀüÀïÀ» À¯¹ß½ÃÄ״°¡¸¦ °áÁ¤ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù,
¿Ö³ÄÇϸé,
ÀüÀïÀÌ ¼±Æ÷µÉ ¶§¸¶´Ù ³Ê¹«³ª ¸¹Àº ±×·¯ÇÑ
»ç°ÇµéÀÌ ÀÖÀ¸¸ç,
±×¸®°í ¹«¾ùÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ µÎ´ÞÀ̶ó´Â
°£°ÝÀ» °è»êÇÒ Áö¸¦ °áÁ¤ÇØ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù.) 3.
ÀüÀï¿¡ Âü°¡¸¦
ÁغñÇØ¾ß ÇÏ´Â ±¹¹ÎµéÀÇ ÅõÇ¥¿¡ ȸºÎÇϱâ Àü¿¡´Â ¾î¶²
ÀüÀïµµ ¼±Æ÷µÉ ¼ö ¾ø´Ù. 4.
°ø½ÄÀûÀÎ ÀüÀï ¼±Æ÷°¡ ÀÖÀº
µÚ ÇÑ´Þ À̳»¿¡ ¾î¶² Àû´ë ÇàÀ§µéµµ ½ÃÀ۵ǾÂ
¾ÈµÈ´Ù. |
|
"No war to be declared. No hostilities to be com¡©menced," etc. But
who is to arrange that no war is to be declared? Who is to compel people
to do this and that? Who is to force states to delay their operations for
a certain fixed time? All the other states. But all these others are also
states which want holding in check and keeping within limits, and forcing,
too. Who is to force them, and how? Public opinion. But if there is a
public opinion which can force governments to delay their operations for a
fixed period, the same public opinion can force governments not to declare
war at all. |
¡°¾î¶² ÀüÀïµµ ¼±Æ÷µÉ ¼ö ¾ø´Ù.
¾î¶² Àû´ë ÇàÀ§µéµµ
½ÃÀÛµÉ ¼ö ¾ø´Ù,¡±
µî.
±×·¯³ª ´©°¡ ¾î¶² ÀüÀïµµ ¼±Æ÷µÉ
¼ö ¾ø´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» °áÁ¤Çϴ°¡?
´©°¡ »ç¶÷µéÀÌ À̰ÍÀ» Ç϶ó
Àú°ÍÀ» ÇÏÁö¸»¶ó°í ¸í·ÉÇÒ ¼ö Àִ°¡?
´©°¡ ±¹°¡·Î
ÇÏ¿©±Ý ±×µéÀÇ ÀÛÀüµéÀ» Á¤ÇØÁø ±â°£ µ¿¾È Áö¿¬Çϵµ·Ï
°Á¦ÇÒ ¼ö Àִ°¡?
´Ù¸¥ ¸ðµç ±¹°¡µé.
±×·¯³ª ÀÌ·± ´Ù¸¥
¸ðµç ±¹°¡µé ¶ÇÇÑ Á¦ÁöµÇ¾î¾ß Çϸç,
Á¦ÇÑ ¼Ó¿¡ ¹¾î
µÎ¾î¾ß µÇ¸ç,
°Á¦ÇÏ¿©¾ß ÇÒ Çʿ䰡 ÀÖ´Â ±¹°¡µéÀÌ´Ù.
´©°¡ ±×µéÀ» °Á¦ÇÑ´À°¡,
±×¸®°í ¾î¶»°Ô ÇÒ °ÍÀΰ¡?
¿©·ÐÀÌ´Ù.
±×·¯³ª ¸¸ÀÏ Á¤ºÎµé·ÎÇÏ¿©±Ý ±×µéÀÇ
ÇൿµéÀ» ÀÏÁ¤ÇÑ ±â°£ µ¿¾È ¿¬±âÇϵµ·Ï °Á¦ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â
¿©·ÐÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù¸é,
¶È°°Àº ¿©·ÐÀº Á¤ºÎ·ÎÇÏ¿©±Ý ÀüÀïÀ»
ÀüÇô ¼±Æ÷ÇÏÁö ¾Êµµ·Ï °Á¦ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. |
|
But, it will be replied, there may be such a balance of power, such a ponderation
de forces, as would lead states to hold back of their own accord.
Well, that has been tried and is being tried even now. The Holy Alliance
was noth¡©ing but that, the League of Peace was another attempt at the
same thing, and so on. |
±×·¯³ª,
ÀÀ´äÇϰǴë,
ÈûÀÇ ±ÕÇüÀÌ,
Áï ponderation
de forcesÀÌ Á¸ÀçÇÏ¿©¼ ±¹°¡µéÀÌ
ÀÚÁøÇÏ¿© ÀÚÁ¦¸¦ ÇÒ °ÍÀÌ´Ù°í ÇÒ °ÍÀÌ´Ù.
±Û½ê,
±×°ÍÀº
½ÃµµµÇ¾ú°í,
½ÉÁö¾î Áö±Ý±îÁö ½ÃµµµÇ°í ÀÖ´Ù.
½Å¼ºµ¿¸Íµµ ¿ÀÁ÷ ±×·¯ÇÏ¿´°í,
ÆòÈ ¿¬¸Íµµ ¶ÇÇϳªÀÇ
¶È°°Àº °Í¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ½ÃµµÀ̸ç,
±×·¸°í ±×·± °ÍÀÌ´Ù. |
|
But, it will be answered, suppose all were agreed. If all were agreed
there would be no more war certainly, and no need for arbitration either. |
±×·¯³ª,
ÀÀ´äÇϰǴë,
¸¸ÀÏ ¸ðµÎ°¡ µ¿ÀÇÇÏ¿´´Ù°í
°¡Á¤Çغ¸¶ó.
¸¸ÀÏ ¸ðµÎ°¡ Âù¼ºÇÏ¿´´Ù¸é È®½ÇÀÌ ´õÀÌ»ó
ÀüÀïÀº ¾øÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù,
±×¸®°í ÁßÀçÇÒ ¾Æ¹«·± ÇÊ¿ä ¶ÇÇÑ
¾ø´Ù. |
|
"A court of arbitration! Arbitration shall replace war. Questions
shall be decided by a court of arbitration. The Alabama question was
decided by a court of arbitration, and the question of the Caroline
Islands was submitted to the decision of the Pope. Switzerland, Belgium,
Denmark, and Holland have all declared that they prefer arbitration to
war." |
¡°ÁßÀç ¹ýÁ¤!
ÁßÀç°¡ ÀüÀïÀ» ´ëüÇÒ °ÍÀÌ´Ù.
¹®Á¦µéÀÌ
ÁßÀç ¹ýÁ¤¿¡ ÀÇÇÏ¿© °áÁ¤µÉ °ÍÀÌ´Ù.
¾Ë¶ó¹Ù¸¶ ¹®Á¦´Â
ÁßÀç ¹ýÁ¤¿¡ ÀÇÇÏ¿© °áÁ¤µÇ¾ú´Ù,
±×¸®°í ij·Ñ¶óÀÎ ¼¶ÀÇ
¹®Á¦µµ ±³È²ÀÇ °áÁ¤¿¡ ȸºÎµÇ¾ú´Ù.
½ºÀ§½º,
º§±â¿¡,
µ§¸¶Å©,
±×¸®°í ³×´ú¶õµåµµ ¸ðµÎ ÀüÀﺸ´Ù´Â ÁßÀ縦
¼±È£ÇÑ´Ù°í ¼±¾ðÇß´Ù. |
|
I dare say Monaco has expressed the same preference. The only
unfortunate thing is that Germany, Russia, Aus¡©tria, and France have not
so far shown the same inclination. It is amazing how men can deceive
themselves when they find it necessary! Governments consent to decide
their disagreements by arbitration and to disband their armies! The
differences between Russia and Poland, between Eng¡©land and Ireland,
between Austria and Bohemia, between Turkey and the Slavonic states,
between France and Ger¡©many, to be soothed away by amiable conciliation! |
³ª´Â ¸ð³ªÄÚµµ ¶È°°Àº °áÁ¤À» Ç¥¸íÇß´Ù°í °¨È÷
¸»ÇÑ´Ù.
À¯ÀÏÇÏ°Ô ºÒÇàÇÑ ÀÏÀº µ¶ÀÏ,
·¯½Ã¾Æ,
¿À½ºÆ®¸®¾Æ,
±×¸®°í ÇÁ¶û½º´Â ÀÌÁ¦±îÁö ¶È°°Àº °æÇâÀ»
º¸ÀÌÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù.
»ç¶÷µéÀº ±×µéÀÌ ±×°ÍÀ» ÇÊ¿äÇÏ´Ù°í
¿©±æ¶§´Â ¾î¶»°Ô ½º½º·Î¸¦ ¼ÓÀÏ ¼ö ÀÖ´ÂÁö ³î¶ó¿ï
»ÓÀÌ´Ù!
Á¤ºÎµéÀº ±×µéÀÇ ºÐÀïµéÀ» ÁßÀç¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼
ÇØ°áÇϱ⸦ ±×¸®°í ±×µéÀÇ ±º´ëµéÀ» ÇØÃ¼Çϱâ·Î
µ¿ÀÇÇÑ´Ù!
·¯½Ã¾Æ¿Í Æú¶õµå,
¿µ±¹°ú ¾ÆÀÏ·£µå,
¿À½ºÆ®¸®¾Æ¿Í º¸Çì¹Ì¾Æ,
Å;îŰ¿Í ½½¶óºê ±¹°¡µé,
ÇÁ¶û½º¿Í µ¶ÀÏÀÇ ºÐÀïµéÀÌ È±â¾Ö¾ÖÇÑ Å¸ÇùÀ¸·Î ¿ÏȵÉ
¼ö°¡ Àֱ⸦ ¹Ù¶ó°í ÀÖÁö ¾Ê´Â°¡! |
|
One might as well suggest to merchants and bankers that they should
sell nothing for a greater price than they gave for it, should undertake
the distribution of wealth for no profit, and should abolish money, as it
would thus be ren¡©dered unnecessary. |
»óÀεé°ú ÀºÇà°¡µé¿¡°Ô,
±×µéÀÌ Á¤ÇÑ °Íº¸´Ù ´õ ³ôÀº
°¡°Ý¿¡ ÆÈÁö ¸»¶ó,
¾Æ¹«·± ÀÌÀÍ ¾øÀÌ ºÎÀÇ ºÐ¹è¸¦
°¨ÇàÇ϶ó,
±×¸®°í ÈÆó¸¦ ÆóÁöÇ϶ó,
¿Ö³ÄÇϸé ÀÌÁ¦
±×·¡¼ ÈÆó´Â ÇÊ¿ä ¾ø¾îÁö±â ¶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù¶ó°í ±ÇÀ¯ÇÏ´Â
°Í°ú °°À» °ÍÀÌ´Ù. |
|
But since commercial and banking operations consist in nothing but
selling for more than the cost price, this would be equivalent to an
invitation to suppress themselves. It is the same in regard to
governments. To suggest to governments that they should not have recourse
to violence, but should decide their misunderstandings in accordance with
equity, is inviting them to abolish themselves as rulers, and that no
government can ever consent to do. |
±×·¯³ª »ó¾÷ ¹× ÀºÇà Ȱµ¿Àº ¿ÀÁ÷ ºñ¿ë °¡Ä¡ ÀÌ»óÀ¸·Î
ÆÇ¸ÅÇϴµ¥ ÀÖÀ¸¹Ç·Î,
ÀڽŵéÀ» ¾ïÁ¦Ç϶ó°í ±ÇÀ¯ÇÏ´Â
°Í°ú °°À» °ÍÀÌ´Ù.
Á¤ºÎµé¿¡ °üÇØ¼µµ ¶È°°´Ù.
Á¤ºÎµé¿¡°Ô Æø·Â¿¡ ÀǰÅÇÏÁö ¸»°í °øÆòÀ» ±âÇϹǷμ
±×µéÀÇ ¿ÀÇØµéÀ» ÇØ°áÇØ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù°í Á¦¾ÈÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº
±×µé¿¡°Ô ½º½º·Î ÅëÄ¡ÀÚÀÓÀ» Æ÷±âÇ϶ó°í ±ÇÀ¯ÇÏ´Â
°ÍÀ̸ç,
±×¸®°í ¾î¶² Á¤ºÎ¶óµµ °áÄÚ ÀÀÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø´Ù. |
|
The learned men form societies (there are more than a hundred such
societies), assemble in congresses (such as those recently held in London
and Paris, and shortly to be held in Rome), deliver addresses, eat public
dinners and make speeches, publish journals, and prove by every means
possible that the nations forced to support millions of troops are
strained to the furthest limits of their endurance, that the maintenance
of these huge armed forces is in opposition to all the aims, the
interests, and the wishes of the people, and that it is possible,
moreover, by writing numerous papers, and uttering a great many words, to
bring all men into agreement and to arrange so that they shall have no
antagonistic interests, and then there will be no more war. |
ÇнÄÀÖ´Â »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ´Üü¸¦ Çü¼ºÇϰí (±×·¯ÇÑ
´ÜüµéÀº ¼ö¹é°³°¡ ³Ñ´Â´Ù),
ȸÀǵé Âü°¡Çϸç (¿¹¸¦
µé¸é,
·±´ø°ú ÆÄ¸®¿¡¼ ÃÖ±Ù¿¡ ¿·È´ø °Íµé,
±×¸®°í
¸ÓÁö ¾Ê¾Æ ·Î¸¶¿¡¼ ¿¸± °Íµé),
°¿¬À» Çϸç,
°ø°ø
¸¸Âù¿¡¼ ½Ä»çÇÏ¸ç ¿¬¼³Çϸç,
ÀâÁö¸¦ ÃâÆÇÇϸç,
±×¸®°í
°¡´ÉÇÑ ¸ðµç ¼ö´ÜÀ¸·Î¼ ¼ö¹é¸¸¸íÀÇ ±º´ë¸¦ Áö¿øÇϵµ·Ï
°¿ä¹Þ´Â ±¹¹ÎµéÀº ±×µé Àγ»ÀÇ ÃÖ´ë ÇѰè±îÁö
´Ã¾îÁ³À¸¸ç,
ÀÌ·¸°Ô ¾öû³ ±º´ë¸¦ À¯ÁöÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº
»ç¶÷µéÀÇ ¸ðµç ¸ñÀû,
°ü½Éµé,
±×¸®°í Èñ¸Áµé¿¡ ´ëÄ¡µÇ¸ç,
±×¸®°í °Ô´Ù°¡,
¹«¼öÇÑ ³í¹®µéÀ» ½á³ª°¡°í,
³Ê¹«³ª ¸¹Àº
¸»À» ÇØ´ëÁö¸¸,
¸ðµç »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ÀǰßÀÏÄ¡¸¦ º¸°Ô Çϰí
Á¶Á¤ÇÏ¿©¼ ±×µéÀº ¾Æ¹«·± ¹Ý¸ñÀûÀÎ ÀÌÇØµéÀ» °¡ÁöÁö
¾ÊÀ¸¸ç,
±×·¯¹Ç·Î ´õ ÀÌ»óÀÇ ÀüÀïÀÌ ¾øµµ·Ï ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ
°¡´ÉÇÏ´Ù°í Áõ¸íÇÏ·ÁÇÑ´Ù. |
|
When I was a little boy they told me if I wanted to catch a bird I must
put salt on its tail. I ran after the birds with the salt in my hand, but
I soon convinced myself that if I could put salt on a bird's tail, I
could catch it, and realized that I had been hoaxed. |
³»°¡ ¾î¸± ¶§ ±×µéÀº ³»°Ô ¸»Çß´Ù ¸¸ÀÏ ³»°¡ »õ¸¦
Àâ°í ½Í´Ù¸é ±× ²¿¸®¿¡ ¼Ò±ÝÀ» ¹¯Çô¾ß µÈ´Ù°í.
³ª´Â
¼Õ¿¡´Ù ¼Ò±ÝÀ» µé°í¼ »õµéÀ» ÂÑ¾Æ ´Ù³æ´Ù,
±×·¯³ª ¸¸ÀÏ
³»°¡ »õÀÇ ²¿¸®¿¡ ¼Ò±ÝÀ» ¹¯Èú ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù¸é,
³ª´Â ±×°ÍÀ»
Àâ¾ÒÀ» °ÍÀÓÀ» °ð ¾Ë°Ô µÇ¾ú°í,
±×¸®°í,
³ª´Â ¼Ó¾Ò´Ù´Â
°ÍÀ» ±ú´Þ¾Ò´Ù. |
|
People ought to realize the same fact when they read books and articles
on arbitration and disarmament. |
»ç¶÷µéÀº ±×µéÀÌ ÁßÀç¿Í ±ººñ Ãà¼Ò¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Ã¥µé°ú
³í¹®µéÀ» ÀÐÀ» ¶§ ¶È°°Àº »ç½ÇÀ» ±ú´Þ¾Æ¾ß¸¸ ÇÑ´Ù. |
|
If one could put salt on a bird's tail, it would be because it could
not fly and there would be no difficulty in catching it. If the bird had
wings and did not want to be caught, it would not let one put salt on its
tail, because the specialty of a bird is to fly. In precisely the same way
the specialty of government is not to obey, but to enforce obedience. And
a government is only a government so long as it can make itself obeyed,
and therefore it always strives for that and will never willingly abandon
its power. But since it is on the army that the power of government rests,
it will never give up the army, and the use of the army in war. |
¸¸ÀÏ ´©°¡ »õÀÇ ²¿¸®¿¡ ¼Ò±ÝÀ» ¹¯Èú ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù¸é,
±×
»õ°¡ ³¯ ¼ö ¾ø±â ¶§¹®ÀÏ °ÍÀ̸ç,
±× »õ¸¦ Àâ´Âµ¥
¾î·Á¿òÀÌ ¾øÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù.
¸¸ÀÏ »õ°¡ ³¯°³°¡ ÀÖÀ¸¸ç
ÀâÈ÷±â¸¦ ¿øÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù¸é,
»ç¶÷ÀÌ ±×ÀÇ ²¿¸®¿¡ ¼Ò±ÝÀ»
¹¯È÷°Ô ÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù,
¿Ö³ÄÇÏ¸é »õÀÇ Àü°øÀº ³ª´Â
°ÍÀ̱⠶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù.
Á¤È®È÷ ¶È°°Àº ½ÄÀ¸·Î,
Á¤ºÎÀÇ Àü°øÀº
º¹Á¾ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó º¹Á¾À» °¿äÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù.
±×¸®°í
Á¤ºÎ´Â Àڽſ¡°Ô º¹Á¾´çÇϵµ·Ï ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖÀ» ¶§ ¿À·ÎÁö
Á¤ºÎÀÌ´Ù,
±×¸®°í ±×·¯¹Ç·Î ¾ðÁ¦³ª Á¤ºÎ´Â ±×·¯ÇÑ °ÍÀ»
À§Çؼ ¾Ö¸¦ ¾µ °ÍÀÌ¸ç °áÄÚ ÀÚ¹ßÀûÀ¸·Î ±× ±Ç·ÂÀ»
Æ÷±âÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù.
±×·¯³ª Á¤ºÎÀÇ ±Ç·ÂÀÌ ÀÇÁ¸ÇÏ´Â
°ÍÀº ±º´ëÀ̱⠶§¹®¿¡,
±×°ÍÀº ±º´ë¸¦,
±×¸®°í ÀüÀï¿¡¼
±º´ëÀÇ »ç¿ëÀ» °áÄÚ Æ÷±âÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù. |
|
The error arises from the learned jurists deceiving them¡©selves and
others, by asserting that government is not what it really is, one set of
men banded together to oppress another set of men, but, as shown by
science, is the repre¡©sentation of the citizens in their collective
capacity. They have so long been persuading other people of this that at
last they have persuaded themselves of it; and thus they often seriously
suppose that government can be bound by considerations of justice. But
history shows that from Caesar to Napoleon, and from Napoleon to Bismarck,
government is in its essence always a force acting in viola¡©tion of
justice, and that it cannot be otherwise. Justice can have no binding
force on a ruler or rulers who keep men, deluded and drilled in readiness
for acts of violence-sol¡©diers, and by means of them control others. And
so govern¡©ments can never be brought to consent to diminish the number of
these drilled slaves, who constitute their whole power and importance. |
Á¤ºÎ´Â,
±×°ÍÀÌ »ç½Ç»ó Àִ´ë·ÎÀÇ °Í,
ÇÑ ¹«¸®ÀÇ
»ç¶÷µéÀÌ ´Ù¸¥ ¹«¸®ÀÇ »ç¶÷µéÀ» ¾ï¾ÐÇÏ·Á°í ¹¶ÃÄÁø
°ÍÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó,
°úÇп¡ ÀÇÇØ¼ º¸¿© ÁöµíÀÌ,
ÁýÇÕÀûÀÎ
´É·ÂÀ» °¡Áø ½Ã¹ÎµéÀÇ ´ëÇ¥ÀÌ´Ù¶ó°í ÁÖÀåÇÔÀ¸·Î½á
¹Ú½ÄÇÑ ¹ýÇÐÀÚµéÀÌ Àڽŵé°ú ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷µéÀ»
±â¸¸ÇÔÀ¸·Î½á ¿À·ù°¡ ÀϾÙ.
±×µéÀº ¿À·§µ¿¾È ´Ù¸¥
»ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô À̰Ϳ¡ ´ëÇÏ¿© ¼³µæÇÏ¿© ¿ÔÀ¸¹Ç·Î ¸¶Ä§³»
±×µéÀº ±×°ÍÀ» È®½ÅÇÏ¿´´Ù;
±×¸®°í ÀÌ·¸°Ô ÇÏ¿© ±×µéÀº
ÈçÈ÷ Á¤ºÎ´Â Á¤ÀÇ¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ »ç»óµé·Î¼ ±¸¼ÓµÉ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù°í
ÁøÁöÇÏ°Ô »ó»óÇÑ´Ù.
±×·¯³ª ¿ª»ç´Â ½ÃÀúºÎÅÍ
³ªÆú·¹¿Ë±îÁö,
±×¸®°í ³ªÆú·¹¿ËºÎÅÍ ºñ½º¸¶¸£Å©±îÁö,
Á¤ºÎ´Â ±× º»Áú¿¡ ÀÖ¾î¼ ¾ðÁ¦³ª Á¤ÀǸ¦ À¯¸°ÇÏ´Â
ÈûÀ̾úÀ¸¸ç,
±×¸®°í ±×°ÍÀº ´Ù¸¥ ¾î¶² °Íµµ ¾Æ´ÔÀ»
º¸¿©ÁØ´Ù.
Æø·ÂÀûÀÎ Çൿµé¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¹Îø¼º¿¡ ÀÖ¾î¼
¼ÓÀÓÀ» ´çÇϸç ÈÆ·Ã ¹ÞÀº »ç¶÷µé,
Áï º´»çµéÀ» ±¸¼ÓÇϸç,
±×µéÀ» ÀÌ¿ëÇØ¼ ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷µéÀ» ÅëÁ¦ÇÏ´Â ÅëÄ¡ÀÚ³ª
ÅëÄ¡Àڵ鿡 ´ëÇØ¼ Á¤ÀÇ´Â ¾Æ¹«·± Àǹ«ÀûÀÎ ÈûÀ» °¡Áú
¼ö ¾ø´Ù.
±×¸®°í ±×·¯ÇϹǷÎ,
Á¤ºÎµéÀº ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ÈÆ·ÃµÈ
³ë¿¹µéÀÇ ¼ýÀÚµéÀ» °¨¼Ò½Ã۴µ¥ µû¶óÁú ¼ö ¾øÀ¸¸ç,
±×µé ³ë¿¹µéÀº ±×µéÀÇ Àüü ±Ç·Â°ú Á߿伺À» Â÷ÁöÇÑ´Ù. |
|
Such is the attitude of certain learned men to the contra¡©diction
under which our society is being crushed, and such are their methods of
solving it. Tell these people that the whole matter rests on the personal
attitude of each man to the moral and religious question put nowadays to
everyone, the question, that is, whether it is lawful or unlawful for him
to take his share of military service, and these learned gentlemen will
shrug their shoulders and not condescend to listen or to answer you. The
solution of the question in their idea is to be found in reading
addresses, writing books, electing presidents, vice-presidents, and
secretaries, and meeting and speaking first in one town and then in
another. From all this speechifying and writing it will come to pass,
according to their notions, that governments will cease to levy the
soldiers, on whom their whole strength depends, will listen to their
discourses, and will disband their forces, leaving themselves without any
defense, not only against their neighbors, but also against their own
subjects. As though a band of brigands, who have some unarmed travel¡©ers
bound and ready to be plundered, should be so touched by their complaints
of the pain caused by the cords they are fastened with as to let them go
again. |
ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ °ÍµéÀÌ Æ¯Á¤ÇÑ ÇнÄÀÖ´Â »ç¶÷µéÀÇ ¿ì¸®
»çȸ°¡ ¹«³ÊÁ® °¡°í ÀÖ´Â ¸ð¼ø¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÅµµÀ̸ç,
ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ
°ÍµéÀÌ ±×°ÍÀ» ÇØ°áÇÏ´Â ±×µéÀÇ ¹æ¹ýµéÀÌ´Ù.
ÀÌ
»ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô Àüü ¹®Á¦´Â ¿À´Ã³¯ ¸ðµç »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô
ÁÖ¾îÁø µµ´öÀû ¹× Á¾±³ÀûÀÎ Áú¹®,
Áï,
±×ÀÇ ¸òÀÇ
º´¿ªÀǹ«¸¦ ÀÌÇàÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ ÇÕ¹ýÀûÀÎÁö ºÒ¹ýÀûÀÎÁö¿¡
´ëÇÑ Áú¹®¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Á¦°¢±â »ç¶÷µéÀÇ °³ÀÎÀûÀΠŵµ¿¡
´Þ·ÁÀÖ´Ù°í ¸»Çغ¸¶ó,
±×·¯¸é ÀÌ ¹Ú½ÄÇÑ ½Å»çµéÀº
±×µéÀÇ ¾î±úÀ» ¿òÃ÷¸± °ÍÀÌ¸ç °Å¸¸ÇϰԵµ ´ç½ÅÀÇ ¸»À»
µéÀ¸·ÁÇϰųª ´äº¯ÇÏ·ÁÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù.
±×µéÀÇ
»ç»ó¿¡ ÀÖ¾î¼ Áú¹®¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÇØ´äÀº,
°¿¬µéÀ» µè°í,
Ã¥À» Àú¼úÇϸç,
´ëÅë·Éµé,
ºÎ´ëÅë·Éµé,
±×¸®°í ¼±âµéÀ»
¼±ÃâÇϸç,
óÀ½¿£ ÀÌ µµ½Ã¿¡¼ ´ÙÀ½¿£ ´Ù¸¥ µµ½Ã¿¡¼
¸ðÀÓÀ» °¡Áö¸ç ¿¬¼³ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù.
ÀÌ ¸ðµç ¿¬¼³ ¸¸µé±â¿Í
Àú¼ú·ÎºÎÅÍ,
±×µéÀÇ °ßÇØµé¿¡ µû¸£¸é,
Á¤ºÎµéÀº
º´»çµéÀ» ¡ÁýÇϱ⸦ ¸ØÃâ °ÍÀ̰í,
±×µé¿¡°Ô Á¤ºÎµéÀÇ
¸ðµç ±Ç·ÂÀÌ ÀÇÁ¸Çϰí ÀÖÀ½¿¡µµ,
±×µéÀÇ °¿¬µéÀ» µéÀ»
°ÍÀ̸ç,
±×µéÀÇ ±º´ëµéÀ» ÇØÁ¦ÇÒ °ÍÀ̰í,
¹Ý¸é¿¡ ±×µé
ÀÚ½ÅÀº ±×µéÀÇ ÀÌ¿ôµé¿¡ ´ëÇØ¼ »Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó,
±×µé
ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ±¹¹Îµé¿¡°Ôµµ ¾î¶² ¹æ¾îµµ ÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â ÀÏÀÌ ÀϾî
³¯ °ÍÀÌ´Ù.
±×°ÍÀº ¸¶Ä¡,
ÇÑ ¹«¸®ÀÇ °µµµéÀÌ,
¹«ÀåÇÏÁö
¾ÊÀº ¿©ÇàÀÚµéÀ» ¹°í¼ ¾àÅ»ÇÒ Áغñ°¡ µÇ¾ú´Âµ¥µµ,
±×µéÀÌ ¹¿© ÀÖ´Â ¿À¶ùÁÙÀÌ °¡ÇÏ´Â °íÅë¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ±×µéÀÇ
ºÒÆòµé¿¡ ³Ê¹«³ª °¨µ¿ÇÏ¿© ±×µéÀ» ´Ù½Ã ³õ¾Æ ÁÖ´Â °Í°ú
°°´Ù. |
|
Still there are people who believe in this, busy themselves over peace
congresses, read addresses, and write books. And governments, we may be
quite sure, express their sym¡©pathy and make a show of encouraging them.
In the same way they pretend to support temperance societies, while they
are living principally on the drunkenness of the people; and pretend to
encourage education, when their whole strength is based on ignorance; and
to support constitu¡©tional freedom, when their strength rests on the
absence of freedom; and to be anxious for the improvement of the condition
of the working classes, when their very existence depends on their
oppression; and to support Christianity, when Christianity destroys all
government. |
¾ÆÁ÷µµ À̰ÍÀ» ¹ÏÀ¸¸ç,
ÆòÈ È¸ÀÇ ¹®Á¦·Î ºÐÁÖÇϸç,
°¿¬µéÀ» µè°í,
Ã¥À» Àú¼úÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù.
±×¸®°í
Á¤ºÎµéÀº,
¿ì¸®°¡ ¸Å¿ì È®½ÅÇϰǴë,
±×µéÀÇ µ¿Á¤À»
Ç¥ÇöÇÏ¸ç ±×µéÀ» °Ý·ÁÇϴ üÇÑ´Ù.
±×µéÀº ¶È°°Àº
¹æ¹ýÀ¸·Î ±ÝÁÖ ´ÜüµéÀ» Áö¿øÇϴ ôÇÑ´Ù,
±×·¯³ª
±âº»ÀûÀ¸·Î ±×µéÀº »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ÃëÇÑ »óŸ¦ ÀÌ¿ëÇÏ¿©
»ì°í ÀÖ´Ù.
±×¸®°í ±×µéÀÇ Àüü ±Ç·ÂÀº ¹«Áö¿¡ ±âÃÊÇϰí
ÀÖÀ½¿¡µµ ±³À°À» Àå·ÁÇϴ ô ÇÑ´Ù;
±×¸®°í ±×µéÀÇ Àüü
±Ç·ÂÀº ÀÚÀ¯ÀÇ °á¿©¿¡ ÀÇÁöÇÔ¿¡µµ Çå¹ýÀûÀÎ ÀÚÀ¯¸¦
º¸ÀåÇϴ ôÇÑ´Ù;
±×¸®°í ³ëµ¿ÀÚ °è±ÞµéÀÇ »óÅ °³¼±À»
¿°·ÁÇϴ ôÇÏÁö¸¸,
±×µéÀÇ Á¸Àç ÀÚü´Â ±×µéÀ»
¾ï¾ÐÇÔ¿¡ ÀÖ´Ù;
±×¸®°í ±âµ¶±³°¡ ¸ðµç Á¤ºÎ¸¦ ÆÄ±«ÇÒ
¶§¿¡µµ ±âµ¶±³¸¦ Áö¿øÇϴ ôÇÑ´Ù. |
|
To be able to do this they have long ago elaborated methods encouraging
temperance, which cannot suppress drunkenness; methods of
supporting-education, which not only fail to prevent ignorance, but even
increase it; methods of aiming at freedom and constitutionalism, which are
no hindrance to despotism; methods of protecting the working classes,
which will not free them from slavery; and a Christianity, too, they have
elaborated, which does not destroy, but supports governments. |
ÀÌ·± ÀÏÀÌ °¡´ÉÅä·Ï Çϱâ À§ÇÏ¿©,
Á¤ºÎµéÀº ¿À·¡ Àü¿¡
±³¹¦ÇÏ°Ô ÁغñÇß´Ù,
±ÝÁÖ¸¦ Àå·ÁÇÏ´Â ¹æ¹ýµé·Î¼
¼úÃëÇÔÀ» ¾ïÁ¦ÇÒ ¼ö ¾øÀ¸¸ç,
±³À°À» Áö¿øÇÏ´Â
¹æ¹ýµé·Î¼ ¹«ÁöÇÔÀ» ¸·À» ¼ö ¾øÀ» »Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó
½ÉÁö¾î´Â ±×°ÍÀ» Áõ°¡½Ã۸ç;
ÀÚÀ¯¿Í Çå¹ý º¸ÀåÁÖÀǸ¦
¸ñÀûÀ¸·Î ÇÏ´Â ¹æ¹ýµéÀÌ ÆøÁ¤À» ¸·À» ¼ö ¾øÀ¸¸ç;
³ëµ¿ÀÚ
°è±ÞµéÀ» º¸È£ÇÏ´Â ¹æ¹ýµéÀÌ ±×µéÀ» ³ë¿¹ »óÅ¿¡¼
¹þ¾î³ªÁö ¸øÇϵµ·Ï ±³¹¦È÷ ÁغñÇß´Ù;
±×¸®°í ±âµ¶±³
¿ª½Ã ±×µéÀÌ ±³¹¦ÇÏ°Ô Áغñ¸¦ ÇÏ¿´À¸¹Ç·Î,
Á¤ºÎµéÀ»
ÆÄ±«Çϱâ´Â Ä¿³ç Áö¿øÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù. |
|
Now there is something more for the government to encourage-peace. The
sovereigns, who nowadays take counsel with their ministers, decide by
their will alone whether the butchery of millions is to be begun this year
or next. They know very well that all these discourses upon peace will not
hinder them from sending millions of men to butchery when it seems good to
them. They listen even with satisfaction to these discourses, encourage
them, and take part in them. |
ÀÌÁ¦ Á¤ºÎµé·Î¼´Â Àå·ÁÇØ¾ß ÇÒ °ÍÀÌ Á»´õ ÀÖ´Ù-ÆòȰ¡
±×°ÍÀÌ´Ù.
±ºÁÖµéÀº,
¿À´Ã³¯¿¡´Â ±×µéÀÇ °¢·áµé¿¡°Ô¼
Á¶¾ðµé µè°í ÀÖ´Â °¡¿îµ¥,
±×µéÀÇ ÀÇÁö¸¸À¸·Î ¼ö¹é¸¸ÀÇ
µµ»ìÀÌ ¿ÃÇØ ½ÃÀÛµÉ °ÍÀÎÁö ³»³âÀÎÁö °áÁ¤ÇÑ´Ù.
ÆòÈ¿¡
´ëÇÑ ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ °¿¬µéÀÌ ±×µé¿¡°Ô À¯¸®ÇÏ´Ù°í ´À²¸Áú ¶§
¼ö¹é¸¸ÀÇ »ç¶÷µéÀ» µµ»ìÀåÀ¸·Î º¸³»´Â °ÍÀ» ¸·Áö
¸øÇÑ´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ±×µéÀº ³Ê¹«³ª Àß ¾Ë°í ÀÖ´Ù.
±×µéÀº
½ÉÁö¾î ÀÌµé °¿¬µéÀ» ¸¸Á·½º·´°Ô °æÃ»Çϸç,
±×µéÀ»
Àå·ÁÇϸç,
±×¸®°í ±× ÀÏ¿¡ Âü¿©ÇÑ´Ù. |
|
All this, far from being detrimental, is even of service to
governments, by turning people's attention from the most important and
pressing question: Ought or ought not each man called upon for military
service to submit to serve in the army? |
ÀÌ ¸ðµç °ÍÀº,
»ç¶÷µéÀÇ ÁÖÀǸ¦ °¡Àå Áß¿äÇÏ¸ç ´ç¸éÇÑ
¹®Á¦µé·ÎºÎÅÍ µ¹¸²À¸·Î½á,
Á¤ºÎ¿¡ ÇØ·Ó±â´Â Ä¿³ç
½ÉÁö¾î´Â µµ¿òÀ» ÁÖ°í ÀÖ´Ù:
°¢ÀÚÀÇ »ç¶÷µéÀº ±º´ë¿¡
º¹¹«Çϱâ À§ÇÏ¿© º´¿ªÀǹ«¿¡ ¼ÒÁýµÇ¾î¾ß Çϴ°¡ ¸»¾Æ¾ß
Çϴ°¡? |
|
"Peace will soon be arranged, thanks to alliances and congresses, to
books and pamphlets; meantime go and put on your uniform, and prepare to
cause suffering and to endure it for our benefit," is the government's
line of argu¡©ment. And the learned gentlemen who get up congresses and
write articles are in perfect agreement with it. |
¡°ÆòÈ´Â,
µ¿¸Íµé°ú ȸÀǵé,
Ã¥µé°ú ÆÊÇ÷¿µé
´öÅÃÀ¸·Î,
°ð Á¤ÂøÀÌ µÉ °ÍÀÌ´Ù;
±× µ¿¾È ³ª°¡¼ ³ÊÀÇ
Á¦º¹À» ÀÔÀ¸¶ó,
±×¸®°í ¿ì¸®ÀÇ ÀÌÀÍÀ» À§Çؼ °íÅëÀ»
ÁÖ°í ±×°ÍÀ» Àγ»ÇÒ Áغñ¸¦ Ç϶ó,¡±
´Â °ÍÀÌ Á¤ºÎÀÇ
ÁÖÀå ¹æÄ§ÀÌ´Ù.
±×¸®°í ȸÀǵéÀ» ¼³¸³ÇÏ°í ³í¹®µéÀ»
±â°íÇÏ´Â ÇнÄÀÖ´Â ½Å»çµéÀº ±×°Í°ú ¿ÏÀüÈ÷ ÇÕÀÇÇϰí
ÀÖ´Ù. |
|
This is the attitude of one set of thinkers. And since it is that most
beneficial to governments, it is also the most encouraged by all
intelligent governments. |
À̰ÍÀÌ ÀÏ´ÜÀÇ »ç»ó°¡µéÀÇ ÅµµÀÌ´Ù.
±×¸®°í ±×°ÍÀÌ
Á¤ºÎµé¿¡°Ô °¡Àå ÀÌ·Î¿î °ÍÀ̹ǷÎ,
±×°ÍÀº ¶ÇÇÑ ¸ðµç
ÁöÇý·Î¿î Á¤ºÎµé¿¡ÀÇÇØ¼ Àå·ÁµÇ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. |
|
Another attitude to war has something tragical in it. There are men who
maintain that the love for peace and the inevitability of war form a
hideous contradiction, and that such is the fate of man. These are mostly
gifted and sensi¡©tive men, who see and realize all the horror and
imbecility and cruelty of war, but through some strange perversion of mind
neither see nor seek to find any way out of this posi¡©tion, and seem to
take pleasure in teasing the wound by dwelling on the desperate position
of humanity. A notable example of such an attitude to war is to be found
in the celebrated French writer Guy de Maupassant. Looking from his yacht
at the drill and firing practice of the French soldiers the following
reflections occur to him: |
ÀüÀï¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ´Ù¸¥ ŵµµéÀº ±× Á¡¿¡ ´ëÇØ¼ ºñ±ØÀûÀÎ
¿ä¼Ò°¡ ÀÖ´Ù.
ÆòÈ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ »ç¶û°ú ÀüÀïÀÇ ºÒ°¡ÇÇÇÔÀÌ
¼Ò¸§³¢Ä¡´Â ¸ð¼øÀ» ¸¸µé¸ç ±×°ÍÀº Àΰ£ÀÇ ¿î¸íÀ̶ó°í
ÁÖÀåÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù.
ÀÌ »ç¶÷µéÀº °¡Àå Àç´ÉÀÖ°í
¿¹¹ÎÇÑ »ç¶÷µé·Î¼,
±×µéÀº ÀüÀïÀÇ ¸ðµç °øÆ÷,
¾î¸®¼®À½
¹× ÀÜÀÎÇÔÀ» º¸¸é¼ ±ú´Ý´Â´Ù,
±×·¯³ª ¸¶À½ÀÇ ¾î¶°ÇÑ
¿Ö°îÀ¸·Î ÀÎÇØ¼ ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ÀÔÀåÀ» ¹þ¾î³¯ ¹æ¹ýÀ» ãÁöµµ
±¸ÇÏÁöµµ ¾Ê´Â´Ù,
±×¸®°í ÀηùÀÇ Àý¸ÁÀûÀÎ ÀÔÀåÀ»
»ç»öÇÏ¸é¼ »óó¸¦ °Çµå¸®´Â °Í¿¡ Äè¶ôÀ» ã´Â´Ù.
ÀüÀï¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ±×·¯ÇÑ ÅµµÀÇ µÎµå·¯Áø ¿¹´Â À¯¸íÇÑ
ÇÁ¶û½º ÀÛ°¡ °¡ÀÌ µå ¸ðÆÄ»ó¿¡°Ô¼ ãÀ» ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.
±×ÀÇ
¿äÆ®¿¡ ¿Ã¶ó¼ ÇÁ¶û½º º´»çµéÀÇ ÈÆ·Ã°ú »ç°Ý ¿¬½ÀÀ»
º¸¸é¼,
´ÙÀ½°ú °°Àº »ý°¢µéÀÌ ±×¿¡°Ô ¶°¿Ã¶ú´Ù: |
|
"When I think only of this word war, a kind of terror seizes upon me,
as though I were listening to some tale of sorcery, of the Inquisition,
some long past, remote abomi¡©nation, monstrous, unnatural. |
¡°³ª´Â ÀÌ ÀüÀïÀ̶ó´Â ´Ü¾î¸¦ »ý°¢ÇÒ ¶§,
ÀÏÁ¾ÀÇ
°øÆ÷°¡ ³ª¸¦ »ç·ÎÀâ´Â´Ù,
¸¶Ä¡ ³»°¡ ¾î¶² ¸¶¹ýÀÇ,
À̱³ÀÚ ÀçÆÇ,
¾à°£ ¿À·¡ µÈ °ú°ÅÀÇ ¸Õ Çø¿À½º·¯¿î °Í,
±«¹°°°°í ÀÚ¿¬½º·´Áö ¸øÇÑ °Í¿¡ ´ëÇÑ À̾߱⿡ ±Í¸¦
±â¿ïÀÌ´Â °Í °°´Ù. |
|
"When cannibalism is spoken of, we smile with pride, proclaiming our
superiority to these savages. Which are the savages, the real savages?
Those who fight to eat the conquered, or those who fight to kill, for
nothing but to kill? |
¡°»ìÀÎ ¸¸ÇàÀ» À̾߱âÇÒ ¶§,
¿ì¸®´Â ÀںνÉÀ¸·Î
¹Ì¼ÒÁöÀ¸¸ç,
ÀÌ·± ¾ß¸¸Àο¡ ´ëÇÑ ¿ì¸®ÀÇ ¿ì¿ùÇÔÀ»
ĪÂùÇÑ´Ù.
¾î´À ÂÊÀÌ ¾ß¸¸ÀεéÀΰ¡,
ÁøÂ¥ ¾ß¸¸ÀÎ µéÀΰ¡?
Á¤º¹´çÇÑ ÀÚ¸¦ ¸Ô±â À§Çؼ ½Î¿ì´Â ÀÚµéÀΰ¡,
¾Æ´Ï¸é,
Á×À̱â À§Çؼ,
¿À·ÎÁö Á×À̱â À§Çؼ ½Î¿ì´Â ÀÚµéÀΰ¡? |
|
"The young recruits, moving about in lines yonder, are destined to
death like the flocks of sheep driven by the butcher along the road. They
will fall in some plain with a saber cut in the head, or a bullet through
the breast. And these are young men who might work, be productive and
useful. Their fathers are old and poor. Their mothers, who have loved them
for twenty years, worshiped them as none but mothers can, will learn in
six months' time, or a year perhaps, that their son, their boy, the big
boy reared with so much labor, so much expense, so much love, has been
thrown in a hole like some dead dog, after being dis¡©emboweled by a
bullet, and trampled, crushed, to a mass of pulp by the charges of
cavalry. Why have they killed her boy, her handsome boy, her one hope, her
pride, her life? She does not know. Ah, why? |
¡°ÀþÀº º¸Ã溴µéÀº,
ÀúÂÊÀÇ Àü¼±¿¡¼ ¿òÁ÷À̰í
ÀÖÁö¸¸,
¹éÁ¤¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼ ±æÀ» µû¶ó¼ ¸ô·Á °¡´Â ¾ç¶¼µé
°°ÀÌ Á×À» ¿î¸íÀÌ´Ù.
±×µéÀº ±ºµµ·Î ¸Ó¸®°¡ À߸®°Å³ª
°¡½¿¿¡ ÃѾËÀÌ °üÅëÇÏ¿© Æò¿ø¿¡ ³Ñ¾î Áú °ÍÀÌ´Ù.
±×¸®°í
À̵éÀº ÀÏÀ» ÇÏ¸é »ý»êÀûÀ̸ç À¯ÀÍÇÑ ÀþÀºÀ̵éÀÌ´Ù.
±×µéÀÇ ¾Æ¹öÁöµéÀº ³ªÀ̰¡ µé°í °¡³ÇÏ´Ù.
±×µéÀÇ
¾î¸Ó´Ïµéµµ,
±×µéÀ» À̽ʳ⠵¿¾È »ç¶ûÇßÀ¸¸ç,
±×µéÀ»
¿À·ÎÁö ¾î¸Ó´Ïµé ¸¸ÀÌ ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ¼þ¹è¸¦ ÇÏ¿´À¸¸ç,
À°°³¿ù À̳»¿¡,
¾Æ¸¶µµ ÀÏ ³â³»¿¡ ±×µéÀÇ ¾Æµé,
±×µéÀÇ
¾Æ´Ï,
±×·¸°Ô ¸¹Àº ¾Ö¸¦ ½á¼ ¾çÀ°ÇÑ Å« ¾ÆÀ̰¡,
±×·¸°Ô
±ÍÁßÇϰí,
±×·¸°Ô »ç¶ûÇ߰Ǹ¸,
Á×Àº °³Ã³·³ ±¸¸Û¿¡
´øÁ®Á®¼,
ÃÑ¿¡ ¸Â¾Æ âÀÚ°¡ ±â¾î ³ª¿À°í,
¹âÈ÷°í,
ºÎ¼Á®¼,
±âº´´ëÀÇ °ø°ÝÀ¸·Î ¹ÝÁ× µ¢¾î¸®°¡ µÉ °ÍÀÓÀ»
¾Ë°Ô µÉ °ÍÀÌ´Ù.
±×µéÀº ¿Ö ±×³àÀÇ ¾ÆµéÀ»,
±×³àÀÇ ¸ÚÁø
¾ÆÀ̸¦,
±×³àÀÇ À¯ÀÏÇÑ Èñ¸ÁÀ»,
±×³àÀÇ ÀÚ¶ûÀ»,
±×³àÀÇ
»ý¸íÀ» Á׿´´Â°¡?
±×³à´Â ¸ð¸¥´Ù.
¾Æ´Ï,
¿Ö ±×·±°¡? |
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"War! fighting! slaughter! massacres of men! And we have now, in our
century, with our civilization, with the spread of science, and the degree
of philosophy which the genius of man is supposed to have attained,
schools for training to kill, to kill very far off, to perfection, great
num¡©bers at once, to kill poor devils of innocent men with fam¡©ilies and
without any kind of trial. |
¡°ÀüÀï!
½Î¿ò!
µµ»ì!
»ç¶÷µéÀ» »ì·úÇÏ´Ù!
±×¸®°í ÀÌÁ¦
¿ì¸®ÀÇ ¼¼±â¿¡,
¿ì¸®ÀÇ ¹®¸íÀ¸·Î,
°úÇÐÀÇ È®»ê°ú »ç¶÷ÀÇ
õÀ缺ÀÌ ´Þ¼ºÇÏ°Ô µÇ¾îÀִ öÇÐÀÇ Á¤µµ·Î¼,
Á×À̱â
À§Çؼ,
¸Ö¸®±îÁö,
¿ÏÀüÇϰÔ,
ÇѲ¨¹ø¿¡ ´ë·®À¸·Î
»ì»óÇϱâ À§ÇØ,
¾î¶² ½É¸®µµ °ÅÄ¡Áö ¾Ê°í¼ °¡Á·µéÀ»
°¡Áø ¹«°íÇÑ »ç¶÷µé·Î¼ °¡·ÃÇÑ ÀÚµéÀ» Á×ÀÌ´Â ±³À°À»
ÇÏ´Â Çб³¸¦ ¿ì¸®´Â ÀÌÁ¦ °¡Áö°í ÀÖ´Ù. |
|
"And what is most bewildering is that the people do not rise against
their governments. For what difference is there be¡©tween monarchies and
republics! The most bewildering thing is that the whole of society is not
in revolt at the word war." |
¡°±×¸®°í °¡Àå ´çȤ½º·¯¿î °ÍÀº »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ±×µéÀÇ
Á¤ºÎµéÀ» ¹Ý´ëÇÏ¿© ÀϾÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù.
±ºÁÖ±¹°¡ µé°ú °øÈ±¹°¡µé »çÀÌ¿¡ ¾î¶² Â÷ÀÌÁ¡ÀÌ
Àִ°¡!
°¡Àå ´çȤ½º·¯¿î °ÍÀº Àüü »çȸ°¡ ÀüÀïÀ̶ó´Â
¸»¿¡ ¹Ý´ëÇÏ¿© ÀϾÁö ¾Ê´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù.¡± |
|
"Ah! we shall always live under the burden of the ancient and odious
customs, the criminal prejudices, the ferocious ideas of our barbarous
ancestors, for we are beasts, and beasts we shall remain, dominated by
instinct and changed by nothing. Would not any other man than Victor Hugo
have been exiled for that mighty cry of deliverance and truth? 'To-day
force is called violence, and is being brought to judgment; war has been
put on its trial. At the plea of the human race, civilization arraigns
warfare, and draws up the great list of crimes laid at the charge of con¡©querors
and generals. The nations are coming to under¡©stand that the magnitude of
a crime cannot be its extenua¡©tion; that if killing is a crime, killing
many can be no extenuating circumstance; that if robbery is disgraceful,
invasion cannot be glorious. Ah! let us proclaim these absolute truths;
let us dishonor war!' |
¡°¾Æ!
¿ì¸®´Â ¾ðÁ¦³ª ÄùÄù¹°í Çø¿À½º·± °ü½Àµé,
¹üÁËÀûÀÎ Æí°ßµé,
¿ì¸®ÀÇ ¾ß¸¸ÀûÀÎ ¼±Á¶µéÀÇ ³ÆøÇÑ
»ç»óµé °°Àº Áü ¾Æ·¡¼ »ì°í ÀÖ´Ù,
¿Ö³ÄÇÏ¸é ¿ì¸®´Â
º»´É¿¡ ÀÇÇØ Áö¹èµÇ¸ç,
¾î´À °Í¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼µµ º¯ÈµÇÁö
¾ÊÀ½À¸·Î½á,
Áü½ÂµéÀ̸ç,
¿ì¸®´Â ¾ðÁ¦³ª Áü½ÂÀ¸·Î
¸Ó¹°·¯ ÀÖÀ» °ÍÀ̱⠶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù.
´Ù¸§ ¾Æ´Ñ ºòÅ丣 À§°í
Á¶Â÷µµ ÇØ¹æ°ú Áø¸®ÀÇ °Å´ëÇÑ ¿ÜħÀ¸·Î ÀÎÇØ¼
Ãß¹æµÇÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´ø°¡? ¡®¿À´Ã³ ÈûÀº Æø·ÂÀ¸·Î ºÒ¸®¸ç,
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