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¡¡
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V. |
Á¦
5
Àå
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CONTRADICTION BETWEEN OUR LIFE AND OUR
CHRISTIAN CONSCIENCE. |
¿ì¸®ÀÇ »î°ú ¿ì¸®ÀÇ ±âµ¶±³Àû ¾ç½ÉÀÇ ¸ð¼ø |
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Men Think they can Accept Christianity without Altering their Life-
Pagan Conception of Life does not Correspond with Present Stage of
Development of Humanity, and Christian Conception Alone Can Accord with
it-Christian Conception of Life not yet Understood by Men, but the
Progress of Life itself will Lead them Inevitably to Adopt it-The
Requirements of a New Theory of Life Always Seem Incomprehensible, Mystic,
and Supernatural-So Seem the Requirements of the Christian Theory of Life
to the Majority of Men-The Absorption of the Christian Conception of Life
will Inevitably be Brought About as the Result of Material and Spiritual
Causes-The Fact of Men Knowing the Require¡©ments of the Higher View of
Life, and yet Continuing to Preserve Inferior Organizations of Life, Leads
to Contradictions and Sufferings which Embitter Existence and Must Result
in its Transformation-The Contradictions of our Life-The Economic
Contradiction and the Suffering Induced by it for Rich and Poor Alike-The
Political Con¡©tradiction and the Sufferings Induced by Obedience to the
Laws of the State-The International Contradiction and the Recognition of
it by Contemporaries: Komarovsky, Ferri, Booth, Passy, Lawson, Wilson,
Bartlett, Defourney, Moneta-The Striking Character of the Military
Contradiction. |
»ç¶÷µéÀº ÀڽŵéÀÇ »îÀ» ¹Ù²ÙÁö ¾Ê°í¼ ±âµ¶±³¸¦
¹Þ¾ÆµéÀÏ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù°í »ý°¢ÇÑ´Ù-À̱³Àû °³³äÀÇ »îÀº
ÀηùÀÇ ÇöÀç ¹ßÀü ´Ü°è¿¡ ÀÏÄ¡ÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù,
±×¸®°í
±âµ¶±³ÀûÀÎ °³³ä¸¸ÀÌ ±×°Í°ú ÀÏÄ¡ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù-±âµ¶±³Àû
°³³äÀÇ »îÀº ¾ÆÁ÷ »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô ÀÌÇØµÇÁö ¾Ê¾Ñ´Ù,
±×¸®°í
»îÀÇ ÁøÇà ÀÚü´Â ±×µéÀÌ ÇÊ¿¬ÀûÀ¸·Î ±×°ÍÀ»
äÅÃÇϵµ·Ï À̲ø °ÍÀÌ´Ù-»õ·Î¿î »î¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÀÌ·ÐÀÇ
Çʿ伺Àº ¾ðÁ¦³ª ÀÌÇØÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø°í,
½Åºñ½º·¯¿ì¸ç,
±×¸®°í
ÃÊÀÚ¿¬ÀûÀ̾ú´Ù-´ëºÎºÐÀÇ »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô¼ »îÀÇ ±âµ¶±³Àû
ÀÌ·ÐÀÇ ¿ä±¸´Â ±×·¯Çß´Ù-±âµ¶±³Àû °³³äÀÇ »îÀÇ Èí¼ö´Â
ÇÊ¿¬ÀûÀ¸·Î ¹°Áú°ú ¿µÈ¥ÀÇ ¿øÀÎÀÇ °á°ú·Î ³ªÅ¸³¯
°ÍÀÌ´Ù-»î¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ´õ ³ôÀº ½Ã°¢ÀÇ ÇÊ¿äÁ¶°ÇÀ» »ç¶÷µéÀÌ
¾Ë¸é¼µµ »îÀÇ ¿µîÇÑ ´ÜüµéÀ» °è¼ÓÇØ¼ À¯ÁöÇÑ´Ù´Â
»ç½ÇÀº Á¸À縦 ¾î·Æ°Ô ÇÏ´Â ¸ð¼øµé°ú °íÅëµé¿¡ À̸¥´Ù
±×¸®°í ¹Ýµå½Ã ±× º¯ÇüÀ» ÇÊ¿ä·Î ÇÑ´Ù-¿ì¸®ÀÇ »îÀÇ
¸ð¼øµé-°æÁ¦Àû ¸ð¼ø°ú ºÎÀ¯Çϰųª °¡³Çϰųª ¶È°°ÀÌ
±×·ÎÀÎÇØ ÃÊ·¡µÇ´Â °íÅë-±¹°¡ÀÇ ¹ý·üÀ» µû¸£¹Ç·Î¼
ÃÊ·¡µÇ´Â Á¤Ä¡Àû ¸ð¼ø°ú °íÅëµé-±¹Á¦ÀûÀÎ ¸ð¼ø°ú
µ¿½Ã´ë »ç¶÷µé¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ ±×°ÍÀÇ ÀνÄ:ÄÚ¸¶·ÎÇÁ½ºÅ°,
Æä¸®,
ºÎ½º,
ÆÐ½Ã,
·Î½¼,
Àª½¼,
¹ÙƲ·¿,
µðÆ÷´Ï,
¸ð³×Ÿ-±º»çÀû
¸ð¼øÀÇ µÎµå·¯Áø Ư¡. |
|
there are many reasons why Christ's teaching is not understood. One
reason is that people suppose they have understood it when they have
decided, as the Churchmen do, that it was revealed by supernatural means,
or when they have studied, as the scientific men do, the external forms in
which it has been manifested. Another reason, is the mistaken notion that
it is impracticable, and ought to be replaced by the doctrine of love for
humanity. But the principal reason, which is the source of all the other
mistaken ideas about it, is the notion that Christianity is a doc¡©trine
which can be accepted or rejected without any change of life. |
±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§ÀÌ ÀÌÇØµÇÁö ¾Ê´Â µ¥´Â ¸¹Àº
ÀÌÀ¯µéÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù.
±× ÇѰ¡Áö ÀÌÀ¯´Â,
»ç¶÷µéÀº,
¼ºÁ÷ÀÚµéÀÌ ±×·¸µíÀÌ,
ÃÊÀÚ¿¬ÀûÀÎ ¹æ¹ýµé·Î¼ ³ªÅ¸³»¾î
Áø´Ù°í °á·ÐÁö¾úÀ» ¶§³ª,
¶Ç´Â °úÇÐÀÚµéÀÌ ±×·¸µíÀÌ,
Ç¥ÃâµÇ¾îÁö´Â ¿ÜÀûÀÎ Çü»óµéÀ» ¿¬±¸ÇÏ¿´À» ¶§
±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§À» ±ú´Þ¾Ò´Ù°í °¡Á¤ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù.
¶Ç
´Ù¸¥ ÀÌÀ¯´Â,
±×°ÍÀº ½ÇÇöºÒ°¡´ÉÇϸç,
Àηù¿¡ ´ëÇÑ
»ç¶ûÀÇ ±³¸®·Î ¹Ù²î¾îÁ®¾ß ÇÑ´Ù´Â À߸øµÈ »ý°¢ÀÌ´Ù.
±×·¯³ª,
±×°Í¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¸ðµç ´Ù¸¥ ±×¸©µÈ »ç»óµéÀÇ ±Ù¿øÀÌ
µÇ´Â,
ÁÖµÈ ÀÌÀ¯´Â,
±âµ¶±³´Â »î¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¾î¶² º¯È°¡
¾ø¾îµµ ¹Þ¾Æ µé¿© Áö°Å³ª °ÅºÎµÉ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù´Â ±³¸®¶ó´Â
»ý°¢ÀÌ´Ù. |
|
Men who are used to the existing order of things, who like it and dread
its being changed, try to take the doc¡©trine as a collection of
revelations and rules which one can accept without their modifying one's
life. While Christ's teaching is not only a doctrine which gives rules
which a man must follow, it unfolds a new meaning in life, and defines a
whole world of human activity quite different from all that has preceded
it and appropriate to the period on which man is entering. |
±âÁ¸ »ç¹°ÀÇ Áú¼¿¡ ÀûÀÀµÈ »ç¶÷µéÀº,
±×°ÍÀ»
ÁÁ¾ÆÇÏ¸ç ±×°ÍÀÌ º¯È¸µÇ´Â °ÍÀ» µÎ·Á¿öÇÏ¿©,
ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ
»îÀ» ¼öÁ¤ÇÔÀÌ ¾øÀ̵µ ¹Þ¾Æ µéÀÏ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â °è½Ãµé°ú
¸í·ÉµéÀÇ ÁýÇÕÀ¸·Î ±³¸®¸¦ ÃëÇÏ·Á°í ÇÑ´Ù.
±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ
°¡¸£Ä§Àº ¿ÀÁ÷ »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ¹Ýµå½Ã µû¶ó¾ß ÇÏ´Â ¸í·ÉµéÀ»
ÁÖ´Â ±³¸®°¡ ¾Æ´Ñ ¹Ý¸é¿¡,
»î¿¡ ÀÖ¾î¼ »õ·Î¿î Àǹ̸¦
¿¾îÁØ´Ù,
±×¸®°í ÀÌÀü¿¡ ÀÖ¾î¿Â ¸ðµç °Íµé°ú´Â ¸Å¿ì
´Ù¸¥ ±×¸®°í »ç¶÷µéÀÌ µé¾î °¡°íÀÚ ÇÏ´Â ½Ã´ë¿¡ ÀûÇÕÇÑ
Àΰ£ÀÇ È°µ¿ÀÇ Àüü ¼¼°è¸¦ Á¤ÀÇÇÑ´Ù. |
|
The life of humanity changes and advances, like the life of the
individual, by stages, and every stage has a theory of life appropriate to
it, which is inevitably absorbed by men. Those who do not absorb it
consciously, absorb it unconsciously. It is the same with the changes in
the beliefs of peoples and of all humanity as it is with the changes of
belief of individuals. If the father of a family continues to be guided in
his conduct by his childish con¡©ceptions of life, life becomes so
difficult for him that he involuntarily seeks another philosophy and
readily absorbs that which is appropriate to his age. |
°³ÀÎÀÇ »îó·³,
ÀηùÀÇ »îÀº,
´Ü°èÀûÀ¸·Î,
º¯ÈÇϸç
³ª¾Æ°£´Ù,
±×¸®°í °¢°¢ÀÇ ´Ü°èµéÀº ±×¿¡ ÀûÇÕÇÑ »îÀÇ
ÀÌ·ÐÀ» °¡Áö¸ç,
±×°ÍÀº »ç¶÷µé¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼ Èí¼öµÇ¾î Áø´Ù.
±×°ÍÀ» ÀǽÄÀûÀ¸·Î Èí¼öÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â »ç¶÷µéÀº ±×°ÍÀ»
¹«ÀǽÄÀûÀ¸·Î Èí¼öÇÑ´Ù.
»ç¶÷µé°ú ÀηùÀÇ ¹ÏÀ½¿¡ ´ëÇÑ
º¯ÈµéÀº °³ÀεéÀÇ ¹ÏÀ½ÀÇ º¯Èµé°ú ¶È°°´Ù.
¸¸ÀÏ
°¡Á·ÀÇ ¾Æ¹öÁö°¡ ±×ÀÇ ¾ÆÀ̰°Àº »î¿¡ ´ëÇÑ °³³äµé¿¡
ÀÇÇØ¼ ±×ÀÇ ÇàÀ§°¡ ÀεµµÈ´Ù¸é,
»îÀº ±×¿¡°Ô ³Ê¹«³ª
Èûµé¾î¼ ±×´Â ¹«ÀǽÄÀûÀ¸·Î ´Ù¸¥ öÇÐÀ» ã°ÔµÇ°í
±×ÀÇ ³ªÀÌ¿¡ ÀûÇÕÇÑ °ÍÀ» ½±°Ô Èí¼öÇÏ°Ô µÈ´Ù. |
|
That is just what is happening now to humanity at this time of
transition through which we are passing, from the pagan conception of life
to the Christian. The socialized man of the present day is brought by
experience of life itself to the necessity of abandoning the pagan
conception of life, which is inappropriate to the present stage of
humanity, and of submitting to the obligation of the Christian doctrines,
the truths of which, however cor¡©rupt and misinterpreted, are still known
to him, and alone offer him a solution of the contradictions surrounding
him. |
±×°ÍÀÌ ¹Ù·Î,
À̱³µµÀûÀÎ »îÀÇ °³³ä¿¡¼ ±âµ¶±³ÀûÀÎ
°ÍÀ¸·Î ¿ì¸®°¡ Áö³ª°¡°í ÀÖ´Â ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ º¯ÈÀÇ ½Ã´ë¿¡,
Áö±Ý Àηù¿¡°Ô ÀϾ°í ÀÖ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù.
¿À´Ã³¯ÀÇ
»çÈ¸ÈµÈ »ç¶÷Àº »î ±× ÀÚüÀÇ °æÇè¿¡ ÀÇÇÏ¿©
À̱³µµÀûÀÎ °³³äÀÇ »îÀ» ¹ö¸®°Å³ª-
±×·¯ÇÑ »îÀº ÀηùÀÇ
Çö ´Ü°è¿¡¼ ÀûÇÕÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀ¸¸ç-,
±âµ¶±³ÀÇ ±³¸®µé¿¡ ´ëÇÑ
Àǹ«¿¡ º¹Á¾ÇÔ-±×°ÍÀÇ Áø¸®µéÀº,
¾Æ¹«¸® ºÎÆÐÇÏ¿´°í,
¿Ö°îµÇ¾ú´õ¶óµµ,
¿©ÀüÈ÷ ±×¿¡°Ô ¾Ë·ÁÁ® ÀÖÀ¸¸ç,
±×°Í¸¸ÀÌ ±×¸¦ µÑ·¯½Î°í ÀÖ´Â ¸ðµç ¸ð¼ø µé¿¡ ´ëÇÑ
ÇØ´äÀ» ÁØ´Ù-ÀÇ Çʿ信 ´Ù°¡¼°Ô µÈ´Ù. |
|
If the requirements of the Christian doctrine seem strange and even
alarming to the man of the social theory of life, no less strange,
incomprehensible, and alarming to the savage of ancient times seemed the
requirements of the social doctrine when it was not fully understood and
could not be foreseen in its results. |
¸¸ÀÏ ±âµ¶±³ ±³¸®ÀÇ ÇÊ¿ä Á¶°ÇµéÀÌ »çȸÀûÀÎ »îÀÇ
ÀÌ·ÐÀ» °¡Áø »ç¶÷¿¡°Ô ÀÌ»óÇÏ°í ½ÉÁö¾î ³î¶ó¿î °Íó·³
º¸Àδٸé,
»çȸÀû ±³¸®µéÀÇ ÇÊ¿ä Á¶°ÇµéÀÌ,
±×°ÍÀÌ
¿ÏÀüÈ÷ ÀÌÇØµÇÁö ¾Ê°í ±× °á°úµéÀÌ ¿¹ÃøµÉ ¼ö ¾øÀ» ¶§¿¡,
¿¾³¯ÀÇ ¾ß¸¸Àε鿡°Ôµµ °áÄÚ ÀûÁö ¾Ê°Ô ÀÌ»óÇϰí,
ÀÌÇØÇÒ ¼ö ¾øÀ¸¸ç,
³î¶ó¿î °Íó·³ º¸¿´À» °ÍÀÌ´Ù. |
|
"It is unreasonable," said the savage, "to sacrifice my peace of
mind or my life in defense of something incom¡©prehensible, impalpable,
and conventional-family, tribe, or nation; and above all it is unsafe to
put oneself at the dis¡©posal of the power of others." |
¾ß¸¸ÀεéÀÌ ¸»ÇÑ´Ù, ¡°³ªÀÇ ¸¶À½À̳ª ³ªÀÇ »îÀ» ¾î¶²
ÀÌÇØÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø°í,
¸¸Áú ¼öµµ ¾øÀ¸¸ç,
±×¸®°í ÁøºÎÇÑ °Í-°¡Á·,
ºÎÁ·,
¶Ç´Â ¹ÎÁ·-À» ¼öÈ£Çϱâ À§Çؼ Èñ»ýÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº
ÇÕ¸®ÀûÀÌÁö ¸øÇÏ´Ù;
±×¸®°í ¹«¾ùº¸´Ùµµ,
ÀÚ½ÅÀ» ´Ù¸¥
»ç¶÷ÀÇ ÈûÀÇ Ã³ºÐ¿¡ ¸º±â´Â °ÍÀº ¾ÈÀüÇÏÁö ¸øÇÏ´Ù.¡± |
|
But the time came when the savage, on one hand, felt, though vaguely,
the value of the social conception of life, and of its chief motor power,
social censure, or social approbation-glory, and when, on the other hand,
the diffi¡©culties of his personal life became so great that he could not
continue to believe in the value of his old theory of life. Then he
accepted the social, state theory of life and sub¡©mitted to it. |
±×·¯³ª ¾ß¸¸ÀÎÀÌ,
ÇÑÆíÀ¸·Î,
¸·¿¬ÇÏÁö¸¸,
»çȸÀû
°³³äÀÇ »î,
±×¸®°í ±× ÁÖµÈ µ¿·Â,
»çȸÀû °Ë¿,
¶Ç´Â
»çȸÀû ½ÂÀÎ-¸í¿¹-ÀÇ °¡Ä¡¸¦ ´À³¢¸ç,
±×¸®°í,
´Ù¸¥
ÇÑÆíÀ¸·Î,
±×ÀÇ °³ÀÎÀûÀÎ »îÀÌ ¾î·Á¿òµéÀÌ ³Ê¹«³ª Ä¿¼
ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ »î¿¡ ´ëÇÑ °ú°ÅÀÇ ÀÌ·ÐÀÇ °¡Ä¡¸¦ ´õÀÌ»ó ¹ÏÀ» ¼ö
¾ø´Â ¶§°¡ ¿Ô´Ù.
±×·¯ÀÚ ±×´Â »çȸÀû,
±¹°¡Àû °³³äÀÇ
»îÀ» ¹Þ¾Æ µéÀÌ°í ±×°Í¿¡ º¹Á¾Çß´Ù. |
|
That is just what the man of the social theory of life is passing
through now. |
±×°ÍÀÌ ¹Ù·Î »çȸÀû ÀÌ·ÐÀÇ »îÀ» »ç´Â »ç¶÷ÀÌ ÇöÀç
Åë°úÇϰí ÀÖ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. |
|
"It is unreasonable," says the socialized man, "to sacri¡©fice my
welfare and that of my family and my country in order to fulfill some
higher law, which requires me to renounce my most natural and virtuous
feelings of love of self, of family, of kindred, and of country; and above
all, it is unsafe to part with the security of life afforded by the
organization of government." |
»çȸÀûÀÎ »ç¶÷ÀÌ ¸»ÇÑ´Ù, ¡°³ªÀÇ Çູ,
±×¸®°í °¡Á·°ú
±¹°¡ÀÇ ÇູÀ» Á»´õ ³ôÀº ¹ýÀ» ½ÇõÇϱâ À§ÇÏ¿©-±×°ÍÀº
ÀÚ½Å,
°¡Á·,
Ç÷Á· ±×¸®°í ±¹°¡¿¡ ´ëÇÑ »ç¶ûÀ̶ó´Â ³ªÀÇ
°¡Àå ´ç¿¬ÇÏ°í °í°áÇÑ °¨Á¤À» Æ÷±âÇϱ⸦ ¿ä±¸ÇÑ´Ù-Èñ»ýÇÏ´Â
°ÍÀº ÇÕ¸®ÀûÀÌÁö ¸øÇÏ´Ù;
±×¸®°í ¹«¾ùº¸´Ùµµ,
Á¤ºÎ
±â°üÀÌ Á¦°øÇÏ´Â »îÀÇ ¾ÈÀüÀ» ¹ö¸®´Â °ÍÀº ¾ÈÀüÇÏÁö
¸øÇÏ´Ù.¡± |
|
But the time is coming when, on one hand, the vague consciousness in
his soul of the higher law, of love to God and his neighbor, and, on the
other hand, the suffering, resulting from the contradictions of life, will
force the man to reject the social theory and to assimilate the new one
prepared ready for him, which solves all the contradictions and removes
all his sufferings-the Christian theory of life. And this time has now
come. |
±×·¯³ª,
ÇÑÆíÀ¸·Î,
±×ÀÇ ¿µÈ¥¿¡¼ ´õ ³ôÀº ¹ý,
Áï
Çϳª´Ô ±×¸®°í ±×ÀÇ ÀÌ¿ô¿¡ ´ëÇÑ »ç¶ûÀÇ ¸·¿¬ÇÑ ÀνÄÀÌ,
±×¸®°í ´Ù¸¥ ÇÑÆíÀ¸·Î,
»îÀÇ ¸ð¼øµé·ÎºÎÅÍ ÃÊ·¡µÇ´Â
°íÅëÀÌ »ç¶÷µé·Î ÇÏ¿©±Ý »çȸÀû ÀÌ·ÐÀ» ¹ö¸®°í »õ·Î¿î
°ÍÀ» Èí¼öÇϵµ·Ï °Á¦ÇÒ °ÍÀ̸ç,
±×°ÍÀÌ ¸ðµç ¸ð¼øµéÀ»
ÇØ°áÇÏ¸ç ±×ÀÇ ¸ðµç °íÅëµéÀ» Á¦°ÅÇÒ °ÍÀÌ´Ù-±×°ÍÀº
±âµ¶±³ÀûÀÎ ÀÌ·ÐÀ» µû¸£´Â »îÀÌ´Ù.
±×¸®°í ÀÌ·± ½Ã´ë´Â
ÀÌÁ¦ ¿Ô´Ù. |
|
We, who thousands of years ago passed through the transition, from the
personal, animal view of life to the socialized view, imagine that that
transition was an inevita¡©ble and natural one; but this transition
through which we have been passing for the last eighteen hundred years
seems arbitrary, unnatural, and alarming. But we only fancy this because
that first transition has been so fully completed that the practice
attained by it has become un¡©conscious and instinctive in us, while the
present transition is not yet over and we have to complete it consciously. |
¼öõ³â Àü¿¡,
°³ÀÎÀû µ¿¹°Àû ½Ã°¢ÀÇ »îÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ
»çȸÀû ½Ã°¢À¸·Î º¯ÃµÀ» °ÞÀº ¿ì¸®´Â ±× º¯ÃµÀÌ
ÇÊ¿¬ÀûÀÌ¸ç ´ç¿¬ÇÑ °ÍÀ¸·Î »ó»óÇÑ´Ù;
±×·¯³ª ¿ì¸®°¡
°ú°Å 1800³â µ¿¾È Åë°úÇϰí ÀÖ´Â ÀÌ º¯ÃµÀº ÀÏÁ¤ÇÏÁö
¾ÊÀ¸¸ç,
ºÎÀÚ¿¬½º·´°í,
³î¶ø°Ô ´À²¸Áø´Ù.
±×·¯³ª ¿ì¸®´Â
¿ÀÁ÷ ù¹øÂ° º¯ÃµÀÌ ³Ê¹«³ª ±íÀÌ ¿Ï¼ºµÇ¾î¼ ±×°Í¿¡
ÀÇÇØ¼ ´Þ¼ºµÈ ½À°üµéÀÌ ¿ì¸® ¾È¿¡¼ ¹«ÀǽÄÀûÀ̸ç
º»´ÉÀûÀ¸·Î µÇ¾úÀ¸¸ç,
¹Ý¸é¿¡ ÇöÀçÀÇ º¯ÃµÀº ¾ÆÁ÷
³¡³ªÁö ¾Ê¾ÒÀ¸¸ç ÀǽÄÀûÀ¸·Î ±×°ÍÀ» ¿Ï¼ºÇØ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù´Â
°ÍÀ» »ó»óÇØ º»´Ù. |
|
It took ages, thousands of years, for the social conception of life to
permeate men's consciousness. It went through various forms and has now
passed into the region of the instinctive through inheritance, education,
and habit. And therefore it seems natural to us. But five thousand years
ago it seemed as unnatural and alarming to men as the Christian doctrine
in its true sense seems today. |
»çȸÀû °³³äÀÇ »îÀÌ »ç¶÷µéÀÇ ÀǽĿ¡ ½º¸ç µé¾î°¡´Â
°ÍÀº ¼¼¿ùÀÌ,
¼öõ³âÀÇ ¼¼¿ùÀÌ °É·È´Ù.
±×°ÍÀº ¿©·¯°¡Áö
ÇüÅÂÀ» °ÅÃÆÀ¸¸ç ÀÌÁ¦ À¯Àü,
±³À°,
±×¸®°í ½À°üÀ»
ÅëÇÏ¿© º»´ÉÀûÀÎ Á¾±³·Î Èê·¯ °¬´Ù.
±×¸®°í ±×·¯¹Ç·Î
±×°ÍÀº ¿ì¸®¿¡°Ô ´ç¿¬ÇÑ °Íó·³ º¸ÀδÙ.
±×·¯³ª ¿Àõ³â
Àü¿¡´Â ¿À´Ã³¯ ±âµ¶±³ÀÇ ±³¸®°¡ ±×ÀÇ ÁøÁ¤ÇÑ Àǹ̿¡¼
´À²¸Áö´Â °Íó·³,
»ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô ºÎÀÚ¿¬½º·´°í ³î¶ø°Ô
´À²¸Á³´Ù. |
|
We think to-day that the requirements of the Christian doctrine-of
universal brotherhood, suppression of national distinctions, abolition of
private property, and the strange injunction of non-resistance to evil by
force-demand what is impossible. But it was just the same thousands of
years ago, with every social or even family duty, such as the duty of
parents to support their children, of the young to main¡©tain the old, of
fidelity in marriage. Still more strange, and even unreasonable, seemed
the state duties of submitting to the appointed authority, and paying
taxes, and fighting in defense of the country, and so on. All such
requirements seem simple, comprehensible, and natural to us to-day, and we
see nothing mysterious or alarming in them. But three or five thousand
years ago they seemed to require what was impossible. |
¿ì¸®´Â ¿À´Ã³¯ ±âµ¶±³ÀÇ ±³¸®°¡-¼¼°è µ¿Æ÷,
¹ÎÁ·Àû
±¸º°µéÀÇ ¾ïÁ¦,
°³ÀÎ Àç»êÀÇ ÆóÁö,
±×¸®°í Èû¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ
¾Ç¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¹«ÀúÇ×À̶ó´Â ÀÌ»óÇÑ ±ÝÁö-ºÒ°¡´ÉÇÑ °ÅÀ»
¿ä±¸ÇÑ´Ù°í »ý°¢ÇÑ´Ù.
±×·¯³ª,
¸ðµç »çȸÀû ¶Ç´Â ½ÉÁö¾î
°¡Á·¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Àǹ̿¡¼,
¿¹¸¦ µé¸é,
ºÎ¸ðµéÀÇ ÀÚ³àµéÀ»
µÞ¹ÞħÇϸç,
ÀþÀº »ç¶÷ÀÌ ³ëÀÎÀ» ºÎ¾çÇϰí,
°áÈ¥ »ýȰÀÇ
¼ø°áÇØ¾ßÇÒ Àǹ«µî ¿¡¼,
±×°ÍÀº ¿Àõ³â Àü¿¡µµ
¶È°°¾Ò´Ù.
´õ¿í ´õ ÀÌ»óÇϸç,
½ÉÁö¾î ºÒÇÕ¸®ÇϰÔ
´À²¸Áö´Â °ÍÀº,
ÁöÁ¤µÈ ±Ç·Â¿¡ º¹Á¾Çϰí,
¼¼±ÝÀ» ³»¸ç,
±×¸®°í ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ³ª¶ó¸¦ Áö۱â À§ÇÏ¿© ½Î¿ö¾ß ÇÏ´Â
±¹°¡Àû Àǹ«µéÀ̾ú´Ù.
±×·± ¸ðµç ÇÊ¿äÁ¶°ÇµéÀº,
¿À´Ã³¯
¿ì¸®¿¡°Ô ÀÖ¾î¼ ´Ü¼øÇϸç,
ÀÌÇØÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ°í,
±×¸®°í
ÀÚ¿¬½º·´°Ô ´À²¸Áø´Ù,
±×¸®°í ¿ì¸®´Â ±×°Íµé¿¡¼
¾Æ¹«·± ½Åºñ½º·´°Å³ª ³î¶ó¿î °ÍÀ» º¸Áö ¾Ê´Â´Ù.
±×·¯³ª
±×·¯³ª »ïõ³â ¶Ç´Â ¿Àõ³â Àü¿¡ ±×°ÍµéÀº ºÒ°¡´ÉÇÑ
°ÍÀ» ¿ä±¸ÇÏ´Â °Í °°¾Ò´Ù. |
|
The social conception of life served as the basis of reli¡©gion because
at the time when it was first presented to men it seemed to them
absolutely incomprehensible, mystic, and supernatural. Now that we have
outlived that phase of the life of humanity, we understand the rational
grounds for uniting men in families, communities, and states. But in
antiquity the duties involved by such association were pre¡©sented under
cover of the supernatural and were confirmed by it. |
»îÀÇ »çȸÀû °³³äÀº,
±×°ÍÀÌ Ã³À½ »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô
Á¦½ÃµÇ¾úÀ» ¶§ ±×µé¿¡°Ô ¿ÏÀüÈ÷ ÀÌÇØÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø°í,
½Åºñ½º·¯¿ì¸ç,
ÃÊÀÚ¿¬ÀûÀ̾úÀ¸¹Ç·Î,
Á¾±³ÀÇ ¿ø¸®·Î¼
ÀÛ¿ëÇß´Ù.
¿ì¸®´Â ÀηùÀÇ »îÀÇ ´Ü°è¸¦ ±Øº¹ÇÏ¿´À¸¹Ç·Î,
¿ì¸®´Â »ç¶÷µéÀ» °¡Á·µé,
°øµ¿Ã¼µé,
±×¸®°í ±¹°¡µé·Î
¿¬ÇÕÇÏ´Â À̼ºÀûÀÎ ±Ù°ÅµéÀ» ÀÌÇØÇÑ´Ù.
±×·¯³ª
¿¾³¯¿¡´Â ±×·¯ÇÑ À¯´ë°¡ Æ÷ÇÔµÈ Àǹ«µéÀº ÃÊÀÚ¿¬ÀûÀÎ
°ÍÀ» ±¸½Ç»ï¾Æ Á¦½ÃµÇ¾úÀ¸¸ç ±×°Í¿¡ ÀÇÇÏ¿© È®ÀεǾú´Ù. |
|
The patriarchal religions exalted the family, the tribe, the nation.
State religions deified emperors and states. Even now most ignorant
people-like our peasants, who call the Tzar an earthly god-obey state
laws, not through any rational recognition of their necessity, nor because
they have any conception of the meaning of state, but through a religious
sentiment. |
°¡ºÎÀåÁ¦ÀÇ Á¾±³µéÀº °¡Á·,
ºÎÁ·,
¹ÎÁ·À» ¹Þµé¾ú´Ù.
±¹°¡ÀûÀÎ Á¾±³µéÀº ȲÁ¦µé°ú ±¹°¡µéÀ» ½Å°ÝÈÇÏ¿´´Ù.
½ÉÁö¾î Áö±Ýµµ ´ëºÎºÐÀÇ ¹«ÁöÇÑ »ç¶÷µéÀº-ȲÁ¦¸¦
¶¥À§ÀÇ ½ÅÀ̶ó°í ºÎ¸£´Â ¿ì¸®ÀÇ ³óºÎµéó·³-±×°ÍÀº
±×µéÀÌ ÇÊ¿äÇÑ °Í¿¡ ´ëÇÑ À̼ºÀû ÀÎ½Ä ¶§¹®ÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¸ç,
¶Ç´Â ±×µéÀÌ ±¹°¡ÀÇ Àǹ̿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¾î¶² °³³äÀ» °¡Áö±â
¶§¹®ÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó,
Á¾±³ÀûÀÎ °¨Á¤¶§¹®¿¡ ±¹°¡ÀÇ ¹ýÀ»
µû¸¥´Ù. |
|
In precisely the same way the Christian doctrine is pre¡©sented to men
of the social or heathen theory of life to-day, in the guise of a
supernatural religion, though there is in reality nothing mysterious,
mystic, or supernatural about it. It is simply the theory of life which is
appropriate to the present degree of material development, the present
stage of growth of humanity, and which must therefore inevitably be
accepted. |
Á¤È®È÷ ¶È°°Àº ¹æ¹ýÀ¸·Î ¿À´Ã³¯ ±âµ¶±³ ±³¸®°¡
»çȸÀû ¶Ç´Â À̱³ÀûÀÎ »îÀÇ ÀÌ·ÐÀ» °¡Áø »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô
ºñ·Ï ±×°Í¿¡ ´ëÇØ¼ ¾Æ¹«·± ºñ¹Ð½º·´°í ½Åºñ½º·´°Å³ª
ÃÊÀÚ¿¬ÀûÀÎ °ÍÀÌ ¾øÁö¸¸,
ÃÊÀÚ¿¬ÀûÀÎ Á¾±³¸¦ °¡ÀåÇÏ¿©
³ªÅ¸³µ´Ù.
±×°ÍÀº ´Ü¼øÈ÷ »îÀÇ ÀÌ·ÐÀ¸·Î¼,
ÇöÀçÀÇ
¹°ÁúÀûÀÎ ¹ßÀü Á¤µµ¿¡,
ÇöÀçÀÇ ÀηùÀÇ ¼ºÀå´Ü°è¿¡
ÀûÇÕÇϸç,
±×·¯¹Ç·Î ¹Ýµå½Ã ÇÊ¿¬ÀûÀ¸·Î ¹Þ¾Æµé¿©
Á®¾ßÇÑ´Ù. |
|
The time will come-it is already coming-when the Christian principles
of equality and fraternity, community of property, non-resistance of evil
by force, will appear just as natural and simple as the principles of
family or social life seem to us now. |
¶§°¡ ¿Ã °ÍÀÌ´Ù-ÀÌ¹Ì ¿À°í ÀÖ´Ù-Æòµî ±×¸®°í ÇüÁ¦¾Ö,
Àç»ê °øÀ¯,
Èû¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ ¾Ç¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¹«ÀúÇ×ÀÇ ±âµ¶±³ÀûÀÎ
¿ø¸®µéÀÌ,
¿ì¸®¿¡°Ô ÀÖ¾î¼ °¡Á·À̳ª »çȸÀû »îÀÇ
¿ø¸®µéÀÌ Á¤¸» ÀÚ¿¬½º·´°í ´Ü¼øÇÏ°Ô º¸ÀÌ´Â °Íó·³
³ªÅ¸³ª´Â ¶§°¡ ¿Ã °ÍÀÌ´Ù. |
|
Humanity can no more go backward in its development than the individual
man. Men have outlived the social, family, and state conceptions of life.
Now they must go forward and assimilate the next and higher concep¡©tion
of life, which is what is now taking place. This change is brought about
in two ways: consciously through spiritual causes, and unconsciously
through material causes. |
Àηù´Â °³ÀÎÀûÀÎ »ç¶÷°ú ¸¶Âù°¡Áö·Î ±× ¹ßÀü¿¡¼
ÈÄÅðÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø´Ù.
»ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô »îÀÇ »çȸÀû,
°¡Á·Àû,
±×¸®°í ±¹°¡Àû °³³äµéÀº ³°Àº °ÍÀÌ µÇ¾î ¹ö·È´Ù.
ÀÌÁ¦
±×µéÀº ³ª¾Æ°¡¼ ´ÙÀ½ÀÇ ±×¸®°í ´õ ³ôÀº »îÀÇ °³³äÀ»
Èí¼öÇÏ¿©¾ß ÇÑ´Ù,
±×¸®°í ±×°ÍÀº ÀÌÁ¦ ÀϾ°í ÀÖ´Ù.
ÀÌ·± º¯È´Â µÎ°¡Áö ¹æÇâ¿¡¼ ÀϾ°Ô µÈ´Ù:
¿µÀûÀÎ
¿øÀεéÀ» ÅëÇÏ¿© ÀǽÄÀûÀ¸·Î,
±×¸®°í ¹°ÁúÀûÀÎ
¿øÀεéÀ» ÅëÇÏ¿© ¹«ÀǽÄÀûÀ¸·Î ÀϾ°Ô µÈ´Ù. |
|
Just as the individual man very rarely changes his way of life at the
dictates of his reason alone, but generally continues to live as before,
in spite of the new interests and aims revealed to him by his reason, and
only alters his way of living when it has become absolutely opposed to his
conscience, and consequently intolerable to him; so, too, humanity, long
after it has learnt through its religions the new interests and aims of
life, toward which it must strive, continues in the majority of its
representatives to live as before, and is only brought to accept the new
conception by finding it impossible to go on living its old life as
before. |
Á¤¸»·Î ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ À̼ºÀÇ ¸í·É Çϳª¸¸À¸·Î °³ÀÎÀûÀÎ
»ç¶÷ÀÌ ±×ÀÇ »îÀÇ ¹æÇâÀ» °ÅÀÇ ¹Ù²ÙÁö ¾ÊÀ¸¸ç,
±×·¯³ª
±×ÀÇ À̼º¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼ ±×¿¡°Ô ¹àÇôÁö´Â »õ·Î¿î °ü½Éµé°ú
¸ñÀûµé¿¡µµ ºÒ±¸Çϰí ÀϹÝÀûÀ¸·Î Àüó·³ »ì¾Æ °¡°í,
¿ÀÁ÷ ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ¾ç½É¿¡ Àý´ëÀûÀ¸·Î ´ëÄ¡µÇ¾î¼ °á±¹ Âü±â
¾î·Á¿öÁú ¶§ »ýȰÀÇ ¹æÇâÀ» ¹Ù²ÙµíÀÌ;
Àηù ¿ª½Ã
±×·¯ÇÏ´Ù,
Áï ±×µéÀº ±×µéÀÇ Á¾±³µéÀ» ÅëÇÏ¿© ±×µéÀÌ
Ãß±¸ÇÏ´Â »îÀÇ »õ·Î¿î °ü½Éµé°ú ¸ñÀûµéÀ» ¹è¿îÁö ¿À·¡
Áö³ª¼µµ,
±×µéÀÇ ´ëÇ¥ÀÚµéÀÇ ´ëºÎºÐÀÌ Àüó·³ °è¼Ó
»ì¾Æ°¡°í,
¿¾³¯ »îÀ» Àüó·³ »ì¾Æ°¡±â°¡ ºÒ°¡´ÉÇÔÀ»
¾Ë°í ³ª¼¾ß »õ·Î¿î °³³äÀ» ¹Þ¾ÆµéÀÌ°Ô µÈ´Ù. |
|
Though the need of a change of life is preached by the religious
leaders and recognized and realized by the most intelligent men, the
majority, in spite of their reverential attitude to their leaders, that
is, their faith in their teach¡©ing, continue to be guided by the old
theory of life in their present complex existence. As though the father of
a family, knowing how he ought to behave at his age, should yet continue
through habit and thoughtlessness to live in the same childish way as he
did in boyhood. |
ºñ·Ï Á¾±³ ÁöµµÀڵ鿡 ÀÇÇØ »îÀÇ º¯È°¡ ¼³±³µÇ°í
°¡Àå Áö¼ºÀÖ´Â »ç¶÷µé¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼ ÀÎ½ÄµÇ°í ±ú´Þ¾Æ
ÁöÁö¸¸,
±×µéÀÇ ÁöµµÀڵ鿡 ´ëÇÑ °æÀǷοî ŵµ,
Áï,
±×µéÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ½Å¾Ó¿¡µµ ºÒ±¸Çϰí,
±×µéÀÇ
ÇöÀçÀÇ º¹ÀâÇÑ Á¸Àç¿¡ ÀÖ¾î¼ »î¿¡ °üÇÑ ¿¾³¯ À̷п¡
ÀÇÇØ¼ °è¼ÓÇØ¼ À̲ø·Á °£´Ù.
±×°ÍÀº ¸¶Ä¡,
°¡Á·ÀÇ
¾Æ¹öÁö°¡,
ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ³ªÀÌ¿¡ ¾î¶»°Ô ó½ÅÇØ¾ß ÇÒ Áö¸¦ ¾Ë°í
ÀÖÀ½¿¡µµ,
¾ÆÁ÷µµ ½À°ü°ú °æ¼ÖÇÔÀ¸·Î ¼Ò³â ½ÃÀý¿¡
±×·¨´ø °Í°°ÀÌ °è¼ÓÇØ¼ ¶È°°ÀÌ ¾î¸®¼®°Ô »ì¾Æ
°¡¾ßÇÏ´Â °Í°ú °°´Ù. |
|
That is just what is happening in the transition of humanity from one
stage to another, through which we are passing now. Humanity has outgrown
its social stage and has entered upon a new period. It recognizes the
doctrine which ought to be made the basis of life in this new period. But
through inertia it continues to keep up the old forms of life. From this
inconsistency between the new concep¡©tion of life and practical life
follows a whole succession of contradictions and sufferings which embitter
our life and necessitate its alteration. |
±×°ÍÀÌ ¹Ù·Î Àηù°¡ ÇÑ ´Ü°è¿¡¼ ´ÙÀ½À¸·Î
º¯ÃµÇÔ¿¡¼ ÀϾ°í ÀÖ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù,
±×¸®°í ±×°ÍÀ» ÇöÀç
¿ì¸®°¡ Åë°úÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù.
Àηù¿¡°Ô ÀÖ¾î¼ »çȸÀû ´Ü°è´Â
³°¾Æ ¹ö·ÈÀ¸¸ç,
ÀÌÁ¦ »õ·Î¿î ½Ã±â·Î µé¾î ¼¹´Ù.
Àηù´Â
ÀÌ »õ·Î¿î ½Ã´ë¿¡ »îÀÇ ±âÃʰ¡ µÇ¾î¾ßÇÏ´Â ±³¸®¸¦
±ú´Ý°í ÀÖ´Ù.
±×·¯³ª ¹«·ÂÇÔ ¶§¹®¿¡ »îÀÇ ¿¾³¯ ¸ð½ÀµéÀ»
°è¼ÓÇØ¼ À¯ÁöÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù.
ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ »õ·Î¿î °³³äÀÇ »î°ú
½Ç¿ëÀûÀÎ »î »çÀÌÀÇ ºÒÀÏÄ¡·ÎºÎÅÍ ¿ì¸®ÀÇ »îÀ»
°íÅ뽺·´°Ô ÇÏ´Â ÃÑüÀûÀÎ ¸ð¼øµé°ú °íÅëµéÀÌ
µû¶ó³ª¿À¸ç,
ÀηùÀÇ º¯È¸¦ ÇÊ¿äÇÏ°Ô ¸¸µé°í ÀÖ´Ù. |
|
One need only compare the practice of life with the theory of it, to be
dismayed at the glaring antagonism between our conditions of life and our
conscience. |
¿ì¸®´Â ¿ÀÁ÷ »îÀÇ ½ÇÁ¦¿Í ÀÌ·ÐÀ» ºñ±³Çϱ⸸ ÇÏ¸é µÉ
»ÓÀ̸ç,
°á±¹ ¿ì¸®ÀÇ »îÀÇ »óŵé°ú ¿ì¸®ÀÇ ¾ç½É»çÀÌÀÇ
÷¿¹ÇÑ ¹Ý¸ñ¿¡ ½Ç¸ÁÇÏ°í ¸¸´Ù. |
|
Our whole life is in flat contradiction with all we know, and with all
we regard as necessary and right. This con¡©tradiction runs through
everything, in economic life, in political life, and in international
life. As though we had forgotten what we knew and put away for a time the
principles we believe in (we cannot help still believing in them because
they are the only foundation we have to base our life on) we do the very
opposite of all that our con¡©science and our common sense require of us. |
¿ì¸®ÀÇ Àüü »îÀº ¿ì¸®°¡ ¾Ë°í ÀÖ´Â ¸ðµç °Í°ú ¿ì¸®°¡
ÇÊ¿äÇÏ¸ç ¿Ç´Ù°í ¿©±â´Â ¸ðµç °Í°ú ¸» ±×´ë·Î ¸ð¼øÀÌ´Ù.
ÀÌ·± ¸ð¼øÀº ¸ðµç °ÍÀ» °üÅëÇÑ´Ù,
°æÁ¦ÀûÀÎ »î¿¡¼,
Á¤Ä¡ÀûÀÎ »î¿¡¼,
±×¸®°í ±¹Á¦ÀûÀÎ »î¿¡¼ ±×·¸´Ù.
ºñ·Ï
¿ì¸®°¡ ¾Ë´ø °ÍÀ» ÀØ¾î ¹ö¸®°í Àá½Ãµ¿¾È ¿ì¸®°¡ ¹Ï´Â
¿ø¸®µéÀ» Àú¹ö·ÈÁö¸¸ (±×°ÍµéÀº ¿ì¸®°¡ ¿ì¸®ÀÇ »îÀ»
±âÃÊÇØ¾ßÇÏ´Â À¯ÀÏÇÑ Åä´ëÀ̱⠶§¹®¿¡ ¾ÆÁ÷µµ ±×°ÍµéÀ»
¹ÏÁö ¾ÊÀ» ¼ö°¡ ¾ø´Ù),
¿ì¸®´Â ¿ì¸®ÀÇ ¾ç½É°ú ÀϹÝ
»ó½ÄÀÌ ¿ä±¸ÇÏ´Â ¸ðµç °Í¿¡ ³Ê¹«³ª »ó¹ÝµÇ°Ô ÇൿÇÑ´Ù. |
|
We are guided in economical, political, and international questions by
the principles which were appropriate to men of three or five thousand
years ago, though they are directly opposed to our conscience and the
conditions of life in which we are placed today. |
¿ì¸®´Â °æÁ¦Àû,
Á¤Ä¡Àû,
¹× ±¹Á¦ÀûÀÎ ¹®Á¦µé¿¡ ÀÖ¾î¼
»ï ¶Ç´Â ¿Àõ ³â ÀüÀÇ »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô ÀûÇÕÇÑ ¿ø¸®µé¿¡
À̲ø·Á °£´Ù,
±×·¯³ª ±×µéÀº ¿À´Ã³¯ ¿ì¸®°¡ Ã³ÇØÀÖ´Â
¿ì¸®ÀÇ ¾ç½É°ú »îÀÇ »óŵ鿡 Á¤¸éÀ¸·Î ´ëÄ¡µÈ´Ù. |
|
It was very well for the man of ancient times to live in a society
based on the division of mankind into masters and slaves, because he
believed that such a distinction was decreed by God and must always exist.
But is such a belief possible in these days? |
°í´ëÀÇ »ç¶÷µéÀº Àηù°¡ ÁÖÀεé°ú ³ë¿¹·Î ³ª´©¾îÁ®
¼º¸³µÈ »çȸ¿¡ »ç´Â °ÍÀÌ ¸Å¿ì ´ç¿¬Çß´Ù,
¿Ö³ÄÇϸé
±×·¯ÇÑ ±¸ºÐÀÌ Çϳª´Ô¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼ ¸íÇØÁ³À¸¸ç ¾ðÁ¦³ª
Á¸ÀçÇÑ´Ù°í ¹Ï¾ú±â ¶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù.
±×·¯³ª ¿À´Ã³¯ ±×·¯ÇÑ
¹ÏÀ½ÀÌ °¡´ÉÇѰ¡? |
|
The man of antiquity could believe he had the right to enjoy the good
things of this world at the expense of other men, and to keep them in
misery for generations, since he believed that men came from, different
origins, were base or noble in blood, children of Ham or of Japhet. The
greatest sages of the world, the teachers of humanity, Plato and
Aristotle, justified the existence of slaves and demonstrated the
lawfulness of slavery; and even three centuries ago, the men who described
an imaginary society of the future, Utopia, could not conceive of it
without slaves. |
°í´ëÀÇ »ç¶÷Àº ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷µéÀ» Èñ»ýÇÏ¿© ÀÌ ¼¼»óÀÇ
ÁÁÀº °ÍµéÀ» Áñ±æ ¼ö ÀÖ°í ±×µéÀ» ¼ö ¼¼´ë µ¿¾È ºÒÇà¿¡
¹¾îµÑ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ±Ç¸®°¡ ÀÖ´Ù°í ¹Ï¾ú´Ù,
¿Ö³ÄÇÏ¸é ±×µéÀº
»ç¶÷µéÀÌ ´Ù¸¥ ±Ù¿øµé¿¡¼ ³ª¿ÔÀ¸¸ç,
Çǰ¡ õÇϰųª
°í±ÍÇϰí,
ÇÔÀ̳ª ¾ßÆêÀÇ Àڼյ鿡¼ ¿Â °ÍÀ¸·Î ¹Ï¾ú±â
¶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù.
¼¼»ó¿¡¼ °¡Àå ÈǸ¢ÇÑ ÇöÀεé,
ÀηùÀDZ³»çµé,
ÇöóÅæ°ú ¾Æ¸®½ºÅäÅÚ·¹½º´Â ³ë¿¹µéÀÇ Á¸À縦
Á¤´çÈÇÏ¿´À¸¸ç ³ë¿¹Á¦µµÀÇ ÇÕ¹ý¼ºÀ» ÁÖÀåÇÏ¿´´Ù;
±×¸®°í ½ÉÁö¾î 3¼¼±â Àü¿¡,
¹Ì·¡ÀÇ °¡»ó »çȸÀÎ
À¯ÅäÇǾƸ¦ ¹¦»çÇÑ »ç¶÷µéÀº ³ë¿¹µéÀÌ ¾øÀÌ´Â ±×°ÍÀ»
±¸»óÇÒ ¼ö°¡ ¾ø¾ú´Ù. |
|
Men of ancient and mediaeval times believed, firmly believed, that men
are not equal, that the only true men are Persians, or Greeks, or Romans,
or Franks. But we cannot believe that now. And people who sacrifice
themselves for the principles of aristocracy and of patriotism to-day,
don't believe and can't believe what they assert. |
°í´ë¿Í Áß¼¼ ½Ã´ëÀÇ »ç¶÷µéÀº »ç¶÷µéÀº ÆòµîÇÏÁö
¾ÊÀ¸¸ç,
À¯ÀÏÇÏ°Ô ÂüµÈ »ç¶÷µéÀº Æä¸£½Ã¾ÆÀεé,
¶Ç´Â
±×¸®½ºÀεé,
¶Ç´Â ·Î¸¶Àεé,
¶Ç´Â ÇÁ¶ûÅ©ÀεéÀ̶ó°í
¹Ï¾úÀ¸¸ç,
È®°íÇÏ°Ô ¹Ï¾ú´Ù.
±×·¯³ª ¿ì¸®´Â ÀÌÁ¦ ±×°ÍÀ»
¹ÏÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù.
±×¸®°í ±ÍÁ·ÁÖÀdzª ¾Ö±¹ÁÖÀÇÀÇ ¿ø¸®µéÀ»
À§Çؼ ÀڽŵéÀ» Èñ»ýÇÑ »ç¶÷µéÀº ÀÌÁ¦ ÀڽŵéÀÌ
ÁÖÀåÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ» ¹ÏÁö ¾ÊÀ¸¸ç ¹ÏÀ» ¼ö ¾ø´Ù. |
|
We all know and cannot help knowing-even though we may never have heard
the idea clearly expressed, may never have read of it, and may never have
put it into words, still through unconsciously imbibing the Christian
sentiments that are in the air-with our whole heart we know and can¡©not
escape knowing the fundamental truth of the Christian doctrine, that we
are all sons of one Father, wherever we may live and whatever language we
may speak; we are all brothers and are subject to the same law of love
implanted by our common Father in our hearts. |
¿ì¸® ¸ðµÎ´Â ¾È´Ù ±×¸®°í ¾ËÁö ¾ÊÀ» ¼ö°¡ ¾ø´Ù-ºñ·Ï
¿ì¸®´Â °áÄÚ ±× »ç»óÀÌ ¸í¹éÇÏ°Ô Ç¥ÇöµÈ °ÍÀ» µèÁö
¸øÇßÀ»Áö¶óµµ,
±×°ÍÀ» °áÄÚ ÀоÁö ¸øÇßÀ»Áö¶óµµ,
±×¸®°í ±×°ÍÀ» °áÄÚ ¸»·Î Ç¥ÇöÇÏÁö ¸øÇßÀ»Áö¶óµµ,
¿©ÀüÈ÷ À¯Æ÷µÇ°í ÀÖ´Â ±âµ¶±³ÀûÀÎ Á¤¼¸¦ ¹«ÀǽÄÀûÀ¸·Î
¹Þ¾Æ µéÀÓÀ¸·Î½á-¿ì¸®ÀÇ ¸ðµç °¡½¿À¸·Î ¿ì¸®´Â ¾È´Ù
±×¸®°í ±âµ¶±³ ±³¸®ÀÇ ±Ùº» Áø¸®¸¦ ¾Ë±â¸¦ ÇÇÇÒ ¼ö°¡
¾øÀ¸´Ï,
¿ì¸®´Â ¸ðµÎ ÇÑ ¾Æ¹öÁöÀÇ ¾ÆµéµéÀÌ´Ù,
¿ì¸®°¡
¾îµð¿¡ »ìÁö¶óµµ,
±×¸®°í ¿ì¸®°¡ ¾î¶² ¾ð¾î¸¦
»ç¿ëÇϵçÁö;
¿ì¸®´Â ¸ðµÎ ÇüÁ¦ÀÌ¸ç ¿ì¸®ÀÇ °¡½¿µé¿¡
ÀÖ´Â ¿ì¸®ÀÇ ÇÑ ¾Æ¹öÁö¿¡ ÀÇÇØ ½É¾îÁø ¶È°°Àº »ç¶ûÀÇ
¹ý¿¡ ¼ÓÇØ ÀÖ´Ù. |
|
Whatever the opinions and degree of education of a man of to-day,
whatever his shade of liberalism, whatever his school of philosophy, or of
science, or of economics, however ignorant or superstitious he may be,
every man of the present day knows that all men have an equal right to
life and the good things of life, and that one set of people are no better
nor worse than another, that all are equal. Everyone knows this, beyond
doubt; every¡©one feels it in his whole being. Yet at the same time
everyone sees all round him the division of men into two castes-the one,
laboring, oppressed, poor, and suffering, the other idle, oppressing,
luxurious, and profligate. And everyone not only sees this, but
voluntarily or involun¡©tarily, in one way or another, he takes part in
maintaining this distinction which his conscience condemns. And he cannot
help suffering from the consciousness of this con¡©tradiction and his
share in it. |
¿À´Ã³¯ ÇÑ »ç¶÷ÀÇ Àǰߵé°ú ±³À°ÀÇ Á¤µµ°¡ ¾î¶»µçÁö,
±×ÀÇ ÀÚÀ¯ÁÖÀÇÀÇ »ö±òÀÌ ¾î¶»µçÁö,
±×ÀÇ Ã¶ÇÐ,
°úÇÐ,
°æÁ¦ÀÇ ÇÐÆÄ´Â ¾î´À °ÍÀ̵çÁö,
±×°¡ ¾Æ¹«¸® ¹«½ÄÇϰųª
¹Ì½ÅÀûÀ̵çÁö,
Çö ½Ã´ëÀÇ Á¦°¢±â »ç¶÷Àº ¸ðµç »ç¶÷ÀÌ
»î°ú ÁÁÀº °Íµé¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÆòµîÇÑ ±Ç¸®¸¦ °¡Áö¸ç,
ÇÑ
¹«¸®ÀÇ »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷µé º¸´Ù ´õ ³´°Å³ª ¾Ç¾ÆÁö
¾ÊÀ¸¸ç,
¸ðµç »ç¶÷ÀÌ ÆòµîÇÏ´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ¾È´Ù.
´©±¸³ª
ÀǽÉÇÒ ¿©Áö ¾øÀÌ À̰ÍÀ» ¾È´Ù;
´©±¸³ª ±×°ÍÀ» ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ
Àüü Á¸Àç·Î¼ ´À³¤´Ù.
±×·¯³ª µ¿½Ã¿¡ ´©±¸³ª ±×ÀÇ ¸ðµç
ÁÖÀ§¿¡ »ç¶÷µéÀÌ µÎ °è±ÞÀ¸·Î Á¸ÀçÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ» º»´Ù-Çϳª´Â,
³ëµ¿Çϸç,
¾ï¾Ð¹Þ°í,
°¡³Çϸç,
±×¸®°í °íÅë¹Þ´Â »ç¶÷µé,
´Ù¸¥ Çϳª´Â °ÔÀ¸¸£°í ¾ï¾ÐÇϸç,
»çÄ¡½º·´°í,
±×¸®°í
¹æÅÁÇÑ »ç¶÷µéÀÏ °ÍÀÌ´Ù.
±×¸®°í ´©±¸³ª À̰ÍÀ» ¾Ë »Ó¸¸
¾Æ´Ï¶ó,
ÀÚ¹ßÀûÀ¸·Î ¶Ç´Â ºñÀÚ¹ßÀûÀ¸·Î,
À̸ðÀú¸ð·Î,
±×ÀÇ ¾ç½ÉÀÌ ºñ³ÇÏ´Â ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ±¸ºÐÀ» ¿ËÈ£Çϴµ¥
Âü¿©ÇÑ´Ù.
±×¸®°í ±×´Â ÀÌ·± ¸ð¼øÀ» ÀǽÄÇÔ°ú ±×°Í ¾È¿¡
ÀÚ½ÅÀÌ ±â¿©ÇÔÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ °íÅë¹ÞÁö ¾ÊÀ» ¼ö°¡ ¾ø´Ù. |
|
Whether he be master or slave, the man of to-day can¡©not help
constantly feeling the painful opposition between his conscience and
actual life, and the miseries resulting from it. |
±×°¡ ÁÖÀÎÀÌ´ø ³ë¿¹ÀÌ´ø,
¿À´Ã³¯ÀÇ »ç¶÷Àº ±×ÀÇ
¾ç½É°ú ½ÇÁ¦ »î »çÀÌ¿¡¼ °¡½¿¾ÆÇ °¥µî ±×¸®°í
±×·ÎºÎÅÍ ¿¬À¯µÇ´Â ºÒÇàµéÀ» ²÷ÀÓ¾øÀÌ ´À³¢Áö ¾ÊÀ» ¼ö
¾ø´Ù. |
|
The toiling masses, the immense majority of mankind who are suffering
under the incessant, meaningless, and hopeless toil and privation in which
their whole life is swallowed up, still find their keenest suffering in
the glaring contrast between what is and what ought to be, according to
all the beliefs held by themselves, and those who have brought them to
that condition and keep them in it. |
¼ö°íÇÏ´Â ¹ÎÁßµé,
»î Àüü¸¦ »ïÄѹö¸®´Â ²÷ÀÓ¾ø°í,
ÀÇ¹Ì ¾øÀ¸¸ç,
Àý¸ÁÀûÀÎ ¼ö°í¿Í ±ÃÇÌ ¾Æ·¡¼,
°íÅë¹Þ´Â
ÀηùÀÇ ¾öû³ ´ëºÎºÐÀº,
±×µéÀÌ Áö´Ñ ¸ðµç ¹ÏÀ½µé
±×¸®°í ±×µéÀ» ±×·± »óÅ·Πµ¥·Á¿ÔÀ¸¸ç ±×µéÀ» ±× ¾È¿¡
Áö´Ï°í ÀÖ´Â °Íµé¿¡ µû¶ó¼ ÇöÀçÀÇ ¸ð½À°ú ´ç¿¬È÷
ÀÖ¾î¾ß ÇÒ ¸ð½ÀÀÇ Ã·¿¹ÇÑ ´ëÁ¶ ¾È¿¡¼ ±×µéÀÇ °¡Àå
¿¹¸®ÇÑ °íÅëÀ» ã°í ÀÖ´Ù. |
|
They know that they are in slavery and condemned to privation and
darkness to minister to the lusts of the minority who keep them down. They
know it, and they say so plainly. And this knowledge increases their
suffer¡©ings and constitutes its bitterest sting. |
±×µéÀÌ ³ë¿¹ »óÅ¿¡ ÀÖÀ¸¸ç ±ÃÇ̰ú ¾îµÒÀ»
°¿ä´çÇÏ¿©¼ ±×µéÀ» ´©°í ÀÖ´Â ¼Ò¼öµéÀÇ Å½¿åµéÀ»
ä¿öÁÖ°í ÀÖ´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ±×µéÀº ¾È´Ù.
±×µéÀº ±×°ÍÀ» ¾È´Ù,
±×¸®°í ±×°ÍÀ» ³Ê¹«³ª Æò¹üÇÏ°Ô ¸»ÇÑ´Ù.
±×¸®°í À̰Ϳ¡
´ëÇÑ Áö½ÄÀÌ ±×µéÀÇ °íÅëµéÀ» Áõ°¡½ÃŰ¸ç °¡Àå ¾²¶ó¸°
°íÅëÀ» ±¸¼ºÇÑ´Ù. |
|
The slave of antiquity knew that he was a slave by nature, but our
laborer, while he feels he is a slave, knows that he ought not to be, and
so he tastes the agony of Tantalus, forever desiring and never gaining
what might and ought to be his. |
¿¾³¯ÀÇ ³ë¿¹µéÀº ±×°¡ ÅÂ¾î ³ª¸é¼ºÎÅÍ ³ë¿¹¶ó´Â
°ÍÀ» ¾Ë¾Ò´Ù,
±×·¯³ª ¿ì¸®ÀÇ ³ëµ¿ÀÚ´Â,
±×°¡ ³ë¿¹¶ó´Â
°ÍÀ» ´À³¢´Â ¹Ý¸é¿¡ ±×·¸°Ô µÇ¾î¼´Â ¾ÈµÈ´Ù´Â °ÍÀ»
¾È´Ù,
±×·¡¼ ±×´Â źŻ·ç½ºÀÇ °íÅëÀ» ¸Àº»´Ù,
±×¸®°í
±×ÀÇ °ÍÀ¸·Î Á¸ÀçÇÏ¸ç ±×ÀÇ °ÍÀ̾î¾ßÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ» ¿µ¿øÈ÷
°¥¸ÁÇϸ鼵µ °áÄÚ ¾òÁö ¸øÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù. |
|
The sufferings of the working classes, springing from the contradiction
between what is and what ought to be, are increased tenfold by the envy
and hatred engendered by their consciousness of it. |
³ëµ¿ÀÚ °èÃþÀÇ °íÅëµéÀº,
ÇöÀçÀÇ ¸ð½À°ú ´ç¿¬È÷
ÀÖ¾î¾ßÇÒ ¸ð½À°úÀÇ °¥µîÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ºÐÃâµÇ¾î¼,
±×µéÀÌ
±×°ÍÀ» ÀνÄÇÔÀ¸·Î¼ »ý¼ºµÇ´Â ½Ã±â¿Í Áõ¿À·Î¼ ¿¹è³ª
ÁõÆøµÈ´Ù. |
|
The laborer of the present day would not cease to suffer even if his
toil were much lighter than that of the slave of ancient times, even if he
gained an eight-hour working day and a wage of three dollars a day. For he
is working at the manufacture of things which he will not enjoy, working
not by his own will for his own benefit, but through necessity, to satisfy
the desires of luxurious and idle people in general, and for the profit of
a single rich man, the owner of a factory or workshop in particular. And
he knows that all this is going on in a world in which it is a recognized
scientific principle that labor alone creates wealth, and that to profit
by the labor of others is immoral, dishonest, and punishable by law; in a
world, moreover, which professes to believe Christ's doctrine that we
are all brothers, and that true merit and dignity is to be found in
serving one's neighbor, not in exploiting him. All this he knows, and he
cannot but suffer keenly from, the sharp contrast between what is and what
ought to be. |
Çö ½Ã´ëÀÇ ³ëµ¿ÀÚ´Â,
ºñ·Ï °í´ëÀÇ ³ë¿¹º¸´Ù °íÅëÀÌ
ÈξÀ °¡º¿öÁø´Ù°í ÇÏ´õ¶óµµ,
ºñ·Ï ÇÏ·ç¿¡ ¿©´ü½Ã°£°ú
»ï ´Þ·¯ÀÇ ÀÓ±ÝÀ» È®º¸ÇÑ´Ù°í ÇÏ´õ¶óµµ °íÅëÀ» ¸ØÃßÁö
¸øÇÒ °ÍÀÌ´Ù.
¿Ö³ÄÇÏ¸é ±×´Â ±×°¡ Áñ°Å¿ö ÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â
Á¦Ç° °øÀå¿¡¼ ÀÏÇϰí ÀÖÀ¸¸ç,
ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ À̵æÀ» À§ÇÑ ÀÏÀ»
ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ÀÇÁö¿¡ ÀÇÇÏÁö ¾Ê°í,
ÇÊ¿ä ¶§¹®¿¡,
ÀϹÝÀûÀ¸·Î
»çÄ¡½º·´°í °ÔÀ¸¸¥ »ç¶÷µéÀÇ ¿å¸ÁµéÀ» ¸¸Á·½ÃÄÑÁÖ±â
À§ÇÏ¿©,
±×¸®°í ´Ü ÇÑ ¸íÀÇ ºÎÀÚ,
Ưº°È÷ °øÀåÀ̳ª
ÀÛ¾÷ÀåÀÇ ¼ÒÀ¯ÀÚÀÇ ÀÌÀÍÀ» À§ÇÏ¿© ÀÏÇϰí ÀÖ±â
¶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù.
±×¸®°í ±×´Â ÀÌ ¸ðµç °ÍµéÀÌ ³ëµ¿¸¸ÀÌ ºÎ¸¦
¸¸µé¾î ³»¸ç,
´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷µéÀÇ ³ëµ¿À» ÂøÃëÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº
ºñµµ´öÀûÀ̸ç,
ºÎÁ¤Á÷Çϰí,
¹ýÀ¸·Î ó¹ú ¹Þ´Â´Ù´Â
ÀÎÁ¤µÈ °úÇÐÀûÀÎ ¿ø¸®ÀÎ ¼¼»ó¿¡¼ ÀϾ°í ÀÖ´Ù´Â
°ÍÀ» ¾È´Ù;
°Ô´Ù°¡ ¿ì¸®´Â ¸ðµÎ ÇüÁ¦À̸ç,
ÁøÁ¤ÇÑ
ÀåÁ¡°ú Á¸¾öÀº ÀÌ¿ôÀ» »ç¶ûÇÔ¿¡ ÀÖÀ¸¸ç,
ÂøÃëÇÔ¿¡ ÀÖÁö
¾Ê´Ù´Â ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ ±³¸®¸¦ ¹Ï´Â´Ù°í °í¹éÇÏ´Â ¼¼»ó¿¡¼
ÀϾ°í ÀÖ´Ù±Ù °ÍÀ» ¾È´Ù.
ÀÌ ¸ðµç °ÍÀ» ±×´Â ¾È´Ù,
±×¸®°í ±×´Â ÇöÀçÀÇ »óȲ°ú ¿ø·¡ µÇ¾î ÀÖ¾î¾ßÇÒ
»óȲ°úÀÇ Ã·¿¹ÇÑ ´ë¸³À¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ¿¹¸®ÇÏ°Ô °íÅë¹ÞÀ» ¼ö
¹Û¿¡ ¾ø´Ù. |
|
"According to all principles, according to all I know, and what
everyone professes," the workman says to himself, "I ought to be free,
equal to everyone else, and loved; and I am-a slave, humiliated and
hated." And he too is filled with hatred and tries to find means to
escape from his position, to shake off the enemy who is over-riding him,
and to oppress him in turn. People say, "Workmen have no business to try
to become capitalists, the poor to try to put themselves in the place of
the rich." That is a mis¡©take. The working-men and the poor would be
wrong if they tried to do so in a world in which slaves and masters were
regarded as different species created by God; but they are living in a
world which professes the faith of the Gospel, that all are alike sons of
God, and so brothers and equal. And however men may try to conceal it, one
of the first conditions of Christian life is love, not in words but in
deeds. |
¡°¸ðµç ¿ø¸®µé¿¡ ÀÇÇϸé,
³»°¡ ¾Æ´Â ¸ðµç °Í¿¡ ÀÇÇϸé,
±×¸®°í ¸ðµç »ç¶÷µéÀÌ °í¹éÇÏ´Â °Í¿¡ µû¸£¸é,¡±
³ëµ¿ÀÚ´Â ½º½º·Î¿¡°Ô ¸»ÇÑ´Ù, ¡°³ª´Â ÀÚÀ¯·Î¿ö¾ß Çϰí,
´Ù¸¥ ¾î¶² »ç¶÷µé°úµµ ÆòµîÇØ¾ß Çϸç,
±×¸®°í
»ç¶û¹Þ¾Æ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù;
±×¸®°í ³ª´Â-±¼¿å ¹Þ°í,
¹Ì¿ò¹Þ´Â
³ë¿¹ÀÌ´Ù.¡±
±×¸®°í ±× ¿ª½Ã Áõ¿À¿¡ °¡µæÂ÷¼ ±×ÀÇ
ÀÔÀåÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ µµÇÇÇÒ ¹æ¹ýµéÀ» ãÀ¸·Á Çϰí,
±×¸¦ ±ò¾Æ
¹¶°³·Á´Â ¿ø¼ö¸¦ Åо·ÁÇϸç,
¹Ý´ë·Î ±×¸¦ ¾ï¾ÐÇÏ·Á
ÇÑ´Ù.
»ç¶÷µéÀº ¸»ÇÑ´Ù, ¡°³ëµ¿ÀÚµéÀº ÀÚº»°¡µéÀÌ
µÇ·Á°í ½ÃµµÇϸç,
°¡³ÇÑ ÀÚµéÀÌ ºÎÀÚµéÀÇ À§Ä¡¿¡
µé¾î¼³ ÀÌÀ¯°¡ ¾ø´Ù.¡±
³ë¿¹µé°ú ÁÖÀεéÀÌ Çϳª´Ô¿¡
ÀÇÇØ¼ ´Ù¸¥ Á¾Á·À¸·Î âÁ¶µÈ °ÍÀ¸·Î ¿©±â´Â ¼¼»ó¿¡¼
±×µéÀÌ ±×·¸°Ô ½ÃµµÇÑ´Ù¸é,
ÀÏÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷µé°ú °¡³ÇÑ
ÀÚµéÀÌ Æ²¸° °ÍÀÏ °ÍÀÌ´Ù;
±×·¯³ª ±×µéÀº,
¸ðµç
»ç¶÷µéÀº ¶È±ùÀÌ Çϳª´ÔÀÇ ¾ÆµéµéÀ̸ç,
±×·¯¹Ç·Î
ÇüÁ¦µéÀÌ°í ÆòµîÇÏ´Ù´Â,
º¹À½¼ÀÇ ½Å¾ÓÀ» °í¹éÇÏ´Â
¼¼»ó¿¡ »ì°í ÀÖ´Ù.
±×¸®°í »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ¾Æ¹«¸® ±×°ÍÀ»
¼û±â·ÁÇÏ´õ¶óµµ,
±âµ¶±³ÀÎÀÇ Ã¹¹øÂ° Á¶°ÇµéÀÇ Çϳª´Â
»ç¶ûÀ̸ç,
¸»·Î¼°¡ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ÇàÇÔÀ¸·Î¼ÀÌ´Ù. |
|
The man of the so-called educated classes lives in still more glaring
inconsistency and suffering. Every educated man, if he believes in
anything, believes in the brotherhood of all men, or at least he has a
sentiment of humanity, or else of justice, or else he believes in science.
And all the while he knows that his whole life is framed on principles in
direct opposition to it all, to all the principles of Christi¡©anity,
humanity, justice, and science. |
¼ÒÀ§ ±³À°¹ÞÀº °èÃþµéÀº ÈξÀ ´õ ½É°¢ÇÑ ¸ð¼ø°ú
°íÅë¿¡ »ê´Ù.
Á¦°¢±âÀÇ ±³¾çÀÖ´Â »ç¶÷Àº,
±×°¡
¹«¾ùÀΰ¡¸¦ ¹Ï´Â´Ù¸é,
¸ðµç »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ÇüÁ¦ÀÓÀ» ¹ÏÀ¸¸ç,
Àû¾îµµ ±×´Â Àηù¾Ö,
¶Ç´Â Á¤ÀÇÀÇ °¨Á¤À» °¡Áö°í Àְųª,
±×´Â °úÇÐÀ» ¹Ï´Â´Ù.
±×¸®°í ³»³» ±×ÀÇ Àüü »îÀº ±×°Í
¸ðµÎ¿¡,
±âµ¶±³,
Àηù¾Ö,
Á¤ÀÇ,
±×¸®°í °úÇÐÀÇ ¸ðµç
¿ø¸®µé¿¡ Á÷Á¢ÀûÀ¸·Î ´ëÄ¡µÇ´Â ¿ø¸® À§¿¡ Çü¼ºµÇ¾î
ÀÖÀ½À» ¾Ë°í ÀÖ´Ù. |
|
He knows that all the habits in which he has been brought up, and which
he could not give up without suffering, can only be satisfied through the
exhausting, often fatal, toil of oppressed laborers, that is, through the
most obvious and brutal violation of the principles of Christianity,
humanity, and justice, and even of science (that is, economic science). He
advocates the principles of fraternity, humanity, justice, and science,
and yet he lives so that he is dependent on the oppression of the working
classes, which he denounces, and his whole life is based on the advantages
gained by their oppression. Moreover he is directing every effort to main¡©taining
this state of things so flatly opposed to all his beliefs. |
±×°¡ ¾çÀ°µÇ¾î ¿ÔÀ¸¸ç,
±×°¡ °íÅë¾øÀÌ´Â Æ÷±âÇÒ ¼ö
¾ø¾ú´ø ¸ðµç ½À°üµéÀº ¾ï¾Ð¹Þ´Â ³ëµ¿ÀÚµéÀÇ ¿ÀÁ÷ ÇǸ¦
¸»¸®¸ç,
ÈçÈ÷ Ä¡¸íÀûÀÎ °í¿ªµé·Î¼,
Áï,
±âµ¶±³,
Àηù¾Ö,
±×¸®°í Á¤ÀÇ,
±×¸®°í ½ÉÁö¾î °úÇÐ(Áï,
°æÁ¦°úÇÐ)ÀÇ
¿ø¸®µéÀ» °¡Àå ¸í¹éÇϰí ÀÜÀÎÇÏ°Ô ¹üÇϹǷνá,
¸¸Á·µÇ¾î Áú ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.
±×´Â ÇüÁ¦¾Ö,
Àηù¾Ö,
Á¤ÀÇ,
±×¸®°í °úÇÐÀÇ ¿ø¸®µéÀ» ¿ËÈ£ÇÑ´Ù,
±×·¯³ª ±×´Â ±×°¡
ºñ³Çϰí ÀÖ´Â ³ëµ¿ÇÏ´Â °è±ÞµéÀÇ ¾ï¾Ð¿¡ ÀÇÁ¸Çϸç,
±×ÀÇ Àüü »îÀº ±×µéÀÇ ¾ï¾ÐÀ¸·Î ¾ò¾îÁö´Â ÀÌÀ͵鿡
±Ù°Å¸¦ µÎ°í »ì°í ÀÖ´Ù.
°Ô´Ù°¡ ±×´Â ¸ðµç ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ
¹ÏÀ½µé¿¡ ³Ê¹«³ª ³ë°ñÀûÀ¸·Î ¹Ý´ëµÇ´Â Çö»óµéÀÇ ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ
»óŸ¦ Áö¼ÓÇÏ·Á°í ¸ðµç ³ë·ÂµéÀ» ½ñ¾Æ³Ö°í ÀÖÀ½À»
±×´Â ¾È´Ù. |
|
We are all brothers-and yet every morning a brother or a sister must
empty the bedroom slops for me. We are all brothers, but every morning I
must have a cigar, a sweet¡©meat, an ice, and such things, which my
brothers and sisters have been wasting their health in manufacturing, and
I en¡©joy these things and demand them. We are all brothers, yet I live by
working in a bank, or mercantile house, or shop at making all goods dearer
for my brothers. We are all brothers, but I live on a salary paid me for
prosecuting, judging, and condemning the thief or the prostitute whose
existence the whole tenor of my life tends to bring about, and who I know
ought not to be punished but reformed. We are all brothers, but I live on
the salary I gain by collecting taxes from needy laborers to be spent on
the luxur¡©ies of the rich and idle. We are all brothers, but I take a
stipend for preaching a false Christian religion, which I do not myself
believe in, and which only serves to hinder men from understanding true
Christianity. I take a stipend as priest or bishop for deceiving men in
the matter of the greatest importance to them. We are all brothers, but I
will not give the poor the benefit of my educational, medical, or literary
labors except for money. We are all brothers, yet I take a salary for
being ready to commit murder, for teaching men to murder, or making
firearms, gunpowder, or fortifications. |
¿ì¸®´Â ¸ðµÎ ÇüÁ¦µéÀÌ´Ù-±×·¯³ª ¸ÅÀÏ ¾ÆÄ§ ÇüÁ¦³ª
ÀڸŰ¡ ³ª¸¦ À§ÇØ Ä§´ëÀÇ ¿À¹°À» Ä¡¿ö¾ß ÇÑ´Ù.
¿ì¸®´Â
ÇüÁ¦µéÀÌ´Ù,
±×·¯³ª ¸ÅÀÏ ¾ÆÄ§ ³ª´Â ´ã¹è ÇÑ´ë,
»çÅÁ°úÀÚ,
¾óÀ½,
±×¸®°í ±×·± °ÍµéÀ» ÃëÇϰí ÀÖÀ¸¸ç,
±×°ÍµéÀº ³ªÀÇ ÇüÁ¦ ÀڸŵéÀÌ ±×°ÍµéÀ» »ý»êÇÏ´À¶ó°í
±×µéÀÇ °Ç°À» ÀҾ°í ÀÖ´Ù,
±×¸®°í ³ª´Â À̰͵éÀ»
Áñ±â°í ±×°ÍµéÀ» ¿ä±¸ÇÑ´Ù.
¿ì¸®´Â ¸ðµÎ ÇüÁ¦µéÀÌ´Ù,
±×·¯³ª ³ª´Â ÀºÇà¿¡¼,
¹éÈÁ¡¿¡¼,
¶Ç´Â ³ªÀÇ
ÇüÁ¦µé¿¡°Ô ³Ê¹«³ª ¼ÒÁßÇÑ »óǰµéÀ» ¸¸µå´Â °¡°Ô¿¡¼
ÀÏÇÏ¸é¼ »ê´Ù.
¿ì¸®´Â ¸ðµÎ ÇüÁ¦µéÀÌ´Ù,
±×·¯³ª ³ª´Â
³ªÀÇ ¸ðµç »îÀÇ ½ÅÁ¶°¡ ±×µéÀÇ Á¸À縦 ÃÊ·¡ÇÏ´Â µµµÏ
¶Ç´Â â³à¸¦ ±â¼ÒÇϰí,
ÀçÆÇÇϸç,
¼±°íÇÔÀ¸·Î½á
ÁÖ¾îÁö´Â ºÀ±ÞÀ¸·Î »ê´Ù,
±×¸®°í ±×µéÀº ó¹úµÇ¾î¼´Â
¾ÈµÇ¸ç ±³ÈµÇ¾î¾ß ÇÔÀ» ³ª´Â ¾È´Ù.
¿ì¸®´Â ¸ðµÎ
ÇüÁ¦µéÀÌ´Ù,
±×·¯³ª ³ª´Â ºÎÀÚµé°ú °ÔÀ¸¸¥ ÀÚµéÀÇ
»çÄ¡¿¡ »ç¿ëµÇ¾îÁú ¼¼±ÝµéÀ» ³ëµ¿ÀÚµé·ÎºÎÅÍ Â¡¼öÇϸç
»ê´Ù.
¿ì¸®´Â ¸ðµÎ ÇüÁ¦µéÀÌ´Ù,
±×·¯³ª ³ª´Â °ÅÁþ
±âµ¶±³ Á¾±³¸¦ ¼³±³ÇÏ´Â ºÀ±ÞÀ» ¹Þ´Â´Ù,
±×¸®°í ±×°ÍÀ»
³ªÀڽŵµ ¹ÏÁö ¾ÊÀ¸¸ç,
±×°ÍÀº ¿ÀÁ÷ »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ÁøÁ¤ÇÑ
±âµ¶±³¸¦ ±ú´Ý´Â °ÍÀ» ¹æÇØÇÒ »ÓÀÌ´Ù.
³ª´Â »çÁ¦³ª
ÁÖ±³·Î¼ ±×µé¿¡°Ô °¡Àå Áß¿äÇÑ ¹®Á¦¿¡ ´ëÇÏ¿©
»ç¶÷µéÀ» ¼ÓÀÓÀ¸·Î½á ºÀ±ÞÀ» ¹Þ´Â´Ù.
¿ì¸®´Â ¸ðµÎ
ÇüÁ¦µéÀÌ´Ù,
±×·¯³ª ³ª´Â ±ÝÀüÀ» À§ÇÑ °æ¿ì¸¦
Á¦¿ÜÇϰí´Â °¡³ÇÑ »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô ³ªÀÇ ±³À°ÀÇ,
ÀÇ·áÀÇ,
¶Ç´Â ¹®ÇÐÀûÀÎ ¼ö°íµéÀ» ÁÖÁö ¾ÊÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù.
¿ì¸®´Â ¸ðµÎ
ÇüÁ¦µéÀÌ´Ù,
±×·¯³ª ³ª´Â »ìÀÎÀ» ÇÒ Áغñ¸¦ Çϰí
ÀÖÀ½À¸·Î½á,
»ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô »ìÀÎÀ» °¡¸£Ä¡°Å³ª,
¹«±â,
Ⱦà,
¶Ç´Â ¿ä»õµéÀ» ¸¸µé°Ô ÇÔÀ¸·Î½á ºÀ±ÞÀ» ¹Þ´Â´Ù. |
|
The whole life of the upper classes is a constant incon¡©sistency. The
more delicate a man's conscience is, the more painful this contradiction
is to him. A man of sensitive conscience cannot but suffer if he lives
such a life. The only means by which he can escape from this suffering is
by blunting his conscience, but even if some men succeed in dulling their
conscience they cannot dull their fears. |
»ó·ù °è±ÞµéÀÇ Àüü »îÀº ²÷ÀÓ¾ø´Â ºÒÀÏÄ¡ÀÌ´Ù.
»ç¶÷ÀÇ ¾ç½ÉÀÌ ¼¶¼¼ÇÒ ¼ö·Ï,
±×¿¡°Ô ÀÖ¾î¼ ÀÌ·± ¸ð¼øÀº
´õ¿í ´õ °íÅ뽺·´´Ù.
¹Î°¨ÇÑ ¾ç½ÉÀ» Áö½Å »ç¶÷Àº ±×·¯ÇÑ
»îÀ» ¿µÀ§ÇÑ´Ù¸é °íÅë¹ÞÀ» ¼ö ¹Û¿¡ ¾ø´Ù.
±×°¡ ÀÌ·±
°íÅëÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ Å»ÃâÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â À¯ÀÏÇÑ ¹æ¹ýµéÀº ±×ÀÇ
¾ç½ÉÀ» ¹«µð°Ô ÇÔÀ¸·Î½áÀÌ´Ù,
±×·¯³ª ºñ·Ï ¾î¶²
»ç¶÷µéÀÌ ±×µéÀÇ ¾ç½ÉÀ» µÐÇÏ°Ô Çϴµ¥ ¼º°øÇÏ´õ¶óµµ
±×µéÀÇ µÎ·Á¿òµéÀ» µÐÇÏ°Ô ÇÒ ¼ö´Â ¾ø´Ù. |
|
The men of the higher dominating classes whose con¡©science is
naturally not sensitive or has become blunted, if they don't suffer
through conscience, suffer from fear and hatred. They are bound to suffer.
They know all the hatred of them existing, and inevitably existing in the
work¡©ing classes. They are aware that the working classes know that they
are deceived and exploited, and that they are beginning to organize
themselves to shake off oppres¡©sion and revenge themselves on their
oppressors. The higher classes see the unions, the strikes, the May Day
Celebrations, and feel the calamity that is threatening them, and their
terror passes into an instinct of self-defense and hatred. They know that
if for one instant they are worsted in the struggle with their oppressed
slaves, they will perish, because the slaves are exasperated and their
exasperation is growing more intense with every day of oppression. The
oppressors, even if they wished to do so, could not make an end to
oppression. They know that they themselves will perish directly they even
relax the harshness of their oppression. And they do not relax it, in
spite of all their pretended care for the welfare of the working classes,
for the eight-hour day, for regulation of the labor of minors and of
women, for savings banks and pensions. All that is humbug, or else simply
anxiety to keep the slave fit to do his work. But the slave is still a
slave, and the master who cannot live without a slave is less disposed to
set him free than ever. |
´ç¿¬È÷ ±×µéÀÇ ¾ç½ÉÀÌ ¹Î°¨ÇÏÁö ¾Ê°Å³ª ¹¶ÅöÇϰÔ
µÇ¾î¹ö¸° ´õ¿í ³ôÀÌ¿¡¼ Áö¹èÇÏ´Â °è±ÞµéÀÇ »ç¶÷µéÀº,
¾ç½É¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼ °íÅë¹ÞÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù°í ÇÏ´õ¶óµµ,
µÎ·Á¿ò°ú
Áõ¿À·Î¼ °íÅë¹Þ´Â´Ù.
±×µéÀº °íÅë¹Þ°Ô µÇ¾î ÀÖ´Ù.
±×µéÀº Á¸ÀçÇÏ´Â,
ÇÇÇÒ ¼ö ¾øÀÌ ÀÏÇÏ´Â °è±ÞµéÀÇ
»ç¶÷µé¿¡¼ Á¸ÀçÇÏ´Â ±×µé¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¸ðµç Áõ¿ÀµéÀ» ¾È´Ù.
±×µéÀº ³ëµ¿ÇÏ´Â °è±ÞµéÀÌ ¼ÓÀÓÀ» ´çÇϸç ÂøÃë´çÇÑ´Ù´Â
°ÍÀ» ¾Ë°í ÀÖÀ¸¸ç,
±×µéÀÌ ½º½º·Î¸¦ Á¶Á÷ÈÇÏ¿© ¾ÐÁ¦¸¦
Åоî¹ö¸®°í ±×µéÀ» ¾ï¾ÐÇÏ´Â Àڵ鿡°Ô º¹¼ö¸¦ ½ÃÀÛÇϰí
ÀÖ´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ÀνÄÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù.
´õ¿í ³ôÀº °è±ÞµéÀº
³ëµ¿Á¶ÇÕ,
ÆÄ¾÷,
³ëµ¿Àý ÃàÁ¦µé º¸°í¼ ±×µéÀ» À§ÇùÇÏ´Â
Àç¾ÓµéÀ» ´À³¤´Ù,
±×¸®°í ±×µé¿¡ ´ëÇÑ °øÆ÷´Â ÀÚ±â
¹æ¾î¿Í Áõ¿ÀÀÇ º»´ÉÀ¸·Î º¯Çذ£´Ù.
¸¸ÀÏ ±×µéÀÌ ÇÑ ¼ø°£
±×µéÀÇ ¾ï¾Ð¹Þ´Â ³ë¿¹µé°úÀÇ ÅõÀï¿¡¼ Áø´Ù¸é,
±×µéÀ»
¸ê¸ÁÇÒ °ÍÀÓÀ» ¾È´Ù,
¿Ö³ÄÇÏ¸é ³ë¿¹µéÀº ºÐ³ëÇϰí
ÀÖÀ¸¸ç ±×µéÀÇ ºÐ³ë´Â ³ª³¯ÀÇ ¾ï¾ÐÀ¸·Î ´õ¿í °ÇØÁ®
°¡°í Àֱ⶧¹®ÀÌ´Ù.
¾ÐÁ¦ÀÚµé,
ºñ·Ï ±×µéÀÇ ±×·¸°Ô
Çϱ⸦ ¿øÇÑ´Ù°í ÇÏ´õ¶ó°í,
¾ÐÁ¦¸¦ ³¡³¾ ¼ö°¡ ¾ø´Ù.
±×µéÀº ½ÉÁö¾î ±×µéÀÇ ¾ÐÁ¦ÀÇ °µµ¸¦ ´ÊÃá´Ù°í
ÇÏ´õ¶óµµ °ð¹Ù·Î ±×µéÀº ¸ê¸ÁÇÒ °ÍÀÓÀ» ±×µéÀº ¾Ë°í
ÀÖ´Ù.
±×¸®°í ±×µéÀº,
³ëµ¿ °è±ÞµéÀÇ º¹Áö¿¡ ´ëÇØ¼,
¿¬¼ÒÀÚ¿Í ¿©ÀÚµéÀÇ ³ëµ¿¿¡ ´ëÇØ¼,
ÀúÃàÀºÇà°ú ¿¬±Ý¿¡
´ëÇÑ ±×µéÀÇ °ÑÄ¡·¹ÀÇ ¹è·Á¿¡µµ ºÒ±¸Çϰí,
±×°ÍÀ»
´ÊÃßÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù.
±× ¸ðµç °ÍµéÀº »çÅÁ¹ß¸²À̰ųª ¶Ç´Â
±âŸ ´Ü¼øÈ÷ ³ë¿¹µéÀÌ ±×µéÀÇ ÀÏÀ» ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖµµ·Ï
¹¾îµÎ´Â ¿°·ÁÇÔÀÌ´Ù.
±×·¯³ª ³ë¿¹´Â ¿©ÀüÈ÷ ³ë¿¹ÀÌ´Ù,
±×¸®°í ³ë¿¹ ¾øÀÌ »ì ¼ö ¾ø´Â ÁÖÀÎÀº ÀÌÀü º¸´Ù ´õ¿í
±×µé ÀÚÀ¯·ÎÀÌ ÇØÁÙ ¸¶À½ÀÌ ¾ø´Ù. |
|
The attitude of the ruling classes to the laborers is that of a man who
has felled his adversary to the earth and holds him down, not so much
because he wants to hold him down, as because he knows that if he let him
go, even for a second, he would himself be stabbed, for his adver¡©sary is
infuriated and has a knife in his hand. And there¡©fore, whether their
conscience is tender or the reverse, our rich men cannot enjoy the wealth
they have filched from the poor as the ancients did who believed in their
right to it. Their whole life and all their enjoyments are embittered
either by the stings of conscience or by terror. |
³ëµ¿Àڵ鿡 ´ëÇÑ Áö¹è°è±ÞµéÀÇ Åµµ´Â ±×ÀÇ ÀûÀ»
¶¥¿¡ ³Ñ¾î ¶ß¸®°í ±×¸¦ ºÑµé°í ÀÖ´Â »ç¶÷ÀÇ ÅµµÀÌ´Ù,
±×°ÍÀº ±×°¡ ±×µé ºÙµé°í ÀÖ°í ½Í¾î¼°¡ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó,
±×°¡
±×¸¦ ½ÉÁö¾î ÀÏÃÊ¶óµµ º¸³» Áشٸé,
±×ÀÇ ÀûÀº ¼ºÀÌ
³ªÀÖ°í ±×ÀÇ ¼Õ¿¡ Ä®À» µé°í ÀÖÀ¸¹Ç·Î,
ÀÚ½ÅÀº Âñ·Á
Á×À» °ÍÀÓÀ» ¾Ë°í Àֱ⠶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù.
±×¸®°í ±×·¯¹Ç·Î,
±×µéÀÇ ¾ç½ÉÀÌ ºÎµå·´µç ±× ¹Ý´ëÀ̵ç,
¿ì¸®ÀÇ ºÎÀÚµéÀº
¿¾³¯ »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ´ç¿¬ÇÑ ±Ç¸®·Î ¿©±â´ø °¡³ÇÑ
ÀÚµé·ÎºÎÅÍ ÈÉÄ£ Àç¹°À» Áñ±æ ¼ö°¡ ¾ø´Ù.
±×µéÀÇ Àüü
»î°ú ±×µéÀÇ Áñ°Å¿òµéÀº ¾ç½ÉÀÌ Âñ·Á¼³ª °øÆ÷·Î¼
±«·Î¿òÀ» ´çÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù. |
|
So much for the economic contradiction. The political contradiction is
even more striking. |
°æÁ¦ÀûÀÎ ¸ð¼ø¿¡ ´ëÇÑ °ÍÀº ±×¸¸ À̾߱â Çϱâ·Î ÇÏÀÚ.
Á¤Ä¡Àû ¸ð¼øÀº ÈξÀ ´õ µÎµå·¯Áø´Ù. |
|
All men are brought up to the habit of obeying the laws of the state
before everything. The whole existence of modern times is defined by laws.
A man marries and is divorced, educates his children, and even (in many
countries) professes his religious faith in accordance with the law. What
about the law then which defines our whole existence? Do men believe in
it? Do they regard it as good? Not at all. In the majority of cases people
of the present time do not believe in the justice of the law, they despise
it, but still they obey it. It was very well for the men of the ancient
world to observe their laws. They firmly believed that their law (it was
generally of a religious character) was the only just law, which everyone
ought to obey. But is it so with us? we know and cannot help knowing that
the law of our country is not the one eternal law; that it is only one of
the many laws of different countries, which are equally imperfect, often
obviously wrong and unjust, and are criticized from every point of view in
the newspapers. The Jew might well obey his laws, since he had not the
slightest doubt that God had written them with his finger; the Roman too
might well obey the laws which he thought had been dictated by the nymph
Egeria. Men might well observe the laws if they believed the Tzars who
made them were God's anointed, or even if they thought they were the
work of assemblies of lawgivers who had the power and the desire to make
them as good as possible. But we all know how our laws are made. We have
all been behind the scenes, we know that they are the product of
covetousness, trickery, and party struggles; that there is not and cannot
be any real justice in them. And so modern men cannot believe that obedi¡©ence
to civic or political laws can satisfy the demands of the reason or of
human nature. Men have long ago recog¡©nized that it is irrational to obey
a law the justice of which is very doubtful, and so they cannot but suffer
in obeying a law which they do not accept as judicious and binding. |
¹«¾ùº¸´Ù ¸ÕÀú ¸ðµç»ç¶÷µéÀº ±¹°¡ÀÇ ¹ý·ü¿¡ º¹Á¾ÇÏ´Â
½À°üÀ¸·Î Ű¿öÁ® ¿Ô´Ù.
Çö´ëÀÇ ¸ðµç Á¸Àç´Â ¹ý·ü·Î½á
Á¤ÀǵȴÙ.
»ç¶÷Àº ¹ý·ü¿¡ µû¶ó¼ °áÈ¥Çϸç ÀÌÈ¥ ´çÇϰí,
±×ÀÇ Àڳฦ ±³À°½Ã۸ç,
±×¸®°í ½ÉÁö¾î(¸¹Àº
±¹°¡µé¿¡¼)
±×ÀÇ Á¾±³Àû ½Å¾ÓÀ» °í¹éÇÑ´Ù.
±×·¸´Ù¸é
¿ì¸®ÀÇ Àüü Á¸À縦 Á¤ÀÇÇÏ´Â ¹ý·üÀº ¹«¾ùÀΰ¡?
»ç¶÷µéÀº ±×°ÍÀ» ¹Ï´Â°¡?
»ç¶÷µéÀº ±×°ÍÀ» ¼±ÇÏ´Ù°í
¿©±â´Â°¡?
ÀüÇô ±×·¸Áö ¾Ê´Ù.
Çö ½Ã´ëÀÇ ´ëºÎºÐÀÇ
»ç¶÷µé¿¡ ÀÖ¾î¼,
¹ýÀÇ Á¤ÀǸ¦ ¹ÏÁö ¾ÊÀ¸¸ç,
±×°ÍÀ»
°æ¸êÇÑ´Ù,
±×·¯³ª ¾ÆÁ÷µµ ±×µéÀº º¹Á¾Çϰí ÀÖ´Ù.
¿¾³¯
¼¼»óÀÇ »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ±×µéÀÇ ¹ý·üÀ» µû¸£´Â °ÍÀº ³Ê¹«³ª
´ç¿¬Çß´Ù.
±×µéÀº ±×µéÀÇ ¹ý·ü(±×°ÍÀº ÀϹÝÀûÀ¸·Î
Á¾±³ÀûÀÎ ¼º°ÝÀ» ¶ì°í ÀÖ¾ú´Âµ¥)ÀÌ À¯ÀÏÇÏ°Ô Á¤´çÇÑ
¹ýÀ̸ç,
±×°ÍÀº ¸ðµç »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ÁöÄѾßÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ¸·Î
¹Ï¾ú´Ù.
±×·¯³ª ¿ì¸®¿¡°Ôµµ ±×°ÍÀÌ ±×·¯ÇѰ¡?
¿ì¸®´Â
¿ì¸®±¹°¡ÀÇ ¹ý·üÀÌ ¿µ¿øÇÑ ¹ýÀÌ ¾Æ´ÔÀ» ¾Ë°í ÀÖÀ¸¸ç
¾ËÁö ¾ÊÀ» ¼ö°¡ ¾ø´Ù;
±×°ÍÀº ¿ÀÁ÷ ´Ù¾çÇÑ ±¹°¡µéÀÇ
¸¹À» ¹ý·üµé ÁßÀÇ ÇϳªÀ̸ç,
±×°ÍµéÀº ¶È°°ÀÌ
ºÒ¿ÏÀüÇϰí,
ÈçÈ÷ ¸í¹éÇÏ°Ô À߸øµÇ¾úÀ¸¸ç ºÎ´çÇϸç,
½Å¹®µé¿¡¼ ´Ù¾çÇÑ °üÁ¡¿¡¼ ºñ³¹Þ°í ÀÖ´Ù.
À¯ÅÂÀÎÀº,
Çϳª´ÔÀÌ ±×ÀÇ ¼ÕÀ¸·Î ¹ý·üÀ» ±â·ÏÇÏ¿´À½À» ÀüÇô
ÀǽÉÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀ¸¹Ç·Î,
±×ÀÇ ¹ý·üµéÀ» Àß Áöų °ÍÀÌ´Ù;
·Î¸¶Àεµ ¿äÁ¤ ÀÌÁ¦¸®¾Æ°¡ Áö½ÃÇØÁÖ¾ú´Ù°í »ý°¢ÇÏ´Â
¹ý·üµéÀ» Àß Áöų °ÍÀÌ´Ù.
»ç¶÷µéÀº ¹ý·üµéÀ» ¸¸µç
ȲÁ¦°¡ Çϳª´ÔÀÇ ±â¸§ºÎÀº ÀÚ¶ó´Â °ÍÀ» ¹Ï´Â´Ù¸é,
½ÉÁö¾î ±×µéÀÌ »ý°¢Çϱ⿡ ±×°ÍµéÀ» °¡´ÉÇÑ ¼±ÇϰÔ
¸¸µå·Á´Â ´É·Â°ú ¿å±¸¸¦ Áö´Ñ ÀÔ¹ý°¡µéÀÇ È¸ÀÇÀÇ
³ë·ÂÀ̶ó¸é ±×°ÍµéÀ» Àß Áöų °ÍÀÌ´Ù.
±×·¯³ª ¿ì¸®´Â
¸ðµÎ ¹ý·üµéÀÌ ¾î¶»°Ô ¸¸µé¾îÁö´Â Áö ¾Ë°í ÀÖ´Ù.
¿ì¸®´Â
¸ðµÎ ¸·ÀÇ µÚÆí¿¡ ÀÖÀ¸¸ç,
±×°ÍµéÀº Ž¿å,
¼ÓÀÓ¼ö,
±×¸®°í ´çÀïµéÀÇ ¼Ò»êÀÓÀ» ¾Ë°í ÀÖ´Ù;
Áï ±×°Íµé¿¡´Â
¾î¶²ÇÑ ÁøÁ¤ÇÑ Á¤Àǵµ ÀÖÁö ¾ÊÀ¸¸ç ÀÖÀ» ¼öµµ ¾ø´Ù´Â
°ÍÀ» ¾È´Ù.
±×¸®°í Çö´ëÀεéÀº ±×·¯¹Ç·Î ½Ã¹Î¹ýÀ̳ª
Á¤Ä¡¹ýµé¿¡ º¹Á¾ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ À̼ºÀ̳ª Àΰ£ º»¼ºÀÇ
¿ä±¸µéÀ» ¸¸Á·½Ãų ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ¹ÏÀ» ¼ö°¡ ¾ø´Ù.
»ç¶÷µéÀº ¿À·¡ ÀüºÎÅÍ Á¤Àǰ¡ ¸Å¿ì Àǽɽº·¯¿î ¹ý·ü¿¡
º¹Á¾ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº ºñÀ̼ºÀûÀ̶ó´Â °ÍÀ» ÀνÄÇÏ¿´´Ù,
±×¸®°í ±×·¯¹Ç·Î ±×µéÀÌ ÆÇ´Ü°¡´ÉÇÏ¸ç ±¸¼Ó·ÂÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù°í
¹Þ¾ÆµéÀÌÁö ¾Ê´Â ¹ý·üÀ» º¹Á¾ÇÏ¸é¼ °íÅë¹ÞÁö ¾ÊÀ»
¼ö°¡ ¾ø´Ù. |
|
A man cannot but suffer when his whole life is defined beforehand for
him by laws, which he must obey under threat of punishment, though he does
not believe in their wisdom or justice, and often clearly perceives their
injustice, cruelty, and artificiality. |
¹ý·ü¿¡ ÀÇÇÏ¿© »çÀü¿¡ ±×ÀÇ ¸ðµç »îÀÌ Á¤Àǵǰí,
ºñ·Ï
±×µé ¹ý·üµéÀÇ ÁöÇý³ª Á¤ÀǸ¦ ¹ÏÁö ¾ÊÀ¸¸ç,
ÈçÈ÷µé
¸í¹éÇÏ°Ô ±×°ÍµéÀÇ ºÎ´çÇÔ,
ÀÜÀÎÇÔ ±×¸®°í ÀÎÀ§¼ºÀ»
±ú´Ý°í ÀÖÀ½¿¡µµ,
±×´Â ±×°ÍÀ» ó¹úÀ̶ó´Â À§Çù¾Æ·¡¼
º¹Á¾ÇÏ¿©¾ß ÇÒ ¶§¿¡,
±×´Â °íÅë¹ÞÁö ¾ÊÀ» ¼ö°¡ ¾ø´Ù. |
|
We recognize the uselessness of customs and import duties, and are
obliged to pay them. We recognize the uselessness of the expenditure on
the maintenance of the Court and other members of Government, and we
regard the teaching of the Church as injurious, but we are obliged to bear
our share of the expenses of these institutions. We regard the punishments
inflicted by law as cruel and shameless, but we must assist in supporting
them. We regard as unjust and pernicious the distribution of landed
property, but we are obliged to submit to it. We see no necessity for wars
and armies, but we must bear terribly heavy burdens in support of troops
and war expenses. |
¿ì¸®´Â ¼¼°ü°ú ¼öÀÔ°ü¼¼ÀÇ ¹«ÀÍÇÔÀ» ¾È´Ù ±×¸®°í
±×°ÍµéÀ» ÁöºÒÇØ¾ß¸¸ ÇÑ´Ù.
¿ì¸®´Â ¹ýÁ¤°ú ±âŸ Á¤ºÎÀÇ
±â°üµéÀÇ À¯Áö¿¡ °üÇÑ ÁöÃâÀÇ ¹«ÀÍÇÔÀ» ÀνÄÇÑ´Ù,
±×¸®°í ¿ì¸®´Â ±³È¸ÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§À» ÇØ·Ó´Ù°í ¿©±ä´Ù,
±×·¯³ª ¿ì¸®´Â ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ±â°üµéÀÇ ÁöÃâµé¿¡ ¿ì¸®ÀÇ ¸òÀ»
Á®¾ßÇÒ Àǹ«¸¦ °¡Áø´Ù.
¿ì¸®´Â ¹ý·ü¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ Ã³¹úµéÀÌ
ÀÜÀÎÇÏ¸ç ÆÄ·ÅÄ¡ÇÏ´Ù°í ¿©±ä´Ù,
±×·¯³ª ¿ì¸®´Â
±×°ÍµéÀ» ÁöÁöÇÔ¿¡ ÀÖ¾î¼ ¹Ýµå½Ã Çù·ÂÇØ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù.
¿ì¸®´Â ¼ÒÀ¯ÁöÀÇ ºÐ¹è°¡ ºÎ´çÇÏ¸ç ³ª»Ú´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ¾È´Ù,
±×·¯³ª ¿ì¸®´Â ±×°Í¿¡ º¹Á¾ÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀ» ¼ö°¡ ¾ø´Ù.
¿ì¸®´Â
ÀüÀïµé°ú ±º´ëµé¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¾Æ¹«·± Çʿ並 ´À³¢Áö ¾Ê´Â´Ù,
±×·¯³ª ¿ì¸®´Â ±º´ëµé°ú ÀüÀïºñ¿ëµé¿¡ ³Ê¹«³ªµµ ¹«°Å¿î
ÁüµéÀ» Á®¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. |
|
But this contradiction is nothing in comparison with the contradiction
which confronts us when we turn to interna¡©tional questions, and which
demands a solution under pain of the loss of the sanity and even the
existence of the human race. That is the contradiction between the Chris¡©tian
conscience and war. |
±×·¯³ª ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ¸ð¼øÀº ¿ì¸®°¡ ±¹Á¦ÀûÀÎ ¹®Á¦µé¿¡
¹æÇâÀ» µ¹¸± ¶§ ¿ì¸®¸¦ ¸ÂÀÌÇϰí ÀÖ´Â ¸ð¼ø¿¡ ºñÇϸé
¾Æ¹«°Íµµ ¾Æ´Ï´Ù,
±×¸®°í ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ¹®Á¦µéÀº,
°ÇÀüÇÑ
ÆÇ´Ü°ú ½ÉÁö¾î ÀηùÀÇ Á¸ÀçÀÇ »ó½ÇÀÇ °íÅë¾Æ·¡ ÇØ´äÀ»
¿ä±¸ÇÑ´Ù.
±×°ÍÀÌ ±âµ¶±³ÀûÀÎ ¾ç½É°ú ÀüÀï »çÀÌÀÇ
¸ð¼øÀÌ´Ù. |
|
We are all Christian nations living the same spiritual life, so that
every noble and pregnant thought, springing up at one end of the world, is
at once communicated to the whole of Christian humanity and evokes
everywhere the same emotion of pride and rejoicing without distinction of
nationalities. We who love thinkers, philanthropists, poets, and
scientific men of foreign origin, and are as proud of the exploits of
Father Damien as if he were one of our¡©selves, we, who have a simple love
for men of foreign nationalities, Frenchmen, Germans, Americans, and Eng¡©lishmen,
who respect their qualities, are glad to meet them and make them so warmly
welcome, cannot regard war with them as anything heroic. We cannot even
imagine without horror the possibility of a disagreement between these
people and ourselves which would call for reciprocal murder. Yet we are
all bound to take a hand in this slaughter which is bound to come to pass
to-morrow- if not to-day. |
¿ì¸®´Â ¸ðµÎ ¶È°°Àº ¿µÀûÀÎ »îÀ» »ç´Â ±âµ¶±³ÀûÀÎ
¹ÎÁ·µéÀÌ´Ù,
±×·¡¼ ¸ðµç °í±ÍÇÏ¸ç »ó»ó·ÂÀÌ Ç³ºÎÇÑ
»ç»óµéÀÌ,
¼¼»óÀÇ ÇÑ ÂÊ ³¡¿¡¼ ÀϾ¼,
´çÀå¿¡ Àüü
±âµ¶±³ Àηùµé¿¡°Ô ÀüÆÄµÇ°í ±¹ÀûÀÇ ±¸º°¾øÀÌ
¾îµð¿¡¼³ª ¶È°°Àº Àںνɰú Áñ°Å¿òÀÇ °¨Á¤À» ºÒ·¯
ÀÏÀ¸Å²´Ù.
¼·Î ´Ù¸¥ ±¹ÀûÀÇ »ç»ó°¡µé,
¹Ú¾ÖÁÖÀÇÀÚµé,
½ÃÀÎµé ±×¸®°í °úÇÐÀÚµéÀ» »ç¶ûÇϸç,
½ÅºÎ ´Ù¹Ì¿£ ÀÌ
¸¶Ä¡ ¿ì¸® ÀÚ½ÅÀÎ °Íó·³ ±×ÀÇ °øÀûÀ» ÀÚ¶û½º·¯¿öÇÏ´Â
¿ì¸®´Â,
´Ù¸¥ ±¹ÀûÀÇ »ç¶÷µé,
Áï,
ÇÁ¶û½ºÀÎµé µ¶ÀÏÀεé,
¹Ì±¹Àεé,
±×¸®°í ¿µ±¹Àε鿡 ´ëÇÑ ´Ü¼øÇÑ »ç¶ûÀ»
°¡Áö¸ç,
±×µéÀÇ Ç°¼ºÀ» Á¸ÁßÇϸç,
±×µéÀ» ±â²¨ÀÌ ¸Â¾Æ
µéÀÌ¸ç ±×µéÀÌ µû¶æÇÏ°Ô È¯¿µÇÏ°Ô ÇÏ´Â ¿ì¸®´Â,
±×µé°úÀÇ ÀüÀïÀ» °áÄÚ ¿µ¿õÀûÀÎ °ÍÀ¸·Î ¿©±âÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù.
¿ì¸®´Â »óÈ£°£¿¡ Á×À½À» ºÒ·¯¿Ã ÀÌ »ç¶÷µé°ú ¿ì¸®µé
»çÀÌÀÇ ºÒÈÀÇ °¡´É¼ºÀ» °øÆ÷¾øÀÌ »ó»óÇÒ ¼ö°¡ ¾ø´Ù.
±×·¯³ª ¿ì¸®´Â ¸ðµÎ ¿À´ÃÀº ¾Æ´ÒÁö¶óµµ ³»ÀÏ ¹Ýµå½Ã
°ÅÃľßÇÏ´Â ÀÌ·± »ì·ú¿¡ ¼ÕÀ» ´ë¾î¾ß¸¸ ÇÑ´Ù. |
|
It was very well for the Jew, the Greek, and the Roman to defend the
independence of his nation by murder. For he piously believed that his
people was the only true, fine, and good people dear to God, and all the
rest were Philis¡©tines, barbarians. Men of mediaeval times-even up to the
end of the last and beginning of this century-might con¡©tinue to hold
this belief. But however much we work upon ourselves we cannot believe it.
And this contradiction for men of the present day has become so full of
horror that without its solution life is no longer possible. |
À¯ÅÂÀÎ,
±×¸®½ºÀÎ,
±×¸®°í ·Î¸¶ÀÎÀÌ »ìÀÎÀ» ÅëÇÏ¿©
ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ¹ÎÁ·ÀÇ µ¶¸³À» ¼öÈ£ÇÔÀº ¸Å¿ì ÀßÇÏ´Â ÀÏÀ̾ú´Ù.
¿Ö³ÄÇÏ¸é ±×´Â ±×ÀÇ ¹é¼ºµéÀÌ Çϳª´ÔÀÌ ¼ÒÁßÈ÷ ¿©±â´Â
À¯ÀÏÇÏ°Ô Áø½ÇµÇ¸ç,
ÈǸ¢ÇÏ°í ¼±ÇÏ¸ç ¸ðµç ³ª¸ÓÁö
»ç¶÷µéÀº ¼Ó¹°µéÀÌ¸ç ¾ß¸¸ÀεéÀ̶ó´Â °ÍÀ» Ãæ½ÇÈ÷
¹Ï¾ú±â ¶§¹®À̾ú´Ù.
Áß¼¼ ½Ã´ë-½ÉÁö¾î Áß¼¼½Ã´ëÀÇ
¸¶Áö¸· °ú ÀÌ ¼¼±â ½ÃÀÛ±îÁöµµ-ÀÇ »ç¶÷µéÀº ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ
¹ÏÀ½À» °è¼ÓÇÏ¿© Áö´Ï°í ÀÖÀ¸·Á ÇÏ¿´´Ù.
±×·¯³ª ¿ì¸®°¡
¾Æ¹«¸® ¸¹ÀÌ ¿ì¸® Àڽŵ鿡 ´ëÇÏ¿© ¾Ö¸¦ ¾²´õ¶óµµ
¿ì¸®´Â ±×°ÍÀ» ¹ÏÀ» ¼ö°¡ ¾ø´Ù.
±×¸®°í Çö ½Ã´ëÀÇ
»ç¶÷µé¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÀÌ ¸ð¼øÀº ³Ê¹«³ª µÎ·Á¿òÀ¸·Î °¡µæÂ÷¼
±× ÇØ´ä ¾øÀÌ´Â »îÀº ´õÀÌ»ó °¡´ÉÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø´Ù. |
|
"We live in a time which is full of inconsistencies," writes Count
Komarovsky, the professor of international law, in his learned treatise.
"The press of all countries is continually expressing the universal
desire for peace, and the general sense of its necessity for all nations. |
¡°¿ì¸®´Â ¸ð¼ø Åõ¼ºÀÌ ½Ã´ë¿¡ »ì°í ÀÖ´Ù.¡±
¶ó°í
±¹Á¦¹ý ±³¼öÀÎ ÄÚ¸¶·ÎÇÁ½ºÅ° ¹éÀÛÀº ±×ÀÇ ¹Ú½ÄÇÑ
³í¹®¿¡¼ ¾²°í ÀÖ´Ù. ¡°¸ðµç ±¹°¡µéÀÇ ¾ð·ÐµéÀº
Áö¼ÓÀûÀ¸·Î ÆòÈ¿Í ¸ðµç ±¹°¡µéÀ» À§ÇÑ ÆòÈÀÇ
Çʿ伺¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÀϹÝÀûÀÎ Àǹ̿¡ ´ëÇÑ Èñ¸ÁÀ»
Áö¼ÓÀûÀ¸·Î Ç¥ÇöÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù. |
|
"Representatives of governments, private persons, and official organs
say the same thing; it is repeated in parlia¡©mentary debates, diplomatic
correspondence, and even in state treaties. At the same time governments
are increas¡©ing the strength of their armies every year, levying fresh
taxes, raising loans, and leaving as a bequest to future generations the
duty of repairing the blunders of the senseless policy of the present.
What a striking contrast between words and deeds! Of course governments
will plead in justification of these measures that all their ex¡©penditure
and armament are exclusively for purposes of defense. But it remains a
mystery to every disinterested man whence they can expect attacks if all
the great powers are single-hearted in their policy, in pursuing nothing
but self-defense. In reality it looks as if each of the great powers were
every instant anticipating an attack on the part of the others. And this
results in a general feeling of insecurity and superhuman efforts on the
part of each government to increase their forces beyond those of the other
powers. Such a competition of itself increases the danger of war. Nations
cannot endure the constant in¡©crease of armies for long, and sooner or
later they will prefer war to all the disadvantages of their present posi¡©tion
and the constant menace of war. Then the most trifling pretext will be
sufficient to throw the whole of Europe into the fire of universal war.
And it is a mis¡©taken idea that such a crisis might deliver us from the
political and economical troubles that are crushing us. The experience of
the wars of latter years teaches us that every war has only intensified
national hatreds, made mili¡©tary burdens more crushing and insupportable,
and ren¡©dered the political and economical position of Europe more
grievous and insoluble." |
¡°Á¤ºÎµéÀÇ ´ëÇ¥ÀÚµé,
»çÀûÀÎ »ç¶÷µé,
±×¸®°í
°ø½ÄÀûÀÎ ±â°üµé¿¡¼ ¶È°°Àº °ÍÀ» ¸»Çϰí ÀÖ´Ù;
±×°ÍÀº
±¹È¸ÀÇ Åä·Ðµé,
¿Ü±³ ¼½Å ±×¸®°í ½ÉÁö¾î ±¹°¡°£ÀÇ
Çù¾àµé¿¡¼ µµ ¾ð±ÞµÇ¾î Áö°í ÀÖ´Ù.
µ¿½Ã¿¡ Á¤ºÎµéÀº
ÇØ¸¶´Ù ±×µéÀÇ ±º»ç·ÂÀ» Áõ°Çϸé¼,
»õ·Î¿î ¼¼±ÝµéÀ»
ºÎ°úÇÏ°í °øÃ¤¸¦ ¸ðÁýÇϰí,
¹Ì·¡ÀÇ ¼¼´ëµé¿¡°Ô ÇöÀçÀÇ
¾î¸®¼®Àº Á¤Ä¡ÀÇ ½ÇÃ¥µéÀ» À¯»êÀ¸·Î ¹°·ÁÁÖ°í ÀÖ´Ù.
¸»°ú Çൿ¿¡¼ ¾ó¸¶³ª ÇöÀúÇÑ Â÷À̰¡ ³ª´Â°¡!
¹°·Ð
Á¤ºÎµéÀº ±×µéÀÇ ¸ðµç ÁöÃâ°ú ÀåºñµéÀº ÀüÀûÀ¸·Î
±¹¹æÀ» À§ÇÑ °ÍÀ̶ó°í À̵é Á¶Ã³µéÀÇ Á¤´ç¼º¿¡ ´ëÇØ¼
Ç׺¯ÇÒ °ÍÀÌ´Ù.
±×·¯³ª Á¦°¢±â »ç½ÉÀÌ ¾ø´Â
»ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô´Â ¸ðµç ´ë±¹µéÀÌ ±×µéÀÇ Á¤Ã¥¿¡ ÀÖ¾î¼ ÇÑ
¸¶À½À̶ó¸é,
Áï,
´ÜÁö Àڱ⠹æ¾î¸¸À» Ãß±¸ÇÒ »ÓÀ̶ó¸é,
¾îµð¿¡¼ ħ·«À» ¿¹»óÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖÀ»Áö°¡ ÀÇȤÀ¸·Î ³²´Â´Ù.
Çö½ÇÀûÀ¸·Î °¢°¢ÀÇ °±¹µéÀº ¸Å ¼ø°£¸¶´Ù ´Ù¸¥
³ª¶óµéÀÇ Ä§·«À» ±â´ëÇϰí ÀÖ´Â °Íó·³ º¸ÀδÙ.
±×¸®°í
À̰ÍÀº °¢°¢ÀÇ Á¤ºÎ ´ç»çÀÚ¿¡°Ô ÀϹÝÀûÀÎ ºÒ¾È°¨°ú
´Ù¸¥ °±¹µéÀ» ´É°¡ÇÏ´Â ±º»ç·ÂÀ¸·Î Áõ°¡½ÃŰ·Á°í ÇÏ´Â
ÃÊÀΰ£ÀûÀÎ ³ë·ÂµéÀ» ÃÊ·¡ÇϰԵȴÙ.
±×·¯ÇÑ °æÀï
ÀÚü´Â ÀüÀïÀÇ À§ÇèÀ» Áõ°¡½ÃŲ´Ù.
±¹°¡µéÀº ²÷ÀÓ¾ø´Â
±º»ç·ÂÀÇ Áõ°À» ¿À·§µ¿¾È ¹öÅß³¾ ¼ö ¾ø´Ù,
±×¸®°í
Á¶¸¸°£¿¡ ±×µéÀº ÇöÀç »óȲÀÇ ¸ðµç ºÒ¸®ÇÔ º¸´Ùµµ
±×¸®°í ÀüÀïÀÇ ²÷ÀÓ¾ø´Â À§Çùº¸´Ùµµ ÀüÀïÀ» ¼±ÅÃÇÒ
°ÍÀÌ´Ù.
±×·¯¸é °¡Àå »ç¼ÒÇÑ ±¸½Çµµ Àüü À¯·´À» ¼¼°è
´ëÀüÀÇ È¿°¼ÓÀ¸·Î ´øÁ® ¹ö¸®±â¿¡ ÃæºÐÇÒ °ÍÀÌ´Ù.
±×¸®°í ±×·¯ÇÑ À§±â°¡ ¿ì¸®¸¦ ±ò¾Æ ¹¶°³°í ÀÖ´Â Á¤Ä¡Àû
°æÁ¦Àû °íÅëµé¿¡¼ ±¸¿øÇØ ÁÖ¸®¶ó´Â °ÍÀº À߸øµÈ
»ý°¢ÀÌ´Ù.
Áö³ª°£ ½Ã´ëÀÇ ÀüÀï¿¡ ´ëÇÑ °æÇèÀº °¢°¢ÀÇ
ÀüÀïÀÌ ¿ÀÁ÷ Áõ´ëµÈ ±¹°¡ÀÇ Áõ¿Àµé °¡Áö°Ô µÇ¾úÀ¸¸ç,
±º»çÀûÀÎ ºÎ´ãÀÌ ´õ¿í´õ ºÎ´ãÀÌ µÇ¸ç À¯ÁöÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø°Ô
¸¸µé¾úÀ¸¸ç,
À¯·´ÀÇ Á¤Ä¡Àû ¹× °æÁ¦Àû ÀÔÁö¸¦ °ßµð±â
¾î·Æ°í ÇØ°áÀÌ ¾î·Æ°Ô ¸ô¾ÆºÎÃÆ´Ù.¡± |
|
"Modern Europe keeps under arms an active army of nine millions of
men," writes Enrico Ferri, "besides fifteen millions of reserve, with
an outlay of four hundred millions of francs per annum. By continual
increase of the armed force, the sources of social and individual
prosperity are paralyzed, and the state of the modern world may be com¡©pared
to that of a man who condemns himself to wasting from lack of nutrition in
order to provide himself with arms, losing thereby the strength to use the
arms he pro¡©vides, under the weight of which he will at last succumb." |
¿£¸®ÄÚ Æä¸®´Â ±â·ÏÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù, ¡°Çö´ë À¯·´Àº
900¸¸¸íÀÇ
±º´ë¿¡´Ù°¡ 1500¸¸ ¸íÀÇ ¿¹ºñ±ºÀ» º¸À¯Çϰí ÀÖÀ¸¸ç,
ÀÌ¿¡
´ëÇÑ ¿¬°£ ÁöÃâÀº ¿¬°£ 4¾ï ÇÁ¶ûÀ̳ª µÈ´Ù.
±º»ç·ÂÀÇ
Áö¼ÓÀûÀÎ Áõ°¡¿¡ µû¶ó¼,
»çȸÀû ¹× °³ÀÎÀûÀÎ ¹ø¿µÀÇ
±Ù¿øÀÌ ¸¶ºñµÈ´Ù,
±×¸®°í Çö´ë ¼¼°èÀÇ »óÅ´ ¹«±â¸¦
ÁغñÇϱâ À§ÇØ ¿µ¾çÀ» Èñ»ýÇÔ¿¡ óÇϸç,
±×·ÎÀÎÇØ¼
±×°¡ ÁغñÇÑ ¹«±âµéÀ» »ç¿ëÇÒ ÈûÀ» ÀÒ°Ô µÇ°í,
±×°ÍÀÌ
¹«°Å¿ö¼ ¸¶Ä§³» ÁÖÀú ¾É°Ô µÇ°í ¸¶´Â »ç¶÷ÀÇ »óÅ¿Í
ºñ±³µÉ ¼ö ÀÖÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù.¡± |
|
Charles Booth, in his paper read in London before the Association for
the Reform and Codification of the Law of Nations, June 26, 1887, says the
same thing. After referring to the same number, nine millions of the
active army and fifteen millions of reserve, and the enormous expenditure
of governments on the support and arming of these forces, he says:
"These figures represent only a small part of the real cost, because
besides the recognized expenditure of the war budget of the various
nations, we ought also to take into account the enormous loss to society
involved in withdrawing from it such an immense number of its most
vigorous men, who are taken from industrial pursuits and every kind of
labor, as well as the enormous interest on the sums expended on military
preparations without any return. The inevitable result of this expenditure
on war and preparations for war is a contin¡©ually growing national debt.
The greater number of loans raised by the governments of Europe were with
a view to war. Their total sum amounts to four hundred millions sterling,
and these debts are increasing every year." |
1887³â 6¿ù 26ÀÏ ·±´ø¿¡¼ ±¹Á¦¹ý °³Çõ ¹× ¼º¹®È
Çùȸ¿¡¼ ÀÐÀº ±×ÀÇ ³í¹®¿¡¼ ¶È°°Àº °ÍÀ» ¸»Çϰí ÀÖ´Ù.
¶È°°Àº ¼ýÀÚ, 900¸¸ÀÇ Çö¿ª ±ºÀεé,
±×¸®°í 1500¸¸ÀÇ
¿¹ºñ±º,
±×¸®°í ÀÌ ¸ðµç ±º»ç·ÂÀ» Áö¿øÇϰí Çü¼ºÇϱâ
À§ÇØ Á¤ºÎÀÇ ¾öû³ ÁöÃâÀ» ¾ð±ÞÇÏ°í³ª¼,
±×´Â ¸»ÇÑ´Ù,
¡°ÀÌ ¼ýÀÚµéÀº ¿ÀÁ÷ ½ÇÁ¦ °æºñÀÇ ÀÛÀº ºÎºÐ ¸¸À» ³ªÅ¸³¾
»ÓÀÌ´Ù,
¿Ö³ÄÇÏ¸é ¿©·¯±¹°¡µéÀÌ ÀÎÁ¤Çϰí ÀÖ´Â ÀüÀï
¿¹»ê »Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó,
±×·¸°Ô ¾öû³ ¼ýÀÚÀÇ °¡Àå ¿Õ¼ºÇÑ
»ç¶÷µéÀ» »çȸ·ÎºÎÅÍ »©³ª°¨°ú °üÇöÇÏ¿© »çȸ¿¡ ³¢Ä£
¾öû³ ¼Õ½Ç°ú,
±× »ç¶÷µéÀº »ê¾÷ ÇöÀå¿¡¼ ±×¸®°í
°®°¡ÁöÀÇ ³ëµ¿À¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ºÙµé·Á °¬À¸¸ç,
±×»Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó
¹ÝȯµÉ ¼ö ¾ø´Â ±º»çÀû ºñÃà¿¡ »ç¿ëµÈ Àڱݵ鿡 ´ëÇÑ
ÀÌÀ±±îÁöµµ °í·ÁÇØ¾ß ÇÒ °ÍÀÌ´Ù.
ÀÌ·± ÀüÀï ¹×
ÀüÀïÁغñµé¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÁöÃâÀÇ ÇÇÇÒ¼ö ¾ø´Â °á°ú´Â
°è¼ÓÀûÀ¸·Î ºÒ¾î³ª´Â ±¹°¡ÀÇ ºÎäÀÌ´Ù.
À¯·´ÀÇ
Á¤ºÎµé¿¡ ÀÇÇÏ¿© µµÀÔµÈ ¸¹Àº ¼öÀÇ Â÷°üµéÀº ÀüÀïÀ»
¸ñÀûÀ¸·Î ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ̾ú´Ù.
±×µéÀÇ ÃѾ×Àº 4¾ï ½ºÅиµ¿¡
´ÞÇϸç,
ÀÌµé ºÎäµéÀº ¸Å³â Áõ°¡Çϰí ÀÖ´Ù.¡± |
|
The same Professor Komarovsky says in another place: "We live in
troubled times. Everywhere we hear com¡©plaints of the depression of trade
and manufactures, and the wretchedness of the economic position generally,
the miserable conditions of existence of the working classes, and the
universal impoverishment of the masses. But in spite of this, governments
in their efforts to maintain their independence rush to the greatest
extremes of senseless¡©ness. New taxes and duties are being devised
everywhere, and the financial oppression of the nations knows no limits.
If we glance at the budgets of the states of Europe for the last hundred
years, what strikes us most of all is their rapid and continually growing
increase. |
ÄÚ¸¶·ÎÇÁ½ºÅ° ±³¼ö´Â ´Ù¸¥ Àå¼Ò¿¡¼µµ ¸»Çϰí ÀÖ´Ù:
¡°¿ì¸®´Â È¥¶õÀÇ ½Ã´ë¿¡ »ì°í ÀÖ´Ù.
¾îµð¿¡¼³ª ¿ì¸®´Â
±³¿ª°ú Á¦Á¶ÀÇ Ä§Ã¼¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ºÒ¸¸,
ÀϹÝÀûÀÎ °æÁ¦Àû
À§Ä¡ÀÇ ºñÂüÇÔ,
³ëµ¿ÀÚ °è±ÞµéÀÇ ºÒÇàÇÑ »ýÁ¸ »óŵé,
±×¸®°í ¹ÎÁßµéÀÇ º¸ÆíÀûÀÎ °¡³¿¡ ´ëÇØ µè´Â´Ù.
±×·¯³ª
ÀÌ·¯ÇÔ¿¡µµ ºÒ±¸Çϰí,
Á¤ºÎµéÀº ±×µéÀÇ µ¶¸³À»
À¯ÁöÇϱâ À§ÇÑ ³ë·ÂÀ¸·Î À̼ºÀ» ÀÒÀº ÃֱشÜÀ¸·Î
´Þ·Á°¡°í ÀÖ´Ù.
¾îµð¿¡¼³ª »õ·Î¿î ¼¼±Ý°ú Àǹ«°¡
°í¾ÈµÇ°í,
±¹°¡µéÀÇ ÀçÁ¤ÀûÀÎ ¾ï¾ÐÀº ±× ÇѰ踦 ¸ð¸¥´Ù.
¸¸ÀÏ ¿ì¸®°¡ °ú°Å 100³â µ¿¾ÈÀÇ À¯·´±¹°¡µéÀÇ ÀçÁ¤À»
ÀϰßÇÑ´Ù¸é,
¿ì¸®¸¦ °¡Àå ³î¶ó°Ô ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº ±×°ÍµéÀÌ
ºü¸£°Ô ±×¸®°í Áö¼ÓÀûÀ¸·Î Áõ°¡Çϰí ÀÖ´Ù´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. |
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"How can we explain this extraordinary phenomenon, which sooner or
later threatens us all with inevitable bankruptcy?" |
¡°¾î¶»°Ô ¿ì¸®°¡ ÀÌ·± ¹ü»óÄ¡ ¾ÊÀº Çö»óµéÀ» ¼³¸íÇÒ
¼ö ÀÖÀ»±î,
±×°ÍÀº Á¶¸¸°£¿¡ ÇÇÇÒ ¼ö ¾øÀº ÆÄ»êÀ¸·Î¼
¿ì¸® ¸ðµÎ¸¦ À§ÇùÇÒ °ÍÀÌ ¾Æ´Ñ°¡?¡± |
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"It is caused beyond dispute by the expenditure for the maintenance
of armaments which swallows up a third and even a half of all the
expenditure of European states. And the most melancholy thing is that one
can foresee no limit to this augmentation of the budget and impoverish¡©ment
of the masses. What is socialism but a protest against this abnormal
position in which the greater proportion of the population of our world is
placed?" |
¡°±×°ÍÀº ÀǽÉÇÒ ¿©Áö ¾øÀÌ À¯·´ ±¹°¡µéÀÇ »ïºÐÀÇ ÀÏ
¶Ç´Â ½ÉÁö¾î À̺ÐÀÇ ÀÏÀ» Áý¾î »ïŰ´Â ±º»ç·Â À¯Áö¸¦
À§ÇÑ ÁöÃâ¶§¹®¿¡ ¹ß»ýÇÑ´Ù.
±×¸®°í °¡Àå ¿ì¿ïÇÑ °ÍÀº
ÀÌ·± ¿¹»êÀÇ Áõ°¡¿Í ´ëÁßµéÀÇ ºó°ïÀÌ ±× ³¡À» ¿¹ÃøÇÒ ¼ö
¾ø´Ù´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù.
¿ì¸® ¼¼°èÀÇ ³Ê¹«³ª ¸¹Àº Àα¸µéÀÌ
Ã³ÇØÀÖ´Â ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ºñÁ¤»óÀûÀÎ »óȲ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÀúÇ×ÀÌ ¹Ù·Î
»çȸÁÖÀǰ¡ ¾Æ´Ï´ø°¡?¡± |
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"We are ruining ourselves," says Frederick Passy in a letter read
before the last Congress of Universal Peace (in 1890) in London, "we are
ruining ourselves in order to be able to take part in the senseless wars
of the future or to pay the interest on debts we have incurred by the
sense¡©less and criminal wars of the past. We are dying of hunger so as to
secure the means of killing each other." |
¡°¿ì¸®´Â ½º½º·Î¸¦ ÆÄ¸ê½Ã۰í ÀÖ´Ù,¡±
¶ó°í (1890³â)
·±´ø¿¡¼ÀÇ ¸¶Áö¸· ¸¸±¹ ÆòÈȸÀÇ¿¡¼ ÀÐÀº ¼ÇÑ¿¡¼
ÇÁ·¹µå¸¯ ÆÄ½Ã´Â ¸»ÇÑ´Ù, ¡°¿ì¸®´Â ¹Ì·¡ÀÇ Á¦Á¤½ÅÀÌ
¾Æ´Ñ ÀüÀï¿¡ Âü°¡ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖµµ·ÏÇϱâ À§ÇÏ¿© °ú°Å¿¡
Á¦Á¤½ÅÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¸ç ¹üÁËÀûÀÎ ÀüÀïµé·Î¼ ¿ì¸®°¡ ¾ß±âÇÑ
ºÎä¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÀÌÀÚ¸¦ °±´À¶ó°í ¿ì¸® ½º½º·Î¸¦ ¸ÁÇϰÔ
Çϰí ÀÖ´Ù.
¿ì¸®´Â ¼·Î¸¦ Á×À̱â À§ÇÑ ¼ö´ÜµéÀ»
È®º¸Çϱâ À§ÇÏ¿© ±¾¾î Á׾°í ÀÖ´Ù.¡± |
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Speaking later on of the way the subject is looked at in France, he
says: "We believe that, a hundred years after the Declaration of the
Rights of Man and of the citizen, the time has come to recognize the
rights of nations and to renounce at once and forever all those
undertakings based on fraud and force, which, under the name of conquests,
are veritable crimes against humanity, and which, whatever the vanity of
monarchs and the pride of nations may think of them, only weaken even
those who are triumphant over them." |
±× µÚ¿¡ ÇÁ¶û½º¿¡¼ ±× ÁÖÁ¦°¡ ºñÃÄÁö´Â °æÇâÀ»
¿¬¼³Çϸé¼,
±×´Â ¸»ÇÑ´Ù: ¡°¿ì¸®´Â »ç¶÷°ú ½Ã¹ÎÀÇ ±Ç¸®
¼±¾ðÀÌ ÀÖÀº ÈÄ 100³â µÚ¿¡,
±¹¹ÎµéÀÇ ±Ç¸®µéÀ» ÀÎÁ¤Çϸç,
»ç±â¿Í °¾Ð¿¡ ÀÇÇÏ¿© ºÎ°úµÈ ±× ¸ðµç ÀϵéÀ» ´çÀå
±×¸®°í ¿µ¿øÈ÷ ÁßÁö ÇÒ ¶§°¡ ¿Ô´Ù,
±×¸®°í ±×°ÍµéÀº
Á¤º¹µéÀ̶ó´Â ¹Ì¸íÇÏÀÇ Àηù¿¡ ´ëÇÑ È®½ÇÇÑ ¹üÁËÀ̸ç,
±ºÁÖµéÀÇ Ç㿵°ú ¹ÎÁ·µéÀÇ ÀÚÁ¸½ÉÀÌ ±×µéÀ» ¾î¶»°Ô
»ý°¢ÇÏµç °£¿¡,
¿À·ÎÁö ±×°Íµé¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ½Â¸®¿¡
µµÃëÇØÀÖ´Â »ç¶÷µé ¸¶Àúµµ ¾àÇÏ°Ô ÇÒ »ÓÀ̶ó´Â °ÍÀ»
¹Ï´Â´Ù.¡± |
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"I am surprised at the way religion is carried on in this country,"
said Sir Wilfrid Lawson at the same congress. "You send a boy to Sunday
school, and you tell him: 'Dear boy, you must love your enemies. If
another boy strikes you, you mustn't hit him back, but try to reform him
by loving him.' Well. The boy stays in the Sunday school till he is
fourteen or fifteen, and then his friends send him into the army. What has
he to do in the army? He certainly won't love his enemy; quite the
contrary, if he can only get at him, he will run him through with his
bayonet. That is the nature of all religious teaching in this country. I
do not think that that is a very good way of carrying out the precepts of
religion. I think if it is a good thing for a boy to love his enemy, it is
good for a grownup man." |
¡°³ª´Â ÀÌ ³ª¶ó¿¡¼ Á¾±³°¡ ½ÇÇàµÇ´Â °üÇà¿¡ ³î¶ú´Ù,¡±
¶ó°í ÀªÇÁ¸®µå ·Î½¼ °æÀÌ °°Àº ȸÀÇ¿¡¼ ¸»Çß´Ù: ¡±´ç½ÅµéÀº
ÇÑ ¾ÆÀ̸¦ ÁÖÀÏ Çб³¿¡ º¸³½´Ù,
±×¸®°í ´ç½ÅÀº ±×¿¡°Ô
¸»ÇÑ´Ù: ¡®ÂøÇÑ ¾ÆÀ̾ß,
³Ê´Â ¿ø¼ö¸¦ »ç¶ûÇØ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù.
´Ù¸¥ ¾ÆÀ̰¡ ³Ê¸¦ ¶§¸°´Ù¸é,
³Êµµ µ¹¾Æ¼¼ ±×¸¦ ¶§¸®Áö
¸»°í,
±×¸¦ »ç¶ûÀ¸·Î ÂøÇÏ°Ô ¸¸µéµµ·Ï ÇØ¶ó.¡¯
±Û½ê,
±×
¾ÆÀÌ´Â ¿³× »ì ¶Ç´Â ¿´Ù¼¸ »ì±îÁö ÁÖÀÏ Çб³¸¦ ´Ù´Ñ´Ù,
±×¸®°í ±×ÀÇ Ä£±¸µéÀÌ ±×¸¦ ±º´ë¿¡ º¸³½´Ù.
±×´Â
±º´ë¿¡¼ ¹«¾ùÀ» ÇØ¾ßÇϴ°¡?
±×´Â Ʋ¸²¾øÀÌ ±×ÀÇ
¿ø¼ö¸¦ »ç¶ûÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù;
Á¤ ¹Ý´ë·Î,
¸¸ÀÏ ±×°¡
Àû¿¡°Ô ´Ù°¡ °¥ ¼ö¸¸ ÀÖ´Ù¸é,
±×ÀÇ ÃѰËÀ¸·Î ±×µé
±¸¸Û³¾ °ÍÀÌ´Ù.
±×°ÍÀÌ ¸ðµç Á¾±³Àû °¡¸£Ä§ÀÇ º»ÁúÀÌ´Ù.
³ª´Â ±×°ÍÀÌ Á¾±³ÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§µéÀ» ½ÇõÇÏ´Â ¸Å¿ì ÁÁÀº
¹æ¹ýÀ̶ó°í »ý°¢ÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù.
¸¸ÀÏ ¾ÆÀ̰¡ ±×ÀÇ ¿ø¼ö¸¦
»ç¶ûÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ ÁÁÀº ÀÏÀ̶ó¸é,
´ÙÀÚ¶õ ¼ºÀο¡°Ôµµ
ÁÁ´Ù°í »ý°¢ÇÑ´Ù.¡± |
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"There are in Europe twenty-eight millions of men under arms," says
Wilson, "to decide disputes, not by discussion, but by murdering one
another. That is the accepted method for deciding disputes among Christian
nations. This method is, at the same time, very expensive, for, according
to the statistics I have read, the nations of Europe spent in the year
1872 a hundred and fifty millions sterling on preparations for deciding
disputes by means of murder. It seems to me, therefore, that in such a
state of things one of two alternatives must be admitted: either
Christianity is a failure, or those who have undertaken to expound it have
failed in doing so. Until our warriors are disarmed and our armies
disbanded, we have not the right to call ourselves a Christian nation." |
¡°À¯·´¿¡´Â ¹«ÀåÀ» Çϰí ÀÖ´Â 2800¸¸ ¸íÀÇ »ç¶÷µéÀÌ
ÀÖ´Ù,¡±
Àª½¼Àº ¸»ÇÑ´Ù, ¡°±×µéÀº Åä·ÐÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï°í
»ó´ë¹æÀ» »ìÀÎÇÏ¿© ºÐÀïÀ» ÇØ°áÇÏ·Á ÇÑ´Ù.
±×°ÍÀÌ
±âµ¶±³ ±¹°¡µé »çÀÌ¿¡¼ ºÐÀïÀ» ÇØ°áÇϱâ À§ÇØ
¿ëÀεǴ ¹æ¹ýÀÌ´Ù.
ÀÌ ¹æ¹ýÀº µ¿½Ã¿¡ ¸Å¿ì ºñ½Î´Ù,
¿Ö³ÄÇÏ¸é ³»°¡ ÀÐÀº Åë°è¿¡ µû¸£¸é,
À¯·´ÀÇ ±¹°¡µéÀº
1872³â¿¡ »ìÀÎÀÇ ¹æ¹ýÀ¸·Î ºÐÀïÀ» ÇØ°áÇϱâ À§ÇÑ
Áغñ·Î¼ ÀÏ¾ï ¿Àõ¸¸ ½ºÅиµÀ» ÁöÃâÇ߱⠶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù.
±×·¯¹Ç·Î,
±×·¯ÇÑ ÀϵéÀÇ »óÅ·μ,
µÎ°¡Áö ÁßÀÇ ÇѰ¡Áö
´ë¾ÈµéÀÌ ¹Ýµå½Ã ÀÎÁ¤µÇ¾î¾ß ÇÏ´Â °Íó·³ º¸ÀδÙ:
±âµ¶±³´Â ½ÇÆÐÀÌ´Ù,
¾Æ´Ï¸é ±×°ÍÀ» ¼³¸íÇÒ Àǹ«°¡ ÀÖ´Â
»ç¶÷µéÀÌ ±×·¸°Ô ÇÔ¿¡ ½ÇÆÐÇÏ¿´´Ù.
¿ì¸®ÀÇ Àü»çµéÀÌ
¹«ÀåÇØÁ¦ÇÏ°í ¿ì¸®ÀÇ ±º´ëµéÀÌ ÇØÃ¼µÇ±â Àü¿¡´Â,
¿ì¸®´Â ¿ì¸® ÀڽŵéÀ» ±âµ¶±³ ±¹°¡¶ó°í ºÎ¸¦ ±Ç¸®°¡
¾ø´Ù.¡± |
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In a conference on the subject of the duty of Christian ministers to
preach against war, G. D. Bartlett said among other things: "If I
understand the Scriptures, I say that men are only playing with
Christianity so long as they ignore the question of war. I have lived a
longish life and have heard our ministers preach on universal peace hardly
half a dozen times. Twenty years ago, in a drawing room, I dared in the
presence of forty persons to moot the proposition that war was
incompatible with Christianity; I was regarded as an arrant fanatic. The
idea that we could get on without war was regarded as unmitigated weakness
and folly." |
±âµ¶±³ÀÇ ¼ºÁ÷ÀÚµéÀÌ ÀüÀïÀ» ¹Ý´ëÇÏ´Â ¼³±³¸¦
ÇØ¾ßÇÏ´Â Àǹ«¿¡ °üÇÑ ÁÖÁ¦µé ´Ù·ç´Â ȸÀÇ¿¡¼, G. D.
¹ÙƲ·¿Àº ´Ù¸¥ Àϵé Áß¿¡¼ ¸»Çß´Ù: ¡°
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