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¡°THE KINGDOM OF GOD 
IS WITHIN YOU.¡±

¡°Çϳª´ÔÀÇ  ³ª¶ó´Â  ³ÊÈñ ¾È¿¡ ÀÖ´À´Ï¶ó.¡±


by Leo Tolstoy

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CHAPTER V.  Á¦ 5 Àå 

CONTRADICTION BETWEEN OUR LIFE AND OUR CHRISTIAN CONSCIENCE.

¿ì¸®ÀÇ »î°ú ¿ì¸®ÀÇ ±âµ¶±³Àû ¾ç½ÉÀÇ ¸ð¼ø

Men Think they can Accept Christianity without Altering their Life- Pagan Conception of Life does not Correspond with Present Stage of Development of Humanity, and Christian Conception Alone Can Accord with it-Christian Conception of Life not yet Understood by Men, but the Progress of Life itself will Lead them Inevitably to Adopt it-The Requirements of a New Theory of Life Always Seem Incomprehensible, Mystic, and Supernatural-So Seem the Requirements of the Christian Theory of Life to the Majority of Men-The Absorption of the Christian Conception of Life will Inevitably be Brought About as the Result of Material and Spiritual Causes-The Fact of Men Knowing the Require¡©ments of the Higher View of Life, and yet Continuing to Preserve Inferior Organizations of Life, Leads to Contradictions and Sufferings which Embitter Existence and Must Result in its Transformation-The Contradictions of our Life-The Economic Contradiction and the Suffering Induced by it for Rich and Poor Alike-The Political Con¡©tradiction and the Sufferings Induced by Obedience to the Laws of the State-The International Contradiction and the Recognition of it by Contemporaries: Komarovsky, Ferri, Booth, Passy, Lawson, Wilson, Bartlett, Defourney, Moneta-The Striking Character of the Military Contradiction.

»ç¶÷µéÀº ÀڽŵéÀÇ »îÀ» ¹Ù²ÙÁö ¾Ê°í¼­ ±âµ¶±³¸¦ ¹Þ¾ÆµéÀÏ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù°í »ý°¢ÇÑ´Ù-À̱³Àû °³³äÀÇ »îÀº ÀηùÀÇ ÇöÀç ¹ßÀü ´Ü°è¿¡ ÀÏÄ¡ÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù, ±×¸®°í ±âµ¶±³ÀûÀÎ °³³ä¸¸ÀÌ ±×°Í°ú ÀÏÄ¡ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù-±âµ¶±³Àû °³³äÀÇ »îÀº ¾ÆÁ÷ »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô ÀÌÇØµÇÁö ¾Ê¾Ñ´Ù, ±×¸®°í »îÀÇ ÁøÇà ÀÚü´Â ±×µéÀÌ ÇÊ¿¬ÀûÀ¸·Î ±×°ÍÀ» äÅÃÇϵµ·Ï À̲ø °ÍÀÌ´Ù-»õ·Î¿î »î¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÀÌ·ÐÀÇ Çʿ伺Àº ¾ðÁ¦³ª ÀÌÇØÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø°í, ½Åºñ½º·¯¿ì¸ç, ±×¸®°í ÃÊÀÚ¿¬ÀûÀ̾ú´Ù-´ëºÎºÐÀÇ »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô¼­ »îÀÇ ±âµ¶±³Àû ÀÌ·ÐÀÇ ¿ä±¸´Â ±×·¯Çß´Ù-±âµ¶±³Àû °³³äÀÇ »îÀÇ Èí¼ö´Â ÇÊ¿¬ÀûÀ¸·Î ¹°Áú°ú ¿µÈ¥ÀÇ ¿øÀÎÀÇ °á°ú·Î ³ªÅ¸³¯ °ÍÀÌ´Ù-»î¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ´õ ³ôÀº ½Ã°¢ÀÇ ÇÊ¿äÁ¶°ÇÀ» »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ¾Ë¸é¼­µµ »îÀÇ ¿­µîÇÑ ´ÜüµéÀ» °è¼ÓÇØ¼­ À¯ÁöÇÑ´Ù´Â »ç½ÇÀº Á¸À縦 ¾î·Æ°Ô ÇÏ´Â ¸ð¼øµé°ú °íÅëµé¿¡ À̸¥´Ù ±×¸®°í ¹Ýµå½Ã ±× º¯ÇüÀ» ÇÊ¿ä·Î ÇÑ´Ù-¿ì¸®ÀÇ »îÀÇ ¸ð¼øµé-°æÁ¦Àû ¸ð¼ø°ú ºÎÀ¯Çϰųª °¡³­Çϰųª ¶È°°ÀÌ ±×·ÎÀÎÇØ ÃÊ·¡µÇ´Â °íÅë-±¹°¡ÀÇ ¹ý·üÀ» µû¸£¹Ç·Î¼­ ÃÊ·¡µÇ´Â Á¤Ä¡Àû ¸ð¼ø°ú °íÅëµé-±¹Á¦ÀûÀÎ ¸ð¼ø°ú µ¿½Ã´ë »ç¶÷µé¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ ±×°ÍÀÇ ÀνÄ:ÄÚ¸¶·ÎÇÁ½ºÅ°, Æä¸®, ºÎ½º, ÆÐ½Ã, ·Î½¼, Àª½¼, ¹ÙƲ·¿, µðÆ÷´Ï, ¸ð³×Ÿ-±º»çÀû ¸ð¼øÀÇ µÎµå·¯Áø Ư¡.

there are many reasons why Christ's teaching is not understood. One reason is that people suppose they have understood it when they have decided, as the Churchmen do, that it was revealed by supernatural means, or when they have studied, as the scientific men do, the external forms in which it has been manifested. Another reason, is the mistaken notion that it is impracticable, and ought to be replaced by the doctrine of love for humanity. But the principal reason, which is the source of all the other mistaken ideas about it, is the notion that Christianity is a doc¡©trine which can be accepted or rejected without any change of life.

±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§ÀÌ ÀÌÇØµÇÁö ¾Ê´Â µ¥´Â ¸¹Àº ÀÌÀ¯µéÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù. ±× ÇѰ¡Áö ÀÌÀ¯´Â, »ç¶÷µéÀº, ¼ºÁ÷ÀÚµéÀÌ ±×·¸µíÀÌ, ÃÊÀÚ¿¬ÀûÀÎ ¹æ¹ýµé·Î¼­ ³ªÅ¸³»¾î Áø´Ù°í °á·ÐÁö¾úÀ» ¶§³ª, ¶Ç´Â °úÇÐÀÚµéÀÌ ±×·¸µíÀÌ, Ç¥ÃâµÇ¾îÁö´Â ¿ÜÀûÀÎ Çü»óµéÀ» ¿¬±¸ÇÏ¿´À» ¶§ ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§À» ±ú´Þ¾Ò´Ù°í °¡Á¤ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ¶Ç ´Ù¸¥ ÀÌÀ¯´Â, ±×°ÍÀº ½ÇÇöºÒ°¡´ÉÇϸç, Àηù¿¡ ´ëÇÑ »ç¶ûÀÇ ±³¸®·Î ¹Ù²î¾îÁ®¾ß ÇÑ´Ù´Â À߸øµÈ »ý°¢ÀÌ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª, ±×°Í¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¸ðµç ´Ù¸¥ ±×¸©µÈ »ç»óµéÀÇ ±Ù¿øÀÌ µÇ´Â, ÁÖµÈ ÀÌÀ¯´Â, ±âµ¶±³´Â »î¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¾î¶² º¯È­°¡ ¾ø¾îµµ ¹Þ¾Æ µé¿© Áö°Å³ª °ÅºÎµÉ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù´Â ±³¸®¶ó´Â »ý°¢ÀÌ´Ù.

Men who are used to the existing order of things, who like it and dread its being changed, try to take the doc¡©trine as a collection of revelations and rules which one can accept without their modifying one's life. While Christ's teaching is not only a doctrine which gives rules which a man must follow, it unfolds a new meaning in life, and defines a whole world of human activity quite different from all that has preceded it and appropriate to the period on which man is entering.

±âÁ¸ »ç¹°ÀÇ Áú¼­¿¡ ÀûÀÀµÈ »ç¶÷µéÀº, ±×°ÍÀ» ÁÁ¾ÆÇÏ¸ç ±×°ÍÀÌ º¯È¸µÇ´Â °ÍÀ» µÎ·Á¿öÇÏ¿©, ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ »îÀ» ¼öÁ¤ÇÔÀÌ ¾øÀ̵µ ¹Þ¾Æ µéÀÏ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â °è½Ãµé°ú ¸í·ÉµéÀÇ ÁýÇÕÀ¸·Î ±³¸®¸¦ ÃëÇÏ·Á°í ÇÑ´Ù. ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§Àº ¿ÀÁ÷ »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ¹Ýµå½Ã µû¶ó¾ß ÇÏ´Â ¸í·ÉµéÀ» ÁÖ´Â ±³¸®°¡ ¾Æ´Ñ ¹Ý¸é¿¡, »î¿¡ À־ »õ·Î¿î Àǹ̸¦ ¿­¾îÁØ´Ù, ±×¸®°í ÀÌÀü¿¡ ÀÖ¾î¿Â ¸ðµç °Íµé°ú´Â ¸Å¿ì ´Ù¸¥ ±×¸®°í »ç¶÷µéÀÌ µé¾î °¡°íÀÚ ÇÏ´Â ½Ã´ë¿¡ ÀûÇÕÇÑ Àΰ£ÀÇ È°µ¿ÀÇ Àüü ¼¼°è¸¦ Á¤ÀÇÇÑ´Ù.

The life of humanity changes and advances, like the life of the individual, by stages, and every stage has a theory of life appropriate to it, which is inevitably absorbed by men. Those who do not absorb it consciously, absorb it unconsciously. It is the same with the changes in the beliefs of peoples and of all humanity as it is with the changes of belief of individuals. If the father of a family continues to be guided in his conduct by his childish con¡©ceptions of life, life becomes so difficult for him that he involuntarily seeks another philosophy and readily absorbs that which is appropriate to his age.

°³ÀÎÀÇ »îó·³, ÀηùÀÇ »îÀº, ´Ü°èÀûÀ¸·Î, º¯È­ÇÏ¸ç ³ª¾Æ°£´Ù, ±×¸®°í °¢°¢ÀÇ ´Ü°èµéÀº ±×¿¡ ÀûÇÕÇÑ »îÀÇ ÀÌ·ÐÀ» °¡Áö¸ç, ±×°ÍÀº »ç¶÷µé¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­ Èí¼öµÇ¾î Áø´Ù. ±×°ÍÀ» ÀǽÄÀûÀ¸·Î Èí¼öÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â »ç¶÷µéÀº ±×°ÍÀ» ¹«ÀǽÄÀûÀ¸·Î Èí¼öÇÑ´Ù. »ç¶÷µé°ú ÀηùÀÇ ¹ÏÀ½¿¡ ´ëÇÑ º¯È­µéÀº °³ÀεéÀÇ ¹ÏÀ½ÀÇ º¯È­µé°ú ¶È°°´Ù. ¸¸ÀÏ °¡Á·ÀÇ ¾Æ¹öÁö°¡ ±×ÀÇ ¾ÆÀ̰°Àº »î¿¡ ´ëÇÑ °³³äµé¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­ ±×ÀÇ ÇàÀ§°¡ ÀεµµÈ´Ù¸é, »îÀº ±×¿¡°Ô ³Ê¹«³ª Èûµé¾î¼­ ±×´Â ¹«ÀǽÄÀûÀ¸·Î ´Ù¸¥ öÇÐÀ» ã°ÔµÇ°í ±×ÀÇ ³ªÀÌ¿¡ ÀûÇÕÇÑ °ÍÀ» ½±°Ô Èí¼öÇÏ°Ô µÈ´Ù.

That is just what is happening now to humanity at this time of transition through which we are passing, from the pagan conception of life to the Christian. The socialized man of the present day is brought by experience of life itself to the necessity of abandoning the pagan conception of life, which is inappropriate to the present stage of humanity, and of submitting to the obligation of the Christian doctrines, the truths of which, however cor¡©rupt and misinterpreted, are still known to him, and alone offer him a solution of the contradictions surrounding him.

±×°ÍÀÌ ¹Ù·Î, À̱³µµÀûÀÎ »îÀÇ °³³ä¿¡¼­ ±âµ¶±³ÀûÀÎ °ÍÀ¸·Î ¿ì¸®°¡ Áö³ª°¡°í ÀÖ´Â ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ º¯È­ÀÇ ½Ã´ë¿¡, Áö±Ý Àηù¿¡°Ô ÀϾ°í ÀÖ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ¿À´Ã³¯ÀÇ »çȸȭµÈ »ç¶÷Àº »î ±× ÀÚüÀÇ °æÇè¿¡ ÀÇÇÏ¿© À̱³µµÀûÀÎ °³³äÀÇ »îÀ» ¹ö¸®°Å³ª- ±×·¯ÇÑ »îÀº ÀηùÀÇ Çö ´Ü°è¿¡¼­ ÀûÇÕÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀ¸¸ç-, ±âµ¶±³ÀÇ ±³¸®µé¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Àǹ«¿¡ º¹Á¾ÇÔ-±×°ÍÀÇ Áø¸®µéÀº, ¾Æ¹«¸® ºÎÆÐÇÏ¿´°í, ¿Ö°îµÇ¾ú´õ¶óµµ, ¿©ÀüÈ÷ ±×¿¡°Ô ¾Ë·ÁÁ® ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ±×°Í¸¸ÀÌ ±×¸¦ µÑ·¯½Î°í ÀÖ´Â ¸ðµç ¸ð¼ø µé¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÇØ´äÀ» ÁØ´Ù-ÀÇ Çʿ信 ´Ù°¡¼­°Ô µÈ´Ù.

If the requirements of the Christian doctrine seem strange and even alarming to the man of the social theory of life, no less strange, incomprehensible, and alarming to the savage of ancient times seemed the requirements of the social doctrine when it was not fully understood and could not be foreseen in its results.

¸¸ÀÏ ±âµ¶±³ ±³¸®ÀÇ ÇÊ¿ä Á¶°ÇµéÀÌ »çȸÀûÀÎ »îÀÇ ÀÌ·ÐÀ» °¡Áø »ç¶÷¿¡°Ô ÀÌ»óÇÏ°í ½ÉÁö¾î ³î¶ó¿î °Íó·³ º¸Àδٸé, »çȸÀû ±³¸®µéÀÇ ÇÊ¿ä Á¶°ÇµéÀÌ, ±×°ÍÀÌ ¿ÏÀüÈ÷ ÀÌÇØµÇÁö ¾Ê°í ±× °á°úµéÀÌ ¿¹ÃøµÉ ¼ö ¾øÀ» ¶§¿¡, ¿¾³¯ÀÇ ¾ß¸¸Àε鿡°Ôµµ °áÄÚ ÀûÁö ¾Ê°Ô ÀÌ»óÇϰí, ÀÌÇØÇÒ ¼ö ¾øÀ¸¸ç, ³î¶ó¿î °Íó·³ º¸¿´À» °ÍÀÌ´Ù.

"It is unreasonable," said the savage, "to sacrifice my peace of mind or my life in defense of something incom¡©prehensible, impalpable, and conventional-family, tribe, or nation; and above all it is unsafe to put oneself at the dis¡©posal of the power of others."

¾ß¸¸ÀεéÀÌ ¸»ÇÑ´Ù, ¡°³ªÀÇ ¸¶À½À̳ª ³ªÀÇ »îÀ» ¾î¶² ÀÌÇØÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø°í, ¸¸Áú ¼öµµ ¾øÀ¸¸ç, ±×¸®°í ÁøºÎÇÑ °Í-°¡Á·, ºÎÁ·, ¶Ç´Â ¹ÎÁ·-À» ¼öÈ£Çϱâ À§Çؼ­ Èñ»ýÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº ÇÕ¸®ÀûÀÌÁö ¸øÇÏ´Ù; ±×¸®°í ¹«¾ùº¸´Ùµµ, ÀÚ½ÅÀ» ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷ÀÇ ÈûÀÇ Ã³ºÐ¿¡ ¸º±â´Â °ÍÀº ¾ÈÀüÇÏÁö ¸øÇÏ´Ù.¡±

But the time came when the savage, on one hand, felt, though vaguely, the value of the social conception of life, and of its chief motor power, social censure, or social approbation-glory, and when, on the other hand, the diffi¡©culties of his personal life became so great that he could not continue to believe in the value of his old theory of life. Then he accepted the social, state theory of life and sub¡©mitted to it.

±×·¯³ª ¾ß¸¸ÀÎÀÌ, ÇÑÆíÀ¸·Î, ¸·¿¬ÇÏÁö¸¸, »çȸÀû °³³äÀÇ »î, ±×¸®°í ±× ÁÖµÈ µ¿·Â, »çȸÀû °Ë¿­, ¶Ç´Â »çȸÀû ½ÂÀÎ-¸í¿¹-ÀÇ °¡Ä¡¸¦ ´À³¢¸ç, ±×¸®°í, ´Ù¸¥ ÇÑÆíÀ¸·Î, ±×ÀÇ °³ÀÎÀûÀÎ »îÀÌ ¾î·Á¿òµéÀÌ ³Ê¹«³ª Ä¿¼­ ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ »î¿¡ ´ëÇÑ °ú°ÅÀÇ ÀÌ·ÐÀÇ °¡Ä¡¸¦ ´õÀÌ»ó ¹ÏÀ» ¼ö ¾ø´Â ¶§°¡ ¿Ô´Ù. ±×·¯ÀÚ ±×´Â »çȸÀû, ±¹°¡Àû °³³äÀÇ »îÀ» ¹Þ¾Æ µéÀÌ°í ±×°Í¿¡ º¹Á¾Çß´Ù.

That is just what the man of the social theory of life is passing through now.

±×°ÍÀÌ ¹Ù·Î »çȸÀû ÀÌ·ÐÀÇ »îÀ» »ç´Â »ç¶÷ÀÌ ÇöÀç Åë°úÇϰí ÀÖ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù.

"It is unreasonable," says the socialized man, "to sacri¡©fice my welfare and that of my family and my country in order to fulfill some higher law, which requires me to renounce my most natural and virtuous feelings of love of self, of family, of kindred, and of country; and above all, it is unsafe to part with the security of life afforded by the organization of government."

»çȸÀûÀÎ »ç¶÷ÀÌ ¸»ÇÑ´Ù, ¡°³ªÀÇ Çູ, ±×¸®°í °¡Á·°ú ±¹°¡ÀÇ ÇູÀ» Á»´õ ³ôÀº ¹ýÀ» ½ÇõÇϱâ À§ÇÏ¿©-±×°ÍÀº ÀÚ½Å, °¡Á·, Ç÷Á· ±×¸®°í ±¹°¡¿¡ ´ëÇÑ »ç¶ûÀ̶ó´Â ³ªÀÇ °¡Àå ´ç¿¬ÇÏ°í °í°áÇÑ °¨Á¤À» Æ÷±âÇϱ⸦ ¿ä±¸ÇÑ´Ù-Èñ»ýÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº ÇÕ¸®ÀûÀÌÁö ¸øÇÏ´Ù; ±×¸®°í ¹«¾ùº¸´Ùµµ, Á¤ºÎ ±â°üÀÌ Á¦°øÇÏ´Â »îÀÇ ¾ÈÀüÀ» ¹ö¸®´Â °ÍÀº ¾ÈÀüÇÏÁö ¸øÇÏ´Ù.¡±

But the time is coming when, on one hand, the vague consciousness in his soul of the higher law, of love to God and his neighbor, and, on the other hand, the suffering, resulting from the contradictions of life, will force the man to reject the social theory and to assimilate the new one prepared ready for him, which solves all the contradictions and removes all his sufferings-the Christian theory of life. And this time has now come.

±×·¯³ª, ÇÑÆíÀ¸·Î, ±×ÀÇ ¿µÈ¥¿¡¼­ ´õ ³ôÀº ¹ý, Áï Çϳª´Ô ±×¸®°í ±×ÀÇ ÀÌ¿ô¿¡ ´ëÇÑ »ç¶ûÀÇ ¸·¿¬ÇÑ ÀνÄÀÌ, ±×¸®°í ´Ù¸¥ ÇÑÆíÀ¸·Î, »îÀÇ ¸ð¼øµé·ÎºÎÅÍ ÃÊ·¡µÇ´Â °íÅëÀÌ »ç¶÷µé·Î ÇÏ¿©±Ý »çȸÀû ÀÌ·ÐÀ» ¹ö¸®°í »õ·Î¿î °ÍÀ» Èí¼öÇϵµ·Ï °­Á¦ÇÒ °ÍÀ̸ç, ±×°ÍÀÌ ¸ðµç ¸ð¼øµéÀ» ÇØ°áÇÏ¸ç ±×ÀÇ ¸ðµç °íÅëµéÀ» Á¦°ÅÇÒ °ÍÀÌ´Ù-±×°ÍÀº ±âµ¶±³ÀûÀÎ ÀÌ·ÐÀ» µû¸£´Â »îÀÌ´Ù. ±×¸®°í ÀÌ·± ½Ã´ë´Â ÀÌÁ¦ ¿Ô´Ù.

We, who thousands of years ago passed through the transition, from the personal, animal view of life to the socialized view, imagine that that transition was an inevita¡©ble and natural one; but this transition through which we have been passing for the last eighteen hundred years seems arbitrary, unnatural, and alarming. But we only fancy this because that first transition has been so fully completed that the practice attained by it has become un¡©conscious and instinctive in us, while the present transition is not yet over and we have to complete it consciously.

¼öõ³â Àü¿¡, °³ÀÎÀû µ¿¹°Àû ½Ã°¢ÀÇ »îÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ »çȸÀû ½Ã°¢À¸·Î º¯ÃµÀ» °ÞÀº ¿ì¸®´Â ±× º¯ÃµÀÌ ÇÊ¿¬ÀûÀÌ¸ç ´ç¿¬ÇÑ °ÍÀ¸·Î »ó»óÇÑ´Ù; ±×·¯³ª ¿ì¸®°¡ °ú°Å 1800³â µ¿¾È Åë°úÇϰí ÀÖ´Â ÀÌ º¯ÃµÀº ÀÏÁ¤ÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀ¸¸ç, ºÎÀÚ¿¬½º·´°í, ³î¶ø°Ô ´À²¸Áø´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ¿ì¸®´Â ¿ÀÁ÷ ù¹øÂ° º¯ÃµÀÌ ³Ê¹«³ª ±íÀÌ ¿Ï¼ºµÇ¾î¼­ ±×°Í¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­ ´Þ¼ºµÈ ½À°üµéÀÌ ¿ì¸® ¾È¿¡¼­ ¹«ÀǽÄÀûÀÌ¸ç º»´ÉÀûÀ¸·Î µÇ¾úÀ¸¸ç, ¹Ý¸é¿¡ ÇöÀçÀÇ º¯ÃµÀº ¾ÆÁ÷ ³¡³ªÁö ¾Ê¾ÒÀ¸¸ç ÀǽÄÀûÀ¸·Î ±×°ÍÀ» ¿Ï¼ºÇØ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» »ó»óÇØ º»´Ù.

It took ages, thousands of years, for the social conception of life to permeate men's consciousness. It went through various forms and has now passed into the region of the instinctive through inheritance, education, and habit. And therefore it seems natural to us. But five thousand years ago it seemed as unnatural and alarming to men as the Christian doctrine in its true sense seems today.

»çȸÀû °³³äÀÇ »îÀÌ »ç¶÷µéÀÇ ÀǽĿ¡ ½º¸ç µé¾î°¡´Â °ÍÀº ¼¼¿ùÀÌ, ¼öõ³âÀÇ ¼¼¿ùÀÌ °É·È´Ù. ±×°ÍÀº ¿©·¯°¡Áö ÇüÅÂÀ» °ÅÃÆÀ¸¸ç ÀÌÁ¦ À¯Àü, ±³À°, ±×¸®°í ½À°üÀ» ÅëÇÏ¿© º»´ÉÀûÀÎ Á¾±³·Î Èê·¯ °¬´Ù. ±×¸®°í ±×·¯¹Ç·Î ±×°ÍÀº ¿ì¸®¿¡°Ô ´ç¿¬ÇÑ °Íó·³ º¸ÀδÙ. ±×·¯³ª ¿Àõ³â Àü¿¡´Â ¿À´Ã³¯ ±âµ¶±³ÀÇ ±³¸®°¡ ±×ÀÇ ÁøÁ¤ÇÑ Àǹ̿¡¼­ ´À²¸Áö´Â °Íó·³, »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô ºÎÀÚ¿¬½º·´°í ³î¶ø°Ô ´À²¸Á³´Ù.

We think to-day that the requirements of the Christian doctrine-of universal brotherhood, suppression of national distinctions, abolition of private property, and the strange injunction of non-resistance to evil by force-demand what is impossible. But it was just the same thousands of years ago, with every social or even family duty, such as the duty of parents to support their children, of the young to main¡©tain the old, of fidelity in marriage. Still more strange, and even unreasonable, seemed the state duties of submitting to the appointed authority, and paying taxes, and fighting in defense of the country, and so on. All such requirements seem simple, comprehensible, and natural to us to-day, and we see nothing mysterious or alarming in them. But three or five thousand years ago they seemed to require what was impossible.

¿ì¸®´Â ¿À´Ã³¯ ±âµ¶±³ÀÇ ±³¸®°¡-¼¼°è µ¿Æ÷, ¹ÎÁ·Àû ±¸º°µéÀÇ ¾ïÁ¦, °³ÀÎ Àç»êÀÇ ÆóÁö, ±×¸®°í Èû¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ ¾Ç¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¹«ÀúÇ×À̶ó´Â ÀÌ»óÇÑ ±ÝÁö-ºÒ°¡´ÉÇÑ °ÅÀ» ¿ä±¸ÇÑ´Ù°í »ý°¢ÇÑ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª, ¸ðµç »çȸÀû ¶Ç´Â ½ÉÁö¾î °¡Á·¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Àǹ̿¡¼­, ¿¹¸¦ µé¸é, ºÎ¸ðµéÀÇ ÀÚ³àµéÀ» µÞ¹ÞħÇϸç, ÀþÀº »ç¶÷ÀÌ ³ëÀÎÀ» ºÎ¾çÇϰí, °áÈ¥ »ýȰÀÇ ¼ø°áÇØ¾ßÇÒ Àǹ«µî ¿¡¼­, ±×°ÍÀº ¿Àõ³â Àü¿¡µµ ¶È°°¾Ò´Ù. ´õ¿í ´õ ÀÌ»óÇϸç, ½ÉÁö¾î ºÒÇÕ¸®ÇÏ°Ô ´À²¸Áö´Â °ÍÀº, ÁöÁ¤µÈ ±Ç·Â¿¡ º¹Á¾Çϰí, ¼¼±ÝÀ» ³»¸ç, ±×¸®°í ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ³ª¶ó¸¦ Áö۱â À§ÇÏ¿© ½Î¿ö¾ß ÇÏ´Â ±¹°¡Àû Àǹ«µéÀ̾ú´Ù. ±×·± ¸ðµç ÇÊ¿äÁ¶°ÇµéÀº, ¿À´Ã³¯ ¿ì¸®¿¡°Ô À־ ´Ü¼øÇϸç, ÀÌÇØÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ°í, ±×¸®°í ÀÚ¿¬½º·´°Ô ´À²¸Áø´Ù, ±×¸®°í ¿ì¸®´Â ±×°Íµé¿¡¼­ ¾Æ¹«·± ½Åºñ½º·´°Å³ª ³î¶ó¿î °ÍÀ» º¸Áö ¾Ê´Â´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ±×·¯³ª »ïõ³â ¶Ç´Â ¿Àõ³â Àü¿¡ ±×°ÍµéÀº ºÒ°¡´ÉÇÑ °ÍÀ» ¿ä±¸ÇÏ´Â °Í °°¾Ò´Ù.

The social conception of life served as the basis of reli¡©gion because at the time when it was first presented to men it seemed to them absolutely incomprehensible, mystic, and supernatural. Now that we have outlived that phase of the life of humanity, we understand the rational grounds for uniting men in families, communities, and states. But in antiquity the duties involved by such association were pre¡©sented under cover of the supernatural and were confirmed by it.

»îÀÇ »çȸÀû °³³äÀº, ±×°ÍÀÌ Ã³À½ »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô Á¦½ÃµÇ¾úÀ» ¶§ ±×µé¿¡°Ô ¿ÏÀüÈ÷ ÀÌÇØÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø°í, ½Åºñ½º·¯¿ì¸ç, ÃÊÀÚ¿¬ÀûÀ̾úÀ¸¹Ç·Î, Á¾±³ÀÇ ¿ø¸®·Î¼­ ÀÛ¿ëÇß´Ù. ¿ì¸®´Â ÀηùÀÇ »îÀÇ ´Ü°è¸¦ ±Øº¹ÇÏ¿´À¸¹Ç·Î, ¿ì¸®´Â »ç¶÷µéÀ» °¡Á·µé, °øµ¿Ã¼µé, ±×¸®°í ±¹°¡µé·Î ¿¬ÇÕÇÏ´Â À̼ºÀûÀÎ ±Ù°ÅµéÀ» ÀÌÇØÇÑ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ¿¾³¯¿¡´Â ±×·¯ÇÑ À¯´ë°¡ Æ÷ÇÔµÈ Àǹ«µéÀº ÃÊÀÚ¿¬ÀûÀÎ °ÍÀ» ±¸½Ç»ï¾Æ Á¦½ÃµÇ¾úÀ¸¸ç ±×°Í¿¡ ÀÇÇÏ¿© È®ÀεǾú´Ù.

The patriarchal religions exalted the family, the tribe, the nation. State religions deified emperors and states. Even now most ignorant people-like our peasants, who call the Tzar an earthly god-obey state laws, not through any rational recognition of their necessity, nor because they have any conception of the meaning of state, but through a religious sentiment.

°¡ºÎÀåÁ¦ÀÇ Á¾±³µéÀº °¡Á·, ºÎÁ·, ¹ÎÁ·À» ¹Þµé¾ú´Ù. ±¹°¡ÀûÀÎ Á¾±³µéÀº ȲÁ¦µé°ú ±¹°¡µéÀ» ½Å°ÝÈ­ÇÏ¿´´Ù. ½ÉÁö¾î Áö±Ýµµ ´ëºÎºÐÀÇ ¹«ÁöÇÑ »ç¶÷µéÀº-ȲÁ¦¸¦ ¶¥À§ÀÇ ½ÅÀ̶ó°í ºÎ¸£´Â ¿ì¸®ÀÇ ³óºÎµéó·³-±×°ÍÀº ±×µéÀÌ ÇÊ¿äÇÑ °Í¿¡ ´ëÇÑ À̼ºÀû ÀÎ½Ä ¶§¹®ÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¸ç, ¶Ç´Â ±×µéÀÌ ±¹°¡ÀÇ Àǹ̿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¾î¶² °³³äÀ» °¡Áö±â ¶§¹®ÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, Á¾±³ÀûÀÎ °¨Á¤¶§¹®¿¡ ±¹°¡ÀÇ ¹ýÀ» µû¸¥´Ù.

In precisely the same way the Christian doctrine is pre¡©sented to men of the social or heathen theory of life to-day, in the guise of a supernatural religion, though there is in reality nothing mysterious, mystic, or supernatural about it. It is simply the theory of life which is appropriate to the present degree of material development, the present stage of growth of humanity, and which must therefore inevitably be accepted.

Á¤È®È÷ ¶È°°Àº ¹æ¹ýÀ¸·Î ¿À´Ã³¯ ±âµ¶±³ ±³¸®°¡ »çȸÀû ¶Ç´Â À̱³ÀûÀÎ »îÀÇ ÀÌ·ÐÀ» °¡Áø »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô ºñ·Ï ±×°Í¿¡ ´ëÇØ¼­ ¾Æ¹«·± ºñ¹Ð½º·´°í ½Åºñ½º·´°Å³ª ÃÊÀÚ¿¬ÀûÀÎ °ÍÀÌ ¾øÁö¸¸, ÃÊÀÚ¿¬ÀûÀÎ Á¾±³¸¦ °¡ÀåÇÏ¿© ³ªÅ¸³µ´Ù. ±×°ÍÀº ´Ü¼øÈ÷ »îÀÇ ÀÌ·ÐÀ¸·Î¼­, ÇöÀçÀÇ ¹°ÁúÀûÀÎ ¹ßÀü Á¤µµ¿¡, ÇöÀçÀÇ ÀηùÀÇ ¼ºÀå´Ü°è¿¡ ÀûÇÕÇϸç, ±×·¯¹Ç·Î ¹Ýµå½Ã ÇÊ¿¬ÀûÀ¸·Î ¹Þ¾Æµé¿© Á®¾ßÇÑ´Ù.

The time will come-it is already coming-when the Christian principles of equality and fraternity, community of property, non-resistance of evil by force, will appear just as natural and simple as the principles of family or social life seem to us now.

¶§°¡ ¿Ã °ÍÀÌ´Ù-ÀÌ¹Ì ¿À°í ÀÖ´Ù-Æòµî ±×¸®°í ÇüÁ¦¾Ö, Àç»ê °øÀ¯, Èû¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ ¾Ç¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¹«ÀúÇ×ÀÇ ±âµ¶±³ÀûÀÎ ¿ø¸®µéÀÌ, ¿ì¸®¿¡°Ô À־ °¡Á·À̳ª »çȸÀû »îÀÇ ¿ø¸®µéÀÌ Á¤¸» ÀÚ¿¬½º·´°í ´Ü¼øÇÏ°Ô º¸ÀÌ´Â °Íó·³ ³ªÅ¸³ª´Â ¶§°¡ ¿Ã °ÍÀÌ´Ù.

Humanity can no more go backward in its development than the individual man. Men have outlived the social, family, and state conceptions of life. Now they must go forward and assimilate the next and higher concep¡©tion of life, which is what is now taking place. This change is brought about in two ways: consciously through spiritual causes, and unconsciously through material causes.

Àηù´Â °³ÀÎÀûÀÎ »ç¶÷°ú ¸¶Âù°¡Áö·Î ±× ¹ßÀü¿¡¼­ ÈÄÅðÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø´Ù. »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô »îÀÇ »çȸÀû, °¡Á·Àû, ±×¸®°í ±¹°¡Àû °³³äµéÀº ³°Àº °ÍÀÌ µÇ¾î ¹ö·È´Ù. ÀÌÁ¦ ±×µéÀº ³ª¾Æ°¡¼­ ´ÙÀ½ÀÇ ±×¸®°í ´õ ³ôÀº »îÀÇ °³³äÀ» Èí¼öÇÏ¿©¾ß ÇÑ´Ù, ±×¸®°í ±×°ÍÀº ÀÌÁ¦ ÀϾ°í ÀÖ´Ù. ÀÌ·± º¯È­´Â µÎ°¡Áö ¹æÇâ¿¡¼­ ÀϾ°Ô µÈ´Ù: ¿µÀûÀÎ ¿øÀεéÀ» ÅëÇÏ¿© ÀǽÄÀûÀ¸·Î, ±×¸®°í ¹°ÁúÀûÀÎ ¿øÀεéÀ» ÅëÇÏ¿© ¹«ÀǽÄÀûÀ¸·Î ÀϾ°Ô µÈ´Ù.

Just as the individual man very rarely changes his way of life at the dictates of his reason alone, but generally continues to live as before, in spite of the new interests and aims revealed to him by his reason, and only alters his way of living when it has become absolutely opposed to his conscience, and consequently intolerable to him; so, too, humanity, long after it has learnt through its religions the new interests and aims of life, toward which it must strive, continues in the majority of its representatives to live as before, and is only brought to accept the new conception by finding it impossible to go on living its old life as before.

Á¤¸»·Î ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ À̼ºÀÇ ¸í·É Çϳª¸¸À¸·Î °³ÀÎÀûÀÎ »ç¶÷ÀÌ ±×ÀÇ »îÀÇ ¹æÇâÀ» °ÅÀÇ ¹Ù²ÙÁö ¾ÊÀ¸¸ç, ±×·¯³ª ±×ÀÇ À̼º¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­ ±×¿¡°Ô ¹àÇôÁö´Â »õ·Î¿î °ü½Éµé°ú ¸ñÀûµé¿¡µµ ºÒ±¸Çϰí ÀϹÝÀûÀ¸·Î Àüó·³ »ì¾Æ °¡°í, ¿ÀÁ÷ ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ¾ç½É¿¡ Àý´ëÀûÀ¸·Î ´ëÄ¡µÇ¾î¼­ °á±¹ Âü±â ¾î·Á¿öÁú ¶§ »ýȰÀÇ ¹æÇâÀ» ¹Ù²ÙµíÀÌ; Àηù ¿ª½Ã ±×·¯ÇÏ´Ù, Áï ±×µéÀº ±×µéÀÇ Á¾±³µéÀ» ÅëÇÏ¿© ±×µéÀÌ Ãß±¸ÇÏ´Â »îÀÇ »õ·Î¿î °ü½Éµé°ú ¸ñÀûµéÀ» ¹è¿îÁö ¿À·¡ Áö³ª¼­µµ, ±×µéÀÇ ´ëÇ¥ÀÚµéÀÇ ´ëºÎºÐÀÌ Àüó·³ °è¼Ó »ì¾Æ°¡°í, ¿¾³¯ »îÀ» Àüó·³ »ì¾Æ°¡±â°¡ ºÒ°¡´ÉÇÔÀ» ¾Ë°í ³ª¼­¾ß »õ·Î¿î °³³äÀ» ¹Þ¾ÆµéÀÌ°Ô µÈ´Ù.

Though the need of a change of life is preached by the religious leaders and recognized and realized by the most intelligent men, the majority, in spite of their reverential attitude to their leaders, that is, their faith in their teach¡©ing, continue to be guided by the old theory of life in their present complex existence. As though the father of a family, knowing how he ought to behave at his age, should yet continue through habit and thoughtlessness to live in the same childish way as he did in boyhood.

ºñ·Ï Á¾±³ ÁöµµÀڵ鿡 ÀÇÇØ »îÀÇ º¯È­°¡ ¼³±³µÇ°í °¡Àå Áö¼ºÀÖ´Â »ç¶÷µé¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­ ÀÎ½ÄµÇ°í ±ú´Þ¾Æ ÁöÁö¸¸, ±×µéÀÇ ÁöµµÀڵ鿡 ´ëÇÑ °æÀǷοî ŵµ, Áï, ±×µéÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ½Å¾Ó¿¡µµ ºÒ±¸Çϰí, ±×µéÀÇ ÇöÀçÀÇ º¹ÀâÇÑ Á¸Àç¿¡ À־ »î¿¡ °üÇÑ ¿¾³¯ À̷п¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­ °è¼ÓÇØ¼­ À̲ø·Á °£´Ù. ±×°ÍÀº ¸¶Ä¡, °¡Á·ÀÇ ¾Æ¹öÁö°¡, ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ³ªÀÌ¿¡ ¾î¶»°Ô ó½ÅÇØ¾ß ÇÒ Áö¸¦ ¾Ë°í ÀÖÀ½¿¡µµ, ¾ÆÁ÷µµ ½À°ü°ú °æ¼ÖÇÔÀ¸·Î ¼Ò³â ½ÃÀý¿¡ ±×·¨´ø °Í°°ÀÌ °è¼ÓÇØ¼­ ¶È°°ÀÌ ¾î¸®¼®°Ô »ì¾Æ °¡¾ßÇÏ´Â °Í°ú °°´Ù.

That is just what is happening in the transition of humanity from one stage to another, through which we are passing now. Humanity has outgrown its social stage and has entered upon a new period. It recognizes the doctrine which ought to be made the basis of life in this new period. But through inertia it continues to keep up the old forms of life. From this inconsistency between the new concep¡©tion of life and practical life follows a whole succession of contradictions and sufferings which embitter our life and necessitate its alteration.

±×°ÍÀÌ ¹Ù·Î Àηù°¡ ÇÑ ´Ü°è¿¡¼­ ´ÙÀ½À¸·Î º¯ÃµÇÔ¿¡¼­ ÀϾ°í ÀÖ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù, ±×¸®°í ±×°ÍÀ» ÇöÀç ¿ì¸®°¡ Åë°úÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù. Àηù¿¡°Ô À־ »çȸÀû ´Ü°è´Â ³°¾Æ ¹ö·ÈÀ¸¸ç, ÀÌÁ¦ »õ·Î¿î ½Ã±â·Î µé¾î ¼¹´Ù. Àηù´Â ÀÌ »õ·Î¿î ½Ã´ë¿¡ »îÀÇ ±âÃʰ¡ µÇ¾î¾ßÇÏ´Â ±³¸®¸¦ ±ú´Ý°í ÀÖ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ¹«·ÂÇÔ ¶§¹®¿¡ »îÀÇ ¿¾³¯ ¸ð½ÀµéÀ» °è¼ÓÇØ¼­ À¯ÁöÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù. ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ »õ·Î¿î °³³äÀÇ »î°ú ½Ç¿ëÀûÀÎ »î »çÀÌÀÇ ºÒÀÏÄ¡·ÎºÎÅÍ ¿ì¸®ÀÇ »îÀ» °íÅ뽺·´°Ô ÇÏ´Â ÃÑüÀûÀÎ ¸ð¼øµé°ú °íÅëµéÀÌ µû¶ó³ª¿À¸ç, ÀηùÀÇ º¯È­¸¦ ÇÊ¿äÇÏ°Ô ¸¸µé°í ÀÖ´Ù.

One need only compare the practice of life with the theory of it, to be dismayed at the glaring antagonism between our conditions of life and our conscience.

¿ì¸®´Â ¿ÀÁ÷ »îÀÇ ½ÇÁ¦¿Í ÀÌ·ÐÀ» ºñ±³Çϱ⸸ ÇÏ¸é µÉ »ÓÀ̸ç, °á±¹ ¿ì¸®ÀÇ »îÀÇ »óŵé°ú ¿ì¸®ÀÇ ¾ç½É»çÀÌÀÇ Ã·¿¹ÇÑ ¹Ý¸ñ¿¡ ½Ç¸ÁÇÏ°í ¸¸´Ù.

Our whole life is in flat contradiction with all we know, and with all we regard as necessary and right. This con¡©tradiction runs through everything, in economic life, in political life, and in international life. As though we had forgotten what we knew and put away for a time the principles we believe in (we cannot help still believing in them because they are the only foundation we have to base our life on) we do the very opposite of all that our con¡©science and our common sense require of us.

¿ì¸®ÀÇ Àüü »îÀº ¿ì¸®°¡ ¾Ë°í ÀÖ´Â ¸ðµç °Í°ú ¿ì¸®°¡ ÇÊ¿äÇÏ¸ç ¿Ç´Ù°í ¿©±â´Â ¸ðµç °Í°ú ¸» ±×´ë·Î ¸ð¼øÀÌ´Ù. ÀÌ·± ¸ð¼øÀº ¸ðµç °ÍÀ» °üÅëÇÑ´Ù, °æÁ¦ÀûÀÎ »î¿¡¼­, Á¤Ä¡ÀûÀÎ »î¿¡¼­, ±×¸®°í ±¹Á¦ÀûÀÎ »î¿¡¼­ ±×·¸´Ù. ºñ·Ï ¿ì¸®°¡ ¾Ë´ø °ÍÀ» ÀØ¾î ¹ö¸®°í Àá½Ãµ¿¾È ¿ì¸®°¡ ¹Ï´Â ¿ø¸®µéÀ» Àú¹ö·ÈÁö¸¸ (±×°ÍµéÀº ¿ì¸®°¡ ¿ì¸®ÀÇ »îÀ» ±âÃÊÇØ¾ßÇÏ´Â À¯ÀÏÇÑ Åä´ëÀ̱⠶§¹®¿¡ ¾ÆÁ÷µµ ±×°ÍµéÀ» ¹ÏÁö ¾ÊÀ» ¼ö°¡ ¾ø´Ù), ¿ì¸®´Â ¿ì¸®ÀÇ ¾ç½É°ú ÀÏ¹Ý »ó½ÄÀÌ ¿ä±¸ÇÏ´Â ¸ðµç °Í¿¡ ³Ê¹«³ª »ó¹ÝµÇ°Ô ÇൿÇÑ´Ù.

We are guided in economical, political, and international questions by the principles which were appropriate to men of three or five thousand years ago, though they are directly opposed to our conscience and the conditions of life in which we are placed today.

¿ì¸®´Â °æÁ¦Àû, Á¤Ä¡Àû, ¹× ±¹Á¦ÀûÀÎ ¹®Á¦µé¿¡ À־ »ï ¶Ç´Â ¿Àõ ³â ÀüÀÇ »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô ÀûÇÕÇÑ ¿ø¸®µé¿¡ À̲ø·Á °£´Ù, ±×·¯³ª ±×µéÀº ¿À´Ã³¯ ¿ì¸®°¡ Ã³ÇØÀÖ´Â ¿ì¸®ÀÇ ¾ç½É°ú »îÀÇ »óŵ鿡 Á¤¸éÀ¸·Î ´ëÄ¡µÈ´Ù.

It was very well for the man of ancient times to live in a society based on the division of mankind into masters and slaves, because he believed that such a distinction was decreed by God and must always exist. But is such a belief possible in these days?

°í´ëÀÇ »ç¶÷µéÀº Àηù°¡ ÁÖÀεé°ú ³ë¿¹·Î ³ª´©¾îÁ® ¼º¸³µÈ »çȸ¿¡ »ç´Â °ÍÀÌ ¸Å¿ì ´ç¿¬Çß´Ù, ¿Ö³ÄÇÏ¸é ±×·¯ÇÑ ±¸ºÐÀÌ Çϳª´Ô¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­ ¸íÇØÁ³À¸¸ç ¾ðÁ¦³ª Á¸ÀçÇÑ´Ù°í ¹Ï¾ú±â ¶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ¿À´Ã³¯ ±×·¯ÇÑ ¹ÏÀ½ÀÌ °¡´ÉÇѰ¡?

The man of antiquity could believe he had the right to enjoy the good things of this world at the expense of other men, and to keep them in misery for generations, since he believed that men came from, different origins, were base or noble in blood, children of Ham or of Japhet. The greatest sages of the world, the teachers of humanity, Plato and Aristotle, justified the existence of slaves and demonstrated the lawfulness of slavery; and even three centuries ago, the men who described an imaginary society of the future, Utopia, could not conceive of it without slaves.

°í´ëÀÇ »ç¶÷Àº ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷µéÀ» Èñ»ýÇÏ¿© ÀÌ ¼¼»óÀÇ ÁÁÀº °ÍµéÀ» Áñ±æ ¼ö ÀÖ°í ±×µéÀ» ¼ö ¼¼´ë µ¿¾È ºÒÇà¿¡ ¹­¾îµÑ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ±Ç¸®°¡ ÀÖ´Ù°í ¹Ï¾ú´Ù, ¿Ö³ÄÇÏ¸é ±×µéÀº »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ´Ù¸¥ ±Ù¿øµé¿¡¼­ ³ª¿ÔÀ¸¸ç, Çǰ¡ õÇϰųª °í±ÍÇϰí, ÇÔÀ̳ª ¾ßÆêÀÇ Àڼյ鿡¼­ ¿Â °ÍÀ¸·Î ¹Ï¾ú±â ¶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù. ¼¼»ó¿¡¼­ °¡Àå ÈǸ¢ÇÑ ÇöÀεé, ÀηùÀDZ³»çµé, ÇöóÅæ°ú ¾Æ¸®½ºÅäÅÚ·¹½º´Â ³ë¿¹µéÀÇ Á¸À縦 Á¤´çÈ­ÇÏ¿´À¸¸ç ³ë¿¹Á¦µµÀÇ ÇÕ¹ý¼ºÀ» ÁÖÀåÇÏ¿´´Ù; ±×¸®°í ½ÉÁö¾î 3¼¼±â Àü¿¡, ¹Ì·¡ÀÇ °¡»ó »çȸÀÎ À¯ÅäÇǾƸ¦ ¹¦»çÇÑ »ç¶÷µéÀº ³ë¿¹µéÀÌ ¾øÀÌ´Â ±×°ÍÀ» ±¸»óÇÒ ¼ö°¡ ¾ø¾ú´Ù.

Men of ancient and mediaeval times believed, firmly believed, that men are not equal, that the only true men are Persians, or Greeks, or Romans, or Franks. But we cannot believe that now. And people who sacrifice themselves for the principles of aristocracy and of patriotism to-day, don't believe and can't believe what they assert.

°í´ë¿Í Áß¼¼ ½Ã´ëÀÇ »ç¶÷µéÀº »ç¶÷µéÀº ÆòµîÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀ¸¸ç, À¯ÀÏÇÏ°Ô ÂüµÈ »ç¶÷µéÀº Æä¸£½Ã¾ÆÀεé, ¶Ç´Â ±×¸®½ºÀεé, ¶Ç´Â ·Î¸¶Àεé, ¶Ç´Â ÇÁ¶ûÅ©ÀεéÀ̶ó°í ¹Ï¾úÀ¸¸ç, È®°íÇÏ°Ô ¹Ï¾ú´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ¿ì¸®´Â ÀÌÁ¦ ±×°ÍÀ» ¹ÏÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù. ±×¸®°í ±ÍÁ·ÁÖÀdzª ¾Ö±¹ÁÖÀÇÀÇ ¿ø¸®µéÀ» À§Çؼ­ ÀڽŵéÀ» Èñ»ýÇÑ »ç¶÷µéÀº ÀÌÁ¦ ÀڽŵéÀÌ ÁÖÀåÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ» ¹ÏÁö ¾ÊÀ¸¸ç ¹ÏÀ» ¼ö ¾ø´Ù.

We all know and cannot help knowing-even though we may never have heard the idea clearly expressed, may never have read of it, and may never have put it into words, still through unconsciously imbibing the Christian sentiments that are in the air-with our whole heart we know and can¡©not escape knowing the fundamental truth of the Christian doctrine, that we are all sons of one Father, wherever we may live and whatever language we may speak; we are all brothers and are subject to the same law of love implanted by our common Father in our hearts.

¿ì¸® ¸ðµÎ´Â ¾È´Ù ±×¸®°í ¾ËÁö ¾ÊÀ» ¼ö°¡ ¾ø´Ù-ºñ·Ï ¿ì¸®´Â °áÄÚ ±× »ç»óÀÌ ¸í¹éÇÏ°Ô Ç¥ÇöµÈ °ÍÀ» µèÁö ¸øÇßÀ»Áö¶óµµ, ±×°ÍÀ» °áÄÚ ÀоÁö ¸øÇßÀ»Áö¶óµµ, ±×¸®°í ±×°ÍÀ» °áÄÚ ¸»·Î Ç¥ÇöÇÏÁö ¸øÇßÀ»Áö¶óµµ, ¿©ÀüÈ÷ À¯Æ÷µÇ°í ÀÖ´Â ±âµ¶±³ÀûÀÎ Á¤¼­¸¦ ¹«ÀǽÄÀûÀ¸·Î ¹Þ¾Æ µéÀÓÀ¸·Î½á-¿ì¸®ÀÇ ¸ðµç °¡½¿À¸·Î ¿ì¸®´Â ¾È´Ù ±×¸®°í ±âµ¶±³ ±³¸®ÀÇ ±Ùº» Áø¸®¸¦ ¾Ë±â¸¦ ÇÇÇÒ ¼ö°¡ ¾øÀ¸´Ï, ¿ì¸®´Â ¸ðµÎ ÇÑ ¾Æ¹öÁöÀÇ ¾ÆµéµéÀÌ´Ù, ¿ì¸®°¡ ¾îµð¿¡ »ìÁö¶óµµ, ±×¸®°í ¿ì¸®°¡ ¾î¶² ¾ð¾î¸¦ »ç¿ëÇϵçÁö; ¿ì¸®´Â ¸ðµÎ ÇüÁ¦ÀÌ¸ç ¿ì¸®ÀÇ °¡½¿µé¿¡ ÀÖ´Â ¿ì¸®ÀÇ ÇÑ ¾Æ¹öÁö¿¡ ÀÇÇØ ½É¾îÁø ¶È°°Àº »ç¶ûÀÇ ¹ý¿¡ ¼ÓÇØ ÀÖ´Ù.

Whatever the opinions and degree of education of a man of to-day, whatever his shade of liberalism, whatever his school of philosophy, or of science, or of economics, however ignorant or superstitious he may be, every man of the present day knows that all men have an equal right to life and the good things of life, and that one set of people are no better nor worse than another, that all are equal. Everyone knows this, beyond doubt; every¡©one feels it in his whole being. Yet at the same time everyone sees all round him the division of men into two castes-the one, laboring, oppressed, poor, and suffering, the other idle, oppressing, luxurious, and profligate. And everyone not only sees this, but voluntarily or involun¡©tarily, in one way or another, he takes part in maintaining this distinction which his conscience condemns. And he cannot help suffering from the consciousness of this con¡©tradiction and his share in it.

¿À´Ã³¯ ÇÑ »ç¶÷ÀÇ Àǰߵé°ú ±³À°ÀÇ Á¤µµ°¡ ¾î¶»µçÁö, ±×ÀÇ ÀÚÀ¯ÁÖÀÇÀÇ »ö±òÀÌ ¾î¶»µçÁö, ±×ÀÇ Ã¶ÇÐ, °úÇÐ, °æÁ¦ÀÇ ÇÐÆÄ´Â ¾î´À °ÍÀ̵çÁö, ±×°¡ ¾Æ¹«¸® ¹«½ÄÇϰųª ¹Ì½ÅÀûÀ̵çÁö, Çö ½Ã´ëÀÇ Á¦°¢±â »ç¶÷Àº ¸ðµç »ç¶÷ÀÌ »î°ú ÁÁÀº °Íµé¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÆòµîÇÑ ±Ç¸®¸¦ °¡Áö¸ç, ÇÑ ¹«¸®ÀÇ »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷µé º¸´Ù ´õ ³´°Å³ª ¾Ç¾ÆÁö ¾ÊÀ¸¸ç, ¸ðµç »ç¶÷ÀÌ ÆòµîÇÏ´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ¾È´Ù. ´©±¸³ª ÀǽÉÇÒ ¿©Áö ¾øÀÌ À̰ÍÀ» ¾È´Ù; ´©±¸³ª ±×°ÍÀ» ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ Àüü Á¸Àç·Î¼­ ´À³¤´Ù. ±×·¯³ª µ¿½Ã¿¡ ´©±¸³ª ±×ÀÇ ¸ðµç ÁÖÀ§¿¡ »ç¶÷µéÀÌ µÎ °è±ÞÀ¸·Î Á¸ÀçÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ» º»´Ù-Çϳª´Â, ³ëµ¿Çϸç, ¾ï¾Ð¹Þ°í, °¡³­Çϸç, ±×¸®°í °íÅë¹Þ´Â »ç¶÷µé, ´Ù¸¥ Çϳª´Â °ÔÀ¸¸£°í ¾ï¾ÐÇϸç, »çÄ¡½º·´°í, ±×¸®°í ¹æÅÁÇÑ »ç¶÷µéÀÏ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ±×¸®°í ´©±¸³ª À̰ÍÀ» ¾Ë »Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, ÀÚ¹ßÀûÀ¸·Î ¶Ç´Â ºñÀÚ¹ßÀûÀ¸·Î, À̸ðÀú¸ð·Î, ±×ÀÇ ¾ç½ÉÀÌ ºñ³­ÇÏ´Â ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ±¸ºÐÀ» ¿ËÈ£Çϴµ¥ Âü¿©ÇÑ´Ù. ±×¸®°í ±×´Â ÀÌ·± ¸ð¼øÀ» ÀǽÄÇÔ°ú ±×°Í ¾È¿¡ ÀÚ½ÅÀÌ ±â¿©ÇÔÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ °íÅë¹ÞÁö ¾ÊÀ» ¼ö°¡ ¾ø´Ù.

Whether he be master or slave, the man of to-day can¡©not help constantly feeling the painful opposition between his conscience and actual life, and the miseries resulting from it.

±×°¡ ÁÖÀÎÀÌ´ø ³ë¿¹ÀÌ´ø, ¿À´Ã³¯ÀÇ »ç¶÷Àº ±×ÀÇ ¾ç½É°ú ½ÇÁ¦ »î »çÀÌ¿¡¼­ °¡½¿¾ÆÇ °¥µî ±×¸®°í ±×·ÎºÎÅÍ ¿¬À¯µÇ´Â ºÒÇàµéÀ» ²÷ÀÓ¾øÀÌ ´À³¢Áö ¾ÊÀ» ¼ö ¾ø´Ù.

The toiling masses, the immense majority of mankind who are suffering under the incessant, meaningless, and hopeless toil and privation in which their whole life is swallowed up, still find their keenest suffering in the glaring contrast between what is and what ought to be, according to all the beliefs held by themselves, and those who have brought them to that condition and keep them in it.

¼ö°íÇÏ´Â ¹ÎÁßµé, »î Àüü¸¦ »ïÄѹö¸®´Â ²÷ÀÓ¾ø°í, ÀÇ¹Ì ¾øÀ¸¸ç, Àý¸ÁÀûÀÎ ¼ö°í¿Í ±ÃÇÌ ¾Æ·¡¼­, °íÅë¹Þ´Â ÀηùÀÇ ¾öû³­ ´ëºÎºÐÀº, ±×µéÀÌ Áö´Ñ ¸ðµç ¹ÏÀ½µé ±×¸®°í ±×µéÀ» ±×·± »óÅ·Πµ¥·Á¿ÔÀ¸¸ç ±×µéÀ» ±× ¾È¿¡ Áö´Ï°í ÀÖ´Â °Íµé¿¡ µû¶ó¼­ ÇöÀçÀÇ ¸ð½À°ú ´ç¿¬È÷ ÀÖ¾î¾ß ÇÒ ¸ð½ÀÀÇ Ã·¿¹ÇÑ ´ëÁ¶ ¾È¿¡¼­ ±×µéÀÇ °¡Àå ¿¹¸®ÇÑ °íÅëÀ» ã°í ÀÖ´Ù.

They know that they are in slavery and condemned to privation and darkness to minister to the lusts of the minority who keep them down. They know it, and they say so plainly. And this knowledge increases their suffer¡©ings and constitutes its bitterest sting.

±×µéÀÌ ³ë¿¹ »óÅ¿¡ ÀÖÀ¸¸ç ±ÃÇ̰ú ¾îµÒÀ» °­¿ä´çÇÏ¿©¼­ ±×µéÀ» ´©°í ÀÖ´Â ¼Ò¼öµéÀÇ Å½¿åµéÀ» ä¿öÁÖ°í ÀÖ´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ±×µéÀº ¾È´Ù. ±×µéÀº ±×°ÍÀ» ¾È´Ù, ±×¸®°í ±×°ÍÀ» ³Ê¹«³ª Æò¹üÇÏ°Ô ¸»ÇÑ´Ù. ±×¸®°í À̰Ϳ¡ ´ëÇÑ Áö½ÄÀÌ ±×µéÀÇ °íÅëµéÀ» Áõ°¡½ÃŰ¸ç °¡Àå ¾²¶ó¸° °íÅëÀ» ±¸¼ºÇÑ´Ù.

The slave of antiquity knew that he was a slave by nature, but our laborer, while he feels he is a slave, knows that he ought not to be, and so he tastes the agony of Tantalus, forever desiring and never gaining what might and ought to be his.

¿¾³¯ÀÇ ³ë¿¹µéÀº ±×°¡ ÅÂ¾î ³ª¸é¼­ºÎÅÍ ³ë¿¹¶ó´Â °ÍÀ» ¾Ë¾Ò´Ù, ±×·¯³ª ¿ì¸®ÀÇ ³ëµ¿ÀÚ´Â, ±×°¡ ³ë¿¹¶ó´Â °ÍÀ» ´À³¢´Â ¹Ý¸é¿¡ ±×·¸°Ô µÇ¾î¼­´Â ¾ÈµÈ´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ¾È´Ù, ±×·¡¼­ ±×´Â źŻ·ç½ºÀÇ °íÅëÀ» ¸Àº»´Ù, ±×¸®°í ±×ÀÇ °ÍÀ¸·Î Á¸ÀçÇÏ¸ç ±×ÀÇ °ÍÀ̾î¾ßÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ» ¿µ¿øÈ÷ °¥¸ÁÇϸ鼭µµ °áÄÚ ¾òÁö ¸øÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù.

The sufferings of the working classes, springing from the contradiction between what is and what ought to be, are increased tenfold by the envy and hatred engendered by their consciousness of it.

³ëµ¿ÀÚ °èÃþÀÇ °íÅëµéÀº, ÇöÀçÀÇ ¸ð½À°ú ´ç¿¬È÷ ÀÖ¾î¾ßÇÒ ¸ð½À°úÀÇ °¥µîÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ºÐÃâµÇ¾î¼­, ±×µéÀÌ ±×°ÍÀ» ÀνÄÇÔÀ¸·Î¼­ »ý¼ºµÇ´Â ½Ã±â¿Í Áõ¿À·Î¼­ ¿­¹è³ª ÁõÆøµÈ´Ù.

The laborer of the present day would not cease to suffer even if his toil were much lighter than that of the slave of ancient times, even if he gained an eight-hour working day and a wage of three dollars a day. For he is working at the manufacture of things which he will not enjoy, working not by his own will for his own benefit, but through necessity, to satisfy the desires of luxurious and idle people in general, and for the profit of a single rich man, the owner of a factory or workshop in particular. And he knows that all this is going on in a world in which it is a recognized scientific principle that labor alone creates wealth, and that to profit by the labor of others is immoral, dishonest, and punishable by law; in a world, moreover, which professes to believe Christ's doctrine that we are all brothers, and that true merit and dignity is to be found in serving one's neighbor, not in exploiting him. All this he knows, and he cannot but suffer keenly from, the sharp contrast between what is and what ought to be.

Çö ½Ã´ëÀÇ ³ëµ¿ÀÚ´Â, ºñ·Ï °í´ëÀÇ ³ë¿¹º¸´Ù °íÅëÀÌ ÈξÀ °¡º­¿öÁø´Ù°í ÇÏ´õ¶óµµ, ºñ·Ï ÇÏ·ç¿¡ ¿©´ü½Ã°£°ú »ï ´Þ·¯ÀÇ ÀÓ±ÝÀ» È®º¸ÇÑ´Ù°í ÇÏ´õ¶óµµ °íÅëÀ» ¸ØÃßÁö ¸øÇÒ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ¿Ö³ÄÇÏ¸é ±×´Â ±×°¡ Áñ°Å¿ö ÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â Á¦Ç° °øÀå¿¡¼­ ÀÏÇϰí ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ À̵æÀ» À§ÇÑ ÀÏÀ» ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ÀÇÁö¿¡ ÀÇÇÏÁö ¾Ê°í, ÇÊ¿ä ¶§¹®¿¡, ÀϹÝÀûÀ¸·Î »çÄ¡½º·´°í °ÔÀ¸¸¥ »ç¶÷µéÀÇ ¿å¸ÁµéÀ» ¸¸Á·½ÃÄÑÁÖ±â À§ÇÏ¿©, ±×¸®°í ´Ü ÇÑ ¸íÀÇ ºÎÀÚ, Ưº°È÷ °øÀåÀ̳ª ÀÛ¾÷ÀåÀÇ ¼ÒÀ¯ÀÚÀÇ ÀÌÀÍÀ» À§ÇÏ¿© ÀÏÇϰí Àֱ⠶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù. ±×¸®°í ±×´Â ÀÌ ¸ðµç °ÍµéÀÌ ³ëµ¿¸¸ÀÌ ºÎ¸¦ ¸¸µé¾î ³»¸ç, ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷µéÀÇ ³ëµ¿À» ÂøÃëÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº ºñµµ´öÀûÀ̸ç, ºÎÁ¤Á÷Çϰí, ¹ýÀ¸·Î ó¹ú ¹Þ´Â´Ù´Â ÀÎÁ¤µÈ °úÇÐÀûÀÎ ¿ø¸®ÀÎ ¼¼»ó¿¡¼­ ÀϾ°í ÀÖ´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ¾È´Ù; °Ô´Ù°¡ ¿ì¸®´Â ¸ðµÎ ÇüÁ¦À̸ç, ÁøÁ¤ÇÑ ÀåÁ¡°ú Á¸¾öÀº ÀÌ¿ôÀ» »ç¶ûÇÔ¿¡ ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ÂøÃëÇÔ¿¡ ÀÖÁö ¾Ê´Ù´Â ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ ±³¸®¸¦ ¹Ï´Â´Ù°í °í¹éÇÏ´Â ¼¼»ó¿¡¼­ ÀϾ°í ÀÖ´Ù±Ù °ÍÀ» ¾È´Ù. ÀÌ ¸ðµç °ÍÀ» ±×´Â ¾È´Ù, ±×¸®°í ±×´Â ÇöÀçÀÇ »óȲ°ú ¿ø·¡ µÇ¾î ÀÖ¾î¾ßÇÒ »óȲ°úÀÇ Ã·¿¹ÇÑ ´ë¸³À¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ¿¹¸®ÇÏ°Ô °íÅë¹ÞÀ» ¼ö ¹Û¿¡ ¾ø´Ù.

"According to all principles, according to all I know, and what everyone professes," the workman says to himself, "I ought to be free, equal to everyone else, and loved; and I am-a slave, humiliated and hated." And he too is filled with hatred and tries to find means to escape from his position, to shake off the enemy who is over-riding him, and to oppress him in turn. People say, "Workmen have no business to try to become capitalists, the poor to try to put themselves in the place of the rich." That is a mis¡©take. The working-men and the poor would be wrong if they tried to do so in a world in which slaves and masters were regarded as different species created by God; but they are living in a world which professes the faith of the Gospel, that all are alike sons of God, and so brothers and equal. And however men may try to conceal it, one of the first conditions of Christian life is love, not in words but in deeds.

¡°¸ðµç ¿ø¸®µé¿¡ ÀÇÇϸé, ³»°¡ ¾Æ´Â ¸ðµç °Í¿¡ ÀÇÇϸé, ±×¸®°í ¸ðµç »ç¶÷µéÀÌ °í¹éÇÏ´Â °Í¿¡ µû¸£¸é,¡± ³ëµ¿ÀÚ´Â ½º½º·Î¿¡°Ô ¸»ÇÑ´Ù, ¡°³ª´Â ÀÚÀ¯·Î¿ö¾ß Çϰí, ´Ù¸¥ ¾î¶² »ç¶÷µé°úµµ ÆòµîÇØ¾ß Çϸç, ±×¸®°í »ç¶û¹Þ¾Æ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù; ±×¸®°í ³ª´Â-±¼¿å ¹Þ°í, ¹Ì¿ò¹Þ´Â ³ë¿¹ÀÌ´Ù.¡± ±×¸®°í ±× ¿ª½Ã Áõ¿À¿¡ °¡µæÂ÷¼­ ±×ÀÇ ÀÔÀåÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ µµÇÇÇÒ ¹æ¹ýµéÀ» ãÀ¸·Á Çϰí, ±×¸¦ ±ò¾Æ ¹¶°³·Á´Â ¿ø¼ö¸¦ Åо·ÁÇϸç, ¹Ý´ë·Î ±×¸¦ ¾ï¾ÐÇÏ·Á ÇÑ´Ù. »ç¶÷µéÀº ¸»ÇÑ´Ù, ¡°³ëµ¿ÀÚµéÀº ÀÚº»°¡µéÀÌ µÇ·Á°í ½ÃµµÇϸç, °¡³­ÇÑ ÀÚµéÀÌ ºÎÀÚµéÀÇ À§Ä¡¿¡ µé¾î¼³ ÀÌÀ¯°¡ ¾ø´Ù.¡± ³ë¿¹µé°ú ÁÖÀεéÀÌ Çϳª´Ô¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­ ´Ù¸¥ Á¾Á·À¸·Î âÁ¶µÈ °ÍÀ¸·Î ¿©±â´Â ¼¼»ó¿¡¼­ ±×µéÀÌ ±×·¸°Ô ½ÃµµÇÑ´Ù¸é, ÀÏÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷µé°ú °¡³­ÇÑ ÀÚµéÀÌ Æ²¸° °ÍÀÏ °ÍÀÌ´Ù; ±×·¯³ª ±×µéÀº, ¸ðµç »ç¶÷µéÀº ¶È±ùÀÌ Çϳª´ÔÀÇ ¾ÆµéµéÀ̸ç, ±×·¯¹Ç·Î ÇüÁ¦µéÀÌ°í ÆòµîÇÏ´Ù´Â, º¹À½¼­ÀÇ ½Å¾ÓÀ» °í¹éÇÏ´Â ¼¼»ó¿¡ »ì°í ÀÖ´Ù. ±×¸®°í »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ¾Æ¹«¸® ±×°ÍÀ» ¼û±â·ÁÇÏ´õ¶óµµ, ±âµ¶±³ÀÎÀÇ Ã¹¹øÂ° Á¶°ÇµéÀÇ Çϳª´Â »ç¶ûÀ̸ç, ¸»·Î¼­°¡ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ÇàÇÔÀ¸·Î¼­ÀÌ´Ù.

The man of the so-called educated classes lives in still more glaring inconsistency and suffering. Every educated man, if he believes in anything, believes in the brotherhood of all men, or at least he has a sentiment of humanity, or else of justice, or else he believes in science. And all the while he knows that his whole life is framed on principles in direct opposition to it all, to all the principles of Christi¡©anity, humanity, justice, and science.

¼ÒÀ§ ±³À°¹ÞÀº °èÃþµéÀº ÈξÀ ´õ ½É°¢ÇÑ ¸ð¼ø°ú °íÅë¿¡ »ê´Ù. Á¦°¢±âÀÇ ±³¾çÀÖ´Â »ç¶÷Àº, ±×°¡ ¹«¾ùÀΰ¡¸¦ ¹Ï´Â´Ù¸é, ¸ðµç »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ÇüÁ¦ÀÓÀ» ¹ÏÀ¸¸ç, Àû¾îµµ ±×´Â Àηù¾Ö, ¶Ç´Â Á¤ÀÇÀÇ °¨Á¤À» °¡Áö°í Àְųª, ±×´Â °úÇÐÀ» ¹Ï´Â´Ù. ±×¸®°í ³»³» ±×ÀÇ Àüü »îÀº ±×°Í ¸ðµÎ¿¡, ±âµ¶±³, Àηù¾Ö, Á¤ÀÇ, ±×¸®°í °úÇÐÀÇ ¸ðµç ¿ø¸®µé¿¡ Á÷Á¢ÀûÀ¸·Î ´ëÄ¡µÇ´Â ¿ø¸® À§¿¡ Çü¼ºµÇ¾î ÀÖÀ½À» ¾Ë°í ÀÖ´Ù.

He knows that all the habits in which he has been brought up, and which he could not give up without suffering, can only be satisfied through the exhausting, often fatal, toil of oppressed laborers, that is, through the most obvious and brutal violation of the principles of Christianity, humanity, and justice, and even of science (that is, economic science). He advocates the principles of fraternity, humanity, justice, and science, and yet he lives so that he is dependent on the oppression of the working classes, which he denounces, and his whole life is based on the advantages gained by their oppression. Moreover he is directing every effort to main¡©taining this state of things so flatly opposed to all his beliefs.

±×°¡ ¾çÀ°µÇ¾î ¿ÔÀ¸¸ç, ±×°¡ °íÅë¾øÀÌ´Â Æ÷±âÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø¾ú´ø ¸ðµç ½À°üµéÀº ¾ï¾Ð¹Þ´Â ³ëµ¿ÀÚµéÀÇ ¿ÀÁ÷ ÇǸ¦ ¸»¸®¸ç, ÈçÈ÷ Ä¡¸íÀûÀÎ °í¿ªµé·Î¼­, Áï, ±âµ¶±³, Àηù¾Ö, ±×¸®°í Á¤ÀÇ, ±×¸®°í ½ÉÁö¾î °úÇÐ(Áï, °æÁ¦°úÇÐ)ÀÇ ¿ø¸®µéÀ» °¡Àå ¸í¹éÇϰí ÀÜÀÎÇÏ°Ô ¹üÇϹǷνá, ¸¸Á·µÇ¾î Áú ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ±×´Â ÇüÁ¦¾Ö, Àηù¾Ö, Á¤ÀÇ, ±×¸®°í °úÇÐÀÇ ¿ø¸®µéÀ» ¿ËÈ£ÇÑ´Ù, ±×·¯³ª ±×´Â ±×°¡ ºñ³­Çϰí ÀÖ´Â ³ëµ¿ÇÏ´Â °è±ÞµéÀÇ ¾ï¾Ð¿¡ ÀÇÁ¸Çϸç, ±×ÀÇ Àüü »îÀº ±×µéÀÇ ¾ï¾ÐÀ¸·Î ¾ò¾îÁö´Â ÀÌÀ͵鿡 ±Ù°Å¸¦ µÎ°í »ì°í ÀÖ´Ù. °Ô´Ù°¡ ±×´Â ¸ðµç ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ¹ÏÀ½µé¿¡ ³Ê¹«³ª ³ë°ñÀûÀ¸·Î ¹Ý´ëµÇ´Â Çö»óµéÀÇ ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ »óŸ¦ Áö¼ÓÇÏ·Á°í ¸ðµç ³ë·ÂµéÀ» ½ñ¾Æ³Ö°í ÀÖÀ½À» ±×´Â ¾È´Ù.

We are all brothers-and yet every morning a brother or a sister must empty the bedroom slops for me. We are all brothers, but every morning I must have a cigar, a sweet¡©meat, an ice, and such things, which my brothers and sisters have been wasting their health in manufacturing, and I en¡©joy these things and demand them. We are all brothers, yet I live by working in a bank, or mercantile house, or shop at making all goods dearer for my brothers. We are all brothers, but I live on a salary paid me for prosecuting, judging, and condemning the thief or the prostitute whose existence the whole tenor of my life tends to bring about, and who I know ought not to be punished but reformed. We are all brothers, but I live on the salary I gain by collecting taxes from needy laborers to be spent on the luxur¡©ies of the rich and idle. We are all brothers, but I take a stipend for preaching a false Christian religion, which I do not myself believe in, and which only serves to hinder men from understanding true Christianity. I take a stipend as priest or bishop for deceiving men in the matter of the greatest importance to them. We are all brothers, but I will not give the poor the benefit of my educational, medical, or literary labors except for money. We are all brothers, yet I take a salary for being ready to commit murder, for teaching men to murder, or making firearms, gunpowder, or fortifications.

¿ì¸®´Â ¸ðµÎ ÇüÁ¦µéÀÌ´Ù-±×·¯³ª ¸ÅÀÏ ¾ÆÄ§ ÇüÁ¦³ª ÀڸŰ¡ ³ª¸¦ À§ÇØ Ä§´ëÀÇ ¿À¹°À» Ä¡¿ö¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. ¿ì¸®´Â ÇüÁ¦µéÀÌ´Ù, ±×·¯³ª ¸ÅÀÏ ¾ÆÄ§ ³ª´Â ´ã¹è ÇÑ´ë, »çÅÁ°úÀÚ, ¾óÀ½, ±×¸®°í ±×·± °ÍµéÀ» ÃëÇϰí ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ±×°ÍµéÀº ³ªÀÇ ÇüÁ¦ ÀڸŵéÀÌ ±×°ÍµéÀ» »ý»êÇÏ´À¶ó°í ±×µéÀÇ °Ç°­À» ÀҾ°í ÀÖ´Ù, ±×¸®°í ³ª´Â À̰͵éÀ» Áñ±â°í ±×°ÍµéÀ» ¿ä±¸ÇÑ´Ù. ¿ì¸®´Â ¸ðµÎ ÇüÁ¦µéÀÌ´Ù, ±×·¯³ª ³ª´Â ÀºÇà¿¡¼­, ¹éÈ­Á¡¿¡¼­, ¶Ç´Â ³ªÀÇ ÇüÁ¦µé¿¡°Ô ³Ê¹«³ª ¼ÒÁßÇÑ »óǰµéÀ» ¸¸µå´Â °¡°Ô¿¡¼­ ÀÏÇϸ鼭 »ê´Ù. ¿ì¸®´Â ¸ðµÎ ÇüÁ¦µéÀÌ´Ù, ±×·¯³ª ³ª´Â ³ªÀÇ ¸ðµç »îÀÇ ½ÅÁ¶°¡ ±×µéÀÇ Á¸À縦 ÃÊ·¡ÇÏ´Â µµµÏ ¶Ç´Â â³à¸¦ ±â¼ÒÇϰí, ÀçÆÇÇϸç, ¼±°íÇÔÀ¸·Î½á ÁÖ¾îÁö´Â ºÀ±ÞÀ¸·Î »ê´Ù, ±×¸®°í ±×µéÀº ó¹úµÇ¾î¼­´Â ¾ÈµÇ¸ç ±³È­µÇ¾î¾ß ÇÔÀ» ³ª´Â ¾È´Ù. ¿ì¸®´Â ¸ðµÎ ÇüÁ¦µéÀÌ´Ù, ±×·¯³ª ³ª´Â ºÎÀÚµé°ú °ÔÀ¸¸¥ ÀÚµéÀÇ »çÄ¡¿¡ »ç¿ëµÇ¾îÁú ¼¼±ÝµéÀ» ³ëµ¿ÀÚµé·ÎºÎÅÍ Â¡¼öÇÏ¸ç »ê´Ù. ¿ì¸®´Â ¸ðµÎ ÇüÁ¦µéÀÌ´Ù, ±×·¯³ª ³ª´Â °ÅÁþ ±âµ¶±³ Á¾±³¸¦ ¼³±³ÇÏ´Â ºÀ±ÞÀ» ¹Þ´Â´Ù, ±×¸®°í ±×°ÍÀ» ³ªÀڽŵµ ¹ÏÁö ¾ÊÀ¸¸ç, ±×°ÍÀº ¿ÀÁ÷ »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ÁøÁ¤ÇÑ ±âµ¶±³¸¦ ±ú´Ý´Â °ÍÀ» ¹æÇØÇÒ »ÓÀÌ´Ù. ³ª´Â »çÁ¦³ª ÁÖ±³·Î¼­ ±×µé¿¡°Ô °¡Àå Áß¿äÇÑ ¹®Á¦¿¡ ´ëÇÏ¿© »ç¶÷µéÀ» ¼ÓÀÓÀ¸·Î½á ºÀ±ÞÀ» ¹Þ´Â´Ù. ¿ì¸®´Â ¸ðµÎ ÇüÁ¦µéÀÌ´Ù, ±×·¯³ª ³ª´Â ±ÝÀüÀ» À§ÇÑ °æ¿ì¸¦ Á¦¿ÜÇϰí´Â °¡³­ÇÑ »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô ³ªÀÇ ±³À°ÀÇ, ÀÇ·áÀÇ, ¶Ç´Â ¹®ÇÐÀûÀÎ ¼ö°íµéÀ» ÁÖÁö ¾ÊÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ¿ì¸®´Â ¸ðµÎ ÇüÁ¦µéÀÌ´Ù, ±×·¯³ª ³ª´Â »ìÀÎÀ» ÇÒ Áغñ¸¦ Çϰí ÀÖÀ½À¸·Î½á, »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô »ìÀÎÀ» °¡¸£Ä¡°Å³ª, ¹«±â, È­¾à, ¶Ç´Â ¿ä»õµéÀ» ¸¸µé°Ô ÇÔÀ¸·Î½á ºÀ±ÞÀ» ¹Þ´Â´Ù.

The whole life of the upper classes is a constant incon¡©sistency. The more delicate a man's conscience is, the more painful this contradiction is to him. A man of sensitive conscience cannot but suffer if he lives such a life. The only means by which he can escape from this suffering is by blunting his conscience, but even if some men succeed in dulling their conscience they cannot dull their fears.

»ó·ù °è±ÞµéÀÇ Àüü »îÀº ²÷ÀÓ¾ø´Â ºÒÀÏÄ¡ÀÌ´Ù. »ç¶÷ÀÇ ¾ç½ÉÀÌ ¼¶¼¼ÇÒ ¼ö·Ï, ±×¿¡°Ô À־ ÀÌ·± ¸ð¼øÀº ´õ¿í ´õ °íÅ뽺·´´Ù. ¹Î°¨ÇÑ ¾ç½ÉÀ» Áö½Å »ç¶÷Àº ±×·¯ÇÑ »îÀ» ¿µÀ§ÇÑ´Ù¸é °íÅë¹ÞÀ» ¼ö ¹Û¿¡ ¾ø´Ù. ±×°¡ ÀÌ·± °íÅëÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ Å»ÃâÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â À¯ÀÏÇÑ ¹æ¹ýµéÀº ±×ÀÇ ¾ç½ÉÀ» ¹«µð°Ô ÇÔÀ¸·Î½áÀÌ´Ù, ±×·¯³ª ºñ·Ï ¾î¶² »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ±×µéÀÇ ¾ç½ÉÀ» µÐÇÏ°Ô Çϴµ¥ ¼º°øÇÏ´õ¶óµµ ±×µéÀÇ µÎ·Á¿òµéÀ» µÐÇÏ°Ô ÇÒ ¼ö´Â ¾ø´Ù.

The men of the higher dominating classes whose con¡©science is naturally not sensitive or has become blunted, if they don't suffer through conscience, suffer from fear and hatred. They are bound to suffer. They know all the hatred of them existing, and inevitably existing in the work¡©ing classes. They are aware that the working classes know that they are deceived and exploited, and that they are beginning to organize themselves to shake off oppres¡©sion and revenge themselves on their oppressors. The higher classes see the unions, the strikes, the May Day Celebrations, and feel the calamity that is threatening them, and their terror passes into an instinct of self-defense and hatred. They know that if for one instant they are worsted in the struggle with their oppressed slaves, they will perish, because the slaves are exasperated and their exasperation is growing more intense with every day of oppression. The oppressors, even if they wished to do so, could not make an end to oppression. They know that they themselves will perish directly they even relax the harshness of their oppression. And they do not relax it, in spite of all their pretended care for the welfare of the working classes, for the eight-hour day, for regulation of the labor of minors and of women, for savings banks and pensions. All that is humbug, or else simply anxiety to keep the slave fit to do his work. But the slave is still a slave, and the master who cannot live without a slave is less disposed to set him free than ever.

´ç¿¬È÷ ±×µéÀÇ ¾ç½ÉÀÌ ¹Î°¨ÇÏÁö ¾Ê°Å³ª ¹¶ÅöÇÏ°Ô µÇ¾î¹ö¸° ´õ¿í ³ôÀÌ¿¡¼­ Áö¹èÇÏ´Â °è±ÞµéÀÇ »ç¶÷µéÀº, ¾ç½É¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­ °íÅë¹ÞÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù°í ÇÏ´õ¶óµµ, µÎ·Á¿ò°ú Áõ¿À·Î¼­ °íÅë¹Þ´Â´Ù. ±×µéÀº °íÅë¹Þ°Ô µÇ¾î ÀÖ´Ù. ±×µéÀº Á¸ÀçÇÏ´Â, ÇÇÇÒ ¼ö ¾øÀÌ ÀÏÇÏ´Â °è±ÞµéÀÇ »ç¶÷µé¿¡¼­ Á¸ÀçÇÏ´Â ±×µé¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¸ðµç Áõ¿ÀµéÀ» ¾È´Ù. ±×µéÀº ³ëµ¿ÇÏ´Â °è±ÞµéÀÌ ¼ÓÀÓÀ» ´çÇϸç ÂøÃë´çÇÑ´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ¾Ë°í ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ±×µéÀÌ ½º½º·Î¸¦ Á¶Á÷È­ÇÏ¿© ¾ÐÁ¦¸¦ Åоî¹ö¸®°í ±×µéÀ» ¾ï¾ÐÇÏ´Â Àڵ鿡°Ô º¹¼ö¸¦ ½ÃÀÛÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ÀνÄÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù. ´õ¿í ³ôÀº °è±ÞµéÀº ³ëµ¿Á¶ÇÕ, ÆÄ¾÷, ³ëµ¿Àý ÃàÁ¦µé º¸°í¼­ ±×µéÀ» À§ÇùÇÏ´Â Àç¾ÓµéÀ» ´À³¤´Ù, ±×¸®°í ±×µé¿¡ ´ëÇÑ °øÆ÷´Â Àڱ⠹æ¾î¿Í Áõ¿ÀÀÇ º»´ÉÀ¸·Î º¯Çذ£´Ù. ¸¸ÀÏ ±×µéÀÌ ÇÑ ¼ø°£ ±×µéÀÇ ¾ï¾Ð¹Þ´Â ³ë¿¹µé°úÀÇ ÅõÀï¿¡¼­ Áø´Ù¸é, ±×µéÀ» ¸ê¸ÁÇÒ °ÍÀÓÀ» ¾È´Ù, ¿Ö³ÄÇÏ¸é ³ë¿¹µéÀº ºÐ³ëÇϰí ÀÖÀ¸¸ç ±×µéÀÇ ºÐ³ë´Â ³ª³¯ÀÇ ¾ï¾ÐÀ¸·Î ´õ¿í °­ÇØÁ® °¡°í Àֱ⶧¹®ÀÌ´Ù. ¾ÐÁ¦ÀÚµé, ºñ·Ï ±×µéÀÇ ±×·¸°Ô Çϱ⸦ ¿øÇÑ´Ù°í ÇÏ´õ¶ó°í, ¾ÐÁ¦¸¦ ³¡³¾ ¼ö°¡ ¾ø´Ù. ±×µéÀº ½ÉÁö¾î ±×µéÀÇ ¾ÐÁ¦ÀÇ °­µµ¸¦ ´ÊÃá´Ù°í ÇÏ´õ¶óµµ °ð¹Ù·Î ±×µéÀº ¸ê¸ÁÇÒ °ÍÀÓÀ» ±×µéÀº ¾Ë°í ÀÖ´Ù. ±×¸®°í ±×µéÀº, ³ëµ¿ °è±ÞµéÀÇ º¹Áö¿¡ ´ëÇØ¼­, ¿¬¼ÒÀÚ¿Í ¿©ÀÚµéÀÇ ³ëµ¿¿¡ ´ëÇØ¼­, ÀúÃàÀºÇà°ú ¿¬±Ý¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ±×µéÀÇ °ÑÄ¡·¹ÀÇ ¹è·Á¿¡µµ ºÒ±¸Çϰí, ±×°ÍÀ» ´ÊÃßÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù. ±× ¸ðµç °ÍµéÀº »çÅÁ¹ß¸²À̰ųª ¶Ç´Â ±âŸ ´Ü¼øÈ÷ ³ë¿¹µéÀÌ ±×µéÀÇ ÀÏÀ» ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖµµ·Ï ¹­¾îµÎ´Â ¿°·ÁÇÔÀÌ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ³ë¿¹´Â ¿©ÀüÈ÷ ³ë¿¹ÀÌ´Ù, ±×¸®°í ³ë¿¹ ¾øÀÌ »ì ¼ö ¾ø´Â ÁÖÀÎÀº ÀÌÀü º¸´Ù ´õ¿í ±×µé ÀÚÀ¯·ÎÀÌ ÇØÁÙ ¸¶À½ÀÌ ¾ø´Ù.

The attitude of the ruling classes to the laborers is that of a man who has felled his adversary to the earth and holds him down, not so much because he wants to hold him down, as because he knows that if he let him go, even for a second, he would himself be stabbed, for his adver¡©sary is infuriated and has a knife in his hand. And there¡©fore, whether their conscience is tender or the reverse, our rich men cannot enjoy the wealth they have filched from the poor as the ancients did who believed in their right to it. Their whole life and all their enjoyments are embittered either by the stings of conscience or by terror.

³ëµ¿Àڵ鿡 ´ëÇÑ Áö¹è°è±ÞµéÀÇ Åµµ´Â ±×ÀÇ ÀûÀ» ¶¥¿¡ ³Ñ¾î ¶ß¸®°í ±×¸¦ ºÑµé°í ÀÖ´Â »ç¶÷ÀÇ ÅµµÀÌ´Ù, ±×°ÍÀº ±×°¡ ±×µé ºÙµé°í ÀÖ°í ½Í¾î¼­°¡ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, ±×°¡ ±×¸¦ ½ÉÁö¾î ÀÏÃÊ¶óµµ º¸³» Áشٸé, ±×ÀÇ ÀûÀº ¼ºÀÌ ³ªÀÖ°í ±×ÀÇ ¼Õ¿¡ Ä®À» µé°í ÀÖÀ¸¹Ç·Î, ÀÚ½ÅÀº Âñ·Á Á×À» °ÍÀÓÀ» ¾Ë°í Àֱ⠶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù. ±×¸®°í ±×·¯¹Ç·Î, ±×µéÀÇ ¾ç½ÉÀÌ ºÎµå·´µç ±× ¹Ý´ëÀ̵ç, ¿ì¸®ÀÇ ºÎÀÚµéÀº ¿¾³¯ »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ´ç¿¬ÇÑ ±Ç¸®·Î ¿©±â´ø °¡³­ÇÑ ÀÚµé·ÎºÎÅÍ ÈÉÄ£ Àç¹°À» Áñ±æ ¼ö°¡ ¾ø´Ù. ±×µéÀÇ Àüü »î°ú ±×µéÀÇ Áñ°Å¿òµéÀº ¾ç½ÉÀÌ Âñ·Á¼­³ª °øÆ÷·Î¼­ ±«·Î¿òÀ» ´çÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù.

So much for the economic contradiction. The political contradiction is even more striking.

°æÁ¦ÀûÀÎ ¸ð¼ø¿¡ ´ëÇÑ °ÍÀº ±×¸¸ À̾߱â Çϱâ·Î ÇÏÀÚ. Á¤Ä¡Àû ¸ð¼øÀº ÈξÀ ´õ µÎµå·¯Áø´Ù.

All men are brought up to the habit of obeying the laws of the state before everything. The whole existence of modern times is defined by laws. A man marries and is divorced, educates his children, and even (in many countries) professes his religious faith in accordance with the law. What about the law then which defines our whole existence? Do men believe in it? Do they regard it as good? Not at all. In the majority of cases people of the present time do not believe in the justice of the law, they despise it, but still they obey it. It was very well for the men of the ancient world to observe their laws. They firmly believed that their law (it was generally of a religious character) was the only just law, which everyone ought to obey. But is it so with us? we know and cannot help knowing that the law of our country is not the one eternal law; that it is only one of the many laws of different countries, which are equally imperfect, often obviously wrong and unjust, and are criticized from every point of view in the newspapers. The Jew might well obey his laws, since he had not the slightest doubt that God had written them with his finger; the Roman too might well obey the laws which he thought had been dictated by the nymph Egeria. Men might well observe the laws if they believed the Tzars who made them were God's anointed, or even if they thought they were the work of assemblies of lawgivers who had the power and the desire to make them as good as possible. But we all know how our laws are made. We have all been behind the scenes, we know that they are the product of covetousness, trickery, and party struggles; that there is not and cannot be any real justice in them. And so modern men cannot believe that obedi¡©ence to civic or political laws can satisfy the demands of the reason or of human nature. Men have long ago recog¡©nized that it is irrational to obey a law the justice of which is very doubtful, and so they cannot but suffer in obeying a law which they do not accept as judicious and binding.

¹«¾ùº¸´Ù ¸ÕÀú ¸ðµç»ç¶÷µéÀº ±¹°¡ÀÇ ¹ý·ü¿¡ º¹Á¾ÇÏ´Â ½À°üÀ¸·Î Ű¿öÁ® ¿Ô´Ù. Çö´ëÀÇ ¸ðµç Á¸Àç´Â ¹ý·ü·Î½á Á¤ÀǵȴÙ. »ç¶÷Àº ¹ý·ü¿¡ µû¶ó¼­ °áÈ¥Çϸç ÀÌÈ¥ ´çÇϰí, ±×ÀÇ Àڳฦ ±³À°½Ã۸ç, ±×¸®°í ½ÉÁö¾î(¸¹Àº ±¹°¡µé¿¡¼­) ±×ÀÇ Á¾±³Àû ½Å¾ÓÀ» °í¹éÇÑ´Ù. ±×·¸´Ù¸é ¿ì¸®ÀÇ Àüü Á¸À縦 Á¤ÀÇÇÏ´Â ¹ý·üÀº ¹«¾ùÀΰ¡? »ç¶÷µéÀº ±×°ÍÀ» ¹Ï´Â°¡? »ç¶÷µéÀº ±×°ÍÀ» ¼±ÇÏ´Ù°í ¿©±â´Â°¡? ÀüÇô ±×·¸Áö ¾Ê´Ù. Çö ½Ã´ëÀÇ ´ëºÎºÐÀÇ »ç¶÷µé¿¡ À־, ¹ýÀÇ Á¤ÀǸ¦ ¹ÏÁö ¾ÊÀ¸¸ç, ±×°ÍÀ» °æ¸êÇÑ´Ù, ±×·¯³ª ¾ÆÁ÷µµ ±×µéÀº º¹Á¾Çϰí ÀÖ´Ù. ¿¾³¯ ¼¼»óÀÇ »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ±×µéÀÇ ¹ý·üÀ» µû¸£´Â °ÍÀº ³Ê¹«³ª ´ç¿¬Çß´Ù. ±×µéÀº ±×µéÀÇ ¹ý·ü(±×°ÍÀº ÀϹÝÀûÀ¸·Î Á¾±³ÀûÀÎ ¼º°ÝÀ» ¶ì°í ÀÖ¾ú´Âµ¥)ÀÌ À¯ÀÏÇÏ°Ô Á¤´çÇÑ ¹ýÀ̸ç, ±×°ÍÀº ¸ðµç »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ÁöÄѾßÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ¸·Î ¹Ï¾ú´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ¿ì¸®¿¡°Ôµµ ±×°ÍÀÌ ±×·¯ÇѰ¡? ¿ì¸®´Â ¿ì¸®±¹°¡ÀÇ ¹ý·üÀÌ ¿µ¿øÇÑ ¹ýÀÌ ¾Æ´ÔÀ» ¾Ë°í ÀÖÀ¸¸ç ¾ËÁö ¾ÊÀ» ¼ö°¡ ¾ø´Ù; ±×°ÍÀº ¿ÀÁ÷ ´Ù¾çÇÑ ±¹°¡µéÀÇ ¸¹À» ¹ý·üµé ÁßÀÇ ÇϳªÀ̸ç, ±×°ÍµéÀº ¶È°°ÀÌ ºÒ¿ÏÀüÇϰí, ÈçÈ÷ ¸í¹éÇÏ°Ô À߸øµÇ¾úÀ¸¸ç ºÎ´çÇϸç, ½Å¹®µé¿¡¼­ ´Ù¾çÇÑ °üÁ¡¿¡¼­ ºñ³­¹Þ°í ÀÖ´Ù. À¯ÅÂÀÎÀº, Çϳª´ÔÀÌ ±×ÀÇ ¼ÕÀ¸·Î ¹ý·üÀ» ±â·ÏÇÏ¿´À½À» ÀüÇô ÀǽÉÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀ¸¹Ç·Î, ±×ÀÇ ¹ý·üµéÀ» Àß Áöų °ÍÀÌ´Ù; ·Î¸¶Àεµ ¿äÁ¤ ÀÌÁ¦¸®¾Æ°¡ Áö½ÃÇØÁÖ¾ú´Ù°í »ý°¢ÇÏ´Â ¹ý·üµéÀ» Àß Áöų °ÍÀÌ´Ù. »ç¶÷µéÀº ¹ý·üµéÀ» ¸¸µç ȲÁ¦°¡ Çϳª´ÔÀÇ ±â¸§ºÎÀº ÀÚ¶ó´Â °ÍÀ» ¹Ï´Â´Ù¸é, ½ÉÁö¾î ±×µéÀÌ »ý°¢Çϱ⿡ ±×°ÍµéÀ» °¡´ÉÇÑ ¼±ÇÏ°Ô ¸¸µå·Á´Â ´É·Â°ú ¿å±¸¸¦ Áö´Ñ ÀÔ¹ý°¡µéÀÇ È¸ÀÇÀÇ ³ë·ÂÀ̶ó¸é ±×°ÍµéÀ» Àß Áöų °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ¿ì¸®´Â ¸ðµÎ ¹ý·üµéÀÌ ¾î¶»°Ô ¸¸µé¾îÁö´Â Áö ¾Ë°í ÀÖ´Ù. ¿ì¸®´Â ¸ðµÎ ¸·ÀÇ µÚÆí¿¡ ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ±×°ÍµéÀº Ž¿å, ¼ÓÀÓ¼ö, ±×¸®°í ´çÀïµéÀÇ ¼Ò»êÀÓÀ» ¾Ë°í ÀÖ´Ù; Áï ±×°Íµé¿¡´Â ¾î¶²ÇÑ ÁøÁ¤ÇÑ Á¤Àǵµ ÀÖÁö ¾ÊÀ¸¸ç ÀÖÀ» ¼öµµ ¾ø´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ¾È´Ù. ±×¸®°í Çö´ëÀεéÀº ±×·¯¹Ç·Î ½Ã¹Î¹ýÀ̳ª Á¤Ä¡¹ýµé¿¡ º¹Á¾ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ À̼ºÀ̳ª Àΰ£ º»¼ºÀÇ ¿ä±¸µéÀ» ¸¸Á·½Ãų ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ¹ÏÀ» ¼ö°¡ ¾ø´Ù. »ç¶÷µéÀº ¿À·¡ ÀüºÎÅÍ Á¤Àǰ¡ ¸Å¿ì Àǽɽº·¯¿î ¹ý·ü¿¡ º¹Á¾ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº ºñÀ̼ºÀûÀ̶ó´Â °ÍÀ» ÀνÄÇÏ¿´´Ù, ±×¸®°í ±×·¯¹Ç·Î ±×µéÀÌ ÆÇ´Ü°¡´ÉÇÏ¸ç ±¸¼Ó·ÂÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù°í ¹Þ¾ÆµéÀÌÁö ¾Ê´Â ¹ý·üÀ» º¹Á¾Çϸ鼭 °íÅë¹ÞÁö ¾ÊÀ» ¼ö°¡ ¾ø´Ù.

A man cannot but suffer when his whole life is defined beforehand for him by laws, which he must obey under threat of punishment, though he does not believe in their wisdom or justice, and often clearly perceives their injustice, cruelty, and artificiality.

¹ý·ü¿¡ ÀÇÇÏ¿© »çÀü¿¡ ±×ÀÇ ¸ðµç »îÀÌ Á¤Àǵǰí, ºñ·Ï ±×µé ¹ý·üµéÀÇ ÁöÇý³ª Á¤ÀǸ¦ ¹ÏÁö ¾ÊÀ¸¸ç, ÈçÈ÷µé ¸í¹éÇÏ°Ô ±×°ÍµéÀÇ ºÎ´çÇÔ, ÀÜÀÎÇÔ ±×¸®°í ÀÎÀ§¼ºÀ» ±ú´Ý°í ÀÖÀ½¿¡µµ, ±×´Â ±×°ÍÀ» ó¹úÀ̶ó´Â À§Çù¾Æ·¡¼­ º¹Á¾ÇÏ¿©¾ß ÇÒ ¶§¿¡, ±×´Â °íÅë¹ÞÁö ¾ÊÀ» ¼ö°¡ ¾ø´Ù.

We recognize the uselessness of customs and import duties, and are obliged to pay them. We recognize the uselessness of the expenditure on the maintenance of the Court and other members of Government, and we regard the teaching of the Church as injurious, but we are obliged to bear our share of the expenses of these institutions. We regard the punishments inflicted by law as cruel and shameless, but we must assist in supporting them. We regard as unjust and pernicious the distribution of landed property, but we are obliged to submit to it. We see no necessity for wars and armies, but we must bear terribly heavy burdens in support of troops and war expenses.

¿ì¸®´Â ¼¼°ü°ú ¼öÀÔ°ü¼¼ÀÇ ¹«ÀÍÇÔÀ» ¾È´Ù ±×¸®°í ±×°ÍµéÀ» ÁöºÒÇØ¾ß¸¸ ÇÑ´Ù. ¿ì¸®´Â ¹ýÁ¤°ú ±âŸ Á¤ºÎÀÇ ±â°üµéÀÇ À¯Áö¿¡ °üÇÑ ÁöÃâÀÇ ¹«ÀÍÇÔÀ» ÀνÄÇÑ´Ù, ±×¸®°í ¿ì¸®´Â ±³È¸ÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§À» ÇØ·Ó´Ù°í ¿©±ä´Ù, ±×·¯³ª ¿ì¸®´Â ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ±â°üµéÀÇ ÁöÃâµé¿¡ ¿ì¸®ÀÇ ¸òÀ» Á®¾ßÇÒ Àǹ«¸¦ °¡Áø´Ù. ¿ì¸®´Â ¹ý·ü¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ Ã³¹úµéÀÌ ÀÜÀÎÇÏ¸ç ÆÄ·ÅÄ¡ÇÏ´Ù°í ¿©±ä´Ù, ±×·¯³ª ¿ì¸®´Â ±×°ÍµéÀ» ÁöÁöÇÔ¿¡ À־ ¹Ýµå½Ã Çù·ÂÇØ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. ¿ì¸®´Â ¼ÒÀ¯ÁöÀÇ ºÐ¹è°¡ ºÎ´çÇÏ¸ç ³ª»Ú´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ¾È´Ù, ±×·¯³ª ¿ì¸®´Â ±×°Í¿¡ º¹Á¾ÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀ» ¼ö°¡ ¾ø´Ù. ¿ì¸®´Â ÀüÀïµé°ú ±º´ëµé¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¾Æ¹«·± Çʿ並 ´À³¢Áö ¾Ê´Â´Ù, ±×·¯³ª ¿ì¸®´Â ±º´ëµé°ú ÀüÀïºñ¿ëµé¿¡ ³Ê¹«³ªµµ ¹«°Å¿î ÁüµéÀ» Á®¾ß ÇÑ´Ù.

But this contradiction is nothing in comparison with the contradiction which confronts us when we turn to interna¡©tional questions, and which demands a solution under pain of the loss of the sanity and even the existence of the human race. That is the contradiction between the Chris¡©tian conscience and war.

±×·¯³ª ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ¸ð¼øÀº ¿ì¸®°¡ ±¹Á¦ÀûÀÎ ¹®Á¦µé¿¡ ¹æÇâÀ» µ¹¸± ¶§ ¿ì¸®¸¦ ¸ÂÀÌÇϰí ÀÖ´Â ¸ð¼ø¿¡ ºñÇÏ¸é ¾Æ¹«°Íµµ ¾Æ´Ï´Ù, ±×¸®°í ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ¹®Á¦µéÀº, °ÇÀüÇÑ ÆÇ´Ü°ú ½ÉÁö¾î ÀηùÀÇ Á¸ÀçÀÇ »ó½ÇÀÇ °íÅë¾Æ·¡ ÇØ´äÀ» ¿ä±¸ÇÑ´Ù. ±×°ÍÀÌ ±âµ¶±³ÀûÀÎ ¾ç½É°ú ÀüÀï »çÀÌÀÇ ¸ð¼øÀÌ´Ù.

We are all Christian nations living the same spiritual life, so that every noble and pregnant thought, springing up at one end of the world, is at once communicated to the whole of Christian humanity and evokes everywhere the same emotion of pride and rejoicing without distinction of nationalities. We who love thinkers, philanthropists, poets, and scientific men of foreign origin, and are as proud of the exploits of Father Damien as if he were one of our¡©selves, we, who have a simple love for men of foreign nationalities, Frenchmen, Germans, Americans, and Eng¡©lishmen, who respect their qualities, are glad to meet them and make them so warmly welcome, cannot regard war with them as anything heroic. We cannot even imagine without horror the possibility of a disagreement between these people and ourselves which would call for reciprocal murder. Yet we are all bound to take a hand in this slaughter which is bound to come to pass to-morrow- if not to-day.

¿ì¸®´Â ¸ðµÎ ¶È°°Àº ¿µÀûÀÎ »îÀ» »ç´Â ±âµ¶±³ÀûÀÎ ¹ÎÁ·µéÀÌ´Ù, ±×·¡¼­ ¸ðµç °í±ÍÇÏ¸ç »ó»ó·ÂÀÌ Ç³ºÎÇÑ »ç»óµéÀÌ, ¼¼»óÀÇ ÇÑ ÂÊ ³¡¿¡¼­ ÀϾ¼­, ´çÀå¿¡ Àüü ±âµ¶±³ Àηùµé¿¡°Ô ÀüÆÄµÇ°í ±¹ÀûÀÇ ±¸º°¾øÀÌ ¾îµð¿¡¼­³ª ¶È°°Àº Àںνɰú Áñ°Å¿òÀÇ °¨Á¤À» ºÒ·¯ ÀÏÀ¸Å²´Ù. ¼­·Î ´Ù¸¥ ±¹ÀûÀÇ »ç»ó°¡µé, ¹Ú¾ÖÁÖÀÇÀÚµé, ½ÃÀÎµé ±×¸®°í °úÇÐÀÚµéÀ» »ç¶ûÇϸç, ½ÅºÎ ´Ù¹Ì¿£ ÀÌ ¸¶Ä¡ ¿ì¸® ÀÚ½ÅÀÎ °Íó·³ ±×ÀÇ °øÀûÀ» ÀÚ¶û½º·¯¿öÇÏ´Â ¿ì¸®´Â, ´Ù¸¥ ±¹ÀûÀÇ »ç¶÷µé, Áï, ÇÁ¶û½ºÀÎµé µ¶ÀÏÀεé, ¹Ì±¹Àεé, ±×¸®°í ¿µ±¹Àε鿡 ´ëÇÑ ´Ü¼øÇÑ »ç¶ûÀ» °¡Áö¸ç, ±×µéÀÇ Ç°¼ºÀ» Á¸ÁßÇϸç, ±×µéÀ» ±â²¨ÀÌ ¸Â¾Æ µéÀÌ¸ç ±×µéÀÌ µû¶æÇÏ°Ô È¯¿µÇÏ°Ô ÇÏ´Â ¿ì¸®´Â, ±×µé°úÀÇ ÀüÀïÀ» °áÄÚ ¿µ¿õÀûÀÎ °ÍÀ¸·Î ¿©±âÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù. ¿ì¸®´Â »óÈ£°£¿¡ Á×À½À» ºÒ·¯¿Ã ÀÌ »ç¶÷µé°ú ¿ì¸®µé »çÀÌÀÇ ºÒÈ­ÀÇ °¡´É¼ºÀ» °øÆ÷¾øÀÌ »ó»óÇÒ ¼ö°¡ ¾ø´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ¿ì¸®´Â ¸ðµÎ ¿À´ÃÀº ¾Æ´ÒÁö¶óµµ ³»ÀÏ ¹Ýµå½Ã °ÅÃľßÇÏ´Â ÀÌ·± »ì·ú¿¡ ¼ÕÀ» ´ë¾î¾ß¸¸ ÇÑ´Ù.

It was very well for the Jew, the Greek, and the Roman to defend the independence of his nation by murder. For he piously believed that his people was the only true, fine, and good people dear to God, and all the rest were Philis¡©tines, barbarians. Men of mediaeval times-even up to the end of the last and beginning of this century-might con¡©tinue to hold this belief. But however much we work upon ourselves we cannot believe it. And this contradiction for men of the present day has become so full of horror that without its solution life is no longer possible.

À¯ÅÂÀÎ, ±×¸®½ºÀÎ, ±×¸®°í ·Î¸¶ÀÎÀÌ »ìÀÎÀ» ÅëÇÏ¿© ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ¹ÎÁ·ÀÇ µ¶¸³À» ¼öÈ£ÇÔÀº ¸Å¿ì ÀßÇÏ´Â ÀÏÀ̾ú´Ù. ¿Ö³ÄÇÏ¸é ±×´Â ±×ÀÇ ¹é¼ºµéÀÌ Çϳª´ÔÀÌ ¼ÒÁßÈ÷ ¿©±â´Â À¯ÀÏÇÏ°Ô Áø½ÇµÇ¸ç, ÈǸ¢ÇÏ°í ¼±ÇÏ¸ç ¸ðµç ³ª¸ÓÁö »ç¶÷µéÀº ¼Ó¹°µéÀÌ¸ç ¾ß¸¸ÀεéÀ̶ó´Â °ÍÀ» Ãæ½ÇÈ÷ ¹Ï¾ú±â ¶§¹®À̾ú´Ù. Áß¼¼ ½Ã´ë-½ÉÁö¾î Áß¼¼½Ã´ëÀÇ ¸¶Áö¸· °ú ÀÌ ¼¼±â ½ÃÀÛ±îÁöµµ-ÀÇ »ç¶÷µéÀº ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ¹ÏÀ½À» °è¼ÓÇÏ¿© Áö´Ï°í ÀÖÀ¸·Á ÇÏ¿´´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ¿ì¸®°¡ ¾Æ¹«¸® ¸¹ÀÌ ¿ì¸® Àڽŵ鿡 ´ëÇÏ¿© ¾Ö¸¦ ¾²´õ¶óµµ ¿ì¸®´Â ±×°ÍÀ» ¹ÏÀ» ¼ö°¡ ¾ø´Ù. ±×¸®°í Çö ½Ã´ëÀÇ »ç¶÷µé¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÀÌ ¸ð¼øÀº ³Ê¹«³ª µÎ·Á¿òÀ¸·Î °¡µæÂ÷¼­ ±× ÇØ´ä ¾øÀÌ´Â »îÀº ´õÀÌ»ó °¡´ÉÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø´Ù.

"We live in a time which is full of inconsistencies," writes Count Komarovsky, the professor of international law, in his learned treatise. "The press of all countries is continually expressing the universal desire for peace, and the general sense of its necessity for all nations.

¡°¿ì¸®´Â ¸ð¼ø Åõ¼ºÀÌ ½Ã´ë¿¡ »ì°í ÀÖ´Ù.¡± ¶ó°í ±¹Á¦¹ý ±³¼öÀÎ ÄÚ¸¶·ÎÇÁ½ºÅ° ¹éÀÛÀº ±×ÀÇ ¹Ú½ÄÇÑ ³í¹®¿¡¼­ ¾²°í ÀÖ´Ù. ¡°¸ðµç ±¹°¡µéÀÇ ¾ð·ÐµéÀº Áö¼ÓÀûÀ¸·Î ÆòÈ­¿Í ¸ðµç ±¹°¡µéÀ» À§ÇÑ ÆòÈ­ÀÇ Çʿ伺¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÀϹÝÀûÀÎ Àǹ̿¡ ´ëÇÑ Èñ¸ÁÀ» Áö¼ÓÀûÀ¸·Î Ç¥ÇöÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù.

"Representatives of governments, private persons, and official organs say the same thing; it is repeated in parlia¡©mentary debates, diplomatic correspondence, and even in state treaties. At the same time governments are increas¡©ing the strength of their armies every year, levying fresh taxes, raising loans, and leaving as a bequest to future generations the duty of repairing the blunders of the senseless policy of the present. What a striking contrast between words and deeds! Of course governments will plead in justification of these measures that all their ex¡©penditure and armament are exclusively for purposes of defense. But it remains a mystery to every disinterested man whence they can expect attacks if all the great powers are single-hearted in their policy, in pursuing nothing but self-defense. In reality it looks as if each of the great powers were every instant anticipating an attack on the part of the others. And this results in a general feeling of insecurity and superhuman efforts on the part of each government to increase their forces beyond those of the other powers. Such a competition of itself increases the danger of war. Nations cannot endure the constant in¡©crease of armies for long, and sooner or later they will prefer war to all the disadvantages of their present posi¡©tion and the constant menace of war. Then the most trifling pretext will be sufficient to throw the whole of Europe into the fire of universal war. And it is a mis¡©taken idea that such a crisis might deliver us from the political and economical troubles that are crushing us. The experience of the wars of latter years teaches us that every war has only intensified national hatreds, made mili¡©tary burdens more crushing and insupportable, and ren¡©dered the political and economical position of Europe more grievous and insoluble."

¡°Á¤ºÎµéÀÇ ´ëÇ¥ÀÚµé, »çÀûÀÎ »ç¶÷µé, ±×¸®°í °ø½ÄÀûÀÎ ±â°üµé¿¡¼­ ¶È°°Àº °ÍÀ» ¸»Çϰí ÀÖ´Ù; ±×°ÍÀº ±¹È¸ÀÇ Åä·Ðµé, ¿Ü±³ ¼­½Å ±×¸®°í ½ÉÁö¾î ±¹°¡°£ÀÇ Çù¾àµé¿¡¼­ µµ ¾ð±ÞµÇ¾î Áö°í ÀÖ´Ù. µ¿½Ã¿¡ Á¤ºÎµéÀº ÇØ¸¶´Ù ±×µéÀÇ ±º»ç·ÂÀ» Áõ°­Çϸ鼭, »õ·Î¿î ¼¼±ÝµéÀ» ºÎ°úÇÏ°í °øÃ¤¸¦ ¸ðÁýÇϰí, ¹Ì·¡ÀÇ ¼¼´ëµé¿¡°Ô ÇöÀçÀÇ ¾î¸®¼®Àº Á¤Ä¡ÀÇ ½ÇÃ¥µéÀ» À¯»êÀ¸·Î ¹°·ÁÁÖ°í ÀÖ´Ù. ¸»°ú Çൿ¿¡¼­ ¾ó¸¶³ª ÇöÀúÇÑ Â÷À̰¡ ³ª´Â°¡! ¹°·Ð Á¤ºÎµéÀº ±×µéÀÇ ¸ðµç ÁöÃâ°ú ÀåºñµéÀº ÀüÀûÀ¸·Î ±¹¹æÀ» À§ÇÑ °ÍÀ̶ó°í À̵é Á¶Ã³µéÀÇ Á¤´ç¼º¿¡ ´ëÇØ¼­ Ç׺¯ÇÒ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª Á¦°¢±â »ç½ÉÀÌ ¾ø´Â »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô´Â ¸ðµç ´ë±¹µéÀÌ ±×µéÀÇ Á¤Ã¥¿¡ À־ ÇÑ ¸¶À½À̶ó¸é, Áï, ´ÜÁö Àڱ⠹æ¾î¸¸À» Ãß±¸ÇÒ »ÓÀ̶ó¸é, ¾îµð¿¡¼­ ħ·«À» ¿¹»óÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖÀ»Áö°¡ ÀÇȤÀ¸·Î ³²´Â´Ù. Çö½ÇÀûÀ¸·Î °¢°¢ÀÇ °­±¹µéÀº ¸Å ¼ø°£¸¶´Ù ´Ù¸¥ ³ª¶óµéÀÇ Ä§·«À» ±â´ëÇϰí ÀÖ´Â °Íó·³ º¸ÀδÙ. ±×¸®°í À̰ÍÀº °¢°¢ÀÇ Á¤ºÎ ´ç»çÀÚ¿¡°Ô ÀϹÝÀûÀÎ ºÒ¾È°¨°ú ´Ù¸¥ °­±¹µéÀ» ´É°¡ÇÏ´Â ±º»ç·ÂÀ¸·Î Áõ°¡½ÃŰ·Á°í ÇÏ´Â ÃÊÀΰ£ÀûÀÎ ³ë·ÂµéÀ» ÃÊ·¡ÇϰԵȴÙ. ±×·¯ÇÑ °æÀï ÀÚü´Â ÀüÀïÀÇ À§ÇèÀ» Áõ°¡½ÃŲ´Ù. ±¹°¡µéÀº ²÷ÀÓ¾ø´Â ±º»ç·ÂÀÇ Áõ°­À» ¿À·§µ¿¾È ¹öÅß³¾ ¼ö ¾ø´Ù, ±×¸®°í Á¶¸¸°£¿¡ ±×µéÀº ÇöÀç »óȲÀÇ ¸ðµç ºÒ¸®ÇÔ º¸´Ùµµ ±×¸®°í ÀüÀïÀÇ ²÷ÀÓ¾ø´Â À§Çùº¸´Ùµµ ÀüÀïÀ» ¼±ÅÃÇÒ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ±×·¯¸é °¡Àå »ç¼ÒÇÑ ±¸½Çµµ Àüü À¯·´À» ¼¼°è ´ëÀüÀÇ È­¿°¼ÓÀ¸·Î ´øÁ® ¹ö¸®±â¿¡ ÃæºÐÇÒ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ±×¸®°í ±×·¯ÇÑ À§±â°¡ ¿ì¸®¸¦ ±ò¾Æ ¹¶°³°í ÀÖ´Â Á¤Ä¡Àû °æÁ¦Àû °íÅëµé¿¡¼­ ±¸¿øÇØ ÁÖ¸®¶ó´Â °ÍÀº À߸øµÈ »ý°¢ÀÌ´Ù. Áö³ª°£ ½Ã´ëÀÇ ÀüÀï¿¡ ´ëÇÑ °æÇèÀº °¢°¢ÀÇ ÀüÀïÀÌ ¿ÀÁ÷ Áõ´ëµÈ ±¹°¡ÀÇ Áõ¿Àµé °¡Áö°Ô µÇ¾úÀ¸¸ç, ±º»çÀûÀÎ ºÎ´ãÀÌ ´õ¿í´õ ºÎ´ãÀÌ µÇ¸ç À¯ÁöÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø°Ô ¸¸µé¾úÀ¸¸ç, À¯·´ÀÇ Á¤Ä¡Àû ¹× °æÁ¦Àû ÀÔÁö¸¦ °ßµð±â ¾î·Æ°í ÇØ°áÀÌ ¾î·Æ°Ô ¸ô¾ÆºÎÃÆ´Ù.¡±

"Modern Europe keeps under arms an active army of nine millions of men," writes Enrico Ferri, "besides fifteen millions of reserve, with an outlay of four hundred millions of francs per annum. By continual increase of the armed force, the sources of social and individual prosperity are paralyzed, and the state of the modern world may be com¡©pared to that of a man who condemns himself to wasting from lack of nutrition in order to provide himself with arms, losing thereby the strength to use the arms he pro¡©vides, under the weight of which he will at last succumb."

¿£¸®ÄÚ Æä¸®´Â ±â·ÏÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù, ¡°Çö´ë À¯·´Àº 900¸¸¸íÀÇ ±º´ë¿¡´Ù°¡ 1500¸¸ ¸íÀÇ ¿¹ºñ±ºÀ» º¸À¯Çϰí ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ÀÌ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¿¬°£ ÁöÃâÀº ¿¬°£ 4¾ï ÇÁ¶ûÀ̳ª µÈ´Ù. ±º»ç·ÂÀÇ Áö¼ÓÀûÀÎ Áõ°¡¿¡ µû¶ó¼­, »çȸÀû ¹× °³ÀÎÀûÀÎ ¹ø¿µÀÇ ±Ù¿øÀÌ ¸¶ºñµÈ´Ù, ±×¸®°í Çö´ë ¼¼°èÀÇ »óÅ´ ¹«±â¸¦ ÁغñÇϱâ À§ÇØ ¿µ¾çÀ» Èñ»ýÇÔ¿¡ óÇϸç, ±×·ÎÀÎÇØ¼­ ±×°¡ ÁغñÇÑ ¹«±âµéÀ» »ç¿ëÇÒ ÈûÀ» ÀÒ°Ô µÇ°í, ±×°ÍÀÌ ¹«°Å¿ö¼­ ¸¶Ä§³» ÁÖÀú ¾É°Ô µÇ°í ¸¶´Â »ç¶÷ÀÇ »óÅÂ¿Í ºñ±³µÉ ¼ö ÀÖÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù.¡±

Charles Booth, in his paper read in London before the Association for the Reform and Codification of the Law of Nations, June 26, 1887, says the same thing. After referring to the same number, nine millions of the active army and fifteen millions of reserve, and the enormous expenditure of governments on the support and arming of these forces, he says: "These figures represent only a small part of the real cost, because besides the recognized expenditure of the war budget of the various nations, we ought also to take into account the enormous loss to society involved in withdrawing from it such an immense number of its most vigorous men, who are taken from industrial pursuits and every kind of labor, as well as the enormous interest on the sums expended on military preparations without any return. The inevitable result of this expenditure on war and preparations for war is a contin¡©ually growing national debt. The greater number of loans raised by the governments of Europe were with a view to war. Their total sum amounts to four hundred millions sterling, and these debts are increasing every year."

1887³â 6¿ù 26ÀÏ ·±´ø¿¡¼­ ±¹Á¦¹ý °³Çõ ¹× ¼º¹®È­ Çùȸ¿¡¼­ ÀÐÀº ±×ÀÇ ³í¹®¿¡¼­ ¶È°°Àº °ÍÀ» ¸»Çϰí ÀÖ´Ù. ¶È°°Àº ¼ýÀÚ, 900¸¸ÀÇ Çö¿ª ±ºÀεé, ±×¸®°í 1500¸¸ÀÇ ¿¹ºñ±º, ±×¸®°í ÀÌ ¸ðµç ±º»ç·ÂÀ» Áö¿øÇϰí Çü¼ºÇϱâ À§ÇØ Á¤ºÎÀÇ ¾öû³­ ÁöÃâÀ» ¾ð±ÞÇÏ°í³ª¼­, ±×´Â ¸»ÇÑ´Ù, ¡°ÀÌ ¼ýÀÚµéÀº ¿ÀÁ÷ ½ÇÁ¦ °æºñÀÇ ÀÛÀº ºÎºÐ ¸¸À» ³ªÅ¸³¾ »ÓÀÌ´Ù, ¿Ö³ÄÇÏ¸é ¿©·¯±¹°¡µéÀÌ ÀÎÁ¤Çϰí ÀÖ´Â ÀüÀï ¿¹»ê »Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, ±×·¸°Ô ¾öû³­ ¼ýÀÚÀÇ °¡Àå ¿Õ¼ºÇÑ »ç¶÷µéÀ» »çȸ·ÎºÎÅÍ »©³ª°¨°ú °üÇöÇÏ¿© »çȸ¿¡ ³¢Ä£ ¾öû³­ ¼Õ½Ç°ú, ±× »ç¶÷µéÀº »ê¾÷ ÇöÀå¿¡¼­ ±×¸®°í °®°¡ÁöÀÇ ³ëµ¿À¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ºÙµé·Á °¬À¸¸ç, ±×»Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ¹ÝȯµÉ ¼ö ¾ø´Â ±º»çÀû ºñÃà¿¡ »ç¿ëµÈ Àڱݵ鿡 ´ëÇÑ ÀÌÀ±±îÁöµµ °í·ÁÇØ¾ß ÇÒ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ÀÌ·± ÀüÀï ¹× ÀüÀïÁغñµé¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÁöÃâÀÇ ÇÇÇÒ¼ö ¾ø´Â °á°ú´Â °è¼ÓÀûÀ¸·Î ºÒ¾î³ª´Â ±¹°¡ÀÇ ºÎäÀÌ´Ù. À¯·´ÀÇ Á¤ºÎµé¿¡ ÀÇÇÏ¿© µµÀÔµÈ ¸¹Àº ¼öÀÇ Â÷°üµéÀº ÀüÀïÀ» ¸ñÀûÀ¸·Î ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ̾ú´Ù. ±×µéÀÇ ÃѾ×Àº 4¾ï ½ºÅиµ¿¡ ´ÞÇϸç, ÀÌµé ºÎäµéÀº ¸Å³â Áõ°¡Çϰí ÀÖ´Ù.¡±

The same Professor Komarovsky says in another place: "We live in troubled times. Everywhere we hear com¡©plaints of the depression of trade and manufactures, and the wretchedness of the economic position generally, the miserable conditions of existence of the working classes, and the universal impoverishment of the masses. But in spite of this, governments in their efforts to maintain their independence rush to the greatest extremes of senseless¡©ness. New taxes and duties are being devised everywhere, and the financial oppression of the nations knows no limits. If we glance at the budgets of the states of Europe for the last hundred years, what strikes us most of all is their rapid and continually growing increase.

ÄÚ¸¶·ÎÇÁ½ºÅ° ±³¼ö´Â ´Ù¸¥ Àå¼Ò¿¡¼­µµ ¸»Çϰí ÀÖ´Ù: ¡°¿ì¸®´Â È¥¶õÀÇ ½Ã´ë¿¡ »ì°í ÀÖ´Ù. ¾îµð¿¡¼­³ª ¿ì¸®´Â ±³¿ª°ú Á¦Á¶ÀÇ Ä§Ã¼¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ºÒ¸¸, ÀϹÝÀûÀÎ °æÁ¦Àû À§Ä¡ÀÇ ºñÂüÇÔ, ³ëµ¿ÀÚ °è±ÞµéÀÇ ºÒÇàÇÑ »ýÁ¸ »óŵé, ±×¸®°í ¹ÎÁßµéÀÇ º¸ÆíÀûÀÎ °¡³­¿¡ ´ëÇØ µè´Â´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ÀÌ·¯ÇÔ¿¡µµ ºÒ±¸Çϰí, Á¤ºÎµéÀº ±×µéÀÇ µ¶¸³À» À¯ÁöÇϱâ À§ÇÑ ³ë·ÂÀ¸·Î À̼ºÀ» ÀÒÀº ÃֱشÜÀ¸·Î ´Þ·Á°¡°í ÀÖ´Ù. ¾îµð¿¡¼­³ª »õ·Î¿î ¼¼±Ý°ú Àǹ«°¡ °í¾ÈµÇ°í, ±¹°¡µéÀÇ ÀçÁ¤ÀûÀÎ ¾ï¾ÐÀº ±× ÇѰ踦 ¸ð¸¥´Ù. ¸¸ÀÏ ¿ì¸®°¡ °ú°Å 100³â µ¿¾ÈÀÇ À¯·´±¹°¡µéÀÇ ÀçÁ¤À» ÀϰßÇÑ´Ù¸é, ¿ì¸®¸¦ °¡Àå ³î¶ó°Ô ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº ±×°ÍµéÀÌ ºü¸£°Ô ±×¸®°í Áö¼ÓÀûÀ¸·Î Áõ°¡Çϰí ÀÖ´Ù´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù.

"How can we explain this extraordinary phenomenon, which sooner or later threatens us all with inevitable bankruptcy?"

¡°¾î¶»°Ô ¿ì¸®°¡ ÀÌ·± ¹ü»óÄ¡ ¾ÊÀº Çö»óµéÀ» ¼³¸íÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖÀ»±î, ±×°ÍÀº Á¶¸¸°£¿¡ ÇÇÇÒ ¼ö ¾øÀº ÆÄ»êÀ¸·Î¼­ ¿ì¸® ¸ðµÎ¸¦ À§ÇùÇÒ °ÍÀÌ ¾Æ´Ñ°¡?¡±

"It is caused beyond dispute by the expenditure for the maintenance of armaments which swallows up a third and even a half of all the expenditure of European states. And the most melancholy thing is that one can foresee no limit to this augmentation of the budget and impoverish¡©ment of the masses. What is socialism but a protest against this abnormal position in which the greater proportion of the population of our world is placed?"

¡°±×°ÍÀº ÀǽÉÇÒ ¿©Áö ¾øÀÌ À¯·´ ±¹°¡µéÀÇ »ïºÐÀÇ ÀÏ ¶Ç´Â ½ÉÁö¾î À̺ÐÀÇ ÀÏÀ» Áý¾î »ïŰ´Â ±º»ç·Â À¯Áö¸¦ À§ÇÑ ÁöÃâ¶§¹®¿¡ ¹ß»ýÇÑ´Ù. ±×¸®°í °¡Àå ¿ì¿ïÇÑ °ÍÀº ÀÌ·± ¿¹»êÀÇ Áõ°¡¿Í ´ëÁßµéÀÇ ºó°ïÀÌ ±× ³¡À» ¿¹ÃøÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø´Ù´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ¿ì¸® ¼¼°èÀÇ ³Ê¹«³ª ¸¹Àº Àα¸µéÀÌ Ã³ÇØÀÖ´Â ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ºñÁ¤»óÀûÀÎ »óȲ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÀúÇ×ÀÌ ¹Ù·Î »çȸÁÖÀǰ¡ ¾Æ´Ï´ø°¡?¡±

"We are ruining ourselves," says Frederick Passy in a letter read before the last Congress of Universal Peace (in 1890) in London, "we are ruining ourselves in order to be able to take part in the senseless wars of the future or to pay the interest on debts we have incurred by the sense¡©less and criminal wars of the past. We are dying of hunger so as to secure the means of killing each other."

¡°¿ì¸®´Â ½º½º·Î¸¦ ÆÄ¸ê½Ã۰í ÀÖ´Ù,¡± ¶ó°í (1890³â) ·±´ø¿¡¼­ÀÇ ¸¶Áö¸· ¸¸±¹ ÆòȭȸÀÇ¿¡¼­ ÀÐÀº ¼­ÇÑ¿¡¼­ ÇÁ·¹µå¸¯ ÆÄ½Ã´Â ¸»ÇÑ´Ù, ¡°¿ì¸®´Â ¹Ì·¡ÀÇ Á¦Á¤½ÅÀÌ ¾Æ´Ñ ÀüÀï¿¡ Âü°¡ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖµµ·ÏÇϱâ À§ÇÏ¿© °ú°Å¿¡ Á¦Á¤½ÅÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¸ç ¹üÁËÀûÀÎ ÀüÀïµé·Î¼­ ¿ì¸®°¡ ¾ß±âÇÑ ºÎä¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÀÌÀÚ¸¦ °±´À¶ó°í ¿ì¸® ½º½º·Î¸¦ ¸ÁÇÏ°Ô Çϰí ÀÖ´Ù. ¿ì¸®´Â ¼­·Î¸¦ Á×À̱â À§ÇÑ ¼ö´ÜµéÀ» È®º¸Çϱâ À§ÇÏ¿© ±¾¾î Á׾°í ÀÖ´Ù.¡±

Speaking later on of the way the subject is looked at in France, he says: "We believe that, a hundred years after the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the citizen, the time has come to recognize the rights of nations and to renounce at once and forever all those undertakings based on fraud and force, which, under the name of conquests, are veritable crimes against humanity, and which, whatever the vanity of monarchs and the pride of nations may think of them, only weaken even those who are triumphant over them."

±× µÚ¿¡ ÇÁ¶û½º¿¡¼­ ±× ÁÖÁ¦°¡ ºñÃÄÁö´Â °æÇâÀ» ¿¬¼³Çϸ鼭, ±×´Â ¸»ÇÑ´Ù: ¡°¿ì¸®´Â »ç¶÷°ú ½Ã¹ÎÀÇ ±Ç¸® ¼±¾ðÀÌ ÀÖÀº ÈÄ 100³â µÚ¿¡, ±¹¹ÎµéÀÇ ±Ç¸®µéÀ» ÀÎÁ¤Çϸç, »ç±â¿Í °­¾Ð¿¡ ÀÇÇÏ¿© ºÎ°úµÈ ±× ¸ðµç ÀϵéÀ» ´çÀå ±×¸®°í ¿µ¿øÈ÷ ÁßÁö ÇÒ ¶§°¡ ¿Ô´Ù, ±×¸®°í ±×°ÍµéÀº Á¤º¹µéÀ̶ó´Â ¹Ì¸íÇÏÀÇ Àηù¿¡ ´ëÇÑ È®½ÇÇÑ ¹üÁËÀ̸ç, ±ºÁÖµéÀÇ Ç㿵°ú ¹ÎÁ·µéÀÇ ÀÚÁ¸½ÉÀÌ ±×µéÀ» ¾î¶»°Ô »ý°¢ÇÏµç °£¿¡, ¿À·ÎÁö ±×°Íµé¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ½Â¸®¿¡ µµÃëÇØÀÖ´Â »ç¶÷µé ¸¶Àúµµ ¾àÇÏ°Ô ÇÒ »ÓÀ̶ó´Â °ÍÀ» ¹Ï´Â´Ù.¡±

"I am surprised at the way religion is carried on in this country," said Sir Wilfrid Lawson at the same congress. "You send a boy to Sunday school, and you tell him: 'Dear boy, you must love your enemies. If another boy strikes you, you mustn't hit him back, but try to reform him by loving him.' Well. The boy stays in the Sunday school till he is fourteen or fifteen, and then his friends send him into the army. What has he to do in the army? He certainly won't love his enemy; quite the contrary, if he can only get at him, he will run him through with his bayonet. That is the nature of all religious teaching in this country. I do not think that that is a very good way of carrying out the precepts of religion. I think if it is a good thing for a boy to love his enemy, it is good for a grownup man."

¡°³ª´Â ÀÌ ³ª¶ó¿¡¼­ Á¾±³°¡ ½ÇÇàµÇ´Â °üÇà¿¡ ³î¶ú´Ù,¡± ¶ó°í ÀªÇÁ¸®µå ·Î½¼ °æÀÌ °°Àº ȸÀÇ¿¡¼­ ¸»Çß´Ù: ¡±´ç½ÅµéÀº ÇÑ ¾ÆÀ̸¦ ÁÖÀÏ Çб³¿¡ º¸³½´Ù, ±×¸®°í ´ç½ÅÀº ±×¿¡°Ô ¸»ÇÑ´Ù: ¡®ÂøÇÑ ¾ÆÀ̾ß, ³Ê´Â ¿ø¼ö¸¦ »ç¶ûÇØ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. ´Ù¸¥ ¾ÆÀ̰¡ ³Ê¸¦ ¶§¸°´Ù¸é, ³Êµµ µ¹¾Æ¼­¼­ ±×¸¦ ¶§¸®Áö ¸»°í, ±×¸¦ »ç¶ûÀ¸·Î ÂøÇÏ°Ô ¸¸µéµµ·Ï ÇØ¶ó.¡¯ ±Û½ê, ±× ¾ÆÀÌ´Â ¿­³× »ì ¶Ç´Â ¿­´Ù¼¸ »ì±îÁö ÁÖÀÏ Çб³¸¦ ´Ù´Ñ´Ù, ±×¸®°í ±×ÀÇ Ä£±¸µéÀÌ ±×¸¦ ±º´ë¿¡ º¸³½´Ù. ±×´Â ±º´ë¿¡¼­ ¹«¾ùÀ» ÇØ¾ßÇϴ°¡? ±×´Â Ʋ¸²¾øÀÌ ±×ÀÇ ¿ø¼ö¸¦ »ç¶ûÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù; Á¤ ¹Ý´ë·Î, ¸¸ÀÏ ±×°¡ Àû¿¡°Ô ´Ù°¡ °¥ ¼ö¸¸ ÀÖ´Ù¸é, ±×ÀÇ ÃѰËÀ¸·Î ±×µé ±¸¸Û³¾ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ±×°ÍÀÌ ¸ðµç Á¾±³Àû °¡¸£Ä§ÀÇ º»ÁúÀÌ´Ù. ³ª´Â ±×°ÍÀÌ Á¾±³ÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§µéÀ» ½ÇõÇÏ´Â ¸Å¿ì ÁÁÀº ¹æ¹ýÀ̶ó°í »ý°¢ÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù. ¸¸ÀÏ ¾ÆÀ̰¡ ±×ÀÇ ¿ø¼ö¸¦ »ç¶ûÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ ÁÁÀº ÀÏÀ̶ó¸é, ´ÙÀÚ¶õ ¼ºÀο¡°Ôµµ ÁÁ´Ù°í »ý°¢ÇÑ´Ù.¡±

"There are in Europe twenty-eight millions of men under arms," says Wilson, "to decide disputes, not by discussion, but by murdering one another. That is the accepted method for deciding disputes among Christian nations. This method is, at the same time, very expensive, for, according to the statistics I have read, the nations of Europe spent in the year 1872 a hundred and fifty millions sterling on preparations for deciding disputes by means of murder. It seems to me, therefore, that in such a state of things one of two alternatives must be admitted: either Christianity is a failure, or those who have undertaken to expound it have failed in doing so. Until our warriors are disarmed and our armies disbanded, we have not the right to call ourselves a Christian nation."

¡°À¯·´¿¡´Â ¹«ÀåÀ» Çϰí ÀÖ´Â 2800¸¸ ¸íÀÇ »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù,¡± Àª½¼Àº ¸»ÇÑ´Ù, ¡°±×µéÀº Åä·ÐÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï°í »ó´ë¹æÀ» »ìÀÎÇÏ¿© ºÐÀïÀ» ÇØ°áÇÏ·Á ÇÑ´Ù. ±×°ÍÀÌ ±âµ¶±³ ±¹°¡µé »çÀÌ¿¡¼­ ºÐÀïÀ» ÇØ°áÇϱâ À§ÇØ ¿ëÀεǴ ¹æ¹ýÀÌ´Ù. ÀÌ ¹æ¹ýÀº µ¿½Ã¿¡ ¸Å¿ì ºñ½Î´Ù, ¿Ö³ÄÇÏ¸é ³»°¡ ÀÐÀº Åë°è¿¡ µû¸£¸é, À¯·´ÀÇ ±¹°¡µéÀº 1872³â¿¡ »ìÀÎÀÇ ¹æ¹ýÀ¸·Î ºÐÀïÀ» ÇØ°áÇϱâ À§ÇÑ Áغñ·Î¼­ ÀÏ¾ï ¿Àõ¸¸ ½ºÅиµÀ» ÁöÃâÇ߱⠶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù. ±×·¯¹Ç·Î, ±×·¯ÇÑ ÀϵéÀÇ »óÅ·μ­, µÎ°¡Áö ÁßÀÇ ÇѰ¡Áö ´ë¾ÈµéÀÌ ¹Ýµå½Ã ÀÎÁ¤µÇ¾î¾ß ÇÏ´Â °Íó·³ º¸ÀδÙ: ±âµ¶±³´Â ½ÇÆÐÀÌ´Ù, ¾Æ´Ï¸é ±×°ÍÀ» ¼³¸íÇÒ Àǹ«°¡ ÀÖ´Â »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ±×·¸°Ô ÇÔ¿¡ ½ÇÆÐÇÏ¿´´Ù. ¿ì¸®ÀÇ Àü»çµéÀÌ ¹«ÀåÇØÁ¦ÇÏ°í ¿ì¸®ÀÇ ±º´ëµéÀÌ ÇØÃ¼µÇ±â Àü¿¡´Â, ¿ì¸®´Â ¿ì¸® ÀڽŵéÀ» ±âµ¶±³ ±¹°¡¶ó°í ºÎ¸¦ ±Ç¸®°¡ ¾ø´Ù.¡±

In a conference on the subject of the duty of Christian ministers to preach against war, G. D. Bartlett said among other things: "If I understand the Scriptures, I say that men are only playing with Christianity so long as they ignore the question of war. I have lived a longish life and have heard our ministers preach on universal peace hardly half a dozen times. Twenty years ago, in a drawing room, I dared in the presence of forty persons to moot the proposition that war was incompatible with Christianity; I was regarded as an arrant fanatic. The idea that we could get on without war was regarded as unmitigated weakness and folly."

±âµ¶±³ÀÇ ¼ºÁ÷ÀÚµéÀÌ ÀüÀïÀ» ¹Ý´ëÇÏ´Â ¼³±³¸¦ ÇØ¾ßÇÏ´Â Àǹ«¿¡ °üÇÑ ÁÖÁ¦µé ´Ù·ç´Â ȸÀÇ¿¡¼­, G. D. ¹ÙƲ·¿Àº ´Ù¸¥ Àϵé Áß¿¡¼­ ¸»Çß´Ù: ¡°