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¡°THE KINGDOM OF GOD 
IS WITHIN YOU.¡±

¡°Çϳª´ÔÀÇ  ³ª¶ó´Â  ³ÊÈñ ¾È¿¡ ÀÖ´À´Ï¶ó.¡±


by Leo Tolstoy

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CHAPTER IV.  Á¦ 4 Àå 

CHRISTIANITY MISUNDERSTOOD BY MEN OF SCIENCE.

ÇÐÀڵ鿡 ÀÇÇØ¼­ ¿ÀÇØµÇ´Â ±âµ¶±³

Attitude of Men of Science to Religions in General-What Religion is, and What is its Significance for the Life of Humanity-Three Concep¡©tions of Life-Christian Religion the Expression of the Divine Con¡©ception of Life-Misinterpretation of Christianity by Men of Science, who Study it in its External Manifestations Due to their Criticizing it from Standpoint of Social Conception of Life-Opinion, Resulting from this Misinterpretation, that Christ's Moral Teaching is Exagger¡©ated and Cannot be put into Practice-Expression of Divine Conception of Life in the Gospel-False Ideas of Men of Science on Christianity Proceed from their Conviction that they have an Infallible Method of Criticism-From which come Two Misconceptions in Regard to Chris¡©tian Doctrine-First Misconception, that the Teaching Cannot be put into Practice, Due to the Christian Religion Directing Life in a Way Different from that of the Social Theory of Life-Christianity holds up Ideal, does not lay down Rules-To the Animal Force of Man Christ Adds the Consciousness of a Divine Force-Christianity Seems to Destroy Possibility of Life only when the Ideal held up is Mistaken for Rule-Ideal Must Not be Lowered-Life, According to Christ's Teaching, is Movement-The Ideal and the Precepts-Second Mis¡©conception Shown in Replacing Love and Service of God by Love and Service of Humanity-Men of Science Imagine their Doctrine of Service of Humanity and Christianity are Identical-Doctrine of Service of Humanity Based on Social Conception of Life-Love for Humanity, Logically Deduced from Love of Self, has No Meaning because Humanity is a Fiction-Christian Love Deduced from Love of God, Finds its Object in the whole World, not in Humanity Alone -Christianity Teaches Man to Live in Accordance with his Divine Nature-It Shows that the Essence of the Soul of Man is Love, and that his Happiness Ensues from Love of God, whom he Recognizes as Love within himself.

Á¾±³µé ÀϹݿ¡ °üÇÑ ÇÐÀÚµéÀÇ Åµµ-Á¾±³´Â ¹«¾ùÀΰ¡, ±×¸®°í ÀηùÀÇ »î¿¡¼­ ±×°ÍÀÇ Á߿伺Àº ¹«¾ùÀΰ¡-±âµ¶±³, »î¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ½ÅÀûÀÎ °³³äÀÇ Ç¥Çö-°úÇÐÀڵ鿡 ÀÇÇÑ ±âµ¶±³ÀÇ ¿ÀÇØ, ±×µéÀº ±âµ¶±³¸¦ ±× ¿ÜÀûÀΠǥ»óµé·Î¼­ ¿¬±¸ÇÏ´Ù, »îÀÇ »çȸÀû °³³äÀÇ ÀÔÀå¿¡¼­ºÎÅÍ ±×°ÍÀ» ºñÆÇÇÔ¿¡ ±âÀÎÇÏ´Ù-¿©·Ð, ÀÌ·± ¿ÀÇØ·ÎºÎÅÍ ÃÊ·¡µÇ´Â, ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ µµ´öÀû °¡¸£Ä§Àº °úÀåµÇ¾î ÀÖ´Ù ±×¸®°í ½ÇõÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø´Ù-º¹À½¼­¿¡¼­ »î¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Ãµ±¹ÀÇ °³³äÀÇ Ç¥Çö-±âµ¶±³¿¡ ´ëÇÑ °úÇÐÀÚµéÀÇ Æ²¸° »ý°¢µé, ±×µéÀÌ ¿À·ù°¡ ¾ø´Â ºñÆò¹æ¹ýÀ» °¡Áö°í ÀÖ´Ù´Â È®½Å¿¡¼­ ³ª¿À´Ù-±×°ÍÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ±âµ¶±³ÀÇ ±³¸®¿¡ °üÇØ¼­ µÎ°¡Áö ¿ÀÇØ°¡ ³ª¿À´Ù-ù¹øÂ° ¿ÀÇØ, °¡¸£Ä§Àº ½Çõ¿¡ ¿Å±æ ¼ö ¾ø´Ù, »î¿¡ °üÇÑ »çȸÀû ÀÌ·ÐÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ´Ù¸¥ ¹æ¹ý¿¡¼­ »îÀ» ÅëÁ¦ÇÏ´Â ±âµ¶±³ Á¾±³-±âµ¶±³´Â ÀÌ»óÀ» µéÁö¸¸ ¸í·ÉÀº ³»·Á ³õÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù-»ç¶÷ÀÇ µ¿¹°ÀûÀÎ Èû¿¡ ´ëÇØ¼­ ±×¸®½ºµµ´Â Çϳª´ÔÀÇ ÈûÀÇ ÀǽÄÀ» ´õÇÑ´Ù-±âµ¶±³´Â µé·ÁÁø ÀÌ»óÀÌ ¿ÀÁ÷ ¸í·ÉÀ¸·Î¼­ ¿ÀÇØµÉ ¶§ »îÀÇ °¡´É¼ºÀ» ÆÄ±«ÇÏ´Â °Íó·³ º¸ÀδÙ-ÀÌ»óÀº ³¸Ãß¾îÁú ¼ö ¾ø´Ù-±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§¿¡ ÀÇÇÏ¸é »îÀº ¿òÁ÷ÀÓÀÌ´Ù-ÀÌ»ó°ú °¡¸£Ä§-µÎ¹øÂ° ¿ÀÇØ, Çϳª´Ô¿¡ ´ëÇÑ »ç¶û°ú ºÀ»ç¸¦ Àηù¿¡ ´ëÇÑ »ç¶û°ú ºÀ»ç·Î ´ëüÇÔ-°úÇÐÀÚµéÀº ±×µéÀÇ Àηù¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ºÀ»çÀÇ ±³¸®¸¦ ±âµ¶±³¿Í µ¿ÀÏÇÏ´Ù°í »ó»óÇÏ´Ù-Àηù¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ºÀ»çÀÇ ±³¸®´Â »çȸÀû °³³äÀ¸·Î¼­ÀÇ »î¿¡ ±âÃÊÇÏ´Ù-Àηù¾Ö ´ëÇÑ »ç¶û, ³í¸®ÀûÀ¸·Î Àڽſ¡ ´ëÇÑ »ç¶û¿¡¼­ À¯ÃߵǴÙ, ¾Æ¹«·± Àǹ̸¦ °¡ÁöÁö ¸øÇÑ´Ù, ¿Ö³ÄÇϸé Àηù¾Ö´Â Ç㱸À̱⠶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù-±âµ¶±³ÀÇ »ç¶û, Çϳª´ÔÀÇ »ç¶ûÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ À¯Ãß, ±× ´ë»óÀ» Àüü ¼¼»ó¿¡¼­ ã´Â´Ù, Àηù¾Ö ¸¸ÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï´Ù-±âµ¶±³´Â »ç¶÷ÀÌ Çϳª´ÔÀÇ ¼·¸®¿Í ÀÏÄ¡ÇÏ¿© »ìµµ·Ï °¡¸£Ä£´Ù-±×°ÍÀº Àΰ£ÀÇ ¿µÈ¥ÀÇ º»ÁúÀº »ç¶ûÀÌ´Ù, ±×¸®°í ±×ÀÇ ÇູÀº Çϳª´ÔÀÇ »ç¶û¿¡¼­ ³ª¿À¸ç, Çϳª´ÔÀ» ÀÚ±â ÀڽŠ¾È¿¡ ÀÖ´Â »ç¶ûÀ¸·Î ÀνÄÇÑ´Ù.

Now I will speak of the other view of Christianity which hinders the true understanding of it-the scientific view.

ÀÌÁ¦ ³ª´Â ±âµµ±³ÀÇ ÁøÁ¤ÇÑ Àǹ̸¦ °¡·Î¸·´Â ´Ù¸¥ ½Ã°¢-°úÇÐÀûÀÎ ½Ã°¢-¿¡ ´ëÇØ ¸»ÇÒ °ÍÀÌ´Ù.

Churchmen substitute for Christianity the version they have framed of it for themselves, and this view of Chris¡©tianity they regard as the one infallibly true one.

¼ºÁ÷ÀÚµéÀº ±âµ¶±³¸¦ ±×µé ÀÚ½ÅÀ» À§Çؼ­ ±×°ÍÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ Á¶ÀÛÇÑ ¹öÀüÀ¸·Î ´ëüÇß´Ù, ±×¸®°í ÀÌ·± ±âµ¶±³ÀÇ ½Ã°¢À» ±×µéÀº À¯ÀÏÇÑ ¿À·ù°¡ ¾ø´Â Áø½ÇÇÑ °ÍÀ¸·Î ¿©±ä´Ù.

Men of science regard as Christianity only the tenets held by the different churches in the past and present; and finding that these tenets have lost all the significance of Christianity, they accept it as a religion which has out¡©lived its age.

°úÇÐÀÚµéÀº ±âµ¶±³¸¦ ¿ÀÁ÷ °ú°Å¿Í ÇöÀçÀÇ ¼­·Î ´Ù¸¥ ±³È¸µéÀÌ °ßÁöÇÑ °­·ÉÀ¸·Î¼­ ¿©±ä´Ù; ±×¸®°í ÀÌµé °­·ÉµéÀÌ ±âµ¶±³ÀÇ ¸ðµç Àǹ̸¦ »ó½ÇÇß´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ¾Ë°í¼­´Â, ±×µéÀº ±×°ÍÀ» ½Ã´ë°¡ Áö³ª¼­ ³°¾Æ ¹ö¸° Á¾±³·Î ¹Þ¾ÆµéÀδÙ.

To see clearly how impossible it is to understand the Christian teaching from such a point of view, one must form for oneself an idea of the place actually held by religions in general, by the Christian religion in particular, in the life of mankind, and of the significance attributed to them by science.

±×·¯ÇÑ °üÁ¡À¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ±âµ¶±³ÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§À» ÀÌÇØÇÏ·Á´Â °ÍÀÌ ¾ó¸¶³ª ºÒ°¡´ÉÇÑÁö ºÐ¸íÈ÷ ±ú´Ý±â À§ÇÏ¿©, ¿ì¸®´Â ÀÚ½ÅÀ» À§Çؼ­ ¸ÕÀú ÀÏ¹Ý Á¾±³µéÀÌ, ƯÈ÷ ÀηùÀÇ »î¿¡¼­ ±âµ¶±³ÀûÀÎ Á¾±³°¡ ½ÇÁ¦·Î °ßÁöÇÏ´Â ÀÔÀå¿¡ ´ëÇÑ, ±×¸®°í °úÇп¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­ ±×µé¿¡°Ô ºÎ¿©µÈ Àǹ̿¡ ´ëÇÑ °³³äÀ» Çü¼ºÇÏ¿©¾ß ÇÑ´Ù.

Just as the individual man cannot live without having some theory of the meaning of his life, and is always, though often unconsciously, framing his conduct in accord¡©ance with the meaning he attributes to his life, so too asso¡©ciations of men living in similar conditions-nations-can¡©not but have theories of the meaning of their associated life and conduct ensuing from those theories. And as the individual man, when he attains a fresh stage of growth, inevitably changes his philosophy of life, and the grown-up man sees a different meaning in it from the child, so too associations of men-nations-are bound to change their philosophy of life and the conduct ensuing from their philosophy, to correspond with their development.

°¢ÀÚÀÇ »ç¶÷ÀÌ ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ »î¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Àǹ̿¡ °üÇÑ ¾à°£ÀÇ ÀÌ·ÐÀ» °¡ÁüÀÌ ¾øÀÌ »ì ¼ö¾øÀ¸¸ç, ºñ·Ï °¡²û ¹«ÀǽÄÀûÀÌÁö¸¸, ¾ðÁ¦³ª ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ »î¿¡ ÀÚ½ÅÀÌ ºÎ¿©ÇÏ´Â Àǹ̿¡ µû¶ó¼­ ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ÇàÀ§¸¦ Çü¼ºÇÏ´Â °Í°ú ¶È°°ÀÌ, ºñ½ÁÇÑ Á¶°Çµé-¹ÎÁ·µé-¿¡¼­ »ç´Â »ç¶÷µéÀÇ ±³Á¦µé ¿ª½Ã ±×µéÀÇ ¿¬°üµÈ »îÀÇ Àǹ̿¡ ´ëÇÑ À̷еé°ú ±×·¯ÇÑ À̷еé·ÎºÎÅÍ µû¶ó¿À´Â ÇàÀ§¿¡ ´ëÇÑ À̷еéÀ» °¡ÁöÁö ¾ÊÀ» ¼ö ¾ø´Ù. ±×¸®°í °³°³ÀÇ »ç¶÷À¸·Î½á, ±×°¡ ¼ºÀå¿¡¼­ »õ·Î¿î ´Ü°è¿¡ µé¾î¼³ ¶§¿¡, ÇÊ¿¬ÀûÀ¸·Î ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ »îÀÇ Ã¶ÇÐÀ» ¹Ù²Û´Ù, ±×¸®°í ¼ºÀÎÀº ±×°Í¿¡¼­ ¾î¸°À̿ʹ ´Ù¸¥ Àǹ̸¦ º¸°ÔµÇ´Â °Íó·³, »ç¶÷µé-±¹°¡µé(¹ÎÁ·µé)ÀÇ ±³Á¦µé ¿ª½Ã ±×µéÀÇ »îÀÇ Ã¶Çаú ±×µéÀÇ Ã¶ÇÐÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ µû¶ó¿À´Â ÇàÀ§¸¦ ¹Ù²Ù°Ô µÇ¾î ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ±×µéÀÇ ¹ßÀü°ú ÀÏÄ¡ÇÏ°Ô µÇ¾î ÀÖ´Ù.

The difference, as regards this, between the individual man and humanity as a whole, lies in the fact that the individual, in forming the view of life proper to the new period of life on which he is entering and the conduct resulting from it, benefits by the experience of men who have lived before him, who have already passed through the stage of growth upon which he is entering. But humanity cannot have this aid, because it is always moving along a hitherto untrodden track, and has no one to ask how to understand life, and to act in the conditions on which it is entering and through which no one has ever passed before.

ÀÌÁ¡¿¡ ´ëÇÏ¿©, °³ÀÎ »ç¶÷°ú Àüü·Î¼­ÀÇ ÀηùÀÇ Â÷ÀÌ´Â, »îÀÇ ½Ã°¢À» Çü¼ºÇÔ¿¡¼­ ±×°¡ ÁøÀÔÇÏ´Â »îÀÇ »õ·Î¿î ±â°£ ¹× ±×·ÎºÎÅÍ ÃÊ·¡µÇ´Â ÇàÀ§¿¡ ÀûÇÕÇÔÀ¸·Î½á, ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ¾Õ¿¡ »ì¾Ò´ø »ç¶÷µéÀÇ °æÇèÀ¸·Î ÇýÅÃÀ» º¸¸ç, ±× »ç¶÷µéÀº ÀÌ¹Ì ±×°¡ ÁøÀÔÇϰí ÀÖ´Â ¼ºÀåÀÇ ´Ü°è¸¦ Åë°úÇß´Ù´Â »ç½Ç¿¡ ÀÖ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª Àηù´Â ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ µµ¿òÀ» °¡Áú ¼ö ¾ø´Ù, ¿Ö³ÄÇÏ¸é ±×°ÍÀº ¾ðÁ¦³ª ¹âÁö ¾ÊÀº ±æÀ» µû¶ó¼­ ¿òÁ÷À̰í ÀÖ°í, »îÀ» ¾î¶»°Ô ±ú´Þ¾Æ¾ß ÇÒÁö, ±×¸®°í ±×°ÍÀÌ ÁøÀÔÇϴ±׸®°í Àü¿¡ ¾Æ¹«µµÅë°úÇÑ ÀûÀÌ ¾ø´Â »óȲ¿¡¼­ ¹°¾î º¼ ´ë»óÀÌ ¾ø±â ¶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù.

Nevertheless, just as a man with wife and children can¡©not continue to look at life as he looked at it when he was a child, so too in the face of the various changes that are taking place, the greater density of population, the estab¡©lishment of communication between different peoples, the improvements of the methods of the struggle with nature, and the accumulation of knowledge, humanity cannot con¡©tinue to look at life as of old, and it must frame a new theory of life, from which conduct may follow adapted to the new conditions on which it has entered and is entering.

±×·³¿¡µµ ºÒ±¸Çϰí, ¾Æ³»¿Í ÀڽĵéÀ» °¡Áø »ç¶÷ÀÌ ±×°¡ ¾î¸± ¶§Ã³·³ »îÀ» °è¼ÓÇØ¼­ ¹Ù¶óº¼ ¼ö ¾ø´Â °Í°ú °°ÀÌ, ¹ß»ýÇϰí ÀÖ´Â ´Ù¾çÇÑ º¯È­µé, ³ôÀº Àα¸ ¹Ðµµ, »ç¶÷µé »çÀÌÀÇ Åë½ÅÀÇ È®¸³, ÀÚ¿¬°ú ÅõÀïÇÏ´Â ¹æ¹ýµéÀÇ °³¼±, ±×¸®°í Áö½ÄÀÇ ÃàÀûÀ» Á÷¸éÇÔ¿¡ À־, ¿ª½Ã Àηù´Â »îÀ» ¿¾³¯Ã³·³ ¹Ù¶óº¼ ¼ö ¾øÀ¸¸ç, »õ·Î¿î »îÀÇ ÀÌ·ÐÀ» Çü¼ºÇØ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù, ±×¸®°í ±×°ÍÀÌ ÁøÀÔÇÏ¿´°Å³ª ÁøÀÔÇϰí ÀÖ´Â »õ·Î¿î ȯ°æµé¿¡ ÀûÀÀÇÏ¿© ±× ÀÌ·ÐÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ÇàÀ§°¡ µû¸¦ °ÍÀÌ´Ù.

To meet this need humanity has the special power of producing men who give a new meaning to the whole of human life-a theory of life from which follow new forms of activity quite different from all preceding them. The formation of this philosophy of life appropriate to humanity in the new conditions on which it is entering, and of the practice resulting from it, is what is called religion.

ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ Çʿ並 ÇØ°áÇϱâ À§ÇÏ¿© Àηù´Â Àΰ£ÀÇ »î Àüü¿¡ »õ·Î¿î Àǹ̸¦ ÁÖ´Â »ç¶÷µéÀ» »ý»êÇϴ Ưº°ÇÑ ÈûÀ» °¡Áø´Ù-¸ðµç ÀÌÀü °Í°ú´Â ¸Å¿ì ´Ù¸¥ »õ·Î¿î ÇüÅÂÀÇ ÇàÀ§µéÀÌ µ¿¹ÝµÇ´Â »îÀÇ ÀÌ·ÐÀ» ¸»ÇÔÀÌ´Ù. Àηù°¡ ÁøÀÔÇÏ´Â »õ·Î¿î »óȲ¿¡¼­ Àηù¿¡°Ô ÀûÇÕÇÑ ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ »îÀÇ Ã¶ÇÐ, ±×¸®°í ±×·ÎºÎÅÍ ¹ß»ýµÇ´Â ÇàÀ§ÀÇ Çü¼ºÀÌ ¼ÒÀ§ Á¾±³ÀÌ´Ù.

And therefore, in the first place, religion is not, as science imagines, a manifestation which at one time cor¡©responded with the development of humanity, but is after-ward outgrown by it. It is a manifestation always inherent in the life of humanity, and is as indispensable, as inherent in humanity at the present time as at any other. Secondly, religion is always the theory of the practice of the future and not of the past, and therefore it is clear that investigation of past manifestations cannot in any case grasp the essence of religion.

±×¸®°í ±×·¯¹Ç·Î, ù¹øÂ°·Î, Á¾±³´Â, °úÇÐÀÌ »ó»óÇÏ´Â °Íó·³, ÇÑ ¶§ ÀηùÀÇ ¹ßÀü°ú ÇÔ²² ÇÏ´Ù°¡, µÚ¿¡ °¡¼­ Àηù¿¡°Ô Çʿ䰡 ¾ø¾îÁ® ¹ö¸° »ó¡ÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï´Ù. ±×°ÍÀº ¾ðÁ¦³ª ÀηùÀÇ »î¿¡ ³»ÀçµÈ »ó¡À̸ç, ´Ù¸¥ ½Ã´ë ¸¸Å­À̳ª ÇöÀç¿¡¼­µµ ¾ø¾î¼­´Â ¾ÈµÉ, Àηù¿¡°Ô ³»ÀçµÈ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. µÎ¹øÂ°·Î, Á¾±³´Â ¾ðÁ¦³ª ¹Ì·¡ÀÇ ÇàÀ§¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÀÌ·ÐÀÌÁö °ú°ÅÀÇ ÀÌ·ÐÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï´Ù, ±×·¯¹Ç·Î °ú°ÅÀÇ »ó¡µéÀ» Á¶»çÇÔÀº ¾î¶² °æ¿ì¿¡µµ Á¾±³ÀÇ º»ÁúÀ» ÆÄ¾ÇÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø´Ù.

The essence of every religious teaching lies not in the desire for a symbolic expression of the forces of nature, nor in the dread of these forces, nor in the craving for the marvelous, nor in the external forms in which it is manifested, as men of science imagine; the essence of religion lies in the faculty of men of foreseeing and pointing out the path of life along which humanity must move in the discovery of a new theory of life, as a result of which the whole future conduct of humanity is changed and dif¡©ferent from all that has been before.

°¢°¢ÀÇ Á¾±³ÀûÀÎ °¡¸£Ä§ÀÇ º»ÁúÀº , °úÇÐÀÚµéÀÌ »ó»óÇÏ´Â °Íó·³, ÀÚ¿¬ÀÇ Èûµé¿¡ °üÇÑ »ó¡ÀûÀΠǥÇö¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¿å±¸³ª, ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ÈûµéÀ» µÎ·Á¿öÇÔÀ̳ª, ±âÀûÀ» °¥¸ÁÇÔÀ̳ª, ±×°ÍÀÌ ³ªÅ¸³»´Â ¿ÜÀûÀÎ Çü½Äµé¿¡µµ ÀÖÁö ¾Ê´Ù; Á¾±³ÀÇ º»ÁúÀº »õ·Î¿î »îÀÇ ÀÌ·ÐÀÇ ¹ß°ßÇϱâ À§ÇÏ¿© Àηù°¡ ¹Ýµå½Ã µû¶ó°¡¸ç ¿òÁ÷¿©¾ß ÇÏ´Â »îÀÇ ±æÀ» ¿¹°ßÇÏ°í °¡¸®Å°´Â »ç¶÷µéÀÇ ´É·Â¿¡ ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ±× °á°ú, Àηù ÀüüÀÇ ¹Ì·¡ÀÇ ÇàÀ§´Â º¯È­µÇ°í ÀÌÀü¿¡ ÀÖ¾ú´ø ¸ðµç °Í°ú ´Ù¸£´Ù.

This faculty of foreseeing the path along which humanity must move, is common in a greater or less degree to all men. But in all times there have been men in whom this faculty was especially strong, and these men have given clear and definite expression to what all men felt vaguely, and formed a new philosophy of life from which new lines of action followed for hundreds and thousands of years.

Àηù°¡ ¹Ýµå½Ã µû¶ó°¡¸ç ¿òÁ÷¿©Çá ÇÏ´Â ±æÀ» ¿¹°ßÇÏ´Â ´É·ÂÀº, ¸ðµç »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô ´Ù¼Ò°£¿¡ ÈçÇÏ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ¸ðµç ½Ã´ë¿¡¼­, ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ´É·ÂÀÌ Æ¯º°È÷ °­ÇÑ »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ÀÖ¾î ¿ÔÀ¸¸ç, ÀÌ »ç¶÷µéÀº ¸ðµç »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ¸·¿¬ÇÏ°Ô ´À³¢´ø °Í¿¡ ºÐ¸íÇÏ°í ¸íÈ®ÇÑ Ç¥ÇöÀ» ÁÖ¾úÀ¸¸ç, ±×¸®°í »õ·Î¿î ¹æÇâÀÇ ÇൿÀÌ ¼ö¹é³â ±×¸®°í ¼öõ³â µ¿¾È À̾îÁú »îÀÇ »õ·Î¿î öÇÐÀ» Çü¼ºÇÏ¿´´Ù.

Of such philosophies of life we know three; two have already been passed through by humanity, and the third is that we are passing through now in Christianity. These philosophies of life are three in number, and only three, not because we have arbitrarily brought the various theories of life together under these three heads, but because all men's actions are always based on one of these three views of life-because we cannot view life otherwise than in these three ways.

±×·¯ÇÑ »îÀÇ Ã¶Çе鿡 ´ëÇÏ¿© ¿ì¸®´Â ¼¼°¡Áö¸¦ ¾È´Ù; µÎ°¡Áö´Â Àηù¿¡ ÀÇÇÏ¿© ÀÌ¹Ì Åë°úÇÏ¿© ¿Ô°í, ±×¸®°í ¼¼¹øÂ°´Â ÀÌÁ¦ ¿ì¸®°¡ ±âµ¶±³¸¦ ÅëÇÏ¿© Áö³ª°í ÀÖ´Ù. ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ »îÀÇ Ã¶ÇеéÀº ¼¼°¡Áö, ±×¸®°í ¼ÂÀÌ´Ù, ÀÌÀ¯ÀÎ Áï, ¿ì¸®°¡ ÀÓÀÇÀûÀ¸·Î ¿©·¯°¡Áö »îÀÇ À̷еéÀ» ÀÌ ¼¼°¡Áö Ç¥Á¦ ¹Ø¿¡ ¸ð¾Æ¼­°¡ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, ¸ðµç »ç¶÷µéÀÇ ÇൿµéÀº ¾ðÁ¦³ª ÀÌ ¼¼°¡Áö »îÀÇ ½Ã°¢¿¡ ±âÃÊÇϱ⠶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù-¿ì¸®´Â ÀÌ ¼¼°¡Áö ¹æ¹ý ¸»°í ´Ù¸£°Ô »îÀ» º¼ ¼ö ¾ø±â ¶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù.

These three views of life are as follows: First, embrac¡©ing the individual, or the animal view of life; second, embracing the society, or the pagan view of life; third, embracing the whole world, or the divine view of life.

ÀÌµé »î¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¼¼°¡Áö ½Ã°¢µéÀº ´ÙÀ½°ú °°´Ù: ù¹øÂ°´Â, »î¿¡ ´ëÇÑ °³ÀÎÀÇ, ¶Ç´Â µ¿¹°ÀûÀÎ ½Ã°¢À» ¹Þ¾Æ µéÀÓ; µÎ¹øÂ°´Â, »î¿¡ ´ëÇÑ »çȸ ¶Ç´Â À̱³Àû ½Ã°¢À» ¹Þ¾Æ µéÀÓ; ¼¼¹øÂ°´Â, »î¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Àü ¼¼°èÀû, ¶Ç´Â ½ÅÀûÀÎ ½Ã°¢À» ¹Þ¾Æ µéÀÓÀÌ´Ù.

In the first theory of life a man's life is limited to his one individuality; the aim of life is the satisfaction of the will of this individuality. In the second theory of life a man's life is limited not to his own individuality, but to certain societies and classes of individuals: to the tribe, the family, the clan, the nation; the aim of life is limited to the satis¡©faction of the will of those associations of individuals. In the third theory of life a man's life is limited not to socie¡©ties and classes of individuals, but extends to the principle and source of life-to God.

»îÀÇ Ã¹¹øÂ° À̷п¡¼­, »ç¶÷ÀÇ »îÀº ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ÇϳªÀÇ °³Ã¼¿¡ Á¦ÇѵȴÙ; »îÀÇ ¸ñÀûÀº ÀÌ·± °³Ã¼ÀÇ ÀÇÁö¸¦ ¸¸Á·½ÃÅ´ÀÌ´Ù. »îÀÇ µÎ¹øÂ° À̷п¡¼­, »ç¶÷ÀÇ »îÀº ÀÚ±â ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ °³Ã¼¿¡ ±¹ÇÑ µÇÁö ¾ÊÀ¸¸ç, °³Àε鿡 ÀÇÇÑ Æ¯Á¤ÇÑ »çȸµéÀ̳ª °è±Þµé±îÁö È®´ëµÈ´Ù: Á¾Á·, °¡Á·, ¾¾Á·, ¹ÎÁ·¿¡°Ô; »îÀÇ ¸ñÀûÀº ±×µé ¸ðÀÓµéÀÇ ÀÇÁö¸¦ ¸¸Á·½ÃÅ´À¸·Î Á¦ÇѵȴÙ. »îÀÇ ¼¼¹øÂ° À̷п¡¼­, »ç¶÷ÀÇ »îÀº °³Àε鿡 ÀÇÇÑ »çȸµéÀ̳ª °è±Þµé¿¡ Á¦ÇѵÇÁö ¾ÊÀ¸¸ç, »îÀÇ ¿ø¸® ¹× ±Ù¿ø±îÁö ÆîÃÄÁø´Ù-Áï, Çϳª´Ô±îÁö.

These three conceptions of life form the foundation of all the religions that exist or have existed.

ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ »îÀÇ ¼¼°¡Áö °³³äµéÀº Á¸ÀçÇϰųª Á¸ÀçÇÏ¿´´ø ¸ðµç Á¾±³µéÀÇ Åä´ë¸¦ Çü¼ºÇÑ´Ù.

The savage recognizes life only in himself and his per¡©sonal desires. His interest in life is concentrated on him¡©self alone. The highest happiness for him is the fullest satisfaction of his desires. The motive power of his life is personal enjoyment. His religion consists in propitiating his deity and in worshiping his gods, whom he imagines as persons living only for their personal aims.

¾ß¸¸ÀÎÀº ¿ÀÁ÷ ÀڽŠ¾È¿¡¼­ÀÇ »î°ú °³ÀÎÀû ¿å¸ÁÀ» ÀνÄÇÑ´Ù. ±×ÀÇ »î¿¡ ´ëÇÑ °ü½ÉÀº ÀÚ±â Çϳª¸¸¿¡ ÁýÁߵȴÙ. ±×¿¡°Ô À־ ÃÖ°íÀÇ ÇູÀº ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ¿å¸ÁµéÀ» °¡Àå ¿ÏÀüÇÏ°Ô ¸¸Á·½ÃÅ´¿¡ ÀÖ´Ù. ±×ÀÇ »îÀÇ µ¿±â°¡ µÇ´Â ÈûÀº °³ÀÎÀûÀÎ Áñ°Å¿òÀÌ´Ù. ±×ÀÇ Á¾±³´Â ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ½Å¿¡°Ô ºñÀ§¸¦ ¸ÂÃß°í ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ½ÅµéÀ» ¼þ¹èÇϸç, ±× ½ÅµéÀÌ ¿ÀÁ÷ ±×µéÀÇ °³ÀÎÀû ¸ñÀûµéÀ» À§ÇÏ¿© »ì¾Æ°¡´Â »ç¶÷µé·Î »ó»óÇÑ´Ù.

The civilized pagan recognizes life not in himself alone, but in societies of men-in the tribe, the clan, the family, the kingdom-and sacrifices his personal good for these societies. The motive power of his life is glory. His religion consists in the exaltation of the glory of those who are allied to him-the founders of his family, his ancestors, his rulers-and in worshiping gods who are exclusively pro¡©tectors of his clan, his family, his nation, his government.

¹®¸íÈ­µÈ À̱³µµ´Â »îÀ» ÀڽŠ¾È¿¡¼­ ¸¸ÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó »ç¶÷µéÀÇ »çȸµé¿¡¼­ ÀνÄÇÑ´Ù-ºÎÁ·, ¾¾Á·, °¡Á·, ¿Õ±¹¿¡¼­-±×¸®°í ÀÌµé »çȸµéÀ» À§ÇÏ¿© ±×ÀÇ °³ÀÎÀû ¼±À» Èñ»ýÇÑ´Ù.±×ÀÇ »îÀÇ µ¿±â°¡ µÇ´Â ÈûÀº ¸í¿¹ÀÌ´Ù. ±×ÀÇ Á¾±³´Â ±×¿¡°Ô µ¿¸ÍÀÌ µÇ¾î ÀÖ´Â »ç¶÷µé-±×ÀÇ °¡Á·ÀÇ ½ÃÁ¶, ±×ÀÇ ¼±Á¶µé, ±×ÀÇ ÅëÄ¡ÀÚµé-ÀÇ ¸í¿¹¸¦ ³ôÀÓ¿¡ ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ±×ÀÇ ¾¾Á·, ±×ÀÇ °¡Á·, ±×ÀÇ ¹ÎÁ·, ±×ÀÇ Á¤ºÎÀÇ ¹èŸÀûÀÎ º¸È£ÀÚµéÀÎ ½ÅµéÀ» ¼þ¹èÇÔ¿¡ ÀÖ´Ù.

The man who holds the divine theory of life recognizes life not in his own individuality, and not in societies of individualities (in the family, the clan, the nation, the tribe, or the government), but in the eternal undying source of life-in God; and to fulfill the will of God he is ready to sacrifice his individual and family and social welfare. The motor power of his life is love. And his religion is the worship in deed and in truth of the principle of the whole- God.

»î¿¡ À־ ½ÅÀûÀÎ ÀÌ·ÐÀ» ÁöÁöÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷Àº ÀÚ±â ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ °³Ã¼, ±×¸®°í °³Ã¼µéÀÇ »çȸµé¿¡¼­(°¡Á·, ¾¾Á·, ¹ÎÁ·, ºÎÁ·, ¶Ç´Â Á¤ºÎ¿¡¼­)°¡ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, »îÀÇ ¿µ¿øÇϸç Á×Áö ¾Ê´Â ±Ù¿ø¿¡¼­-Çϳª´Ô¿¡¼­-»îÀ» ÀνÄÇÑ´Ù; ±×¸®°í Çϳª´ÔÀÇ ÀÇÁö¸¦ ½ÇõÇϱâ À§ÇÏ¿© ±×´Â ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ °³Ã¼, °¡Á·, ±×¸®°í »çȸÀÇ ÇູÀ» ¹ÙÄ¥ Áغñ°¡ µÇ¾î ÀÖ´Ù. ±×ÀÇ »îÀÇ µ¿·ÂÀº »ç¶ûÀÌ´Ù. ±×¸®°í ±×ÀÇ Á¾±³´Â ÇàÇÔ¿Í Àüü ±³¸®ÀÇ Áø¸®-Çϳª´Ô-¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¼þ¹è¿¡ ÀÖ´Ù.

The whole historic existence of mankind is nothing else than the gradual transition from the personal, animal conception of life to the social conception of life, and from the social conception of life to the divine conception of life. The whole history of the ancient peoples, lasting through thousands of years and ending with the history of Rome, is the history of the transition from the animal, personal view of life to the social view of life. The whole of history from the time of the Roman Empire and the appearance of Christianity is the history of the transition, through which we are still passing now, from the social view of life to the divine view of life.

Àηù ÀüüÀÇ ¿ª»çÀû Á¸Àç´Â ´Ù¸§ÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, °³ÀÎÀû µ¿¹°Àû °³³äÀÇ »îÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ »çȸÀû °³³äÀÇ »îÀ¸·Î º¯È­, ±×¸®°í »çȸÀû °³³äÀÇ »î¿¡¼­ ½ÅÀûÀÎ °³³äÀÇ »îÀ¸·Î º¯È­ÀÌ´Ù. ¿¾³¯ »ç¶÷µé ÀüüÀÇ ¿ª»ç´Â, ¼öõ³âÀ» Áö¼ÓÇÏ´Ù°¡ ·Î¸¶ÀÇ ¿ª»ç¿Í ÇÔ²² ³¡ÀÌ ³ª´Â, µ¿¹°Àû °³ÀÎÀû ½Ã°¢ÀÇ »î¿¡¼­ »çȸÀû ½Ã°¢ÀÇ »îÀ¸·Î º¯ÃµÇÏ´Â ¿ª»çÀÌ´Ù. ·Î¸¶Á¦±¹°ú ±âµ¶±³ÀÇ ÃâÇö ½Ã´ë·ÎºÎÅÍÀÇ Àüü ¿ª»ç´Â, ¿ì¸®´Â Áö±Ý ÀÌ ½Ã´ë¸¦ Åë°úÇϰí ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, »çȸÀû ½Ã°¢ÀÇ »î¿¡¼­ õ±¹ÀÇ ½Ã°¢ÀÇ »îÀ¸·Î º¯È­ÇÏ´Â ¿ª»çÀÌ´Ù.

This view of life is the last, and founded upon it is the Christian teaching, which is a guide for the whole of our life and lies at the root of all our activity, practical and theoretic. Yet men of what is falsely called science, pseudo-scientific men, looking at it only in its externals, regard it as something outgrown and having no value for us.

ÀÌ ½Ã°¢ÀÇ »îÀÌ ¸¶Áö¸·ÀÌ´Ù, ±×¸®°í ±âµ¶±³ÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§Àº ¹Ù·Î ±× À§¿¡ ¼¼¿öÁ³´Ù, ±×¸®°í ±×°ÍÀº ¿ì¸®ÀÇ »î Àüü¸¦ À§ÇÑ ¾È³»À̸ç, »ç½ÇÀûÀ̰í ÀÌ·ÐÀûÀÎ ¿ì¸®ÀÇ ¸ðµç ÇàÀ§ÀÇ »Ñ¸®¿¡ ³õ¿© ÀÖ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ¼ÒÀ§ À§¼±µÇ°Ô ÀÏÄþî Áö´Â °úÇÐÀÚµé, ÀÇ»ç °úÇÐÀÚµéÀº ¿ÀÁ÷ ±×°ÍÀÇ ¿ÜÀûÀÎ °ÍµéÀ» ¹Ù¶óº¸¸é¼­ ½Ã´ë¿¡ µÚ¶³¾î Á³À¸¸ç ¿ì¸®¿¡°Ô ¾Æ¹«·± °¡Ä¡°¡ ¾ø´Â °ÍÀ¸·Î ¿©±ä´Ù.

Reducing it to its dogmatic side only-to the doctrines of the Trinity, the redemption, the miracles, the Church, the sacraments, and so on-men of science regard it as only one of an immense number of religions which have arisen among mankind, and now, they say, having played out its part in history, it is outliving its own age and fading away before the light of science and of true enlightenment.

±âµ¶±³ÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§À» ¿ÀÁ÷ ±³¸®ÀûÀÎ Ãø¸éÀ¸·Î Ãà¼ÒÇÏ¿©-»ïÀ§ÀÏü, ´ë¼Ó, ±âÀûµé, ±³È¸, ¼º·Ê, µîµîÀÇ ±³¸®-°úÇÐÀÚµéÀº ±×°ÍÀ» ¿ÀÁ÷ Àηù¿¡°Ô¼­ ÀϾ ¹«¼öÈ÷ ¸¹Àº Á¾±³µé ÁßÀÇ Çϳª·Î ¿©±ä´Ù, ±×¸®°í ÀÌÁ¦, ¿ª»ç¿¡¼­ ±× ¿ªÇÒÀ» ´ÙÇÏ¿´À¸¹Ç·Î, ±×°ÍÀº ±× ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ½Ã´ë¸¦ ³Ñ¾î¼­ °úÇаú Áø¸®ÀÇ °è¸ùÀÇ ºû ¾Õ¿¡¼­ »ç¶óÁ® °¡°í ÀÖ´Ù°í ±×µéÀº ¸»ÇÑ´Ù.

We come here upon what, in a large proportion of cases, forms the source of the grossest errors of mankind. Men on a lower level of understanding, when brought into contact with phenomena of a higher order, instead of making efforts to understand them, to raise themselves up to the point of view from which they must look at the sub¡©ject, judge it from their lower standpoint, and the less they understand what they are talking about, the more confidently and unhesitatingly they pass judgment on it.

¿ì¸®´Â ¿©±â, Ä¿´Ù¶õ °æ¿ìµé¿¡ À־, ÀηùÀÇ °¡Àå ½É°¢ÇÑ ¿À·ùµéÀÇ ±Ù¿øÀ» Çü¼ºÇÏ´Â °Í À§¿¡ ¿Í ÀÖ´Ù. Àú±ÞÇÑ ¼öÁØÀÇ ±ú´ÞÀ½¿¡ ÀÖ´Â »ç¶÷µéÀº, ³ôÀº ¼öÁØÀÇ Çö»óµé°ú Á¢ÃËÇÒ ¶§, ±×°ÍµéÀ» ÀÌÇØÇϸç, ±× ÁÖÁ¦¸¦ ¹Ýµå½Ã ¹Ù¶óº¸¾Æ¾ß ÇÏ´Â °üÁ¡±îÁö ÀڽŵéÀ» ²ø¾î ¿Ã¸®·Á´Â ³ë·ÂÀ» ÇÏ´Â ´ë½Å¿¡, ±×°ÍÀ» ³·Àº °üÁ¡¿¡¼­ ÆÇ´ÜÇϸç, ±×µéÀÌ Åä·ÐÇÏ´Â °Í¿¡ ´ëÇÏ¿© Àû°Ô ¾Ë¸é ¾Ë¼ö·Ï, ±×µéÀº ´õ ¸¹Àº È®½ÅÀ¸·Î ±×¸®°í ÁÖÀúÇÔÀÌ ¾øÀÌ ±×°Í¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÆÇ´ÜÀ» ³»¸°´Ù.

To the majority of learned men, looking at the living, moral teaching of Christ from the lower standpoint of the state conception of life, this doctrine appears as nothing but a very indefinite and incongruous combination of Indian asceticism, Stoic and Neoplatonic philosophy, and insub¡©stantial anti-social visions, which have no serious sig¡©nificance for our times. Its whole meaning is con¡©centrated for them in its external manifestations-in Catholicism, Protestantism, in certain dogmas, or in the conflict with the temporal power. Estimating the value of Christianity by these phenomena is like a deaf man's judg¡©ing of the character and quality of music by seeing the movements of the musicians.

´ëºÎºÐÀÇ ÇÐÀڵ鿡°Ô, »î¿¡ À־ ³·Àº °üÁ¡ÀÇ ±¹°¡ °³³äÀ¸·Î ºÎÅÍ ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ »ì¾ÆÀÖ´Â, µµ´öÀû °¡¸£Ä§À» ¹Ù¶óº¸¸é, ÀÌ ±³¸®´Â ´ÜÁö ÀεµÀÇ ±Ý¿åÁÖÀÇ, ½ºÅ侯 ¹× ³×¿ÀÇöóÅæ öÇÐ, ±×¸®°í ºñÇö½ÇÀûÀÎ ¹Ý»çȸÀû ȯ»óµéÀÇ ºÒÈ®½ÇÇϰí Á¶¸®¾ø´Â °áÇÕÀ¸·Î º¸À̸ç, ±×°ÍÀº ¿ì¸® ½Ã´ë¿¡ ¾Æ¹«·± Áß¿äÇÑ Àǹ̰¡ ¾ø¾î º¸ÀδÙ. ±×°ÍÀÇ Àüü Àǹ̴ ±×µé¿¡°Ô À־ °¡¸£Ä§ÀÇ ¿ÜÀûÀΠǥ»óµé¿¡ ÁýÁߵȴÙ-Ä«Å縯¿¡¼­, ½Å±³¿¡¼­, ƯÁ¤ÇÑ ±³µé¿¡¼­, ¶Ç´Â ¼Ó¼¼ÀÇ ±Ç·Â°úÀÇ °¥µî¿¡¼­. ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ Çö»óµé¿¡ ÀÇÇÏ¿© ±âµ¶±³ÀÇ °¡Ä¡¸¦ ÁüÀÛÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº Àå´ÔÀÎ »ç¶÷ÀÌ À½¾Ç°¡µéÀÇ ¿òÁ÷ÀÓµéÀ» º¸°í¼­ À½¾ÇÀÇ ¼º°Ý°ú ÁúÀ» ÆÇ´ÜÇÏ´Â °Í°ú °°´Ù.

The result of this is that all these scientific men, from Kant, Strauss, Spencer, and Renan down, do not under¡©stand the meaning of Christ's sayings, do not under¡©stand the significance, the object, or the reason of their utterance, do not understand even the question to which they form the answer. Yet, without even taking the pains to enter into their meaning, they refuse, if unfavorably dis¡©posed, to recognize any reasonableness in his doctrines; or if they want to treat them indulgently, they condescend, from the height of their superiority, to correct them, on the supposition that Christ meant to express precisely their own ideas, but did not succeed in doing so. They behave to his teaching much as self-assertive people talk to those whom they consider beneath them, often supplying their companions' words: "Yes, you mean to say this and that." This correction is always with the aim of reduc¡©ing the teaching of the higher, divine conception of life to the level of the lower, state conception of life.

ÀÌ·± °á°ú´Â ÀÌ ¸ðµç °úÇÐÀÚµéÀº, Ä­Æ®, ½ºÆ®¶ó¿ì½º, ½ºÆæ¼­, ±×¸®°í ¾Æ·¡·Î ¸£³¶¿¡ À̸£±â±îÁö, ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ ¸»¾¸ÀÇ Àǹ̸¦ ±ú´ÝÁö ¸øÇϸç, ±× ¸»¾¸µéÀÇ ÀǹÌ, ¸ñÀû, ¶Ç´Â ÀÌÀ¯À» ±ú´ÝÁö ¸øÇϰí, ½ÉÁö¾î ±×µéÀÌ ´ë´äÀ» ¸¸µé¾î ³»¾ßÇÏ´Â Áú¹®À» ±ú´ÝÁö ¸øÇÑ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ½ÉÁö¾î ±× ¸»¾¸µéÀÇ Àǹ̿¡ µé¾î°¡·Á´Â ¼ö°íµµ ÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀº ü, ±âºÐÀÌ ³ª»Ú´Ù¸é, ±×µéÀº ±×ÀÇ ±³¸®µé¿¡¼­ ¾î¶°ÇÑ Å¸´çÇÔµµ ÀÎÁ¤Çϱ⸦ °ÅºÎÇÑ´Ù; ¾Æ´Ï¸é, ±×µéÀÌ ±× ±³¸®µéÀ» ³Ê±×·´°Ô º¸¾ÆÁÖ°í ½ÍÀ¸¸é, ±×µéÀÇ ¿ì¿ùÇÑ À§Ä¡·ÎºÎÅÍ, ±×¸®½ºµµ°¡ Á¤È®ÇÏ°Ô ±×µé ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ »ý°¢µéÀ» Ç¥ÇöÇÏ·Á´Â ¶æÀ̾ú´Ù´Â °¡Á¤ÇÏ¿¡, Á¤ÁßÇÑ Ã´Çϸ鼭 ±×°ÍÀ» ±³Á¤ÇÏ·Á°í ÇÏÁö¸¸, ±×·¸°Ô ÇÔ¿¡ ¼º°øÇÏÁö ¸øÇß´Ù. ±×µéÀº ±×ÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§¿¡ ´ëÇØ¼­ ÀڽЏ¸¸¸ÇÑ »ç¶÷ÀÌ ±×µéÀÌ ÀڽŵéÀÇ Çϼö¶ó°í ¿©±â´Â »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô ¸»ÇϵíÀÌ ±×·¸°Ô ÇൿÇÑ´Ù, ±×¸®°í °¡²û ±×µéÀÇ µ¿·áµéÀÇ ¸»µéµµ µ¡ºÙÀ̱⵵ ÇÑ´Ù: ¡°±×·¸´Ù, ´ç½ÅÀº À̰ÍÀ» ¸»ÇÏ·Á°í ÇÑ´Ù ±×¸®°í...¡± ÀÌ ±³Á¤Àº ¾ðÁ¦³ª ´õ ³ôÀ¸¸ç, ½ÅÀûÀÎ °³³äÀÇ »îÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§À» ´õ ³·Àº, ±¹°¡ °³³äÀÇ »îÀÇ ¼öÁØÀ¸·Î ±ð¾Æ ³»¸®·Á´Â ¸ñÀûÀ» °¡Áö°í ÀÖ´Ù.

They usually say that the moral teaching of Christianity is very fine, but overexaggerated; that to make it quite right we must reject all in it that is superfluous and un¡©necessary to our manner of life. "And the doctrine that asks too much, and requires what cannot be performed, is worse than that which requires of men what is possible and consistent with their powers," these learned interpreters of Christianity maintain, repeating what was long ago asserted, and could not but be asserted, by those who crucified the Teacher because they did not understand him-the Jews.

±×µéÀº ÈçÈ÷ ¸»ÇÑ´Ù ±âµ¶±³ÀÇ µµ´öÀû °¡¸£Ä§Àº ¸Å¿ì ÈǸ¢ÇÏ´Ù, ±×·¯³ª ³Ê¹« °úÀåµÇ¾î ÀÖ´Ù; ±×°ÍÀ» »ó´çÈ÷ Á¤È®ÇÏ°Ô ¸¸µé±â À§Çؼ­, ¿ì¸®´Â ±× ¾È¿¡ ÀÖ´Â ¸ðµç °ÍÀ», Áï, ¿ì¸®ÀÇ »îÀÇ ¹æ½Ä¿¡ Àǹ̰¡ ¾øÀ¸¸ç ºÒÇÊ¿äÇÑ °ÍÀ», ¹Ýµå½Ã °ÅºÎÇØ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. ¡°±×¸®°í ³Ê¹«³ª ¸¹Àº °ÍÀ» ¹Ù¶ó°í ½ÇÇàÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø´Â °ÍÀ» ¿ä±¸ÇÏ´Â ±× ±³¸®´Â ±×µéÀÇ ÈûÀ¸·Î¼­ °¡´ÉÇϸç ÇÕ´çÇÑ °ÍÀ» »ç¶÷µé·ÎºÎÅÍ ¿ä±¸ÇÏ´Â °Íº¸´Ù ³ª»Ú´Ù,¡± ±âµ¶±³¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Áö½ÄÀÖ´Â ÇØ¼®°¡µéÀÌ ÁÖÀåÇÑ´Ù, ±×¸®°í ¿À·¡ Àü¿¡ ÁÖÀåÇÑ °ÍÀ», ±×¸®°í ±×¸¦ ÀÌÇØÇÏÁö ¸øÇ߱⠶§¹®¿¡ ¼±»ýÀ» ½ÊÀÚ°¡¿¡ óÇüÇÑ »ç¶÷µé-À¯ÅÂÀεé-¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­ ÁÖÀåµÉ ¼ö ¹Û¿¡ ¾ø´ø °ÍÀ» ¹Ýº¹ÇÑ´Ù.

It seems that in the judgment of the learned men of our time the Hebrew law-a tooth for a tooth, and an eye for an eye-is a law of just retaliation, known to mankind five thousand years before the law of holiness which Christ taught in its place.

¿ì¸® ½Ã´ëÀÇ ÇÐÀÚµéÀÇ ÆÇ´Ü¿¡ µû¸£¸é È÷ºê¸®ÀÇ À²¹ý-ÀÌ¿¡´Â ÀÌ, ±×¸®°í ´«¿¡´Â ´«-Àº Á¤´çÇÑ º¸º¹ÀÇ À²¹ýÀ¸·Î, ±×¸®½ºµµ°¡ ±×°Í ´ë½Å¿¡ °¡¸£Ä£ ¼º½º·¯¿î ¹ýº¸´Ù ¿Àõ³â Àü¿¡ Àηù¿¡°Ô ¾Ë·ÁÁø °Íó·³ º¸ÀδÙ.

It seems that all that has been done by those men who understood Christ's teaching literally and lived in accord¡©ance with such an understanding of it, all that has been said and done by all true Christians, by all the Christian saints, all that is now reforming the world in the shape of socialism and communism-is simply exaggeration, not worth talking about.

±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§À» Á÷¼³ÀûÀ¸·Î ±ú´Ý°í ±×°Í¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ±×·¯ÇÑ ±ú´ÞÀ½¿¡ µû¶ó¼­ »ì¾Ò´ø »ç¶÷µé¿¡ ÇàÇØÁø ¸ðµç °ÍÀº, ¸ðµç ÁøÁ¤ÇÑ ±âµ¶±³Àεé, ¸ðµç ±âµ¶±³ÀÇ ¼ºÀڵ鿡 ÀÇÇÏ¿© ¸»ÇØÁö°í ÇàÇØÁø ¸ðµç °ÍÀº, »çȸÁÖÀÇ¿Í °ø»êÁÖÀÇÀÇ ÇüÅ·μ­ Áö±Ý ¼¼»óÀ» °³ÇõÇϰí ÀÖ´Â ¸ðµç °ÍÀº ´Ü¼øÈ÷ °úÀåÀ̸ç, ¸»ÇÒ °¡Ä¡°¡ ¾ø´Â °Í°°ÀÌ º¸ÀδÙ.

After eighteen hundred years of education in Christianity the civilized world, as represented by its most advanced thinkers, holds the conviction that the Christian religion is a religion of dogmas; that its teaching in relation to life is unreasonable, and is an exaggeration, subversive of the real lawful obligations of morality consistent with the nature of man; and that very doctrine of retribution which Christ rejected, and in place of which he put his teaching, is more practically useful for us.

±âµ¶±³¿¡ ´ëÇÑ 1800³âÀÇ ±³À° µÚ¿¡ ¹®¸í¼¼°è´Â, °¡Àå Áøº¸µÈ »ç»ó°¡µé¿¡ ÀÇÇÏ¿© ¼³¸íµÇµíÀÌ, ±âµ¶±³´Â ±³¸®ÀÇ Á¾±³ÀÌ´Ù; »î¿¡ °ü·ÃÇÑ ±âµ¶±³ÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§Àº ºñÀ̼ºÀûÀ̰í, °úÀåÀ̸ç, »ç¶÷ÀÇ º»¼º°ú ÀÏÄ¡µÇ´Â ÁøÁ¤ÇÑ ÇÕ¹ýÀûÀÎ Àǹ«µéÀ» ÆÄ±«ÇÏ·Á°í ÇÑ´Ù; ±×¸®°í ±×¸®½ºµµ°¡ °ÅºÎÇÑ º¹¼öÀÇ ±³¸®´Â, ±×´Â ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§À¸·Î ±×°ÍÀ» ¹Ù²Ù¾î ³õ¾ÒÁö¸¸, ¿ì¸®¿¡°Ô ´õ¿í ½Ç¿ëÀûÀ¸·Î À¯ÀÍÇÏ´Ù´Â È®½ÅÀ» °ßÁöÇÑ´Ù.

To learned men the doctrine of non-resistance to evil by force is exaggerated and even irrational. Christianity is much better without it, they think, not observing closely what Christianity, as represented by them, amounts to.

ÇÐÀڵ鿡°Ô´Â Èû¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ ¾Ç¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¹«ÀúÇ×ÀÇ ±³¸®´Â °úÀåµÇ¾úÀ¸¸ç ½ÉÁö¾î ºñÀ̼ºÀûÀÌ´Ù. ±âµ¶±³´Â ±×°ÍÀÌ ¾ø´Â °ÍÀÌ ÈξÀ ÁÁ´Ù, ±×µé¿¡ ÀÇÇÏ¿© ¼³¸íµÇµíÀÌ, ±âµ¶±³°¡ ¾î¶² °ÍÀÎÁö ±íÀÌ ÀÖ°Ô °üÂûÇØ º¸Áöµµ ¾Ê°í¼­ ±×µéÀº »ý°¢ÇÑ´Ù.

They do not see that to say that the doctrine of non-resistance to evil is an exaggeration in Christ's teaching is just like saying that the statement of the equality of the radii of a circle is an exaggeration in the definition of a circle. And those who speak thus are acting precisely like a man who, having no idea of what a circle is, should declare that this requirement, that every point of the circumference should be an equal distance from the center, is exaggerated. To advocate the rejection of Christ's command of non-resistance to evil, or its adaptation to the needs of life, implies a misunderstanding of the teaching of Christ.

¾Ç¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¹«ÀúÇ×ÀÇ ±³¸®°¡ ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§¿¡¼­ °úÀåÀ̶ó°í ¸»ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº ¸¶Ä¡ ¿øÀÇ ¹ÝÁö¸§ÀÌ °°´Ù´Â ÁÖÀåÀÌ ¿øÀÇ Á¤ÀÇ¿¡¼­ °úÀåÀ̶ó°í ¸»ÇÏ´Â °Í°ú °°´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ±×µéÀº ¾ËÁö ¸øÇÑ´Ù. ±×¸®°í ±×·¸°Ô ¸»ÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷Àº, ¿øÀÌ ¹«¾ùÀÎÁö ¸ð¸£°í ÀÖÀ¸¹Ç·Î, ÀÌ·± Á¶°Ç, Áï ¿ø µÑ·¹ÀÇ °¢ Á¡Àº °¡¿îµ¥·ÎºÎÅÍ ¶È°°Àº °Å¸®¿¡ ÀÖ¾î¾ß ÇÑ´Ù´Â °ÍÀÌ °úÀåµÇ¾ú´Ù°í ÁÖÀåÇØ¾ß ÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷°ú Á¤È®È÷ °°ÀÌ ÇൿÇÑ´Ù. ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ ¾Ç¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¹«ÀúÇ×ÀÇ ¸í·ÉÀ» °ÅºÎÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ̳ª, »îÀÇ Çʿ信 ¸ÂÃß´Â °ÍÀ» ¿ËÈ£ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¿ÀÇØ¸¦ ¾Ï½ÃÇÑ´Ù.

And those who do so certainly do not understand it. They do not understand that this teaching is the institution of a new theory of life, corresponding to the new conditions on which men have entered now for eighteen hundred years, and also the definition of the new conduct of life which results from it. They do not believe that Christ meant to say what he said; or he seems to them to have said what he said in the Sermon on the Mount and in other places accidentally, or through his lack of intelligence or of cultivation.

±×¸®°í È®½ÇÈ÷ ±×·¸°Ô ÇàÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷Àº ±×°ÍÀ» ÀÌÇØÇÏÁö ¸øÇÑ´Ù. ±×ÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§ÀÌ »îÀÇ »õ·Î¿î À̷п¡ ´ëÇÑ ±ÔÄ¢À̸ç, ÀÌÁ¦ »ç¶÷µéÀÌ 1800³â µ¿¾È »ì°í ÀÖ´Â »õ·Î¿î »óȲµé ±×¸®°í ±×°ÍÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ »ý°Ü³ª´Â »îÀÇ »õ·Î¿î ÇàÀ§¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Á¤ÀÇ¿¡ »óÀÀÇÑ´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ±×µéÀº ±ú´ÝÁö ¸øÇÑ´Ù. ±×µéÀº ±×¸®½ºµµ°¡ ¸»ÇϰíÀÚ ÇÑ °ÍÀ» ¹ÏÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù; ¶Ç´Â ±×°¡ »ê»ó¼öÈÆ¿¡¼­ ±×¸®°í ´Ù¸¥ °÷¿¡¼­ ¸»ÇÑ °ÍÀº ¿ì¿¬È÷, ¶Ç´Â ±×ÀÇ Áö´ÉÀÌ ¸ðÀÚ¶ó°Å³ª ¶Ç´Â ±³¾çÀÌ ºÎÁ·Çؼ­ ±×µé¿¡°Ô ¸»ÇÑ °Íó·³ º¸ÀδÙ.

Matt. vi. 25-34: "Therefore I say unto you, Take no thought for your life, what ye shall eat, or what ye shall drink; nor yet for your body, what ye shall put on. Is not the life more than meat, and the body than raiment? Be¡©hold the fowls of the air; for they sow not, neither do they reap, nor gather into barns; yet your heavenly Father feedeth them. Are ye not much better than they? Which of you by taking thought can add one cubit unto his stature? And why take ye thought for raiment? Consider the lilies of the field how they grow; they toil not, neither do they spin; and yet I say unto you, That even Solomon in all his glory was not arrayed like one of these. Wherefore, if God so clothe the grass of the field, which to-day is, and to-morrow is cast into the oven, shall he not much more clothe you, O ye of little faith? Therefore take no thought, saying, What shall we eat? or, What shall we drink? or, Where¡©withal shall we be clothed? (For after all these things do the Gentiles seek), for your heavenly Father knoweth that ye have need of all these things. But seek ye first the king¡©dom of God, and his righteousness, and all these things shall be added unto you. Take therefore no thought for the morrow; for the morrow shall take thought for the things of itself. Sufficient unto the day is the evil thereof." Luke xii. 33-34: "Sell that ye have, and give alms; pro¡©vide yourselves bags which wax not old, a treasure in the heavens that faileth not, where no thief approacheth, neither moth corrupteth. For where your treasure is, there will your heart be also." Sell all thou hast and follow me; and he who will not leave father, or mother, or children, or brothers, or fields, or house, he cannot be my disciple. Deny thyself, take up thy cross each day and follow me. My meat is to do the will of him that sent me, and to per¡©form his works. Not my will, but thine be done; not what I will, but as thou wilt. Life is to do not one's will, but the will of God.

¸¶Åº¹À½ 6Àå 25~34Àý: ¡°±×·¯¹Ç·Î ³»°¡ ³ÊÈñ¿¡°Ô À̸£³ë´Ï ¸ñ¼ûÀ» À§ÇÏ¿© ¹«¾ùÀ» ¸ÔÀ»±î ¹«¾ùÀ» ¸¶½Ç±î ¸öÀ» À§ÇÏ¿© ¹«¾ùÀ» ÀÔÀ»±î ¿°·ÁÇÏÁö ¸»¶ó. ¸ñ¼ûÀÌ À½½Äº¸´Ù ÁßÇÏÁö ¾Æ´ÏÇÏ¸ç ¸öÀÌ ÀǺ¹º¸´Ù ÁßÇÏÁö ¾Æ´ÏÇϳÄ? °øÁßÀÇ »õ¸¦ º¸¶ó ½ÉÁöµµ ¾Ê°í °ÅµÎÁöµµ ¾Ê°í â°í¿¡ ¸ð¾Æ µéÀÌÁöµµ ¾Æ´ÏÇ쵂 ³ÊÈñ õºÎ²²¼­ ±â¸£½Ã³ª´Ï ³ÊÈñ´Â À̰͵麸´Ù ±ÍÇÏÁö ¾Æ´ÏÇϳÄ? ³ÊÈñ Áß¿¡ ´©°¡ ¿°·ÁÇÔÀ¸·Î ±× ۸¦ ÇÑ ÀÚ³ª ´õÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´À³Ä? ¶Ç ³ÊÈñ°¡ ¾îÂî ÀǺ¹À» À§ÇÏ¿© ¿°·ÁÇÏ´À³Ä µéÀÇ ¹éÇÕÈ­°¡ ¾î¶»°Ô ÀÚ¶ó´Â°¡ »ý°¢ÇÏ¿© º¸¶ó ¼ö°íµµ ¾Æ´ÏÇÏ°í ±æ½Óµµ ¾Æ´ÏÇÏ´À´Ï¶ó. ±×·¯³ª ³»°¡ ³ÊÈñ¿¡°Ô ¸»Çϳë´Ï ¼Ö·Î¸óÀÇ ¸ðµç ¿µ±¤À¸·Îµµ ÀÔÀº °ÍÀÌ ÀÌ ²É Çϳª¸¸ °°Áö ¸øÇÏ¿´´À´Ï¶ó. ¿À´Ã ÀÖ´Ù°¡ ³»ÀÏ ¾Æ±ÃÀÌ¿¡ ´øÁö¿ì´Â µéÇ®µµ Çϳª´ÔÀÌ ÀÌ·¸°Ô ÀÔÈ÷½Ã°Åµç ÇϹ°¸ç ³ÊÈñÀϱ³Ä ¹ÏÀ½ÀÌ ÀûÀº ÀÚµé¾Æ? ±×·¯¹Ç·Î ¿°·ÁÇÏ¿© À̸£±â¸¦ ¹«¾ùÀ» ¸ÔÀ»±î? ¹«¾ùÀ» ¸¶½Ç±î? ¹«¾ùÀ» ÀÔÀ»±î? ÇÏÁö ¸»¶ó. ÀÌ´Â ´Ù À̹æÀεéÀÌ ±¸ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ̶ó. ³ÊÈñ õºÎ²²¼­ ÀÌ ¸ðµç °ÍÀÌ ³ÊÈñ¿¡°Ô ÀÖ¾î¾ß ÇÒ ÁÙÀ» ¾Æ½Ã´À´Ï¶ó. ³ÊÈñ´Â ¸ÕÀú ±×ÀÇ ³ª¶ó¿Í ±×ÀÇ ÀǸ¦ ±¸Ç϶ó ±×¸®Çϸé ÀÌ ¸ðµç °ÍÀ» ³ÊÈñ¿¡°Ô ´õÇϽø®¶ó. ±×·¯¹Ç·Î ³»ÀÏ ÀÏÀ» À§ÇÏ¿© ¿°·ÁÇÏÁö ¸»¶ó ³»ÀÏ ÀÏÀº ³»ÀÏ ¿°·ÁÇÒ °ÍÀÌ¿ä ÇÑ ³¯ ±«·Î¿òÀº ±× ³¯¿¡ Á·Çϴ϶ó.¡± ´©°¡º¹À½ 12Àå 33~34Àý : ¡°³ÊÈñ ¼ÒÀ¯¸¦ ÆÈ¾Æ ±¸Á¦ÇÏ¿© ³°¾ÆÁöÁö ¾Æ´ÏÇÏ´Â ÁָӴϸ¦ ¸¸µé¶ó °ð Çϴÿ¡ µÐ¹Ù ´ÙÇÔÀÌ ¾ø´Â º¸¹°ÀÌ´Ï °Å±â´Â µµÀûµµ °¡±îÀÌ ÇÏ´Â ÀÏÀÌ ¾ø°í Á»µµ ¸Ô´Â ÀÏÀÌ ¾ø´À´Ï¶ó. ³ÊÈñ º¸¹° ÀÖ´Â °÷¿¡´Â ³ÊÈñ ¸¶À½µµ ÀÖÀ¸¸®¶ó.¡± ³ÊÀÇ °¡Áø ¸ðµç °ÍÀ» ÆÈ°í ³ª¸¦ ÁÀÀ¸¶ó; Àڱ⠺θð¿Í óÀÚ¿Í ÇüÁ¦¿Í ÀÚ¸Å¿Í ¹× ÀÚ±â¸ñ¼û±îÁö ¹Ì¿öÇÏÁö ¾Æ´ÏÇÏ¸é ´ÉÈ÷ ³ªÀÇ Á¦ÀÚ°¡ µÇÁö ¸øÇÏ´À´Ï¶ó. Àڱ⸦ ºÎÀÎÇÏ°í ³¯¸¶´Ù Á¦ ½ÊÀÚ°¡¸¦ Áö°í ³ª¸¦ ÁÀÀ¸¶ó. ³ªÀÇ ¾ç½ÄÀº ³ª¸¦ º¸³»½Å ÀÌÀÇ ¶æÀ» ÇàÇÏ¸ç ±×ÀÇ ÀÏÀ» ¿ÂÀüÈ÷ ÀÌ·ç´Â À̰ÍÀ̴϶ó. ³» ¿ø´ë·Î ¸¶¿É½Ã°í ¾Æ¹öÁöÀÇ ¿ø´ë·Î µÇ±â¸¦ ¿øÇϳªÀÌ´Ù; ³ªÀÇ ¿ø´ë·Î ¸¶¿É½Ã°í ¾Æ¹öÁöÀÇ ¿ø´ë·Î ÇϿɼҼ­. »ý¸íÀº ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ¶æÀ» ÇàÇÔÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¿ä, ¾Æ¹öÁöÀÇ ¶æÀ» ÇàÇÔÀ̶ó.

All these principles appear to men who regard them from the standpoint of a lower conception of life as the expression of an impulsive enthusiasm, having no direct application to life. These principles, however, follow from the Christian theory of life, just as logically as the prin¡©ciples of paying a part of one's private gains to the com¡©monwealth and of sacrificing one's life in defense of one's country follow from the state theory of life.

ÀÌ ¸ðµç ¿ø¸®µéÀº ³·Àº °³³äÀÇ »îÀÇ °üÁ¡À¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ±×°ÍÀ» º¸´Â »ç¶÷¿¡°Ô´Â, »î¿¡ ¾Æ¹«·± Á÷Á¢ÀûÀÎ Àû¿ë¼ºÀÌ ¾ø´Â Ãæµ¿ÀûÀÎ ¿­Á¤ÀÇ Ç¥Çöó·³ º¸ÀδÙ. ÀÌ ¿ø¸®µéÀº, ±×·¯³ª, »î¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ±âµ¶±³ÀÇ ÀÌ·ÐÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ³ª¿Â´Ù, ¸¶Ä¡ ÇÑ °³ÀÎÀÇ ¼ÒµæÀÇ ÀϺθ¦ ±¹°¡¿¡ ¹ÙÄ¡¸ç, °³ÀÎÀÇ »îÀ» ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ±¹°¡ÀÇ ¹æ¾î¿¡ Èñ»ýÇÑ´Ù´Â ¿ø¸®µéÀÌ »îÀÇ ±¹°¡ À̷п¡¼­ ³ª¿À´Â °Íó·³ ¶È°°Àº ³í¸®ÀÌ´Ù.

As the man of the state conception of life said to the savage: Reflect, bethink yourself! The life of your indi¡©viduality cannot be true life, because that life is pitiful and passing. But the life of a society and succession of indi¡©viduals, family, clan, tribe, or state, goes on living, and therefore a man must sacrifice his own individuality for the life of the family or the state. In exactly the same way the Christian doctrine says to the man of the social, state con¡©ception of life, Repent ye-metanoxete-i. e., bethink your¡©self, or you will be ruined. Understand that this casual, personal life which now comes into being and to-morrow is no more can have no permanence, that no external means, no construction of it can give it consecutiveness and per¡©manence. Take thought and understand that the life you are living is not real life-the life of the family, of society, of the state will not save you from annihilation. The true, the rational life is only possible for man according to the measure in which he can participate, not in the family or the state, but in the source of life-the Father; according to the measure in which he can merge his life in the life of the Father. Such is undoubtedly the Christian conception of life, visible in every utterance of the Gospel.

±¹°¡ °³³äÀÇ »îÀÇ »ç¶÷ÀÌ ¾ß¸¸Àο¡°Ô ¸»ÇÏ´Â °Í°ú °°ÀÌ: ¹Ý¼ºÇ϶ó, ÀÚ½ÅÀ» ȸ°³Ç϶ó! ³ÊÀÇ °³ÀÎÀûÀÎ »îÀº Áø¸®ÀÇ »îÀÏ ¼ö°¡ ¾ø´Ù, ¿Ö³ÄÇÏ¸é »îÀº ºñÂüÇϰí Àá½ÃÀ̱⠶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª »çȸ ±×¸®°í °³Àεé, °¡Á·, ¾¾Á·, ºÎÁ·, ¶Ç´Â ±¹°¡ÀÇ ¿¬¼ÓÀÎ »îÀº °è¼ÓÇØ¼­ »ì¾Æ °¥ ¼ö ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ±×·¯¹Ç·Î »ç¶÷Àº ÀÚ±â ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ °³Ã¼¸¦ Èñ»ýÇÏ¿© °¡Á· ¶Ç´Â ±¹°¡ÀÇ »îÀ» À§ÇÏ¿©¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. ±×¿Í ¶È°°Àº ¹æ¹ýÀ¸·Î ±âµ¶±³ÀÇ ±³¸®´Â »çȸÀû, ±¹°¡Àû °³³äÀÇ »îÀ» °¡Áø »ç¶÷¿¡°Ô ¸»ÇÑ´Ù, ȸ°³Ç϶ó, ±×·¸Áö ¾ÊÀ¸¸é ¸ê¸ÁÇϸ®¶ó. Áö±Ý Á¸ÀçÇÏ´Ù°¡ ³»ÀÏÀÌ¸é »ç¶óÁö´Â ÀÌ ¿ì¿¬Çϸç, °³ÀÎÀûÀÎ »îÀº ¿µ¼Ó¼ºÀÌ ¾ø´Ù, ¾î¶² ¿ÜÀûÀÎ ¼ö´ÜÀ̳ª, »îÀ» ¾î¶»°Ô ¿µÀ§ÇÏ´õ¶óµµ, ¿¬¼Ó¼ºÀ̳ª ¿µ¼Ó¼ºÀ» ÁÙ ¼ö ¾ø´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ±ú´Ýµµ·ÏÇ϶ó. ´ç½ÅÀÌ »ì°í ÀÖ´Â »îÀº ÁøÁ¤ÇÑ »îÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï´Ù-°¡Á·ÀÇ, »çȸÀÇ, ±¹°¡ÀÇ »îÀº ¿ì¸®¸¦ ¸ê¸ÁÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ±¸ÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀ» °ÍÀ̶ó´Â °ÍÀ» »ý°¢ÇÏ°í ±ú´Ýµµ·ÏÇ϶ó. Áø¸®ÀÇ, À̼ºÀûÀÎ »îÀº, °¡Á·À̳ª ±¹°¡°¡ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, »îÀÇ ±Ù¿ø-¾Æ¹öÁö-¿¡ Âü¿©ÇÏ´Â ¹æ¹ý¿¡ ÀÇÇÏ¿©¼­¸¸ÀÌ ¿ÀÁ÷ °¡´ÉÇÏ´Ù; ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ »îÀ» ¾Æ¹öÁöÀÇ »î¿¡ º´ÇÕÇÏ´Â ¹æ¹ýÀ¸·Î. ±âµ¶±³ÀûÀÎ °³³äÀÇ »îÀº Ʋ¸²¾øÀÌ ±×·¯Çϸç, º¹À½¼­ÀÇ ¸ðµç ¸»¾¸¿¡¼­ ³ªÅ¸³ª ÀÖ´Ù.

One may not share this view of life, one may reject it, one may show its inaccuracy and its erroneousness, but we cannot judge of the Christian teaching without mastering this view of life. Still less can one criticize a subject on a higher plane from a lower point of view. From the base¡©ment one cannot judge of the effect of the spire. But this is just what the learned critics of the day try to do. For they share the erroneous idea of the orthodox believers that they are in possession of certain infallible means for investigating a subject. They fancy if they apply their so-called scientific methods of criticism, there can be no doubt of their conclusion being correct.

¾î¶² »ç¶÷Àº ÀÌ·± »îÀÇ ½Ã°¢¿¡ µ¿ÂüÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù, ¾î¶² »ç¶÷Àº ±×°ÍÀ» °ÅºÎÇÒ °ÍÀÌ´Ù, ¾î¶² »ç¶÷Àº ±× ºÎÁ¤È®ÇÔ°ú ¿À·ù¼ºÀ» ¹àÈú °ÍÀÌ´Ù, ±×·¯³ª ¿ì¸®´Â ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§À» ÀÌ·± »îÀÇ ½Ã°¢À» Å͵æÇÏÁö ¾Ê°í¼­ ÆÇ´ÜÀ» ³»¸± ¼ö ¾ø´Ù. ´õ¿íÀÌ ³·Àº °üÁ¡¿¡¼­ ³ôÀº ¸éÀÇ ÁÖÁ¦¸¦ ºñ³­ÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø´Ù. ¹Ù´ÚÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ´Â Á¤Á¡ÀÇ È¿°ú¸¦ ÆÇ´ÜÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø´Ù. ±×·¯³ª À̰ÍÀÌ ¹Ù·Î ½Ã´ëÀÇ À¯½ÄÇÑ ºñÆò°¡µéÀÌ ÇÏ·Á°í ÇÏ´Â ÀÏÀÌ´Ù. ¿Ö³ÄÇÏ¸é ±×µéÀº ÁÖÁ¦¸¦ ºÐ¼®ÇÔ¿¡ À־ È®½ÇÈ÷ ¿À·ù°¡ ¾ø´Â ¹æ¹ýµéÀ» ¼ÒÀ¯Çϰí ÀÖ´Ù´Â Á¤Å뱳ȸÀÇ ½ÅÀÚµéÀÇ À߸øµÈ »ç»óÀ» °øÀ¯Çϰí Àֱ⠶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù. ±×µéÀÌ ±×µéÀÇ ¼ÒÀ§ °úÇÐÀûÀÎ ºñÆò ¹æ¹ýµéÀ» Àû¿ëÇÑ´Ù¸é, ±×µéÀÇ °á·ÐÀÌ Á¤È®ÇÔ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÀǽÉÀÌ ¾ø´Ù°í »ó»óÇÑ´Ù.

This testing the subject by the fancied infallible method of science is the principal obstacle to understanding the Christian religion for unbelievers, for so-called educated people. From this follow all the mistakes made by scientific men about the Christian religion, and especially two strange misconceptions which, more than everything else, hinder them from a correct understanding of it. One of these misconceptions is that the Christian moral teaching cannot be carried out, and that therefore it has either no force at all-that is, it should not be accepted as the rule of con¡©duct-or it must be transformed, adapted to the limits within which its fulfillment is possible in our society. Another misconception is that the Christian doctrine of love of God, and therefore of his service, is an obscure, mystic principle, which gives no definite object for love, and should therefore be replaced by the more exact and comprehensible principles of love for men and the service of humanity.

»ó»ó¼Ó¿¡¼­ÀÇ ¿À·ù°¡ ¾ø´Â °úÇÐÀÇ ¹æ¹ýÀ¸·Î ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ÁÖÁ¦¸¦ ½ÃÇèÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº ºÒ½ÅÀÚµé, ¼ÒÀ§ ±³À°¹ÞÀº »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô À־ ±âµ¶±³¸¦ ÀÌÇØÇÔ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÁÖµÈ Àå¾Ö ÀÌ´Ù. ÀÌ·Î ÀÎÇÏ¿© °úÇÐÀڵ鿡 ÀÇÇØ¼­ ±âµ¶±³¿¡ ´ëÇØ ¸¸µé¾îÁø À߸øµéÀÌ ³ª¿À°Ô µÇ¸ç, ƯÈ÷ ¹«¾ùº¸´Ùµµ ±×µéÀÌ ±âµ¶±³¸¦ Á¤È®È÷ ÀÌÇØÇÔÀ» ¹æÇØÇÏ´Â µÎ°¡ÁöÀÇ ¿ÀÇØµéÀÌ ÀְԵȴÙ. ÀÌµé ¿ÀÇØÁßÀÇ Çϳª´Â ±âµ¶±³ÀÇ µµ´öÀû °¡¸£Ä§Àº ½ÇõÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø´Ù, ±×¸®°í ±×·¯¹Ç·Î ±×°ÍÀº ¾Æ¹«·± ÈûÀÌ ¾ø´Ù-Áï, ±×°ÍÀº ÇàÀ§ÀÇ ±ÔÄ¢À¸·Î¼­ ¹Þ¾Æµé¿©Á®¼­´Â ¾ÈµÈ´Ù-¶Ç´Â ±×°ÍÀº ¹Ýµå½Ã ¿ì¸®ÀÇ »çȸ ¾È¿¡¼­ ±× ½ÇõÀÌ °¡´ÉÇÑ ÇѰ迡 ¸Âµµ·Ï º¯ÇüµÇ°í ÀûÀÀµÇ¾î¾ß ÇÑ´Ù´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ´Ù¸¥ ¿ÀÇØ´Â ±âµ¶±³ÀÇ Çϳª´ÔÀÇ »ç¶û¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ±³¸®´Â, Áï, ±×¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ºÀ»ç´Â, ¾Ö¸ÅÇÏ¿© ½Åºñ½º·¯¿î ¿ø¸®ÀÌ´Ù, ±×°ÍÀº ¾Æ¹«·± Á¤È®ÇÑ »ç¶ûÀÇ ´ë»óÀ» ³ªÅ¸³»Áö ¾Ê´Â´Ù, ±×¸®°í ±×·Î¹Ç·Î Á»´õ Á¤È®Çϰí ÀÌÇØÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â »ç¶÷µé¿¡ ´ëÇÑ »ç¶û ¹× Àηù¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ºÀ»çÀÇ ¿ø¸®µé·Î ±³Ã¼µÇ¾î¾ß ÇÑ´Ù´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù.

The first misconception in regard to the impossibility of following the principle is the result of men of the state con¡©ception of life unconsciously taking that conception as the standard by which the Christian religion directs men, and taking the Christian principle of perfection as the rule by which that life is to be ordered; they think and say that to follow Christ's teaching is impossible, because the complete fulfillment of all that is required by this teaching would put an end to life. "If a man were to carry out all that Christ teaches, he would destroy his own life; and if all men carried it out, then the human race would come to an end," they say.

±× ¿ø¸®¸¦ µû¸§ÀÌ ºÒ°¡´ÉÇϴٴ ù¹øÂ° ¿ÀÇØ´Â, ±¹°¡Àû °³³äÀÇ »îÀ» °¡Áø »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ±× °³³äÀ» ¹«ÀǽÄÀûÀ¸·Î ±âµ¶±³°¡ »ç¶÷µéÀ» Áö½ÃÇÑ´Ù´Â ±âÁØÀ¸·Î, ±×¸®°í, ±âµ¶±³ÀÇ ¿Ï¼ºÀÇ ¿ø¸®¸¦ ±× »îÀÌ ¸í·É¹Þ¾Æ¾ß ÇÏ´Â ¹ýÀ¸·Î ¹Þ¾ÆµéÀÓ¿¡¼­ ÃÊ·¡µÈ´Ù; ±×µéÀº ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§À» µû¸¥´Ù¸¥ °ÍÀº ÀÌ °¡¸£Ä§¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­ ¿ä±¸µÇ´Â ¸ðµç °ÍÀÇ ¿À³ª¼ºÀÌ »îÀ» ³¡Àå ³¾ °ÍÀ̶ó°í »ý°¢ÇÏ¸ç ¸»ÇÑ´Ù. ¡°ÇÑ»ç¶÷ÀÌ ±×¸®½ºµµ°¡ °¡¸£Ä¡´Â ¸ðµç °ÍÀ» ½ÇÇàÇÑ´Ù¸é, ±×´Â ÀÚ±â ÀÚ½ÅÀ» ÆÄ¸ê½Ãų °ÍÀÌ´Ù; ±×¸®°í ¸ðµç »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ±×°ÍÀ» ½ÇÇàÇÑ´Ù¸é, Àηù´Â ³¡ÀÌ ³¯ °ÍÀÌ´Ù¡± ±×µéÀº ¸»ÇÑ´Ù.

"If we take no thought for the morrow, what we shall eat and what we shall drink, and wherewithal we shall be clothed, do not defend our life, nor resist evil by force, lay down our life for others, and observe perfect chastity, the human race cannot exist," they say.

¡°¿ì¸®°¡ ³»ÀÏÀ» À§ÇØ »ý°¢ÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù¸é, ¿ì¸®°¡ ¹«¾ùÀ» ¸ÔÀ»±î ±×¸®°í ¿ì¸®°¡ ¹«¾ùÀ» ¸¶½Ç±î, ±×¸®°í ¹«¾ùÀ¸·Î ÀÔÀ»±î, ¿ì¸®ÀÇ »îÀ» ÁöŰÁö ¾ÊÀ¸¸ç, ÈûÀ¸·Î ¾ÇÀ» ÀúÇ×ÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀ¸¸ç, ¿ì¸®ÀÇ »ý¸íÀ» ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷µéÀ» À§ÇÏ¿© ³»¾î ³õ°í, ±×¸®°í ¿ÏÀüÇÑ ¼ø¼öÇÔÀ» ÁöŲ´Ù¸é, Àηù´Â Á¸ÀçÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø´Ù.¡± ±×µéÀº ¸»ÇÑ´Ù.

And they are perfectly right if they take the principle of perfection given by Christ's teaching as a rule which every¡©one is bound to fulfill, just as in the state principles of life everyone is bound to carry out the rule of paying taxes, supporting the law, and so on.

±×¸®°í ±×µéÀÌ ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§À» ¸ðµç »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ½ÇÃµÇØ¾ßÇÏ´Â ¿Ï¼ºÀÇ ¿ø¸®·Î ¹Þ¾Æ µéÀδٸé, »îÀÇ ±¹°¡Àû ¿ø¸® ¾È¿¡¼­ ¸ðµç »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ¼¼±ÝÀ» ³»¾ß ÇÏ´Â ¹ýÀ» ÀÌÇàÇØ¾ß Çϸç, ±âŸÀÇ °æ¿ì µî¿¡¼­µµ ¸¶Âù°¡ÁöÀÎ °Íó·³ , ±×µéÀº È®½ÇÈ÷ ¿Ç´Ù.

The misconception is based precisely on the fact that the teaching of Christ guides men differently from the way in which the precepts founded on the lower conception of life guide men. The precepts of the state conception of life only guide men by requiring of them an exact fulfill¡©ment of rules or laws. Christ's teaching guides men by pointing them to the infinite perfection of their heavenly Father, to which every man independently and voluntarily struggles, whatever the degree of his imperfection in the present.

¿ÀÇØ´Â Á¤È®È÷ ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§ÀÌ ³·Àº °³³äÀÇ »î¿¡ ±âÃÊµÈ °¡¸£Ä§ÀÌ »ç¶÷µéÀ» ÀεµÇÏ´Â ¹æ½Ä°ú ´Ù¸£°Ô »ç¶÷µéÀº ÀεµÇÑ´Ù´À »ç½Ç¿¡ ±Ù°ÅÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù. ±¹°¡Àû °³³äÀÇ »îÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§µéÀº ¸í·ÉÀ̳ª ¹ý·üÀ» Á¤È®È÷ ½ÇõÇÔÀ» ¿ä±¸ÇÔÀ¸·Î½á »ç¶÷µéÀ» ÀεµÇÑ´Ù.±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§Àº ±×µéÀÇ Çϳª´Ô ¾Æ¹öÁöÀÇ ¹«ÇÑÇÑ ¿Ï¼ºÀ¸·Î ±×µéÀ» °¡¸®Å´À¸·Î½á »ç¶÷µéÀ» ÀεµÇϸç, ÇöÀç¿¡ À־ ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ºÒ¿ÏÀü Á¤µµ°¡ ¾î¶°ÇϵçÁö, °¢ÀÚÀÇ »ç¶÷Àº µ¶¸³ÀûÀ¸·Î ±×¸®°í ÀÚ¹ßÀûÀ¸·Î À̸¦ À§Çؼ­ ³ë·ÂÇÑ´Ù.

The misunderstanding of men who judge of the Christian principle from the point of view of the state principle, con¡©sists in the fact that on the supposition that the perfection which Christ points to, can be fully attained, they ask themselves (just as they ask the same question on the sup¡©position that state laws will be carried out) what will be the result of all this being carried out? This supposition cannot be made, because the perfection held up to Chris¡©tians is infinite and can never be attained; and Christ lays down his principle, having in view the fact that absolute perfection can never be attained, but that striving toward absolute, infinite perfection will continually increase the blessedness of men, and that this blessedness may be increased to infinity thereby.

±¹°¡ÀÇ ¿ø¸®¶ó´Â °üÁ¡À¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ±âµ¶±³ÀÇ ¿ø¸®¸¦ ÆÇ´ÜÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷µéÀÇ ¿ÀÇØ´Â, ±×¸®½ºµµ°¡ ÁöÀûÇÏ´Â ¿Ï¼ºÀº ¿ÏÀüÈ÷ ´Þ¼ºµÉ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù´Â °¡Á¤¿¡¼­, ÀÌ ¸ðµç °ÍµéÀÌ ½ÇõµÈ´Ù¸é ¹«¾ùÀÌ ÀϾ °ÍÀÎÁö ½º½º·Î ¹¯´Â´Ù (¸¶Ä¡ ±¹°¡ÀÇ ¹ý·üÀÌ ´Þ¼ºµÇ¸®¶ó´Â °¡Á¤¿¡¼­ ¶È°°Àº Áú¹®À» ÇϵíÀÌ) ´Â »ç½Ç¿¡ ÀÖ´Ù. ÀÌ ÀüÁ¦´Â ¼º¸³µÉ ¼ö ¾ø´Ù, ¿Ö³ÄÇϸé, ±âµ¶±³Àε鿡°Ô ÇØ´çµÇ´Â ¿Ï¼ºÀº ¹«ÇÑÇÏ¸ç °áÄÚ ´Þ¼ºµÉ ¼ö ¾ø±â ¶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù; ±×¸®°í ±×¸®½ºµµ´Â, Àý´ëÀûÀÎ ¿Ï¼ºÀº °áÄÚ ´Þ¼ºµÉ ¼ö ¾øÀ¸¸ç, Àý´ëÀû, ¹«ÇÑÇÑ ¿Ï¼ºÀ» ÇâÇÑ ³ë·ÂÀÌ Áö¼ÓÀûÀ¸·Î »ç¶÷µéÀÇ ÇູÀ» ´õÇØÁÖ¸ç, ±×¸®°í ÀÌ ÇູÀÌ ±×·¸°Ô ÇØ¼­ ¹«ÇÑÀ¸·Î ´õÇØÁú ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù´Â »ç½ÇÀ» º½À¸·Î½á, ±×ÀÇ ¿ø¸®¸¦ ±ÔÁ¤ÇÑ´Ù.

Christ is teaching not angels, but men, living and moving in the animal life. And so to this animal force of move¡©ment Christ, as it were, applies the new force-the recog¡©nition of Divine perfection-and thereby directs the move¡©ment by the resultant of these two forces.

±×¸®½ºµµ´Â õ»çµéÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó µ¿¹°ÀûÀÎ »î ¾È¿¡¼­, »ì¾Æ ¿òÁ÷ÀÌ´Â »ç¶÷µéÀ» °¡¸£Ä£´Ù. ±×¸®°í ±×·± °ü°è·Î, ÀÌ·± µ¿¹°Àû ÈûÀÇ ¿òÁ÷ÀÓ¿¡, ±×¸®½ºµµ´Â, À̸¦Å׸é, »õ·Î¿î Èû-½ÅÀûÀÎ ¿Ï¼º¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÀνÄ-À» Àû¿ëÇÑ´Ù, ±×¸®°í ±×°Í¿¡ ÀÇÇÏ¿© ÀÌ µÎ°¡Áö ÈûµéÀÇ °á°ú¿¡ ÀÇÇÏ¿© ¿òÁ÷ÀÓÀ» À̲ø¾î °£´Ù.

To suppose that human life is going in the direction to which Christ pointed it, is just like supposing that a little boat afloat on a rapid river, and directing its course almost exactly against the current, will progress in that direction.

Àΰ£ÀÇ »îÀÌ ±×¸®½ºµµ°¡ °¡¸®Å°´Â ¹æÇâÀ¸·Î °¡°í ÀÖ´Ù°í °¡Á¤ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº ¼¼Âù °­¹°À§¿¡ ¶°ÀÖ´Â ÀÛÀº ¹è°¡, ±× °æ·Î¸¦ È帧¿¡ °ÅÀÇ Á¤È®È÷ ¹Ý´ë·Î À̲ø ¶§, ±× ¹æÇâÀ¸·Î ÁøÇàÇÒ °ÍÀ̶ó´Â °¡ Á¤°ú ¶È°°´Ù.

Christ recognizes the existence of both sides of the parallelogram, of both eternal indestructible forces of which the life of man is compounded: the force of his animal nature and the force of the consciousness of kin¡©ship to God. Saying nothing of the animal force which asserts itself, remains always the same, and is therefore independent of human will, Christ speaks only of the Divine force, calling upon a man to know it more closely, to set it more free from all that retards it, and to carry it to a higher degree of intensity.

±×¸®½ºµµ´Â ÆòÇà »çº¯ÇüÀÇ ¾çÂÊ ¸éµé, Áï, »ç¶÷ÀÇ »îÀÌ ±¸¼ºµÇ´Â µÎ°³ÀÇ ¿µ¿øÇÑ ÆÄ±«ÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø´Â ÈûµéÀÇ Á¸À縦 ÀνÄÇÑ´Ù: Áï, »ç¶÷ÀÇ µ¿¹°Àû º»´ÉÀÇ Èû°ú Çϳª´Ô¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Ç÷¿¬°ü°è¸¦ ÀǽÄÇÏ´Â ÈûÀÇ Á¸À縦 ÀǽÄÇÑ´Ù. ½º½º·Î¸¦ Á¤´çÈ­Çϸç, ¾ðÁ¦³ª ±×´ë·Î ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ±×¸®°í »ç¶÷ÀÇ ÀÇÁö¿Í´Â º°°³ÀÎ µ¿¹°ÀûÀÎ Èû¿¡ ´ëÇØ¼­´Â ¾Æ¹«°Íµµ À̾߱â ÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀ¸¸é¼­, ±×¸®½ºµµ´Â ¿ÀÁ÷ ½ÅÀûÀÎ ÈûÀ» À̾߱âÇϸç, »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ±×°ÍÀ» Á» ´õ °¡±îÀÌ ¾Ë±â¸¦ ¿ä±¸Çϰí, ±×°ÍÀ» ÀúÇØÇÏ´Â °Íµé·ÎºÎÅÍ Á» ´õ ÀÚÀ¯·Ó°Ô Çϸç, ±×¸®°í ±×°ÍÀ» Á» ´õ °­·ÄÇÑ »óÅ·Π²ø°í°£´Ù.

In the process of liberating, of strengthening this force, the true life of man, according to Christ's teaching, con¡©sists. The true life, according to preceding religions, consists in carrying out rules, the law; according to Christ's teaching it consists in an ever closer approximation to the divine perfection held up before every man, and recognized within himself by every man, in an ever closer and closer approach to the perfect fusion of his will in the will of God, that fusion toward which man strives, and the attainment of which would be the destruction of the life we know.

ÀÌ ÈûÀ» ÀÚÀ¯·Ó°Ô Çϸç, °­È­½ÃŰ´Â °úÁ¤¿¡¼­, ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§¿¡ µû¸£¸é, »ç¶÷ÀÇ ÂüµÈ »îÀÌ Á¸ÀçÇÑ´Ù. ÂüµÈ »îÀº, ÀÌÀüÀÇ Á¾±³µé¿¡ ÀÇÇϸé, ¸í·Éµé, Áï, ¹ýÀ» ½ÇÇàÇÔ¿¡ ÀÖ´Ù; ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§¿¡ ÀÇÇϸé, ±×°ÍÀº °¢°¢ÀÇ »ç¶÷µé ¾Õ¿¡ Á¦½ÃµÇ¸ç, °¢°¢ÀÇ »ç¶÷µé¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­ ÀڽŠ¾È¿¡ ÀνĵǴ µÈ ½ÅÀûÀÎ ¿Ï¼º¿¡ ÈξÀ ´õ ±ÙÁ¢ÇÔ¿¡ ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, Çϳª´ÔÀÇ ¶æ ¾È¿¡¼­ ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ¶æÀÇ ¿Ïº®ÇÑ À¶ÇÕ¿¡ ²÷ÀÓ¾øÀÌ Á¡Á¡ ´õ °¡±îÀÌ ´Ù°¡°¨¿¡ ÀÖ°í, ±×°÷À¸·Î »ç¶÷µéÀÌ °¡°íÀÚ ÇÏ´Â ±× À¶ÇÕ, ±×¸®°í ±×°ÍÀÇ ´Þ¼ºÀº ¿ì¸®°¡ ¾Æ´Â »îÀÇ ÆÄ±«ÀÏ °ÍÀÌ´Ù.

The divine perfection is the asymptote of human life to which it is always striving, and always approaching, though it can only be reached in infinity.

½ÅÀûÀÎ ¿Ï¼ºÀº ±×°ÍÀ» À§ÇØ »ç¶÷ÀÇ ÀλýÀÌ ¾ðÁ¦³ª ¾Ö¾²¸ç, ¾ðÁ¦³ª ´Ù°¡ °¡°íÀÚ ÇÏ´Â Á¡±Ù¼±ÀÌ´Ù ±×·¯³ª ±×°ÍÀº ¿ÀÁ÷ ¹«ÇÑ¿¡ °¡¼­¾ß µµ´ÞµÉ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.

The Christian religion seems to exclude the possibility of life only when men mistake the pointing to an ideal as the laying down of a rule. It is only then that the principles presented in Christ's teaching appear to be destructive of life. These principles, on the contrary, are the only ones that make true life possible. Without these principles true life could not be possible.

±âµ¶±³´Â, »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ÀÌ»óÀ» ÁöÇâÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ» ¸í·ÉÀÇ Á¦½Ã·Î¼­ Âø°¢ÇÒ ¶§¿¡ ¿ÀÁ÷, »îÀÇ °¡´É¼ºÀ» ¹èÁ¦ÇÏ´Â °Í °°´Ù. ¿ÀÁ÷ ±×·² ¶§¿¡, ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§¿¡ Á¦½ÃµÈ ¿ø¸®µéÀÌ »îÀ» ÆÄ±«ÇÏ´Â °Íó·³ º¸ÀδÙ. ÀÌµé ¿ø¸®µéÀº, ¹Ý´ë·Î, Áø¸®ÀÇ »îÀ» °¡´ÉÄÉÇÏ´Â À¯ÀÏÇÑ °ÍµéÀÌ´Ù. ÀÌ ¿ø¸®µéÀÌ ¾øÀÌ´Â Áø¸®ÀÇ »îÀº °¡´ÉÇÒ ¼ö°¡ ¾ø´Ù.

"One ought not to expect so much," is what people usually say in discussing the requirements of the Christian religion. "One cannot expect to take absolutely no thought for the morrow, as is said in the Gospel, but only not to take too much thought for it; one cannot give away all to the poor, but one must give away a certain definite part; one need not aim at virginity, but one must avoid debauchery; one need not forsake wife and children, but one must not give too great a place to them in one's heart," and so on.

¡°³Ê¹« ¸¹ÀÌ ±â´ëÇØ¼­´Â ¾ÈµÈ´Ù,¡± ¶ó°í »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ±âµ¶±³ÀÇ ¿ä±¸Á¶°ÇµéÀ» Åä·ÐÇÒ ¶§¿¡ ÈçÈ÷ ¸»ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ¡°¿ì¸®´Â ³»ÀÏÀ» À§ÇØ Àý´ëÀûÀ¸·Î ¾Æ¹«·± »ý°¢À» °®±â¸¦ ±â´ëÇØ¼­´Â ¾ÈµÈ´Ù, º¹À½¼­¿¡¼­ ¸»Çϴ´ë·Î, ±×·¯³ª ¿ÀÁ÷ ±×°ÍÀ» À§ÇØ ³Ê¹« ¸¹Àº »ý°¢À» ÇØ¼­´Â ¾ÈµÈ´Ù; ¿ì¸®´Â °¡³­ÇÑ »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô ¸ðµç °ÍÀ» ÁÙ ¼ö°¡ ¾ø´Ù; ±×·¯³ª ¿ì¸®´Â ¾î¶² Á¤ÇØÁø ¾ç¸¸Å­Àº ÁÖ¾î¾ß ÇÑ´Ù; ¿ì¸®´Â ¼ø°áÇÒ ÇÊ¿ä´Â ¾ø´Ù, ±×·¯³ª ¿ì¸®´Â ¹æÅ½ÇÔÀº ÇÇÇØ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù; ¿ì¸®´Â ¾Æ³»¿Í ÀڽĵéÀ» ¿ë¼­ÇÒ ÇÊ¿ä´Â ¾ø´Ù, ±×·¯³ª ¿ì¸®´Â ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ¸¶À½¿¡ ±×µé¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ³Ê¹«³ª Å« ÀÚ¸®¸¦ ¸¶·ÃÇÒ ÇÊ¿ä´Â ¾ø´Ù.¡± ±×¸®°í µîµî.

But to speak like this is just like telling a man who is struggling on a swift river and is directing his course against the current, that it is impossible to cross the river rowing against the current, and that to cross it he must float in the direction of the point he wants to reach.

±×·¯³ª ÀÌ·¸°Ô ¸»ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº ±Þ·ù¿Í ½Î¿ì°í ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, È帧¿¡ ¸Â¼­¼­ ±×ÀÇ ¹æÇâÀ» Á¤Çϰí ÀÖ´Â »ç¶÷¿¡°Ô, È帧À» °Å½½·¯¼­ ³ë¸¦ Àú¾î °­À» °Ç³Ê´Â °ÍÀº ºÒ°¡´ÉÇÏ´Ù, ±×°ÍÀ» °Ç³Ê·Á¸é, ±×°¡ °¡°íÀÚ ÇÏ´Â ¹æÇâÀ¸·Î ¹Ýµå½Ã ¶°³»·Á °¡¾ß ÇÑ´Ù°í ÇÏ´Â °Í°ú °°´Ù.

In reality, in order to reach the place to which he wants to go, he must row with all his strength toward a point much higher up.

Çö½ÇÀûÀ¸·Î, ±×°¡ °¡°íÀÚ ÇÏ´Â °÷¿¡ µµ´ÞÇÏ·Á¸é, ±×´Â ¹Ýµå½Ã ÈξÀ ´õ À§ÂÊÀ» ÇâÇÏ¿© ¸ðµç ÈûÀ» ´ÙÇÏ¿© ³ë¸¦ Àú¾î¾ß µÈ´Ù.

To let go the requirements of the ideal means not only to diminish the possibility of perfection, but to make an end of the ideal itself. The ideal that has power over men is not an ideal invented by someone, but the ideal that every man carries within his soul. Only this ideal of com¡©plete infinite perfection has power over men, and stimulates them to action. A moderate perfection loses its power of influencing men's hearts.

ÀÌ»óÀÇ Çʼö Á¶°ÇµéÀ» Æ÷±âÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº ¿Ï¼ºÀÇ °¡´É¼ºÀ» °¨¼Ò½Ãų »Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, ÀÌ»ó ÀÚü¸¦ ³¡Àå³»´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô ÈûÀ» °¡Áö°í ÀÖ´Â ±× ÀÌ»óÀº ´©±º°¡¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­ °í¾ÈµÈ ÀÌ»óÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó °¢ÀÚÀÇ »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ¿µÈ¥¿¡ Áö´Ï°í ´Ù´Ï´Â ÀÌ»óÀÌ´Ù. ¿ÀÁ÷ ÀÌ·¸°Ô ¿ÏÀüÇÏ¸ç ¹«ÇÑÇÑ ¿Ï¼ºÀÇ ÀÌ»ó¸¸ÀÌ »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô ÈûÀ» °¡Áö°í ÀÖÀ¸¸ç ±×µé·Î ÇÏ¿©±Ý ÇൿÇϵµ·Ï ÀÚ±ØÇÑ´Ù. ÀûÀýÇÑ ¿Ï¼ºÀº »ç¶÷µéÀÇ °¡½¿¿¡ ¿µÇâÀ» ÁÖ´Â ÈûÀ» »ó½ÇÇÑ´Ù.

Christ's teaching only has power when it demands abso¡©lute perfection-that is, the fusion of the divine nature which exists in every man's soul with the will of God-the union of the Son with the Father. Life according to Christ's teaching consists of nothing but this setting free of the Son of God, existing in every man, from the animal, and in bringing him closer to the Father.

±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§Àº ±×°ÍÀÌ Àý´ëÀûÀÎ ¿Ï¼º-´Ù½Ã ¸»Çϸé, Á¦°¢±â »ç¶÷µéÀÇ ¿µÈ¥¿¡ Á¸ÀçÇÏ´Â ½ÅÀûÀÎ º»¼º°ú Çϳª´ÔÀÇ ¶æÀÇ À¶ÇÕ-¾Æµé°ú ¾Æ¹öÁöÀÇ ¿¬ÇÕ-À» ¿ä±¸ÇÒ ¶§ ¿ÀÁ÷ ÈûÀ» °¡Áø´Ù. ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§¿¡ ÀÇÇÏ¸é »îÀº, ¿ÀÁ÷ ÀÌ·¸°Ô °¢°¢ÀÇ »ç¶÷¿¡ Á¸ÀçÇÏ´Â Çϳª´ÔÀÇ ¾ÆµéÀ» µ¿¹°·ÎºÎÅÍ ÀÚÀ¯·Ó°Ô Çϸç, ±×¸¦ ¾Æ¹öÁö²² ´õ¿í °¡±îÀÌ µ¥·Á°¨¿¡ ÀÖ´Ù.

The animal existence of a man does not constitute human life alone. Life, according to the will of God only, is also not human life. Human life is a combination of the animal life and the divine life. And the more this com¡©bination approaches to the divine life, the more life there is in it.

»ç¶÷ÀÇ µ¿¹°ÀûÀÎ Á¸À縸ÀÌ »ç¶÷ÀÇ »îÀ» ±¸¼ºÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù. »îÀº, Çϳª´ÔÀÇ ÀÇÁö¿¡ ÀÇÇϸé, ¶ÇÇÑ »ç¶÷ÀÇ »îÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï´Ù. »ç¶÷ÀÇ »îÀº µ¿¹°ÀûÀÎ »î°ú ½ÅÀûÀÎ »îÀÇ Á¶ÇÕÀÌ´Ù. ±×¸®°í ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ Á¶ÇÕÀÌ ½ÅÀûÀÎ »î¿¡ Á¢±ÙÇϸé ÇÒ ¼ö·Ï, ±× ¾È¿¡´Â ´õ ³ªÀº »îÀÌ ÀְԵȴÙ.

Life, according to the Christian religion, is a progress toward the divine perfection. No one condition, accord¡©ing to this doctrine, can be higher or lower than another. Every condition, according to this doctrine, is only a par¡©ticular stage, of no consequence in itself, on the way toward unattainable perfection, and therefore in itself it does not imply a greater or lesser degree of life. Increase of life, according to this, consists in nothing but the quickening of the progress toward perfection. And therefore the prog¡©ress toward perfection of the publican Zaccheus, of the woman that was a sinner, and of the robber on the cross, implies a higher degree of life than the stagnant righteous¡©ness of the Pharisee. And therefore for this religion there cannot be rules which it is obligatory to obey. The man who is at a lower level but is moving onward toward perfection is living a more moral, a better life, is more fully carrying out Christ's teaching, than the man on a much higher level of morality who is not moving onward toward perfection.

±âµ¶±³¿¡ ÀÇÇϸé, »îÀº ½ÅÀûÀÎ ¿Ï¼ºÀ¸·ÎÀÇ ÀüÁøÀÌ´Ù. ÀÌ ±³¸®¿¡ µû¸£¸é, ¾î¶² ÇѰ¡Áö »óŵµ, ´Ù¸¥ °Íº¸´Ù ³ô°Å³ª ³·Áö ¾Ê´Ù. °¢°¢ÀÇ »óÅ´Â, ÀÌ ±³¸®¿¡ µû¸£¸é, µµ´ÞÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø´Â ¿Ï¼ºÀ» ÇâÇÑ ±æÀ§¿¡ ÀÖ´Â ¿ÀÁ÷ ƯÁ¤ÇÑ ´Ü°è·Î¼­, ±× ÀÚü·Î´Â Àǹ̰¡ ¾ø´Ù, ±×·¯¹Ç·Î, ±× ÀÚü´Â ´õ¿í Å©°Å³ª ´õ¿í ÀÛÀº Á¤µµÀÇ »îÀ» ¾Ï½ÃÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù. ÀÌ °¡¸£Ä§¿¡ µû¸£¸é, »îÀÇ Çâ»óÀº ¿ÀÁ÷ ¿Ï¼ºÀ» ÇâÇÑ ÀüÁøÀ» ºü¸£°Ô ÇÔ¿¡ ÀÖ´Ù. ±×¸®°í ±×·¯¹Ç·Î, ¼¼¸® »è°³¿ÀÀÇ, Á˸¦ ÁöÀº ¿©ÀÚÀÇ, ±×¸®°í ½ÊÀÚ°¡¿¡ ¸Å´Þ¸° °­µµÀÇ ¿Ï¼ºÀ» ÇâÇÑ ÀüÁøÀº, ¹Ù¸®»õÀÎÀÇ Á¤Ã¼µÈ ÀǷοòº¸´Ù ´õ ³ôÀº Á¤µµÀÇ »îÀ» ¾Ï½ÃÇÑ´Ù. ±×·¯¹Ç·Î ÀÌ Á¾±³¿¡ À־´Âº¹Á¾ÇؾßÇÒ Àǹ«°¡ ÀÖ´Â ¸í·ÉµéÀÌ ÀÖÀ» ¼ö ¾ø´Ù. ³·Àº ´Ü°è¿¡ ÀÖ´õ¶óµµ ¿Ï¼ºÀ» ÇâÇÏ¿© °è¼Ó ¿òÁ÷ÀÌ´Â »ç¶÷Àº, ¿Ï¼ºÀ» ÇâÇÏ¿© °è¼Ó ¿òÁ÷ÀÌÁö ¾Ê´Â ÈξÀ ´õ ³ôÀº ¼öÁØÀÇ µµ´ö¼º¿¡ ÀÖ´Â »ç¶÷º¸´Ù, ´õ¿í µµ´öÀûÀ̸ç, ³ªÀº »îÀ» »ì¾Æ°¡¸ç, ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§À» ´õ¿í ¸¹ÀÌ ÀÌÇàÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù .

It is in this sense that the lost sheep is dearer to the Father than those that were not lost. The prodigal son, the piece of money lost and found again, were more precious than those that were not lost.

ÀÒ¾î ¹ö¸° ¾çÀÌ ÀÒ¾î ¹ö¸®Áö ¾ÊÀº ¾çµé º¸´Ùµµ ¾Æ¹öÁö¿¡°Ô´Â ´õ¿í ¼ÒÁßÇÔÀº ÀÌ·± Àǹ̿¡¼­´Ù. ÅÁÀÚÀÇ À̾߱â, ÀÒ¾î¹ö¸° ¸îǬÀ» ´Ù½Ã ãÀº À̾߱â, µîÀº ÀÒ¾î ¹ö¸®Áö ¾ÊÀº °Íµé º¸´Ù ¼ÒÁßÇÏ´Ù.

The fulfillment of Christ's teaching consists in moving away from self toward God. It is obvious that there can¡©not be definite laws and rules for this fulfillment of the teaching. Every degree of perfection and every degree of imperfection are equal in it; no obedience to laws consti¡©tutes a fulfillment of this doctrine, and therefore for it there can be no binding rules and laws.

±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§ÀÇ ½ÇõÀº ÀÚ½ÅÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ¸Ö¾îÁ®¼­ Çϳª´Ô²²·Î °¨¿¡ ÀÖ´Ù. °¡¸£Ä§¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÀÌ·± ½ÇõÀº Á¤ÇØÁø ¹ý·üÀ̳ª ¸í·ÉÀÌ ÀÖÀ» ¼ö ¾øÀ½Àº ¸í¹éÇÏ´Ù.¸ðµç ¿Ï¼ºÀÇ Á¤µµ¿Í ¸ðµç ºÒ¿Ï¼ºÀÇ Á¤µµ´Â ±× ¾È¿¡¼­ µ¿µîÇÏ´Ù; ¹ý·ü¿¡ º¹Á¾ÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀ½ÀÌ ÀÌ ±³¸®ÀÇ ½ÇõÀ» ±¸¼ºÇÑ´Ù, ±×·¯¹Ç·Î ±×°Í¿¡ À־´Â ¾Æ¹«·± ±¸¼Ó·ÂÀÌ ÀÖ´Â ¸í·Éµé°ú ¹ý·üµéÀÌ ÀÖÀ» ¼ö ¾ø´Ù.

From this fundamental distinction between the religion of Christ and all preceding religions based on the state conception of life, follows a corresponding difference in the special precepts of the state theory and the Christian pre¡©cepts. The precepts of the state theory of life insist for the most part on certain practical prescribed acts, by which men are justified and secure of being right. The Christian precepts (the commandment of love is not a precept in the strict sense of the word, but the expression of the very essence of the religion) are the five commandments of the Sermon on the Mount-all negative in character. They show only what at a certain stage of development of humanity men may not do.

±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ Á¾±³¿Í »îÀÇ ±¹°¡Àû °³³ä¿¡ ±âÃÊÇÑ ¸ðµç ÀÌÀüÀÇ Á¾±³µé »çÀÌÀÇ ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ±Ùº»ÀûÀÎ ±¸º°·ÎºÎÅÍ, ±¹°¡ ÀÌ·ÐÀÇ Æ¯¼öÇÑ °¡¸£Ä§µé°ú ±âµ¶±³ÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§µé¿¡¼­ »óÀÀÇÏ´Â Â÷À̰¡ µû¸¥´Ù. »îÀÇ ±¹°¡Àû ÀÌ·ÐÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§Àº ´ëüÀûÀ¸·Î ƯÁ¤ÇÑ ½Ç¿ëÀûÀ¸·Î ±ÔÁ¤µÈ ÇàÀ§µéÀ» °íÁýÇϸç, ±×°ÍÀ¸·Î¼­ »ç¶÷µéÀº Á¤´çÈ­µÇ¸ç ¿ÇÀ½À» È®½ÅÇÑ´Ù. ±âµ¶±³ÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§µéÀº (»ç¶ûÀÇ °è¸íÀº ´Ü¾îÀÇ ¾ö°ÝÇÑ Àǹ̻óÀ¸·Î °¡¸£Ä§ÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï´Ù, ±×·¯³ª Á¾±³ÀÇ º»Áú ±× ÀÚüÀÇ Ç¥ÇöÀÌ´Ù) »ê»ó ¼öÈÆ-¼º°Ý»ó ¸ðµÎ ºÎÁ¤ÀûÀÌ´Ù-ÀÇ ´Ù¼¸°¡Áö °è¸íµéÀÌ´Ù. ±×°ÍµéÀº ¿ÀÁ÷ ÀηùÀÇ Æ¯Á¤ÇÑ ¹ßÀü ´Ü°è¿¡¼­ »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ÇØ¼­´Â ¾ÈµÇ´Â °ÍÀ» º¸¿©ÁØ´Ù.

These commandments are, as it were, signposts on the endless road to perfection, toward which humanity is mov¡©ing, showing the point of perfection which is possible at a certain period in the development of humanity.

ÀÌ ´Ù¼¸°¡Áö °è¸íµéÀº, ¸»ÇÏÀÚ¸é, ¿Ï¼ºÀ» ÇâÇÑ ³¡¾ø´Â ±æ¿¡¼­ ÀÌÁ¤Ç¥ÀÌ´Ù, Àηù´Â ±×°ÍÀ» ÇâÇÏ¿© ¿òÁ÷À̰í ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ÀηùÀÇ Æ¯Á¤ÇÑ ¹ßÀüÀÇ ½Ã±â¿¡ °¡´ÉÇÑ ¿Ï¼º ÁöÁ¡À» º¸¿© ÁØ´Ù.

Christ has given expression in the Sermon on the Mount to the eternal ideal toward which men are spontaneously struggling, and also the degree of attainment of it to which men may reach in our times.

±×¸®½ºµµ´Â »ê»ó ¼öÈÆ¿¡¼­, »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ÀÚ¿¬½º·´°Ôµµ ¾Ö¾²°í ÀÖ´Â ¿µ¿øÇÑ ÀÌ»ó, ±×¸®°í ±×°Í¿¡ ´ëÇØ »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ¿ì¸® ½Ã´ë¿¡ ´Þ¼ºÇϰíÀÚ ÇÏ´Â Á¤µµ¸¦ Ç¥ÇöÇÏ¿´´Ù.

The ideal is not to desire to do ill to anyone, not to pro¡©voke ill will, to love all men. The precept, showing the level below which we cannot fall in the attainment of this ideal, is the prohibition of evil speaking. And that is the first command.

ÀÌ»óÀº ´©±¸¸¦ ÇØÄ¡°íÀÚ ÇÏ´Â ¿å¸ÁÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¸ç, ³ª»Û ¶æÀ» °¡Áö°Ô ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ¸ðµç »ç¶÷µéÀ» »ç¶ûÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ±× °¡¸£Ä§Àº ¾ÇÇÑ ¸»ÀÇ ±ÝÁö·Î¼­, ¿ì¸®°¡ ÀÌ·± ÀÌ»óÀÇ ´Þ¼º¿¡ µé¾î°¥ ¼ö ¾ø´Â ³·Àº ¼öÁØÀ» º¸¿© ÁØ´Ù. ±×¸®°í ±×°ÍÀÌ Ã¹¹øÂ° °è¸íÀÌ´Ù.

The ideal is perfect chastity, even in thought. The pre¡©cept, showing the level below which we cannot fall in the attainment of this ideal, is that of purity of married life, avoidance of debauchery. That is the second command.

ÀÌ»óÀº ¿ÏÀüÇÑ ¼ø¼öÇÔÀ̸ç, ½ÉÁö¾î »ý°¢¿¡¼­µµ ±×·¸´Ù. ±× °¡¸£Ä§Àº °áÈ¥ »ýȰÀÇ ¼ø°á, ¹æÅÁÇÔÀÇ ±ÝÁö·Î¼­, ¿ì¸®°¡ ÀÌ·± ÀÌ»óÀÇ ´Þ¼º¿¡ µé¾î °¥ ¼ö ¾ø´Â ³·Àº ¼öÁØÀ» º¸¿©ÁØ´Ù. ±×°ÍÀÌ µÎ¹øÂ° °è¸íÀÌ´Ù.

The ideal is to take no thought for the future, to live in the present moment. The precept, showing the level below which we cannot fall, is the prohibition of swearing, of promising anything in the future. And that is the third command.

ÀÌ»óÀº ¹Ì·¡¿¡ ´ëÇÑ »ý°¢À» °®Áö ¸»°ÍÀ̸ç, ÇöÀç ¼ø°£¿¡ »ì¶ó´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ±× °¡¸£Ä§Àº ¸Í¼¼ÇÔ, ¹Ì·¡ÀÇ ¾î¶² °ÍÀ» ¾à¼ÓÇÔÀÇ ±ÝÁö·Î¼­, ¿ì¸®°¡ µé¾î°¥ ¼ö ¾ø´Â ³·Àº ¼öÁØÀ» º¸¿© ÁØ´Ù. ±×°ÍÀÌ ¼¼¹øÂ° °è¸íÀÌ´Ù.

The ideal is never for any purpose to use force. The precept, showing the level below which we cannot fall is that of returning good for evil, being patient under wrong, giving the cloak also. That is the fourth command.

ÀÌ»óÀº °áÄÚ ÀǵµÀûÀ¸·Î Æø·ÂÀ» »ç¿ëÇÏÁö ¸»¶ó´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ±× °¡¸£Ä§Àº ºÎ´çÇÏ´õ¶óµµ, ¿ÊÀ» ¹þ¾î Áָ鼭¶óµµ ÂüÀ¸¶ó´Â °ÍÀ¸·Î¼­, ¿ì¸®°¡ µé¾î°¥ ¼ö ¾ø´Â ¾Æ·¡ÀÇ ¼öÁØÀº ¾ÇÀ» ¼±À¸·Î °±À¸¶ó´Â ¼öÁØÀÇ ¾Æ·¡ÀÌ´Ù. ±×°ÍÀÌ ³×¹øÂ° °è¸íÀÌ´Ù.

The ideal is to love the enemies who hate us. The pre¡©cept, showing the level below which we cannot fall, is not to do evil to our enemies, to speak well of them, and to make no difference between them and our neighbors.

ÀÌ»óÀº ¿ì¸®¸¦ ¹Ì¿öÇÏ´Â ¿ø¼ö¸¦ »ç¶ûÇ϶ó´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ±× °¡¸£Ä§Àº ¿ì¸®ÀÇ ¿ø¼ö¿¡°Ô ¾ÇÀ» ÇàÇÏÁö ¸»°í, ±×µéÀ» ÁÁ°Ô ¸»Çϸç, ±×¸®°í ±×µé°ú ¿ì¸® ÀÌ¿ôµéÀÇ ±¸º°À» ÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â °ÍÀ¸·Î¼­, ¿ì¸®°¡ µé¾î°¡¼­´Â ¾ÈµÅ´Â ¾Æ·¡ ¼öÁØÀ» º¸¿© ÁØ´Ù.

All these precepts are indications of what, on our journey to perfection, we are already fully able to avoid, and what we must labor to attain now, and what we ought by degrees to translate into instinctive and unconscious habits. But these precepts, far from constituting the whole of Christ's teaching and exhausting it, are simply stages on the way to perfection. These precepts must and will be followed by higher and higher precepts on the way to the perfection held up by the religion.

ÀÌ ¸ðµç °¡¸£Ä§µéÀº, ¿ì¸®ÀÇ ¿Ï¼ºÀ» ÇâÇÑ ¿©Çà¿¡¼­, ¿ì¸®°¡ ÀÌ¹Ì ÃæºÐÈ÷ ÇÇÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â °Í, ±×¸®°í ÀÌÁ¦ ¿ì¸®°¡ ¹Ýµå½Ã ´Þ¼ºÇÏ·Á°í ¾Ö½á¾ß ÇÏ´Â °Í, ±×¸®°í ¿ì¸®°¡ Á¡ÁøÀûÀ¸·Î º»´ÉÀûÀÌ¸ç ¹«ÀǽÄÀûÀÎ ½À°üµé·Î¼­ ¹Ù²Ù¾î ³ª°¡¾ß ÇÏ´Â °ÍµéÀÇ Ç¥½ÃµéÀÌ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ÀÌµé °¡¸£Ä§µéÀº, ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§ÀÇ Àüü¸¦ ±¸¼ºÇϱ⺸´Ù´Â, ´Ü¼øÈ÷ ¿Ï¼ºÀ» ÇâÇÑ ±æÀ§¿¡ ÀÖ´Â ´Ü°èµéÀÌ´Ù. ÀÌ °¡¸£Ä§µéÀº Á¾±³¿¡ ÀÇÇÏ¿© °ßÁöµÇ´Â ¿Ï¼ºÀÇ ±æ À§¿¡¼­ Á¡Á¡ ´õ ³ôÀº °¡¸£Ä§µéÀÌ ¹Ýµå½Ã µû¶óÁÖ¾î¾ß Çϸç, µû¶ó ÁÙ°ÍÀÌ´Ù.

And therefore it is essentially a part of the Christian religion to make demands higher than those expressed in its precepts; and by no means to diminish the demands either of the ideal itself, or of the precepts, as people imagine who judge it from the standpoint of the social con¡©ception of life.

±×¸®°í ±×·¯¹Ç·Î ±× °¡¸£Ä§µé¿¡¼­ Ç¥ÇöµÈ °Íµéº¸´Ù´õ ³ôÀº ¿ä±¸µéÀ» ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ; ±×¸®°í ¸¶Ä¡ »çȸÀû °üÁ¡ÀÇ »îÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ±×°ÍÀ» ÆÇ´ÜÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷µéÀÌ »ó»óÇϵíÀÌ ÀÌ»ó ±×ÀÚü ¶Ç´Â °¡¸£Ä§µéÀÇ ¿ä±¸µéÀ» °áÄÚ ³·ÃßÁö ¾Ê´Â °ÍÀÌ ÇÊ¿¬ÀûÀ¸·Î ±âµ¶±³ÀÇ ÇÑ ºÎºÐÀÌ´Ù.

So much for one misunderstanding of the scientific men, in relation to the import and aim of Christ's teaching. Another misunderstanding arising from the same source consists in substituting love for men, the service of human¡©ity, for the Christian principles of love for God and his service.

±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§ÀÇ ÀÇ¹Ì¿Í ¸ñÀû¿¡ °ü·ÃÇÑ °úÇÐÀÚµéÀÇ ÇѰ¡Áö ¿ÀÇØ´Â ±×·± Á¤µµ¿´´Ù. ¶È°°Àº Ãâó¿¡¼­ »ý°Ü³ª´Â ¶Ç ÇϳªÀÇ ¿ÀÇØ´Â Çϳª´Ô°ú ±×¸¦ À§ÇÑ ºÀ»ç¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ±âµ¶±³ÀûÀÎ »ç¶ûÀÇ ¿ø¸® ´ë½Å¿¡, »ç¶÷µéÀÇ »ç¶û, Àηù¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ºÀ»ç·Î ´ëüÇÔ¿¡ ÀÖ´Ù.

The Christian doctrine to love God and serve him, and only as a result of that love to love and serve one's neigh¡©bor, seems to scientific men obscure, mystic, and arbitrary. And they would absolutely exclude the obligation of love and service of God, holding that the doctrine of love for men, for humanity alone, is far more clear, tangible, and reasonable.

Çϳª´ÔÀ» »ç¶ûÇÏ°í ±×¸¦ ¼¶±â´Â ±âµ¶±³ÀÇ ±³¸®, ±×¸®°í ¿ÀÁ÷ ±×·¯ÇÑ »ç¶ûÀÇ °á°ú·Î¼­ ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ÀÌ¿ôÀ» »ç¶ûÇÏ°í ºÀ»çÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº °úÇÐÀڵ鿡°Ô´Â ¸ðÈ£Çϰí, ½Åºñ½º·¯¿ì¸ç, ±×¸®°í ¸·¿¬ÇÑ °Íó·³ º¸ÀδÙ. ±×¸®°í ±×µéÀº Àý´ëÀûÀ¸·Î Çϳª´Ô¿¡ ´ëÇÑ »ç¶û°ú ºÀ»çÀÇ Àǹ«¸¦ ¹èÁ¦ÇÒ °ÍÀ̸ç, ÀÌ´Â »ç¶÷µéÀ» À§ÇÑ, Àηù¸¸À» À§ÇÑ »ç¶ûÀÇ ±³¸®°¡ ÈξÀ´õ ¸í·áÇϰí, ¼³µæ·ÂÀÌ ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ±×¸®°í ÇÕ¸®ÀûÀÌ´Ù´Â ÁÖÀåÀ̱⠶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù.

Scientific men teach in theory that the only good and rational life is that which is devoted to the service of the whole of humanity. That is for them the import of the Christian doctrine, and to that they reduce Christ's teach¡©ing. They seek confirmation of their own doctrine in the Gospel, on the supposition that the two doctrines are really the same.

°úÇÐÀÚµéÀº À̷п¡¼­ À¯ÀÏÇÏ°Ô ¼±Çϰí À̼ºÀûÀÎ »îÀº Àüü Àηù¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ºÀ»ç¿¡ ¹ÙÃÄÁö´Â °ÍÀ̶ó°í °¡¸£Ä£´Ù. ±×°ÍÀÌ ±×µé¿¡°Ô À־ ±âµ¶±³ ±³¸®ÀÇ ÀǹÌÀÌ´Ù, ±×¸®°í ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§À» ±×·± Àǹ̷ΠÃà¼ÒÇÑ´Ù. ±×µéÀº, µÎ °³ÀÇ ±³¸®°¡ ½ÇÁ¦·Î °°´Ù´Â °¡Á¤ÇÏ¿¡¼­, º¹À½¼­¿¡¼­ ±×µéÀÇ ±³¸®¿¡ ´ëÇÑ È®ÁõÀ» ã´Â´Ù.

This idea is an absolutely mistaken one. The Christian doctrine has nothing in common with the doctrine of the Positivists, Communists, and all the apostles of the univer¡©sal brotherhood of mankind, based on the general advantage of such a brotherhood. They differ from one another espe¡©cially in Christianity's having a firm and clear basis in the human soul, while love for humanity is only a theoretical deduction from analogy.

ÀÌ °³³äÀº Àý´ëÀûÀ¸·Î À߸øµÈ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ±âµ¶±³ ±³¸®´Â ½ÇÁõÁÖÀÇÀÚµé, °ø»êÁÖÀÇÀÚµé, ±×¸®°í ÇüÁ¦Áö°£À̶ó°í ÇÏ´Â ÀϹÝÀû ÀÌÁ¡¿¡ ÀÔ°¢ÇÑ, ÀηùÀÇ »çÇØ µ¿Æ÷ ÁÖÀǿʹ ¾Æ¹«·± °øÅëÁ¡ÀÌ ¾ø´Ù. ±×°ÍµéÀº ±âµ¶±³°¡ »ç¶÷ÀÇ ¿µÈ¥À̶ó´Â È®°íÇÏ¸ç ¸í¹éÇÑ ±âÃʸ¦ °¡Áö°í ÀÖÀ½¿¡¼­ Ưº°È÷ ¼­·Î°¡ ´Ù¸£¸ç, ¹Ý¸é¿¡ Àηù¿¡ ´ëÇÑ »ç¶ûÀº ´ÜÁö À¯Ãß¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ ÀÌ·ÐÀûÀÎ Ãß·ÐÀÏ »ÓÀÌ´Ù.

The doctrine of love for humanity alone is based on the social conception of life.

Àηù¿¡ ´ëÇÑ »ç¶ûÀÇ ±³¸®¸¸ÀÌ »îÀÇ »çȸÀû °³³ä¿¡ ±âÃʸ¦ µÎ°í ÀÖ´Ù.

The essence of the social conception of life consists in the transference of the aim of the individual life to the life of societies of individuals: family, clan, tribe, or state. This transference is accomplished easily and naturally in its earliest forms, in the transference of the aim of life from the individual to the family and the clan. The transference to the tribe or the nation is more difficult and requires special training. And the transference of the sentiment to the state is the furthest limit which the process can reach.

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