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Ȩ ] À§·Î ] ¸Ó¸´¸» ] I. ¾Ç¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¹«ÀúÇ× ] II. ¹«ÀúÇ×ÀÇ ºñÆÇ ] [ III. ¹Ï´Â ÀÚÀÇ ¿ÀÇØ ] IV. ÇÐÀÚµéÀÇ ¿ÀÇØ ] V. »î°ú ¾ç½ÉÀÇ ¸ð¼ø ] VI. ÀüÀï¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÀÚ¼¼ ] VII. º´¿ª Àǹ«ÀÇ Àǹ̠] VIII. ¹«ÀúÇ×ÀÇ ´çÀ§¼º ] IX. ±âµ¶±³Àû »î ] X. ±âµ¶±³Àΰ¡ ±¹°¡Àΰ¡? ] XI. Æø·ÂÀû Á¦µµÀÇ Á¾¸» ] XII. °á·Ð - Çϳª´ÔÀÇ ³ª¶ó ] ²Ç½º¶¥½º ¼­¹® ] ¸¶Æ¾ ±×¸°ÀÇ ¼­¹® ]


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¡°THE KINGDOM OF GOD 
IS WITHIN YOU.¡±

¡°Çϳª´ÔÀÇ  ³ª¶ó´Â  ³ÊÈñ ¾È¿¡ ÀÖ´À´Ï¶ó.¡±


by Leo Tolstoy

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CHAPTER III. Á¦ 3 Àå

CHRISTIANITY MISUNDERSTOOD BY BELIEVERS.

¹Ï´Â »ç¶÷µé¿¡ ÀÇÇØ ¿ÀÇØµÇ´Â ±âµ¶±³

Meaning of Christian Doctrine, Understood by a Minority, has Become Completely Incomprehensible for the Majority of Men-Reason of this to be Found in Misinterpretation of Christianity and Mistaken Con¡©viction of Believers and Unbelievers Alike that they Understand it- The Meaning of Christianity Obscured for Believers by the Church- The First Appearance of Christ's Teaching-Its Essence and Differ¡©ence from Heathen Religions-Christianity not Fully Comprehended at the Beginning, Became More and More Clear to those who Accepted it from its Correspondence with Truth-Simultaneously with this Arose the Claim to Possession of the Authentic Meaning of the Doc¡©trine Based on the Miraculous Nature of its Transmission-Assembly of Disciples as Described in the Acts-The Authoritative Claim to the Sole Possession of the True Meaning of Christ's Teaching Supported by Miraculous Evidence has Led by Logical Develop¡©ment to the Creeds of the Churches-A Church Could Not be Founded by Christ-Definitions of a Church According to the Catechisms- The Churches have Always been Several in Number and Hostile to One Another-What is Heresy-The Work of G. Arnold on Heresies- Heresies the Manifestations of Progress in the Churches-Churches Cause Dissension among Men, and are Always Hostile to Christianity -Account of the Work Done by the Russian Church-Matt. xxiii. 23- The Sermon on the Mount or the Creed-The Orthodox Church Conceals from the People the True Meaning of Christianity-The Same Thing is Done by the Other Churches-All the External Con¡©ditions of Modern Life are such as to Destroy the Doctrine of the Church, and therefore the Churches use Every Effort to Support their Doctrines.

±âµ¶±³ ±³¸®ÀÇ ÀǹÌ, ¼Ò¼öÀÇ ±ú´ÞÀ½Àº ´ë´Ù¼öÀÇ »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô ¿ÏÀüÈ÷ ÀÌÇØÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø°Ô µÇ´Ù-À̰Ϳ¡ ´ëÇÑ ÀÌÀ¯´Â ±âµ¶±³¸¦ ±ú´ÞÀ½¿¡¼­ À̸¦ ¿ÀÇØÇÔ°ú ¹Ï´ÂÀÚ¿Í ¹ÏÁö ¾Ê´Â ÀÚÀÇ À߸øµÈ È®½Å¿¡¼­ ãÀ» ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù-±³È¸¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­ ¹Ï´Â Àڵ鿡°Ô ±âµ¶±³ÀÇ Àǹ̰¡ ¸ðÈ£ÇØÁö´Ù-±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§ÀÇ ÃÖÁ¶ ÃâÇö-±× º»Áú°ú À̱³µµÀÇ Á¾±³¿ÍÀÇ Â÷ÀÌ-±âµ¶±³´Â óÀ½ºÎÅÍ ¿ÏÀüÈ÷ ÀÌÇØµÇÁö ¾Ê¾ÒÀ¸¸ç, Áø¸®¿Í ±³ÅëÀ» ÅëÇÏ¿© ±×°ÍÀ» ¹Þ¾ÆµéÀÎ »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô Á¡Á¡ ´õ ºÐ¸íÇØÁ³´Ù-À̰Ͱú µ¿½Ã¿¡, ÀüÆÄ¿¡ À־ ±âÀûÀûÀÎ ¼º°ÝÀ» ±âÃÊ·ÎÇÑ ±³¸®¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÁøÁ¤ÇÑ Àǹ̸¦ ¼ÒÀ¯ÇÔ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÁÖÀåÀÌ ÀϾ´Ù-»çµµÇàÀü¿¡ ±â·ÏµÈ Á¦ÀÚµéÀÇ ¸ðÀÓ-±âÀûÀÇ Áõ°Å¿¡ ÀÇÇÏ¿© µÞ¹ÞħÇÏ¿©, ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§ÀÇ ÁøÁ¤ÇÑ ÀǹÌÀÇ À¯ÀÏÇÑ ¼ÒÀ¯¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ±ÇÇÑ ÀÖ´Â ÁÖÀå-±×¸®½ºµµ°¡ ±³È¸¸¦ ±âÃÊÇÏ¿´À» ¸®°¡ ¾ø´Ù-±³¸® ¹®´ä¿¡ µû¸¥ ±³È¸ÀÇ Á¤ÀÇ-±³È¸µéÀº ¾ðÁ¦³ª ¼ö°¡ ¿©·µÀ̾úÀ¸¸ç ¼­·Î¿¡°Ô Àû´ëÀûÀ̾ú´Ù-ÀÌ´ÜÀº ¹«¾ùÀΰ¡-À̴ܵ鿡 °üÇÑ G. ¾Æ³îµåÀÇ ÀÛǰ-À̴ܵé, ±³È¸µé¿¡ À־ Áøº¸ÀÇ Ç¥Ãâ-±³È¸µéÀÌ »ç¶÷µé »çÀÌ¿¡ ºÐ¿­À» ÀÏÀ¸Å°´Ù, ±×¸®°í ¾ðÁ¦³ª ±âµ¶±³¿¡ Àû´ëÀûÀÌ´Ù-·¯½Ã¾Æ ±³È¸°¡ ÇàÇÏ´Â ÀÏÀÇ ¼³¸í-¸¶Åº¹À½ 23Àå 23Àý-»ê»ó¼öÈÆ ¾Æ´Ï¸é ´ÏÄÉ¾Æ ½Å°æ-Á¤±³È¸°¡ »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô¼­ ±âµ¶±³ÀÇ ÁøÁ¤ÇÑ Àǹ̸¦ ¼û±â´Ù-°°Àº ÀÏÀÌ ´Ù¸¥ ±³È¸¿¡¼­ ÇàÇØÁö´Ù-Çö´ë »ýȰÀÇ ¿ÜÀûÀÎ Á¶°ÇµéÀº ¿¹¸¦ µé¸é ±³È¸ÀÇ ±³¸®¸¦ ÆÄ±«ÇÏ°Ô µÇ¾îÀÖ´Ù, ±×¸®°í ±×·¯¹Ç·Î ±³È¸µéÀº ±×µéÀÇ ±³¸®¸¦ À¯ÁöÇϱâ À§ÇØ ¸ðµç ³ë·ÂÀ» °æÁÖÇÑ´Ù.

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Thus the information I received, after my book came out, went to show that the Christian doctrine, in its direct and simple sense, was understood, and had always been understood, by a minority of men, while the critics, eccle¡©siastical and freethinking alike, denied the possibility of taking Christ's teaching in its direct sense. All this convinced me that while on one hand the true understanding of this doctrine had never been lost to a minority, but had been established more and more clearly, on the other hand the meaning of it had been more and more obscured for the majority. So that at last such a depth of obscurity has been reached that men do not take in their direct sense even the simplest precepts, expressed in the simplest words, in the Gospel.

¾Õ¼­ ¸»ÇÑ ¹Ù¿Í °°ÀÌ, ³ªÀÇ Àú¼­°¡ ³ª¿Â µÚ¿¡, ³»°¡ ¹ÞÀº Á¤º¸´Â ±âµ¶±³ ±³¸®´Â, ¼Ò¼öÀÇ »ç¶÷µé¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­, ´ÜÀûÀÌ¸ç ´Ü¼øÇÑ Àǹ̷Î, ÀÌÇØ µÇ¾úÀ¸¸ç, ¾ðÁ¦³ª ÀÌÇØµÇ¾î ¿Ô´Ù, ¹Ý¸é¿¡ ºñÆò°¡µé, ±³È¸ ¹× ÀÚÀ¯ »ç»óÀÌ °øÈ÷, Á÷Á¢ÀûÀÎ Àǹ̿¡¼­ÀÇ ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§À» ¹Þ¾ÆµéÀÌ´Â °¡´É¼ºÀ» ºÎÀÎÇÏ¿´À½À» º¸¿©ÁÖ¾ú´Ù. ÀÌ ¸ðµç °ÍµéÀº, ÇÑÆíÀ¸·Î ÀÌ ±³¸®¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÁøÁ¤ÇÑ ±ú´ÞÀ½Àº ¼Ò¼ö¿¡°Ô °áÄÚ »ó½ÇµÈ ÀûÀÌ ¾øÀ¸¸ç, Á¡Á¡´õ ¸í·áÇÏ°Ô È®¸³µÇ¾úÀ¸¸ç, ´Ù¸¥ ÇÑÆíÀ¸·Î ±³¸®ÀÇ Àǹ̴ ´ë´Ù¼ö¿¡°Ô Á¡Á¡ ´õ ¾Ö¸ÅÇØÁ® °¬´Ù. ±×·± °á°ú·Î ¸¶Ä§³» ±×·¯ÇÑ ¾Ö¸ÅÇÔÀÇ ±íÀ̰¡ ½ÉÁö¾î´Â º¹À½¼­¿¡¼­ °¡Àå ´Ü¼øÇÑ ¸»¾¸À¸·Î Ç¥ÇöµÈ °¡Àå ´Ü¼øÇÑ °¡¸£Ä§¿¡¼­µµ »ç¶÷µéÀÌ Á÷Á¢ÀûÀÎ Àǹ̷Π¿©±âÁö ¾Ê´Â Áö°æ±îÁö µµ´ÞÇÏ¿´´Ù.

Christ's teaching is not generally understood in its true, simple, and direct sense even in these days, when the light of the Gospel has penetrated even to the darkest recesses of human consciousness; when, in the words of Christ, that which was spoken in the ear is proclaimed from the house¡©tops; and when the Gospel is influencing every side of human life-domestic, economic, civic, legislative, and international. This lack of true understanding of Christ's words at such a time would be inexplicable, if there were not causes to account for it.

º¹À½ÀÇ ºûÀÌ Àΰ£ÀÇ ÀǽÄÀÇ °¡Àå ¾îµÎ¿î °÷±îÁö ½º¸çµé¾î °¬À» ¶§µµ, ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ ¸»¾¸¿¡¼­, ±Í¿¡ ´ë°í ¸»ÇÏ´ø °ÍÀÌ °ø°ø¿¬È÷ ¼±¾ð µÇ´Â ¿äÁîÀ½¿¡ Á¶Â÷µµ ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§ÀÌ ÀϹÝÀûÀ¸·Î ±× ÀÚüÀÇ Áø½ÇÇϸç, ´Ü¼øÇϰí, ±×¸®°í Á÷Á¢ÀûÀÎ Àǹ̷ΠÀÌÇØµÇÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù; ±×¸®°í º¹À½ÀÌ Àΰ£ »ýȰÀÇ ¸ðµç Ãø¸é-°¡Á¤, °æÁ¦, ½Ã¹Î, ÀÔ¹ý, ±×¸®°í ±¹Á¦ °ü°è-¿¡ ¿µÇâÀ» ¹ÌÄ¡°í ÀÖ´Â ¶§¿¡µµ ¸¶Âù°¡ÁöÀÌ´Ù. ±×·¯ÇÑ ¶§¿¡ À־, ¸¸ÀÏ ±×°ÍÀ» ÇØ¸íÇÏ´Â ÀÌÀ¯µéÀÌ ¾ø´Ù¸é, ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ ¸»¾¸¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ÁøÁ¤ÇÑ ÀÌÇØÀÇ ºÎÁ·ÀÌ ¼³¸íµÉ ¼ö ¾øÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù.

One of these causes is the fact that believers and unbelievers alike are firmly persuaded that they have understood Christ's teaching a long time, and that they understand it so fully, indubitably, and conclusively that it can have no other significance than the one they attribute to it. And the reason of this conviction is that the false interpretation and consequent misapprehension of the Gospel is an error of such long standing. Even the strongest current of water cannot add a drop to a cup which is already full.

ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ÀÌÀ¯µé ÁßÀÇ Çϳª´Â ¹Ï´Â ÀÚµéÀ̳ª ¹ÏÁö ¾Ê´Â ÀÚµéÀ̳ª ¶È°°ÀÌ ±×µéÀº ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§À» ¿À·§µ¿¾È ±ú´Þ¾ÒÀ¸¸ç, ±×°ÍÀ» ¿ÏÀüÈ÷, ÀÇȤÀÇ ¿©Áö¾øÀÌ, ±×¸®°í ÃÖÁ¾ÀûÀ¸·Î ±ú´Ý°í ÀÖÀ¸¹Ç·Î ±×µéÀÌ ±×°Í¿¡ ºÎ¿©ÇÏ´Â Àǹ̿¡ ºñÇØ ´Ù¸¥ Àǹ̸¦ °¡Áú ¼ö ¾ø´Ù°í È®°íÇÏ°Ô ¼³µæµÇ¾î ÀÖ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ±×¸®°í ÀÌ·± È®½ÅÀÇ ÀÌÀ¯´Â º¹À½¼­¿¡ ´ëÇÑ °ÅÁþ ÇØ¼®°ú ±×¿¡ µû¸¥ ¿ÀÇØ°¡ ±×·¸°Ô ¿À·£ ±â°£ µ¿¾ÈÀÇ ¿À·ù¶ó´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ½ÉÁö¾î ¾Æ¹«¸® °­ÇÑ ¹°ÀÇ È帧ÀÌ¶óµµ ÀÌ¹Ì °¡µæÂù ÄÅ¿¡ ÇÑ ¹æ¿ïµµ ´õÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø´Ù.

The most difficult subjects can be explained to the most slow-witted man if he has not formed any idea of them already; but the simplest thing cannot be made clear to the most intelligent man if he is firmly persuaded that he knows already, without a shadow of doubt, what is laid before him.

¸¸ÀÏ °¡Àå ¿ìµÐÇÑ »ç¶÷ÀÌ¶óµµ ÁÖÁ¦µé¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¾î¶² »ý°¢À» ÀÌ¹Ì Çü¼ºÇÏÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù¸é, ¾Æ¹«¸® ¾î·Á¿î °ÍµéÀÌ¶óµµ ±×¿¡°Ô ¼³¸íµÉ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù; ±×·¯³ª ¸¸ÀÏ °¡Àå ÃѸíÇÑ »ç¶÷ÀÌ, ÇÑ Á¡ÀÇ ÀǽɾøÀÌ, ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ¾Õ¿¡ ³õÀÎ °ÍÀ» ÀÌ¹Ì ¾Ë°í ÀÖ´Ù°í ±»°Ô È®½ÅÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù¸é °¡Àå ´Ü¼øÇÑ °Íµµ ±×¿¡°Ô´Â ÀÌÇØµÉ ¼ö ¾ø´Ù.

The Christian doctrine is presented to the men of our world today as a doctrine which everyone has known so long and accepted so unhesitatingly in all its minutest details that it cannot be understood in any other way than it is understood now.

±âµ¶±³ ±³¸®´Â, ¸ðµç »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ³Ê¹«³ª ¿À·§µ¿¾È ¾Ë¾Æ¿Ô°í ±× ¸ðµç °¡Àå ¹Ì¼¼ÇÑ ºÎºÐµé±îÁö ³Ê¹«³ª ÁÖÀúÇÔÀÌ ¾øÀÌ ¹Þ¾Æµé¿©¼­, ±×°ÍÀº Áö±Ý ÀÌÇØµÇ°í ÀÖ´Â ¾î¶² ´Ù¸¥ ¹æ¹ýÀ¸·Îµµ ÀÌÇØµÉ ¼ö ¾ø´Â ±³¸®·Î¼­, ¿À´Ã³¯ ¿ì¸® ¼¼°èÀÇ »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô Á¦½ÃµÇ¾î ÀÖ´Ù.

Christianity is understood now by all who profess the doctrines of the Church as a supernatural miraculous revelation of everything which is repeated in the Creed. By unbelievers it is regarded as an illustration of man's craving for a belief in the supernatural, which mankind has now outgrown, as an historical phenomenon which has received full expression in Catholicism, Greek Orthodoxy, and Protestantism, and has no longer any living signifi¡©cance for us. The significance of the Gospel is hidden from believers by the Church, from unbelievers by Science.

±âµ¶±³´Â ÀÌÁ¦ ±³È¸ÀÇ ±³¸®µéÀ» °í¹éÇÏ´Â ¸ðµç »ç¶÷µé¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­, ¿ø¸®¿¡¼­ µÇÇ®ÀÌÇÏ´Â ¸ðµç °ÍÀÇ ÃÊÀÚ¿¬ÀûÀÎ ±âÀûÀÇ °è½Ã·Î¼­ ÀÌÇØµÇ°í ÀÖ´Ù. ¹ÏÁö ¾Ê´Â »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô À־´Â ±×°ÍÀº, ÃÊÀÚ¿¬ÀûÀÎ °Í¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¹ÏÀ½À» ÇâÇÑ »ç¶÷ÀÇ ¿­¸ÁÀÇ ¿¹½Ã·Î¼­, ÀÌÁ¦ Àηù´Â ÃÊÀÚ¿¬ÀûÀÎ °ÍÀº Çʿ䰡 ¾ø¾îÁ® ¹ö¸®°í, Ä«Å縯, ±×¸®½º Á¤±³È¸, ±×¸®°í ½Å±³±³È¸¿¡¼­ ¿ÏÀüÇÑ Ç¥ÇöÀ» °¡Áö°í ÀÖ´Â ¿ª»çÀûÀÎ Çö»óÀ¸·Î ¿©°ÜÁö¸ç, ±×¸®°í ¿ì¸®µé¿¡°Ô À־ ´õ ÀÌ»ó »ì¾Æ ÀÖ´Â Àǹ̸¦ °®Áö ¸øÇÑ´Ù. º¹À½ÀÇ Àǹ̴ ¹Ï´Â »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô´Â ±³È¸¿¡ ÀÇÇÏ¿©, ¹ÏÁö ¾Ê´Â »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô´Â °úÇп¡ ÀÇÇÏ¿© ¼û°ÜÁ® ÀÖ´Ù.

I will speak first of the former. Eighteen hundred years ago there appeared in the midst of the heathen Roman world a strange new doctrine, unlike any of the old reli¡©gions, and attributed to a man, Christ.

¸ÕÀú ÀüÀÚ¿¡ ´ëÇØ À̾߱â ÇϰڴÙ. 1800³â Àü¿¡ À̱³ÀÇ ·Î¸¶ ¼¼°èÀÇ ÇÑ °¡¿îµ¥¿¡ ÀÌ»óÇÑ »õ·Î¿î ±³¸®°¡ ³ªÅ¸³µ´Ù, ¿¾³¯ Á¾±³ÀÇ ¾î¶² °Í°úµµ °°Áö ¾Ê¾ÒÀ¸¸ç, ÀÌ´Â ±×¸®½ºµµ¶ó°í ÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷À¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ±âÀεǾú´Ù.

This new doctrine was in both form and content abso¡©lutely new to the Jewish world in which it originated, and still more to the Roman world in which it was preached and diffused.

ÀÌ »õ·Î¿î ±³¸®´Â ÇüÅÂ¿Í ³»¿ë¿¡¼­ ±×°ÍÀÌ À¯·¡µÈ À¯ÅÂÀÎÀÇ ¼¼°è¿¡´Â ÀüÀûÀ¸·Î »õ·Î¿î °ÍÀ̾ú´Ù, ±×¸®°í ±×°ÍÀÌ ¼³±³µÇ°í ÀüÆÄµÈ ·Î¸¶ÀÇ ¼¼°è¿¡´Â ÈξÀ ´õ ±×·¯Çß´Ù.

In the midst of the elaborate religious observances of Judaism, in which, in the words of Isaiah, law was laid upon law, and in the midst of the Roman legal system worked out to the highest point of perfection, a new doc¡©trine appeared, which denied not only every deity, and all fear and worship of them, but even all human institutions and all necessity for them. In place of all the rules of the old religions, this doctrine sets up only a type of inward per¡©fection, truth, and love in the person of Christ, and-as a result of this inward perfection being attained by men- also the outward perfection foretold by the Prophets-the kingdom of God, when all men will cease to learn to make war, when all shall be taught of God and united in love, and the lion will lie down with the lamb. Instead of the threats of punishment which all the old laws of religions and governments alike laid down for non-fulfillment of their rules, instead of promises of rewards for fulfillment of them, this doctrine called men to it only because it was the truth. John vii. 17: "If any man will do His will, he shall know of the doctrine whether it be of God.¡± John viii. 46: "If I say the truth, why do ye not believe me? But ye seek to kill me, a man that hath told you the truth. Ye shall know the truth, and the truth shall make you free. God is a spirit, and they that worship him must worship him in spirit and in truth. Keep my sayings, and ye shall know of my sayings whether they be true." No proofs of this doctrine were offered except its truth, the correspond¡©ence of the doctrine with the truth. The whole teaching consisted in the recognition of truth and following it, in a greater and greater attainment of truth, and a closer and closer following of it in the acts of life. There are no acts in this doctrine which could justify a man and make him saved. There is only the image of truth to guide him, for inward perfection in the person of Christ, and for out¡©ward perfection in the establishment of the kingdom of God. The fulfillment of this teaching consists only in walking in the chosen way, in getting nearer to inward per¡©fection in the imitation of Christ, and outward perfection in the establishment of the kingdom of God. The greater or less blessedness of a man depends, according to this doctrine, not on the degree of perfection to which he has attained, but on the greater or less swiftness with which he is pursuing it.

ÀÌ»ç¾ßÀÇ ¸»¾¸µé¿¡ µû¸£¸é, ¹ýÀ§¿¡ ¹ýÀÌ ³õ¿© ÀÖ´ø, À¯´ë±³ÀÇ º¹ÀâÇÑ Á¾±³ ÀÇ½Ä °¡¿îµ¥¼­, ±×¸®°í ¿Ïº®ÀÇ Á¤Á¡±îÁö ¹ßÀüµÈ ·Î¸¶ÀÇ ¹ýü°èÀÇ ÇѰ¡¿îµ¥¼­, »õ·Î¿î ±³¸®°¡ ³ªÅ¸³µÀ¸´Ï, ÀÌ ±³¸®´Â ¸ðµç ½Åµé, ±×¸®°í ±×°Íµé¿¡ ´ëÈù ¸ðµç µÎ·Á¿ò ¹× ¼þ¹è »Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, ½ÉÁö¾î Àΰ£À» À§ÇÑ ¸ðµç Àΰ£ÀÇ ¸ðµç Á¦µµµé°ú ¸ðµç ÇÊ¿äÇÑ °ÍµéÀ» ºÎÀÎÇÏ¿´´Ù. ¿¾ Á¾±³ÀÇ ¸ðµç ¸í·Éµé ´ë½Å¿¡, ÀÌ ±³¸®´Â ¿ÀÁ÷ ÀÏÁ¾ÀÇ ³»ÀûÀÎ ¿Ï¼º, Áø¸®, ±×¸®°í ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ È­½ÅÀÎ »ç¶ûÀ» ³»¼¼¿üÀ¸¸ç, ±×¸®°í-»ç¶÷µéÀÌ ´Þ¼ºÇÏ´Â ÀÌ ³»ÀûÀÎ ¿Ï¼ºÀÇ °á°ú·Î¼­-¶ÇÇÑ ¼±ÁöÀÚµéÀÌ ¿¹¾ðÇÑ ¿ÜÀûÀÎ ¿Ï¼º-Çϳª´ÔÀÇ ¿Õ±¹, Áï, ¸ðµç »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ÀüÀïÀ» ÀÏÀ¸Å°°Ô µÊÀ» ÁßÁöÇϰí, ¸ðµç »ç¶÷µéÀÌ Çϳª´Ô¿¡ ´ëÇØ ¹è¿ì°í »ç¶ûÀ¸·Î ¿¬ÇÕÇϰí, »çÀÚ°¡ ¾ç°ú ÇÔ²² ´¯°Ô µÇ´Â ¶§-À» ³»¼¼¿ü´Ù. Á¾±³µé°ú Á¤ºÎµéÀÇ ¸ðµç ¿¾³¯ ¹ýµéÀÌ ¶È°°ÀÌ ±×µéÀÇ ¸í·ÉµéÀÇ ºÒÀÌÇà¿¡ ´ëÇÏ¿© ±ÔÁ¤ÇسõÀº ó¹úÀÇ À§Çù ´ë½Å¿¡, ±×°ÍµéÀÇ ÀÌÇàÇÔ¿¡ ´ëÇØ º¸»óµéÀ» ¾à¼ÓÇÔµé ´ë½Å¿¡, ÀÌ ±³¸®´Â ¿ÀÁ÷ ±×°ÍÀÌ Áø¸®¿´±â ¶§¹®¿¡ »ç¶÷µéÀ» ±×°ÍÀ¸·Î ÃÊûÇß´Ù. ¿äÇѺ¹À½ 7Àå 17Àý : ¡°»ç¶÷ÀÌ Çϳª´ÔÀÇ ¶æÀ» ÇàÇÏ·Á Çϸé ÀÌ ±³ÈÆÀÌ Çϳª´Ô²²·Î¼­ ¿Ô´ÂÁö ³»°¡ ½º½º·Î ¸»ÇÔÀÎÁö ¾Ë¸®¶ó.¡± ¿äÇѺ¹À½ 8Àå 46Àý : ¡°³»°¡ Áø¸®¸¦ ¸»ÇϸоîÂîÇÏ¿© ³ª¸¦ ¹ÏÁö ¾Æ´ÏÇÏ´À³Ä. Áö±Ý Çϳª´Ô²² µéÀº Áø¸®¸¦ ³ÊÈñ¿¡°Ô ¸»ÇÑ »ç¶÷ÀÎ ³ª¸¦ Á×ÀÌ·Á Çϴµµ´Ù. Áø¸®¸¦ ¾ËÁö´Ï Áø¸®°¡ ³ÊÈñ¸¦ ÀÚÀ¯ÄÉ Çϸ®¶ó.Çϳª´ÔÀº ¿µÀÌ½Ã´Ï ¿¹¹èÇÏ´Â ÀÚ°¡ ½Å·É°ú ÁøÁ¤À¸·Î ¿¹¹èÇÒÁö´Ï¶ó. ³ªÀÇ ¸»À» Áö۶ó, ±×·¯¸é ³ªÀÇ ¸»ÀÌ Áø¸®ÀÎ ÁÙÀ» ¾Ë¸®¶ó.¡± À̱³¸®ÀÇ Áø¸®, ±³¸®¿Í Áø¸®ÀÇ ÀÏÄ¡ ¸»°í´Â ¾Æ¹«·± Áõ°Åµµ ¾ø¾ú´Ù. Àüü °¡¸£Ä§Àº Áø¸®ÀÇ Àνİú ±×°ÍÀ» µû¸§¿¡, Áø¸®ÀÇ Á¡Á¡ ´õ Å« ´Þ¼º¿¡, ±×¸®°í »îÀ» »ì¸é¼­ Á¡Á¡ ´õ °¡±îÀÌ ±×°ÍÀ» µû¸§¿¡ ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. ÀÌ ±³¸®¿¡´Â »ç¶÷À» Á¤´çÈ­ÇÏ°í ±×¸¦ ±¸¿øÇÏ¿´´Ù°í ÇÏ´Â ÇàÀ§µéÀº ¾ø¾ú´Ù. ¿ÀÁ÷ ±×¸¦ ÀεµÇÏ´Â Áø¸®ÀÇ ¸ð½À¸¸ ÀÖÀ» »ÓÀ̸ç, ±×°ÍÀº ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ È­½ÅÀ¸·Î¼­ ³»ÀûÀÎ ¿Ï¼º, Çϳª´ÔÀÇ ¿Õ±¹À» ¼¼¿ò¿¡ ÀÖ´Â ¿ÜÀûÀÎ ¿Ï¼ºÀ» À§ÇÑ °ÍÀ̾ú´Ù. ÀÌ °¡¸£Ä§À» ½ÇõÇÔÀº ¿ÀÁ÷ ¼±ÅÃµÈ ±æ·Î °É¾î°¨¿¡ ÀÖ´Ù, ±×°ÍÀº ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ º»À» µû¸¥ ³»ÀûÀÎ ¿Ï¼º°ú Çϳª´ÔÀÇ ¿Õ±¹À» ¼¼¿ò¿¡¼­ ¿ÜÀûÀÎ ¿Ï¼º¿¡ ´õ¿í °¡±î¿Í Áö´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. »ç¶÷ÀÇ ¸¹°Å³ª ÀûÀº Ãູ¹ÞÀ½Àº, ÀÌ ±³¸®¿¡ ÀÇÇϸé, ±×°¡ ´Þ¼ºÇÑ ¿Ï¼ºÀÇ Á¤µµ¿¡ ÀÖ´Â °ÍÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, ±×°¡ ±×°ÍÀ» Ãß±¸ÇÏ´Â Å©°Å³ª ÀÛÀº ºü¸§¿¡ ÀÖ´Ù.

The progress toward perfection of the publican Zaccheus, of the woman that was a sinner, of the robber on' the cross, is a greater state of blessedness, according to this doctrine, than the stationary righteous¡©ness of the Pharisee. The lost sheep is dearer than ninety-nine that were not lost. The prodigal son, the piece of money that was lost and found again, are dearer, more precious to God than those which have not been lost.

¼¼¸® »è°³¿À, ÁËÀÎÀÌ´ø ¿©ÀÎ, ½ÊÀÚ°¡ÀÇ °­µµ°¡ ¿Ï¼ºÀ» ÇâÇÑ ³ª¾Æ°¨Àº, ÀÌ ±³¸®¿¡ ÀÇÇϸé, ¹Ù¸®»õÀεéÀÇ Á¤ÁöµÇ¾î ÀÖ´Â ÀǷοòº¸´Ù ´õ Å« »óÅÂÀÇ Ãູ¹ÞÀ½À̾ú´Ù. ÀÒ¾î¹ö¸° ¾çÀÌ ÀÒ¾î¹ö¸®Áö ¾ÊÀº ¾ÆÈç ¾ÆÈ© ¸¶¸®º¸´Ù ´õ ¼ÒÁßÇÏ´Ù. ¹æÅÁÇÑ ¾Æµé, ÀÒ¾î ¹ö·È´Ù°¡ ´Ù½Ã ãÀº ÇÑǬÀÇ µ·µéÀÌ Çϳª´Ô ¾Õ¿¡¼­´Â ÀÒ¾î¹ö¸®Áö ¾Ê¾Ò´ø °Íµéº¸´Ù ´õ¿í ¼ÒÁßÇÏ¸ç ±ÍÁßÇÏ´Ù.

Every condition, according to this doctrine, is only a particular step in the attainment of inward and outward perfection, and therefore has no significance of itself. Blessedness consists in progress toward perfection; to stand still in any condition whatever means the cessation of this blessedness.

¸ðµç »óÅ´Â, ÀÌ ±³¸®¿¡ ÀÇÇϸé, ³»ÀûÀÎ ¹× ¿ÜÀûÀÎ ¿Ï¼ºÀÇ ´Þ¼º¿¡¼­ÀÇ Æ¯º°ÇÑ ´Ü°èÀÌ´Ù, ±×¸®°í ±×·¯¹Ç·Î ±× ÀÚü·Î¸¥ ¾Æ¹«·± Àǹ̰¡ ¾ø´Ù. Ãູ¹ÞÀ½Àº ¿Ï¼ºÀ» ÇâÇÏ¿© ³ª¾Æ°¨¿¡ ÀÖ´Ù; ¾î¶»µç ¾î¶² »óÅ¿¡ Á¤ÁöÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ Ãູ¹ÞÀ½ÀÇ Áß´ÜÀ» ÀǹÌÇÑ´Ù.

"Let not thy left hand know what thy right hand doeth." "No man having put his hand to the plow and looking back is fit for the kingdom of God." "Rejoice not that the spirits are subject to you, but seek rather that your names be written in heaven." "Be ye perfect, even as your Father in heaven is perfect." "Seek ye first the kingdom of heaven and its righteousness."

¡°³ÊÀÇ ¿À¸¥ ¼ÕÀÌ ÇÏ´Â ÀÏÀ» ¿Þ¼ÕÀÌ ¸ð¸£°Ô Ç϶ó.¡± ¡°¼ÕÀ» Àï±â¿¡ ´ë°í ÀÖÀ¸¸é¼­ µÚ¸¦ µ¹¾Æ´Ù º¸´Â »ç¶÷Àº Çϳª´ÔÀÇ ¿Õ±¹¿¡ ÀûÇÕÄ¡ ¾Æ´ÏÇÏ´Ù.¡± ¡°³ÊÈñ¿¡°Ô ±¸¼ÓµÇ¾î ÀÖ´Â ¿µÈ¥µé¿¡ ±â»µÇÏÁö ¸»°í, ³ÊÈñÀÇ À̸§ÀÌ Ãµ±¹¿¡ ±â·ÏµÇ°Ô Ç϶ó.¡± ¡°Çϴÿ¡ °è½Å ³ÊÈñ ¾Æ¹öÁö°¡ ¿ÏÀüÇÔ °°ÀÌ ³ÊÈñµµ ¿ÏÀüÇ϶ó.¡± ¡°¸ÕÀú õ±¹°ú ±× ÀǸ¦ ãÀ¸¶ó.¡±

The fulfillment of this precept is only to be found in uninterrupted progress toward the attainment of ever higher truth, toward establishing more and more firmly an ever greater love within oneself, and establishing more and more widely the kingdom of God outside oneself.

ÀÌ·± °¡¸£Ä§ÀÇ ¿Ï¼ºÀº ´õ¿í ³ôÀº Áø¸®¸¦ ¾òÀ½À» ÇâÇÑ Áß´Ü ¾ø´Â ÀüÁø¿¡¼­, ÀڽŠ¾È¿¡¼­ Á¡Á¡ °ß°íÇÏ°Ô ´õ¿í Å« »ç¶ûÀ» È®¸³Çϰí, ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ¹Ù±ù¿¡¼­ Á¡Á¡ ´õ ³Ð°Ô Çϳª´ÔÀÇ ¿Õ±¹À» ¼¼¿ò¿¡¼­ ¿ÀÁ÷ ãÀ» ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.

It is obvious that, appearing as it did in the midst of the Jewish and heathen world, such teaching could not be accepted by the majority of men, who were living a life absolutely different from what was required by it. It is obvious, too, that even for those by whom it was accepted, it was so absolutely opposed to all their old views that it could not be comprehensible in its full significance.

À¯´ëÀΰú À̱³µµÀÇ ¼¼»óÀÇ ÇÑ °¡¿îµ¥¼­ ³µÀ¸¹Ç·Î, ±×·¯ÇÑ °¡¸£Ä§Àº ´ëºÎºÐÀÇ »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô ¹Þ¾Æ µé¿©Áú ¼ö ¾ø¾úÀ¸´Ï ±×µéÀº ±×°Í¿¡°Ô ¿ä±¸µÇ´Â °Í°ú´Â Àý´ëÀûÀ¸·Î ´Ù¸¥ »îÀ» »ì°í ÀÖ¾ú±â ¶§¹®ÀÌ È®½ÇÇÏ´Ù. ¶ÇÇÑ, ½ÉÁö¾î ±×°ÍÀÌ ¹Þ¾Æ µé¿©Áø »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ôµµ, ±×°ÍÀº ±×µéÀÇ ¸ðµç ¿¾³¯ÀÇ ½Ã°¢°ú´Â Á¤¹Ý´ë¿´À¸¹Ç·Î ±×°ÍÀÇ ÁøÁ¤ÇÑ Àǹ̰¡ ÀÌÇØµÉ ¼ö ¾ø¾ú´Ù.

It has been only by a succession of misunderstandings, errors, partial explanations, and the corrections and additions of generations that the meaning of the Christian doctrine has grown continually more and more clear to men. The Christian view of life has exerted an influence on the Jewish and heathen, and the heathen and Jewish view of life has, too, exerted an influence on the Christian. And Christianity, as the living force, has gained more and more upon the extinct Judaism and heathenism, and has grown continually clearer and clearer, as it freed itself from the admixture of falsehood which had overlaid it. Men went further and further in the attainment of the meaning of Christianity, and realized it more and more in life.

±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ ±³¸®ÀÇ Àǹ̰¡ »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô Áö¼ÓÀûÀ¸·Î Á¡Á¡ ´õ ºÐ¸íÇØ Áø°ÍÀº ¿À·ÎÁö °è¼ÓµÇ´Â ¿ÀÇØµé, ¿À·ùµé, ÆíÆÄÀûÀÎ ¼³¸íµé, ±×¸®°í ¼¼´ë¸¦ °ÅÃļ­ ¼öÁ¤Çϰí ÷°¡ÇÑ ´öÅÃÀ̾ú´Ù. »î¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ±âµ¶±³ÀûÀÎ ½Ã°¢Àº À¯ÅÂÀεé°ú À̱³µµµé¿¡°Ô ¿µÇâÀ» ÁÖ¾úÀ¸¸ç, À̱³µµ¿Í À¯´ëÀÎÀÇ »î¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ½Ã°¢µµ ±âµ¶±³Àε鿡°Ô ¿µÇâÀ» ÁÖ¾ú´Ù. ±×¸®°í ±âµ¶±³´Â, »ì¾Æ°¡´Â ÈûÀ¸·Î½á, ¼èÅðÇÑ À¯´ë±³¿Í À̱³ À§¿¡ Á¡Á¡ ´õ ¼¼·ÂÀ» ¾ò¾úÀ¸¸ç, °è¼ÓÀûÀ¸·Î Àڶ󳪼­ Á¡Á¡ ´õ ºÐ¸íÇØÁ³´Ù, µ¿½Ã¿¡ ±âµ¶±³´Â ±× À§¿¡ °ãÃÄ ÀÖ´ø °ÅÁþ°úÀÇ µÚ¼¯ÀÓ¿¡¼­ ÀÚÀ¯·Î¿Í Á³´Ù. »ç¶÷µéÀº ´õ¿í ´õ ±íÀÌ ±âµ¶±³ÀÇ Àǹ̸¦ ¾òÀ½¿¡ ³ª¾Æ°¬´Ù, ±×¸®°í ±×°ÍÀ» »î¿¡¼­ Á¡Á¡ ´õ ¸¹ÀÌ ±ú´Þ¾Ò´Ù.

The longer mankind lived, the clearer and clearer became the meaning of Christianity, as must always be the case with every theory of life.

Àηù°¡ ¿À·¡ »ì¾Æ °¥ ¼ö·Ï, ±âµ¶±³ÀÇ Àǹ̴ Á¡Á¡ ´õ ºÐ¸íÇØÁ³À¸´Ï, ±×°ÍÀº ¸ðµç »îÀÇ ÀÌ·ÐÀÌ ¾ðÁ¦³ª ±×·¯ÇÔ°ú °°¾Ò´Ù.

Succeeding generations corrected the errors of their predecessors, and grew ever nearer and nearer to a com¡©prehension of the true meaning. It was thus from the very earliest times of Christianity. And so, too, from the earliest times of Christianity there were men who began to assert on their own authority that the meaning they at¡©tribute to the doctrine is the only true one, and as proof bring forward supernatural occurrences in support of the correctness of their interpretation.

ÈÄ ¼¼´ë´Â ±×µéÀÇ ¼±Á¶µéÀÇ ¿À·ù¸¦ ¼öÁ¤Çß´Ù, ±×¸®°í Á¡Á¡ ´õ ÁøÁ¤ÇÑ ÀǹÌÀÇ ±ú´ÞÀ½¿¡ °¡±î¿öÁ³´Ù. ±×°ÍÀº ±âµ¶±³ÀÇ °¡Àå ÃÊâ±â·ÎºÎÅÍ ±×·¯ÇÏ¿´´Ù. ±×¸®°í, ±×·±µ¥, ¶ÇÇÑ, ±âµ¶±³ÀÇ ÃÊâ±â·ÎºÎÅÍ ±×µéÀÇ ±ÇÀ§·Î¼­ ±×µéÀÌ ±³¸®¿¡ ºÎ¿©ÇÏ´Â Àǹ̰¡ À¯ÀÏÇÑ Áø¸®ÀÇ °ÍÀ̶ó°í ÁÖÀåÇϸç, ±×¸®°í ±× Áõ°Å·Î, ±×µéÀÇ ÇØ¼®ÀÇ Á¤È®ÇÔÀ» µÞ¹ÞħÇϱâ À§Çؼ­ ÃÊÀÚ¿¬ÀûÀÎ »ç°ÇµéÀ» Á¦½ÃÇϱ⠽ÃÀÛÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ÀÖ¾ú´Ù.

This was the principal cause at first of the misunder¡©standing of the doctrine, and afterward of the complete distortion of it.

À̰ÍÀÌ Ã³À½¿¡ ±³¸®ÀÇ ¿ÀÇØÇÔ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Áß¿äÇÑ ¿øÀÎÀ̾úÀ¸¸ç, ±×¸®°í µÚ¿¡°¡¼­ ±³¸®ÀÇ ¿ÏÀüÇÑ ¿Ö°îÀÇ ¿øÀÎÀ̾ú´Ù.

It was supposed that Christ's teaching was transmitted to men not like every other truth, but in a special miracu¡©lous way. Thus the truth of the teaching was not proved by its correspondence with the needs of the mind and the whole nature of man, but by the miraculous manner of its transmission, which was advanced as an irrefutable proof of the truth of the interpretation put on it. This hypothesis originated from misunderstanding of the teaching, and its result was to make it impossible to understand it rightly.

±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§Àº ´Ù¸¥ ¸ðµç Áø¸®µé°ú ´Þ¸®, ±×·¯³ª Ưº°ÇÑ ±âÀûÀÇ ¹æ¹ýÀ¸·Î »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô ÀüÇØÁ³´Ù°í »ó»óµÇ¾ú´Ù. ±×·¡¼­ °¡¸£Ä§ÀÇ Áø¸®´Â °¡¸£Ä§ÀÌ ¸¶À½ÀÇ ÇÊ¿ä ¹× »ç¶÷ÀÇ Àüü º»Áú°ú ÀÏÄ¡ÇÔÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, ±× ÀüÆÄÀÇ ±âÀû°°Àº ¹æ¹ý¿¡ ÀÇÇÏ¿© Áõ¸íµÇ¾úÀ¸¸ç, ±×°ÍÀÌ ¶ì°í ÀÖ´Â ÇØ¼®ÀÇ Áø½Ç¼º¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¹Ý¹ÚÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø´Â Áõ°Å·Î¼­ ¹ßÀüµÇ¾ú´Ù. ÀÌ °¡¼³Àº °¡¸£Ä§ÀÇ ¿ÀÇØ¿¡¼­ ºñ·ÔµÇ¾ú´Ù ±×¸®°í ±× °á°ú´Â Áø¸®¸¦ ¹Ù¸£°Ô ±ú´Ý´Â °ÍÀ» ºÒ°¡´ÉÇÏ°Ô ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ̾ú´Ù.

And this happened first in the earliest times, when the doctrine was still not so fully understood and often inter¡©preted wrongly, as we see by the Gospels and the Acts. The less the doctrine was understood, the more obscure it appeared and the more necessary were external proofs of its truth. The proposition that we ought not to do unto others as we would not they should do unto us, did not need to be proved by miracles and needed no exercise of faith, because this proposition is in itself convincing and in harmony with man's mind and nature; but the proposition that Christ was God had to be proved by miracles com¡©pletely beyond our comprehension.

±×¸®°í À̰ÍÀº ¸ÕÀú ÃÊâ±âºÎÅÍ ÀϾÀ¸¸ç, ±× ´ç½Ã ±³¸®´Â ¾ÆÁ÷µµ ±×·¸°Ô ¿ÏÀüÈ÷ ±ú´Þ¾Æ ÁöÁö ¾Ê¾ÒÀ¸¸ç, ¿ì¸®°¡ º¹À½¼­µé°ú »çµµÇàÀü¿¡¼­ º¸µíÀÌ, Á¾Á¾ À߸ø ÇØ¼®ÀÌ µÇ¾ú´Ù. ±³¸®°¡ Àû°Ô ±ú´Þ¾Æ Áú¼ö·Ï, ±×°ÍÀº ´õ¿í ¾Ö¸ÅÇÏ°Ô º¸¿´°í, ±× Áø¸®¿¡ ´ëÇØ¼­ ´õ ¸¹Àº ¿ÜÀûÀÎ Áõ°ÅµéÀÌ ÇÊ¿äÇÏ¿´´Ù. ŸÀεéÀÌ ¿ì¸®¿¡°Ô ÇàÇÔÀ» ¹Ù¶óÁö ¾Ê´Â °ÍÀº ¿ì¸®µµ ŸÀε鿡°Ô ÇàÇØ¼­´Â ¾ÈµÈ´Ù´Â ¸íÁ¦´Â, ±âÀûÀ¸·Î Áõ°ÅµÉ Çʿ䰡 ¾øÀ¸¸ç ½Å¾ÓÀ» Çà»çÇÒ Çʿ䰡 ¾ø¾ú´Ù, ¿Ö³ÄÇϸé ÀÌ ¸íÁ¦´Â ±× ÀÚü¿¡¼­ ³³µæÀÌ °¡¸ç »ç¶÷ÀÇ ¸¶À½°ú º»¼º°ú Á¶È­°¡ µÇ±â ¶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù; ±×·¯³ª ±×¸®½ºµµ´Â Çϳª´ÔÀÌ´Ù¶ó´Â ¸íÁ¦´Â ¿ÏÀüÈ÷ ¿ì¸®ÀÇ ÀÌÇØ¸¦ ¹þ¾î³­ ±âÀûµé·Î¼­ Áõ¸íµÇ¾î¾ß Çß´Ù.

The more the understanding of Christ's teaching was obscured, the more the miraculous was introduced into it; and the more the miraculous was introduced into it, the more the doctrine was strained from its meaning and the more obscure it became; and the more it was strained from its meaning and the more obscure it became, the more strongly its infallibility had to be asserted, and the less com¡©prehensible the doctrine became.

±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ±ú´ÞÀ½ÀÌ ¸ðÈ£ÇØÁö¸é Áú¼ö·Ï, ´õ ¸¹Àº ±âÀûµéÀÌ ±× ¾È¿¡ »ðÀÔÀÌ µÇ¾ú´Ù; ±×¸®°í ±× ¾È¿¡ ±âÀûÀÌ ´õ ¸¹ÀÌ »ðÀÔ µÇ¸é µÉ¼ö·Ï, ±³¸®´Â ±× Àǹ̷κÎÅÍ ´õ¿í ºÎÀÚ¿¬½º·¯¿öÁ³À¸¸ç ¸ðÈ£ÇØÁ³´Ù; ±×¸®°í ±× Àǹ̷κÎÅÍ ºÎÀÚ¿¬½º·¯¿ö Áö¸é Áú¼ö·Ï ±×¸®°í ±×°ÍÀÌ ¸ðÈ£ÇØÁö¸é Áú¼ö·Ï, ´õ °­ÇÏ°Ô ¹«°á¼ºÀÌ ÁÖÀåµÇ¾î¾ß ÇßÀ¸¸ç, ±³¸®´Â ´õ ÀÌÇØÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø°Ô µÇ¾î¹ö·È´Ù.

One can see by the Gospels, the Acts, and the Epistles how from the earliest times the non-comprehension of the doctrine called forth the need for proofs through the miracu¡©lous and incomprehensible.

¿ì¸®´Â º¹À½¼­, »çµµÇàÀü, ±×¸®°í ¼­Çѵé·ÎºÎÅÍ, ¾î¶»°Ô Ãʱ⿡ ±³¸®¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¹«ÁöÇÔÀÌ ±âÀûµé°ú ºÒ°¡ÇØÇÔÀ» ÅëÇÑ Áõ°Åµé¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Çʿ並 ºÒ·¯ ÀÏÀ¸Ä×´ÂÁö ¾Ë ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.

The first example in the book of Acts is the assembly which gathered together in Jerusalem to decide the ques¡©tion which had arisen, whether to baptize or not the uncircumcised and those who had eaten of food sacrificed to idols.

»çµµÇàÀüÀÇ Ã¹¹øÂ° ¿¹´Â Çҷʸ¦ ¹ÞÁö ¾ÊÀº »ç¶÷°ú ¿ì»ó¿¡°Ô ¹ÞÃÄÁø À½½ÄÀ» ¸ÔÀº »ç¶÷À» ¼¼·ÊÇØ¾ß ÇÒÁö ¾Æ´ÑÁö¿¡ ´ëÇÏ¿© ÀϾ Áú¹®À» ÇØ°áÇϰíÀÚ ¿¹·ç»ì·½¿¡ ÇÔ²² ¸ðÀÎ ÁýȸÀÌ´Ù.

The very fact of this question being raised showed that those who discussed it did not understand the teaching of Christ, who rejected all outward observances-ablutions, purifications, fasts, and Sabbaths. It was plainly said, "Not that which goeth into a man's mouth, but that which cometh out of a man's mouth, defileth him," and therefore the question of baptizing the uncircumcised could only have arisen among men who, though they loved their Master and dimly felt the grandeur of his teaching, still did not understand the teaching itself very clearly. And this was the fact.

ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ¹®Á¦°¡ Á¦±âµÇ¾ú´Ù´Â ¹Ù·Î ±× »ç½ÇÀº ±×°ÍÀ» Åä·ÐÇÑ »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ¸ðµç ¿ÜÀûÀÎ ÀǽÄ-¼¼Á¤½Ä, ûÁ¤½Ä, ´Ü½Ä ±×¸®°í ¾È½ÄÀÏ µî-À» ºÎÀÎÇÑ ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§À» ±ú´ÝÁö ¸øÇÏ¿´À½À» º¸¿©ÁÖ¾ú´Ù. ±×°ÍÀº ºÐ¸íÇÏ°Ô ¸»¾¸µÇ¾úÀ¸´Ï, ¡°»ç¶÷ÀÇ ÀÔÀ¸·Î µé¾î°¡´Â °ÍÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó »ç¶÷ÀÇ ÀÔ¿¡¼­ ³ª¿À´Â °ÍÀÌ »ç¶÷À» ´õ·´°Ô ÇÏ´À´Ï¶ó,¡± ±×¸®°í ±×·¯¹Ç·Î ÇÒ·Ê ¹ÞÁö ¾ÊÀº »ç¶÷À» ¼¼·ÊÇÏ´Â ¹®Á¦´Â ¿ÀÁ÷, ºñ·Ï ±×µéÀÌ ±×µéÀÇ ÁÖ´ÔÀ» »ç¶ûÇÏ¿´À¸¸ç ±×ÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§ÀÇ À§´ëÇÔÀ» Èñ¹ÌÇÏ°Ô ´À²¼Áö¸¸, ¿©ÀüÈ÷ ±× °¡¸£Ä§ ÀÚü¸¦ ±ú´ÝÁö ¸øÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷µé »çÀÌ¿¡¼­ Á¦±âµÉ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ±×¸®°í À̰ÍÀÌ ±× »ç½ÇÀÌ´Ù.

Just in proportion to the failure of the members of the assembly to understand the doctrine was their need of external confirmation of their incomplete interpretation of it. And then to settle this question, the very asking of which proved their misunderstanding of the doctrine, there was uttered in this assembly, as is described in the Acts, that strange phrase, which was for the first time found necessary to give external confirmation to certain asser¡©tions, and which has been productive of so much evil.

±× ¸ðÀÓÀÇ ±¸¼º¿øµéÀÌ ±³¸®¸¦ ±ú´Ý´Âµ¥ ½ÇÆÐÇÔ¿¡ Á¤È®È÷ ºñ·ÊÇÏ¿© ±×µéÀÇ ±³¸®¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ºÒ¿ÏÀüÇÑ ±ú´ÞÀ½¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¿ÜÀûÀÎ È®ÁõÀÇ Çʿ䰡 ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. ±×¸®°í³ª¼­ ÀÌ ¹®Á¦¸¦, Áï, ±×µéÀÇ ±³¸®¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¿ÀÇØ¸¦ Áõ°ÅÇÏ´Â ¹Ù·Î ±× Áú¹®À» ó¸®Çϱâ À§ÇÏ¿©, ÀÌ Áýȸ¿¡ ¼­, »çµµÇàÀü¿¡ ¹¦»çµÈ °Íó·³, ±× ÀÌ»óÇÑ ±ÍÀýÀÌ ¾ð±ÞµÇ¾úÀ¸¸ç, ±×°ÍÀº ƯÁ¤ÇÑ ÁÖÀåµé¿¡ ´ëÇØ ¿ÜÀûÀÎ È®ÁõÀ» ÁÖ±â À§ÇØ ÇÊ¿äÇÏ´Ù°í óÀ½À¸·Î ¾Ë·ÁÁ³°í, ±×¸®°í ±×°ÍÀº ±×¿¡ »óÀÀÇÏ´Â ¸¹Àº ¾ÇÀ» »ý»êÇØ ³»¾ú´Ù.

That is, it was asserted that the correctness of what they had decided was guaranteed by the miraculous partici¡©pation of the Holy Ghost, that is, of God, in their decision. But the assertion that the Holy Ghost, that is, God, spoke through the Apostles, in its turn wanted proof. And thus it was necessary, to confirm this, that the Holy Ghost should descend at Pentecost in tongues of fire upon those who made this assertion. (In the account of it, the de¡©scent of the Holy Ghost precedes the assembly, but the book of Acts was written much later than both events.) But the descent of the Holy Ghost too had to be proved for those who had not seen the tongues of fire (though it is not easy to understand why a tongue of fire burning above a man's head should prove that what that man is going to say will be infallibly the truth). And so arose the neces¡©sity for still more miracles and changes, raisings of the dead to life, and strikings of the living dead, and all those marvels which have been a stumbling-block to men, of which the Acts is full, and which, far from ever convincing one of the truth of the Christian doctrine, can only repel men from it. The result of such a means of confirming the truth was that the more these confirmations of truth by tales of miracles were heaped up one after another, the more the doctrine was distorted from its original meaning, and the more incomprehensible it became.

´Ù½Ã ¸»Çϸé, ±×µéÀÌ °áÁ¤³»¸° °ÍÀÇ Á¤È®ÇÔÀº ±×µéÀÇ °áÁ¤¿¡ ¼º·ÉÀÇ, Áï Çϳª´ÔÀÇ, ±âÀûÀûÀÎ Âü¿©·Î¼­ º¸ÁõµÇ¾ú´Ù°í ÁÖÀåµÇ¾ú´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ¼º·É, Áï, Çϳª´ÔÀÌ »çµµµéÀ» ÅëÇÏ¿© ¸»¾¸ÇÏ¿´´Ù´Â ÁÖÀåÀº, ±× ÀÚü°¡ Áõ°Å¸¦ ÇÊ¿ä·Î ÇÏ¿´´Ù. ±×·¡¼­, À̰ÍÀ» µÞ¹ÞħÇϱâ À§ÇÏ¿©, ¼º·ÉÀÌ ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ÁÖÀåÀ» ÇÑ »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô ¿À¼øÀý³¯ ºÒÀÇ Çô·Î¼­ °­¸²ÇØ¾ß ÇÔÀÌ ÇÊ¿äÇÏ¿´´Ù. (±×°ÍÀÇ ¼³¸í¿¡´Â, ¼º·ÉÀÇ °­¸²ÀÌ ±× Áýȸ¿¡ ¾Õ¼¹À¸³ª, »çµµÇàÀüÀº µÎ°¡Áö »ç°Çº¸´Ù ÈξÀµÚ¿¡¾ß ±â·ÏµÇ¾ú´Ù.) ±×·¯³ª ¼º·ÉÀÇ °­¸² ¿ª½Ã ºÒÀÇ Çô¸¦ º¸Áö ¾ÊÀº »ç¶÷µéÀ» À§Çؼ­ Áõ¸íµÇ¾î¾ß Çß´Ù (ºñ·Ï ¿Ö »ç¶÷ ¸Ó¸®À§¿¡ Ÿ°í ÀÖ´Â ºÒÀÇ Çô°¡, ±× »ç¶÷ÀÌ ¸»ÇϰíÀÚ ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ Æ²¸²¾øÀÌ Áø¸®ÀÓÀ» Áõ°ÅÇÏ´ÂÁö ÀÌÇØÇϱ⠽±Áö ¾ÊÁö¸¸). ±×¸®°í ±×·¸°Ô ÇØ¼­ ¿©ÀüÈ÷ ´õ ¸¹Àº ±âÀûµé°ú º¯È­µé¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Çʿ䰡 »ý°Ü³µ´Ù, Áï, Á×Àº ÀÚ¸¦ »ý¸íÀ¸·Î ÀÏÀ¸Å°¸ç, »êÀÚ°¡ °©ÀÚ±â Á×°ÔÇϸç, ±×¸®°í »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô ½Å¾ÓÀÇ Àå¾Ö¹°ÀÌ´ø ¸ðµç ±âÀûµéÀÌ ±×°ÍµéÀÌ´Ù, ±×¸®°í ±×°ÍµéÀº ´ëÇÏ¿© »çµµÇàÀü¿¡ °¡µæÈ÷ ±â·ÏµÇ¾î ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ±×°ÍµéÀº »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô ±âµ¶±³ ±³¸®ÀÇ Áø¸®¸¦ ±ú´Ý°Ô Çϱâ´Â Ä¿³ç, ¿ÀÁ÷ ±×µéÀ» Áö¸®·ÎºÎÅÍ ÂѾƹö¸± ¼ö ÀÖ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ±×·¯ÇÑ ¹æ¹ýÀ¸·Î Áø¸®¸¦ ÀÔÁõÇÑ °á°ú´Â ÀÌ·¸°Ô ±âÀûÀÇ À̾߱âµé¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ Áø¸®ÀÇ Áõ°Å¸¦ ÇϳªµÑ¾¿ ½×¾Æ °¡¸é °¥ ¼ö·Ï, ±³¸®´Â ±× º»·¡ÀÇ Àǹ̿¡¼­ ´õ¿í ¿Ö°îµÇ¾úÀ¸¸ç, ±×°ÍÀº ´õ¿í ´õ ÀÌÇØÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø°Ô µÇ¾ú´Ù.

Thus it was from the earliest times, and so it went on, constantly increasing, till it reached in our day the logical climax of the dogmas of transubstantiation and the in¡©fallibility of the Pope, or of the bishops, or of Scripture, and of requiring a blind faith rendered incomprehensible and utterly meaningless, not in God, but in Christ, not in a doctrine, but in a person, as in Catholicism, or in persons, as in Greek Orthodoxy, or in a book, as in Protestantism. The more widely Christianity was diffused, and the greater the number of people unprepared for it who were brought under its sway, the less it was understood, the more abso¡©lutely was its infallibility insisted on, and the less possible it became to understand the true meaning of the doctrine. In the times of Constantine the whole interpretation of the doctrine had been already reduced to a resume-sup¡©ported by the temporal authority-of the disputes that had taken place in the Council-to a creed which reckoned off -I believe in so and so, and so and so, and so and so to the end-to one holy, Apostolic Church, which means the infallibility of those persons who call themselves the Church. So that it all amounts to a man no longer believ¡©ing in God nor Christ, as they are revealed to him, but believing in what the Church orders him to believe in.

ÃÊâ±âºÎÅÍ ±×·¸°Ô µÇ¾î¿Ô´Ù, ±×¸®°í ±×°ÍÀº ±×·¸°Ô ³ª¾Æ°¬À¸¸ç, ²÷ÀÓ¾øÀÌ Áõ°¡µÇ¾î¼­, ¸¶Ä§³» ±×°ÍÀº ¿ì¸®ÀÇ ½Ã´ë¿¡ ¼ºº¯È­(á¡Ü¨ûù)ÀÇ ±³¸®¿Í, ±³È² ¶Ç´Â ÁÖ±³µé ¶Ç´Â ¼º¼­ÀÇ ¹«·ù¼º°ú, ÀÌÇØÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø´Â ±×¸®°í ³Ê¹«³ª ÀÇ¹Ì ¾ø´Â ¸Í¸ñÀû ½Å¾Ó-±×¸®½ºµµ°¡ ¾Æ´Ñ Çϳª³ª´Ô¿¡ ´ëÇÑ, ±³¸®°¡ ¾Æ´Ñ »ç¶÷¿¡ ´ëÇÑ, ¿¹¸¦ µé¸é, Ä«Å縯¿¡¼­, ±×¸®½º Á¤±³È¸¿¡¼­, ¶Ç´Â Ã¥¿¡ ´ëÇÑ, ¿¹¸¦ µé¸é, ½Å±³±³È¸¿¡¼­-À» ¿ä±¸ÇÔÀ¸·Î¼­ ±× ³í¸®Àû ÀýÁ¤¿¡ µµ´ÞÇß´Ù. ±âµ¶±³°¡ ¸Ö¸® ÀüÆÄµÇ¸é µÉ¼ö·Ï, ±×¸®°í ±×¿¡ ´ëºñÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀºÃ¤ ±× ¿µÇâ±Ç¿¡ ²ø·Á¿Â »ç¶÷µéÀÇ ¼ýÀÚ°¡ ¸¹À¸¸é ¸¹À» ¼ö·Ï, ±×°ÍÀº ´ú ÀÌÇØµÇ¾ú°í, ´õ¿í Àý´ëÀûÀ¸·Î ±× ¹«·ù¼ºÀÌ ÁÖÀåµÇ¾úÀ¸¸ç, ±³¸®ÀÇ Áø½ÇµÈ Àǹ̸¦ ´õ ÀÌÇØÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø°Ô µÇ¾ú´Ù. ÄܽºÅºÆ¼´©½º ½Ã´ë¿¡ ±³¸®ÀÇ Àüü ÇØ¼®Àº ÀÌ¹Ì ÆòÀÇȸ¿¡¼­ ÀϾ´ø ³íÀïÀÇ °³¿ä-¼Ó¼¼ÀÇ ±Ç·Â¿¡ ÀÇÇØ ÁöÁö¹Þ´Â-·Î, °è»êÀÌ ³¡³ª¹ö¸° ¿ø¸®-³ª´Â ³¡±îÁö ±×·± ±×·± ±×·± ±×·± ±×·± ±×·± °ÍÀ» ¹Ï´Â´Ù-·Î, ÇϳªÀÇ ¼º½º·¯¿î »çµµµéÀÇ ±³È¸-±×°ÍÀº ÀڽŵéÀ» ±³È¸·Î ÀÏÄ´ ±× »ç¶÷µéÀÇ ¹«·ù¼ºÀ» ÀǹÌÇÑ´Ù-·Î Ãà¼ÒµÇ¾î ¹ö·È´Ù. °á±¹ ±× ¸ðµç °ÍÀº »ç¶÷ÀÌ ´õ ÀÌ»ó ±×µé¿¡°Ô ³ªÅ¸³ª½Å´ë·ÎÀÇ Çϳª´ÔÀ̳ª ±×¸®½ºµµ¸¦ ¹ÏÁö ¾ÊÀ¸¸ç ±³È¸°¡ ±×µé¿¡°Ô ¹ÏÀ¸¶ó°í ¸í·ÉÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ» ¹Ï´Â ²ÃÀÌ µÇ¾ú´Ù.

But the Church is holy; the Church was founded by Christ. God could not leave men to interpret his teaching at random-therefore he founded the Church. All those statements are so utterly untrue and unfounded that one is ashamed to refute them. Nowhere nor in anything, except in the assertion of the Church, can we find that God or Christ founded anything like what Churchmen understand by the Church. In the Gospels there is a warning against the Church, as it is an external authority, a warning most clear and obvious in the passage where it is said that Christ's followers should "call no man master." But nowhere is anything said of the foundation of what Churchmen call the Church.

±×·¯³ª ±³È¸´Â ¼º½º·´´Ù; ±³È¸´Â ±×¸®½ºµµ¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­ ±âÃʵǾú´Ù. Çϳª´ÔÀº »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ±×ÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§À» ÀÓÀÇ´ë·Î ÇØ¼®Çϵµ·Ï ³õ¾Æ µÑ ¼ö ¾ø¾ú´Ù-±×·¯¹Ç·Î ±×°¡ ±³È¸¸¦ ¼¼¿ü´Ù. ±× ¸ðµç ÁÖÀåµéÀº ³Ê¹«³ª Å͹«´Ï ¾ø´Â °ÅÁþÀÌÀÌ¸ç ±Ù°Å°¡ ¾ø¾î¼­ ¿ì¸®´Â ±×°ÍµéÀ» ¹Ý¹ÚÇϱⰡ ºÎ²ô·¯¿ï Áö°æÀÌ´Ù. ¾îµð¿¡¼­°í ¾î´À °Í¿¡¼­°í, ±³È¸ÀÇ ÁÖÀå¿¡¼­ ¸»°í´Â, ¿ì¸®´Â Çϳª´ÔÀ̳ª ±×¸®½ºµµ°¡ ¼ºÁ÷ÀÚµéÀÌ ±³È¸¸¦ ÀÌÇØÇÏ´Â °Í °°Àº ¾î¶² °ÍÀ» ±âÃÊÇϽаÍÀ» ãÀ» ¼ö ¾ø´Ù. º¹À½¼­¿¡´Â ±³È¸¿¡ ´ëÇÑ °æ°í°¡ ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ±³È¸´Â ¿ÜÀûÀÎ ±Ç·ÂÀ̱⠶§¹®¿¡, ±×¸®½ºµµ¸¦ µû¸£´Â »ç¶÷µéÀº ¡°¾Æ¹«µµ ¼±»ýÀ̶ó°í ºÒ·¯¼­´Â ¾ÈµÈ´Ù.¡±¶ó°í ¸»¾¸ÇÑ ±ÍÀý¿¡¼­ °¡Àå ¸í¹éÇÏ°í ºÐ¸íÇÑ °æ°í°¡ ÀÖ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ¾î´À °÷¿¡µµ ¼ºÁ÷ÀÚµéÀÌ ±³È¸¶ó°í ºÎ¸£´Â ±âÃÊ¿¡ ´ëÇÏ¿© ¸»¾¸µÇ¾îÁø ¾î¶² °ÍÀÌ ¾ø´Ù.

The word church is used twice in the Gospels-once in the sense of an assembly of men to decide a dispute, the other time in connection with the obscure utterance about a stone-Peter, and the gates of hell. From these two passages in which the word church is used, in the significa¡©tion merely of an assembly, has been deduced all that we now understand by the Church.

º¹À½¼­¿¡¼­ ±³È¸¶ó´Â ´Ü¾î´Â µÎ¹ø »ç¿ëµÇ¾ú´Ù-ÇѹøÀº ºÐÀïÀ» ½ÉÆÇÇϱâ À§ÇÑ »ç¶÷µéÀÇ ¸ðÀÓÀ̶ó´Â Àǹ̷Î, ´Ù¸¥ ÇѹøÀº µ¹-º£µå·Î, ±×¸®°í Áö¿ÁÀÇ ¹®-¿¡ °üÇÑ ¸ðÈ£ÇÑ ¾ð±Þ°ú °ü·ÃÇØ¼­ÀÌ´Ù. ±³È¸¶ó´Â ´Ü¾î°¡ »ç¿ëµÈ ÀÌ µÎ°¡Áö ±ÍÀý µé·ÎºÎÅÍ, ´Ü¼øÈ÷ ¸ðÀÓÀ̶ó´Â ¶æ¿¡¼­, ¿ì¸®°¡ Áö±Ý ±³È¸¶ó°í ÀÌÇØÇϰí ÀÖ´Â ¸ðµç °ÍµéÀÌ ÃßÁ¤µÇ¾ú´Ù.

But Christ could not have founded the Church, that is, what we now understand by that word. For nothing like the idea of the Church as we know it now, with its sacra¡©ments, miracles, and above all its claim to infallibility, is to be found either in Christ's words or in the ideas of the men of that time.

±×·¯³ª ±×¸®½ºµµ´Â ±³È¸¸¦, ´Ù½Ã ¸»Çϸé, Áö±Ý ¿ì¸®°¡ ±× ´Ü¾î·Î¼­ ÀÌÇØÇϰí ÀÖ´Â °ÍÀ» ±âÃÊÇßÀ» ¼ö°¡ ¾ø´Ù. ¿Ö³ÄÇÏ¸é ¿ì¸®°¡ Áö±Ý ¾Ë°í ÀÖ´Â ±³È¸ÀÇ °³³ä-¼º·Ê½Ä, ±âÀûµé, ±×¸®°í ¹«¾ùº¸´Ùµµ ±³È¸ÀÇ ¹«·ù¼º¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÁÖÀå-°ú °°Àº ¾î´À °Íµµ ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ ¸»¾¸µéÀ̳ª ±× ½Ã´ëÀÇ »ç¶÷µéÀÇ »ý°¢ ¼Ó¿¡¼­ ãÀ» ¼ö ¾ø±â ¶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù.

The fact that men called what was formed afterward by the same word as Christ used for something totally different, does not give them the right to assert that Christ founded the one, true Church.

±×¸®½ºµµ°¡ ¿ÏÀüÈ÷ ´Ù¸¥ ¾î¶² ¸ñÀûÀ¸·Î »ç¿ëÇÑ °Í°ú ¶È°°Àº ´Ü¾î·Î¼­ µÚ¿¡ ¸¸µé¾îÁø °ÍÀ» »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ºÒ·¶´Ù´Â »ç½ÇÀÌ, ±×¸®½ºµµ°¡ ´Ü ÇϳªÀÇ ÁøÁ¤ÇÑ ±³È¸¸¦ ±âÃÊÇÏ¿´´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ÁÖÀåÇÒ ±Ç¸®¸¦ ±×µé¿¡°Ô ÁÖÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù.

Besides, if Christ had really founded such an institution as the Church for the foundation of all his teaching and the whole faith, he would certainly have described this institu¡©tion clearly and definitely, and would have given the only true Church, besides tales of miracles, which are used to support every kind of superstition, some tokens so unmis¡©takable that no doubt of its genuineness could ever have arisen. But nothing of the sort was done by him. And there have been and still are different institutions, each calling itself the true Church.

°Ô´Ù°¡, ¸¸ÀÏ ±×¸®½ºµµ°¡ Á¤¸»·Î ±×ÀÇ ¸ðµç °¡¸£Ä§°ú Àüü ½Å¾ÓÀÇ Åä´ë¸¦ À§ÇÑ ±³È¸°°Àº ±×·± ±â°üÀ» ±âÃÊÇÏ¿´´Ù¸é, ±×´Â ºÐ¸íÈ÷ ÀÌ ±â°üÀ» ºÐ¸íÈ÷ ±×¸®°í Á¤È®ÇÏ°Ô ¹¦»çÇÏ¿´µé °ÍÀÌ´Ù, ±×¸®°í ±× À¯ÀÏÇÑ Áø¸®ÀÇ ±³È¸¿¡°Ô, ¸ðµç Á¾·ùÀÇ ¹Ì½ÅÀ» ¹Þµå´Âµ¥ »ç¿ëµÇ´Â ±âÀûÀÇ À̾߱âµé »Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, ÀüÇô ¿ÀÇØÀÇ ¼ÒÁö°¡ ¾ø´Â ¾à°£ÀÇ ÁõÇ¥¸¦ Á־ ±× ÁøºÎ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÀǽÉÀÌ Àý´ë·Î ÀϾ ¼ö ¾øµµ·Ï ÇÏ¿´À» °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ±×·¯ÇÑ Á¾·ùÀÇ ÀÏÀº ±×¿¡ ÀÇÇØ ÇàÇØÁöÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù. ±×¸®°í °¢ÀÚ°¡ ÀڽŵéÀ» Áø¸®ÀÇ ±³È¸¶ó°í ºÎ¸£´Â »óÀÌÇÑ ±â°üµéÀÌ ÀÖ¾úÀ¸¸ç ¾ÆÁ÷µµ ÀÖ´Ù.

The Catholic catechism says: "L'Eglise est la society des fideles etablie par notre Seigneur Jesus Christ, repandue sur toute la terre et soumise a l'authorite des pasteurs legitimes, principalement notre Saint Pere le Pape," under¡©standing by the words "pasteurs legitimes" an association of men having the Pope at its head, and consisting of certain individuals bound together by a certain organization.

Ä«Å縯ÀÇ ±³¸® ¹®´äÀº ¸»ÇÑ´Ù: ¡°L¡¯Eglise est la society des fideles etablie par notre Seigneur Jesus Christ, repandue sur toute la terre et soumise a l'authorite des pasteurs legitimes, principalement notre Saint Pere le Pape." "pasteurs legitimes¡±¶ó´Â ¸»À» ÀÌÇØÇÏÀÚ¸é, ±³È²À» ±× ¼ö¹ÝÀ¸·ÎÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷µéÀÇ ¸ðÀÓÀ̸ç, ¾î¶² ±â±¸¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­ ÇÔ²² ±¸¼ÓµÇ´Â ƯÁ¤ÇÑ °³Àεé·Î ±¸¼ºµÇ¾î ÀÖ´Ù.

The Greek Orthodox catechism says: "The Church is a society founded upon earth by Jesus Christ, which is united into one whole, by one divine doctrine and by sacra¡©ments, under the rule and guidance of a priesthood appointed by God," meaning by the "priesthood appointed by God" the Greek Orthodox priesthood, consisting of certain indi¡©viduals who happen to be in such or such positions.

±×¸®½º Á¤±³È¸ÀÇ ±³¸® ¹®´äÀº ¸»ÇÑ´Ù: ±³È¸´Â ¿¹¼ö ±×¸®½ºµµ¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­ ¶¥À§¿¡ ¼¼¿öÁø »çȸÀÌ´Ù, ÀÌ´Â Çϳª´Ô¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­ ÀÓ¸íµÈ »çÁ¦´ÜÀÇ ¸í·É°ú Áöµµ ¾Æ·¡¼­, ÇϳªÀÇ ½Å¼ºÇÑ ±³¸®¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­±×¸®°í ¼º·Êµé¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­, ÇϳªÀÇ Àüü·Î ¿¬ÇյȴÙ.¡± ¡°Çϳª´Ô¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­ ÀÓ¸íµÈ »çÁ¦´Ü¡± Àº ±×¸®½º Á¤±³È¸ÀÇ »çÁ¦´ÜÀ» ÀǹÌÇϸç, ±×·¸°í ±×·± ÁöÀ§¿¡ Àִ ƯÁ¤ÇÑ °³Àεé·Î ±¸¼ºµÇ¾î ÀÖ´Ù.

The Lutheran catechism says: "The Church is holy Christianity, or the collection of all believers under Christ, their head, to whom the Holy Ghost through the Gospels and sacraments promises, communicates, and administers heavenly salvation," meaning that the Catholic Church is lost in error, and that the true means of salvation is in Lutheranism.

·çÅÍ ±³È¸ÀÇ ±³¸® ¹®´äÀº ¸»ÇÑ´Ù: ¡°±³È¸´Â ¼º½º·¯¿î ±âµ¶±³ ¶Ç´Â ±×µéÀÇ ¸Ó¸®À̽б׏®½ºµµ ¾Æ·¡ ÀÖ´Â ¸ðµç ½ÅÀÚµéÀÇ ¸ðÀÓÀ̸ç, ±×µé¿¡°Ô ¼º·É²²¼­ º¹À½¼­¿Í ¼º·ÊµéÀ» ÅëÇÏ¿© õ±¹ÀÇ ±¸¿øÀ» ¾à¼ÓÇϽøç, ±³ÅëÇϽðí ÁÖ°üÇϽŴÙ.¡± ÀÌ´Â Ä«Å縯 ±³È¸´Â ¿À·ù¿¡ ºüÁ® ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ±¸¿øÀÇ ÁøÁ¤ÇÑ ¹æ¹ýµéÀº ·çÅÍ ±³È¸¿¡ ÀÖ´Ù´Â ¶æÀÌ´Ù.

For Catholics the Church of God coincides with the Roman priesthood and the Pope. For the Greek Orthodox believer the Church of God coincides with The Establishment and priesthood of Russia.

Ä«Å縯 ½ÅÀڵ鿡°Ô Çϳª´ÔÀÇ ±³È¸´Â ·Î¸¶ÀÇ »çÁ¦´Ü°ú ±³È²°ú ÀÏÄ¡ÇÑ´Ù. ±×¸®½º Á¤±³È¸ÀÇ ½ÅÀÚ¿¡°Ô´Â Çϳª´ÔÀÇ ±³È¸´Â ·¯½Ã¾Æ ±¹±³ ¹× »çÁ¦´Ü°ú ÀÏÄ¡ ÇÑ´Ù.

For Lutherans the Church of God coincides with a body of men who recognize the authority of the Bible and Luther's catechism.

·çÅͱ³ ½ÅÀڵ鿡°Ô Çϳª´ÔÀÇ ±³È¸´Â ¼º¼­¿Í ·çÅÍÀÇ ±³¸® ¹®´äÀÇ ±Ç´ÉÀ» ÀÎÁ¤ÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷µéÀÇ ¸ðÀÓ°ú ÀÏÄ¡ÇÑ´Ù.

Ordinarily, when speaking of the rise of Christianity, men belonging to one of the existing churches use the word church in the singular, as though there were and had been only one church. But this is absolutely incorrect. The Church, as an institution which asserted that it pos¡©sessed infallible truth, did not make its appearance singly; there were at least two churches directly this claim was made.

º¸Åë, ±âµ¶±³ÀÇ ÀϾÀ» À̾߱âÇÒ ¶§, ±âÁ¸ ±³È¸µé ÁßÀÇ Çϳª¿¡ ¼ÓÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷µéÀº, ¸¶Ä¡ ¿ÀÁ÷ ÇϳªÀÇ ±³È¸°¡ ÀÖÀ¸¸ç ÀÖ¾ú´ø °Íó·³, ±³È¸¶ó´Â ´Ü¾î¸¦ ´Ü¼ö·Î »ç¿ëÇÑ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª À̰ÍÀº Àý´ëÀûÀ¸·Î Á¤È®ÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Ù. Àý´ëÀûÀÎ Áø¸®¸¦ ¼ÒÀ¯ÇÑ´Ù°í ÁÖÀåÇÏ´Â ±â±¸·Î¼­ÀÇ ±³È¸´Â ´Ü Çϳª·Î ÃâÇöÇÏÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù; Àû¾îµµ Á÷Á¢ÀûÀ¸·Î ÀÌ ÁÖÀåÀÌ ¸¸µé¾îÁø µÎ°³ÀÇ ±³È¸µéÀÌ ÀÖ¾ú´Ù.

While believers were agreed among themselves and the body was one, it had no need to declare itself as a church. It was only when believers were split up into opposing parties, renouncing one another, that it seemed necessary to each party to confirm their own truth by ascribing to themselves infallibility. The conception of one church only arose when there were two sides divided and disputing, who each called the other side heresy, and recognized their own side only as the infallible church.

½ÅÀÚµéÀÌ ½º½º·Îµé »çÀÌ¿¡¼­ È­ÇÕµÇ¸ç ¸ðÀÓÀÌ Çϳª¶ó¸é, ½º½º·Î¸¦ ±³È¸¶ó°í ¼±¾ðÇÒ Çʿ䰡 ¾ø´Ù. ½ÅÀÚµéÀÌ ¹Ý´ë ÆÄ¹ú·Î ³ª´©¾î Á®¼­, ¼­·Î¸¦ ºÎÀÎÇÒ ¶§¾ß ºñ·Î¼Ò, °¢ ÆÄ¹úÀÌ ÀÚ½Åµé ¸¸ÀÌ ¿À·ù°¡ ¾ø´Ù°í ÁÖÀåÇÔÀ¸·Î½á ±×µé ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ Áø¸®¸¦ ÀÔÁõÇÒ Çʿ䰡 ÀÖ¾î º¸ÀδÙ. ÇϳªÀÇ ±³È¸¶ó´Â °³³äÀº µÎ ÆíÀ¸·Î ³ª´©¾îÁ®¼­ ³íÀïÀ» ÇÒ ¶§¿¡ ¿ÀÁ÷ »ý°Ü³µÀ¸¸ç, °¢ÀÚ´Â »ó´ëÆíÀ» ÀÌ´ÜÀ̶ó°í ºÎ¸£¸ç, ±×µé ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ÆíÀ» ¿ÀÁ÷ ¹«·ùÀÇ ±³È¸¶ó°í ÀÎÁ¤ÇÏ¿´´Ù.

If we knew that there was a church which decided in the year 51 to receive the uncircumcised, it is only so because there was another church-of the Judaists-who decided to keep the uncircumcised out.

¸¸ÀÏ ¿ì¸®°¡ ±â¿ø 51³â¿¡ ÇҷʹÞÁö ¾ÊÀº ÀÚµéÀ» ¹Þ¾Æ µéÀÌ´Â ±³È¸°¡ ÀÖ¾ú´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ¾Ë¾Ò´Ù¸é, ±×°ÍÀº ¿ÀÁ÷ ÇҷʹÞÁö ¾ÊÀº ÀÚµéÀ» ¹ÞÁö ¾Ê±â·Î °áÁ¤ÇÑ ´Ù¸¥ ±³È¸-À¯´ë±³ÀεéÀÇ-°¡ ÀÖ¾ú±â ¶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù.

If there is a Catholic Church now which asserts its own infallibility, that is only because there are churches- Greco-Russian, Old Orthodox, and Lutheran-each assert¡©ing its own infallibility and denying that of all other churches. So that the one Church is only a fantastic imagination which has not the least trace of reality about it.

¸¸ÀÏ Áö±Ý ÀڽŵéÀº ¿À·ù°¡ ¾ø´Ù°í ÁÖÀåÇÏ´Â Ä«Å縯 ±³È¸°¡ Áö±Ý ÀÖ´Ù¸é, ±×°ÍÀº ¿ÀÁ÷ ±³È¸µé-·¯½Ã¾Æ Á¤±³È¸, ±×¸®½º Á¤±³È¸, ±×¸®°í ·çÅÍ ±³È¸-ÀÌ ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, °¢ÀÚ°¡ ÀÚ½ÅÀº ¿À·ù°¡ ¾ø´Ù°í ÁÖÀåÇÏ¸ç ´Ù¸¥ ¸ðµç ±³È¸µéÀÇ ¹«·ù¼ºÀ» ºÎÀÎÇϱ⠶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù. ±×·¡¼­ ÇϳªÀÇ ±³È¸´Â ±×°Í¿¡ ´ëÇØ Àϸ»ÀÇ Çö½Ç¼ºµµ °¡ÁöÁö ¾Ê´Â ¿ÀÁ÷ ȯ»óÀûÀÎ »ó»óÀÏ »ÓÀÌ´Ù.

As a real historical fact there has existed, and still exist, several bodies of men, each asserting that it is the one Church, founded by Christ, and that all the others who call themselves churches are only sects and heresies.

ÁøÁ¤ÇÑ ¿ª»çÀû »ç½Ç·Î¼­, ¿©·¯ ´ÜüÀÇ »ç¶÷µéÀÌ Á¸ÀçÇÏ¿´À¸¸ç, ¾ÆÁ÷µµ Á¸ÀçÇϰí ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ±×µéÀº °¢ÀÚ°¡ ±×¸®½ºµµ°¡ ¼¼¿î À¯ÀÏÇÑ ±³È¸À̸ç, ÀڽŵéÀ» ±³È¸µéÀ̶ó°í ºÎ¸£´Â ¸ðµç ´Ù¸¥ °ÍµéÀº ¿ÀÁ÷ ºÐÆÄµéÀ̸ç À̴ܵéÀ̶ó°í ÁÖÀåÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù.

The catechisms of the churches of the most worldwide influence-the Catholic, the Old Orthodox, and the Lutheran-openly assert this.

°¡Àå ¼¼°èÀûÀÎ ¿µÇâ·ÂÀ» °¡Áø ±³È¸µé-Ä«Å縯, ±×¸®½º Á¤±³È¸, ±×¸®°í ·çÅͱ³È¸-ÀÇ ±³¸® ¹®´äµéÀº À̰ÍÀ» °ø°ø¿¬È÷ ÁÖÀåÇÑ´Ù.

In the Catholic catechism it is said: "Quels sont ceux qui sont hors de l'eglise? Les infideles, les heretiques, les schismatiques." The so-called Greek Orthodox are regarded as schismatics, the Lutherans as heretics; so that according to the Catholic catechism the only people in the Church are Catholics.

Ä«Å縯ÀÇ ±³¸® ¹®´ä¿¡´Â ÀÌó·³ µÇ¾îÀÖ´Ù: ¡°±³È¸ÀÇ ¹Ù±ù¿¡ ÀÖ´Â ÀÚµéÀº ´©±¸Àΰ¡? ºÒ½ÅÀÚµé, ÀÌ´ÜÀÚµé ±×¸®°í Á¾ÆÄºÐ¸³·ÐÀÚ µéÀÌ´Ù.¡± ¼ÒÀ§ ±×¸®½º Á¤±³È¸´Â Á¾ÆÄºÐ¸³·ÐÀÚ·Î ¿©°ÜÁö¸ç, ·çÅͱ³È¸´Â ÀÌ´ÜÀ̸ç, ±³È¸ ¾È¿¡ ÀÖ´Â À¯ÀÏÇÑ »ç¶÷µéÀº Ä«Å縯ÀÌ´Ù.

In the so-called Orthodox catechism it is said: By the one Christian Church is understood the Orthodox, which remains fully in accord with the Universal Church. As for the Roman Church and other sects (the Lutherans and the rest they do not even dignify by the name of church), they cannot be included in the one true Church, since they have themselves separated from it.

¼ÒÀ§ Á¤±³È¸ÀÇ ±³¸® ¹®´ä¿¡´Â ÀÌ·¸°Ô ÀûÇôÀÖ´Ù: Á¤±³È¸´Â ÇϳªÀÇ ±âµ¶±³ ±³È¸¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­ ÀÌÇØµÇ¸ç, À̰ÍÀº º¸ÆíÀû ±³È¸¿Í ¿ÏÀüÈ÷ ÀÏÄ¡ÇÑ´Ù. ·Î¸¶ ±³È¸¿Í ´Ù¸¥ Á¾ÆÄµé¿¡ ´ëÇØ¼­´Â (·çÅͱ³È¸¿Í ³ª¸ÓÁö´Â ±×µéÀº ½ÉÁö¾î ±³È¸¶ó´Â À̸§À¸·Î ºÎ¸£Áöµµ ¾Ê´Â´Ù), ÇϳªÀÇ ÁøÁ¤ÇÑ ±³È¸¿¡ Æ÷ÇÔµÇÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù, ¿Ö³ÄÇÏ¸é ±×µé ÀÚ½ÅÀÌ ±×·ÎºÎÅÍ ºÐ¸®µÇ¾ú±â ¶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù.

According to this definition the Catholics and Lutherans are outside the Church, and there are only Orthodox in the Church.

ÀÌ Á¤ÀÇ¿¡ µû¸£¸é Ä«Å縯°ú ·çÅͱ³´Â ±³È¸ÀÇ ¹Ù±ù¿¡ ÀÖ´Ù, ±×¸®°í ±³È¸ ¾È¿¡´Â Á¤Å뱳ȸ¸¸ ÀÖ´Ù.

The Lutheran catechism says: "Die wahre Kirche wird darein erkannt, dass in ihr das Wort Gottes lauter und rein ohne Menschenzusatze gelehrt und die Sacramente treu nach Christi Einsetzung gewahret werden."

·çÅͱ³ÀÇ ±³¸® ¹®´äÀº ¸»ÇÑ´Ù: ¡°Âü ±³È¸´Â Çϳª´ÔÀÇ ¸»¾¸ÀÌ ºÐ¸íÇÏ°Ô ¿¬±¸µÇ°í »ç¶÷ÀÌ ´õÇÑ °Íµé°ú ¼¯ÀÌÁö ¾ÊÀ¸¸ç ¼º·Ê½ÄÀº ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§¿¡ Ãæ½ÇÇÔÀ¸·Î½á ¾Ë·ÁÁú °ÍÀÌ´Ù.¡±

According to this definition all those who have added anything to the teaching of Christ and the apostles, as the Catholic and Greek churches have done, are outside the Church. And in the Church there are only Protestants.

ÀÌ Á¤ÀÇ¿¡ ÀÇÇÏ¸é ±×¸®½ºµµ¿Í »çµµµéÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§¿¡ ¾î¶² °ÍÀÌµç ´õÇÑ ¸ðµç ±³È¸µéÀº, ¿¹¸¦ µé¸é Ä«Å縯±³È¸¿Í ±×¸®½º Á¤±³È¸°¡ ÇàÇÑ °Íó·³, ±³È¸ ¹Û¿¡ ÀÖ´Ù. ±×¸®°í ±³È¸ ¾È¿¡´Â ¿ÀÁ÷ ½Å±³µµ¸¸ ÀÖÀ» »ÓÀÌ´Ù.

The Catholics assert that the Holy Ghost has been trans¡©mitted without a break in their priesthood. The Orthodox assert that the same Holy Ghost has been transmitted without a break in their priesthood. The Arians asserted that the Holy Ghost was transmitted in their priesthood (they asserted this with just as much right as the churches in authority now). The Protestants of every kind- Lutherans, Reformed Church, Presbyterians, Methodists, Swedenborgians, Mormons-assert that the Holy Ghost is only present in their communities. If the Catholics assert that the Holy Ghost, at the time of the division of the Church into Arian and Greek, left the Church that fell away and remained in the one true Church, with precisely the same right the Protestants of every denomination can assert that at the time of the separation of their Church from the Catholic the Holy Ghost left the Catholic and passed into the Church they professed. And this is just what they do.

Ä«Å縯 ±³È¸´Â ¼º·ÉÀÌ ±×µéÀÇ »çÁ¦´Ü¿¡°Ô Á÷Á¢ ÀüÇØÁ³´Ù°í ÁÖÀåÇÑ´Ù. ±×¸®½º Á¤±³È¸µµ ¶È°°Àº ¼º·ÉÀÌ ±×µéÀÇ »çÁ¦´Ü¿¡°Ô Á÷Á¢ ÀüÇØÁ³´Ù°í ÁÖÀåÇÑ´Ù. ¾Æ¸®¾Èµéµµ ¼º·ÉÀÌ ±×µéÀÇ »çÁ¦´Ü¿¡°Ô ÀüÇØÁ³´Ù°í ÇÑ´Ù( ±×µéÀº ÇöÀç ±ÇÇÑÀ» °¡Áø ±³È¸µé°ú ¶È°°Àº ¸¸Å­ÀÇ ±ÇÇÑÀ¸·Î¼­ À̰ÍÀ» ÁÖÀåÇÑ´Ù.) ¸ðµç Á¾·ùÀÇ ½Å±³µµµé-·çÅͱ³È¸, °³½Å±³È¸, Àå·Î±³È¸, °¨¸®±³È¸, ½º¿þµ§º¸±â¾È ±³È¸, ¸ð¸£¸ó ±³È¸-Àº ¼º·ÉÀº ¿ÀÁ÷ ±×µéÀÇ °øµ¿Ã¼¿¡ ÇÔ²²ÇÑ´Ù°í ÁÖÀåÇÑ´Ù. ¸¸ÀÏ Ä«Å縯 ±³È¸°¡ ÁÖÀåÇϵíÀÌ, ¾Æ¸®¾È°ú ±×¸®½º Á¤±³È¸°¡ ºÐ¿­µÇ´Â ¶§¿¡ , ¼º·ÉÀÌ ¹«³ÊÁö´Â ±³È¸¸¦ ¶°³ª¼­ À¯ÀÏÇÑ Âü±³È¸¿¡ ¸Ó¹°·¶À¸¸ç, ÀÌ¿Í ¶È°°Àº ±ÇÇÑÀ¸·Î ¸ðµç ±³ÆÄÀÇ ½Å±³ ±³È¸µéÀÌ Ä«Å縯À¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ±×µéÀÇ ±³È¸°¡ ºÐ¸®µÇ´Â ¶§¿¡ ¼º·ÉÀÌ Ä«Å縯À» ¶°³ª¼­ ±×µéÀÌ °í¹éÇÏ´Â ±³È¸·Î µé¾î°¬´Ù°í ÁÖÀåÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ±×¸®°í À̰ÍÀÌ ±×µéÀÌ ÇàÇÏ´Â ¹Ù·Î ±×°ÍÀÌ´Ù.

Every church traces its creed through an uninterrupted transmission from Christ and the Apostles. And truly every Christian creed that has been derived from Christ must have come down to the present generation through a certain transmission. But that does not prove that it alone of all that has been transmitted, excluding all the rest, can be the sole truth, admitting of no doubt.

°¢°¢ÀÇ ±³È¸µéÀº ±×µéÀÇ ½Å°æ(ãáÌè)À» ±×¸®½ºµµ¿Í »çµµµé·ÎºÎÅÍ Á÷Á¢ Àü´Þ °æ·Î·Î ÃßÀûÇÑ´Ù. ±×¸®°í ÁøÁ¤À¸·Î ±×¸®½ºµµ·ÎºÎÅÍ ÆÄ»ýµÈ °¢°¢ÀÇ ±âµ¶±³ ½Å°æÀº ƯÁ¤ÇÑ Àü´Þ °æ·Î¸¦ ÅëÇØ¼­ ÇöÀçÀÇ ¼¼´ë±îÁö ³»·Á¿ÔÀ½¿¡ Ʋ¸²¾ø´Ù. ±×·¯³ª Àü´ÞµÈ ¸ðµç °Íµé Áß¿¡¼­ ±×°Í Çϳª¸¸ÀÌ, ¸ðµç ´Ù¸¥ °ÍÀ» Á¦¿ÜÇÏ°í¼­, ¾Æ¹«·± ÀÇȤÀÇ ¿©Áö°¡ ¾ø´Â À¯ÀÏÇÑ Áø¸®ÀÏ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù°í Áõ¸íÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø´Ù.

Every branch in a tree comes from the root in unbroken connection; but the fact that each branch comes from the one root, does not prove at all that each branch was the only one. It is precisely the same with the Church. Every church presents exactly the same proofs of the succession, and even the same miracles, in support of its authenticity, as every other. So that there is but one strict and exact definition of what is a church (not of something fantastic which we would wish it to be, but of what it is and has been in reality)-a church is a body of men who claim for themselves that they are in complete and sole possession of the truth. And these bodies, having in course of time, aided by the support of the temporal authorities, developed into powerful institutions, have been the principal obstacles- to the diffusion of a true comprehension of the teaching of Christ.

ÇÑ ³ª¹«ÀÇ ¸ðµç °¡ÁöµéÀº ¿¬°áÀÌ ²÷¾îÁöÁö ¾Ê°í¼­ »Ñ¸®·ÎºÎÅÍ ³ª¿Â´Ù; ±×·¯³ª °¢°¢ÀÇ °¡Áö°¡ ÇϳªÀÇ »Ñ¸®·ÎºÎÅÍ ³ª¿Ô´Ù´Â »ç½ÇÀÌ Á¦°¢±â °¡Áö°¡ À¯ÀÏÇÑ °ÍÀ̶ó°í Áõ¸íÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº ÀüÇô ¾Æ´Ï´Ù. ±³È¸ÀÇ °æ¿ìµµ Á¤È®È÷ ¶È°°´Ù. ¸ðµç ±³È¸°¡ °è½Â¿¡ À־, ´Ù¸¥ ±³È¸µé°ú ¸¶Âù°¡Áö·Î ±× ±³È¸ÀÇ ½Å·Ú¼ºÀ» µÞ¹ÞħÇϱâ À§ÇÏ¿©, Á¤È®È÷ ¶È°°Àº Áõ°Å¸¦, ±×¸®°í ½ÉÁö¾î ¶È°°Àº ±âÀûµéÀ» Á¦½ÃÇÑ´Ù. ±×·¡¼­ ±³È¸°¡ ¹«¾ùÀΰ¡¿¡ ´ëÇØ ¿ÀÁ÷ ÇϳªÀÇ ¾ö°ÝÇϸç Á¤È®ÇÑ Á¤Àǰ¡ ÀÖ´Ù (¿ì¸®°¡ ±×°Í¿¡ ´ëÇØ ¹Ù¶ó´Â ¹Ù ȯ»óÀûÀÎ ¾î¶² °ÍÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó Çö½ÇÀûÀ¸·Î Á¸ÀçÇϰí ÀÖ°í Á¸Àç ÇØ¿Ô´ø °ÍÀÌ´Ù)-±³È¸´Â ¿ÏÀüÇϸç À¯ÀÏÇÑ Áø¸®¸¦ ¼ÒÀ¯Çϰí ÀÖ´Ù°í ½º½º·Î ÁÖÀåÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷µéÀÇ ¸ðÀÓÀÌ´Ù. ±×¸®°í ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ¸ðÀÓµéÀº, ½Ã°£ÀÌ Áö³²¿¡ µû¶ó¼­, ¼Ó¼¼ÀÇ ´ç±¹µéÀÇ Áö¿øÀ¸·Î µµ¿ò¹Þ°í, °­·ÂÇÑ ´Üüµé·Î ¹ßÀüµÇ¾î¼­, ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§ÀÇ ÁøÁ¤ÇÑ ÀÌÇØÀÇ ÀüÆÄ¿¡ ÁÖµÈ Àå¾Ö¹°µéÀÌ µÇ¾ú´Ù.

It could not be otherwise. The chief peculiarity which distinguished Christ's teaching from previous religions consisted in the fact that those who accepted it strove ever more and more to comprehend and realize its teach¡©ing. But the Church doctrine asserted its own complete and final comprehension and realization of it.

´Ù¸¥ ¹æÇâÀ¸·Î µÉ ¼ö ¾ø¾ú´Ù. ±âÁ¸ÀÇ Á¾±³µé·ÎºÎÅÍ ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§À» ±¸º°ÇÏ´Â ÁÖµÈ Æ¯Â¡Àº ±×°ÍÀ» ¹Þ¾Æ µéÀÎ »ç¶÷µéÀº ±× °¡¸£Ä§À» ÀÌÇØÇÏ°í ±ú´Ý±â À§ÇÏ¿© Á¡Á¡ ´õ Áö¼ÓÀûÀ¸·Î ³ë·ÂÇÑ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ±³È¸ÀÇ ±³¸®´Â ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ±× ÀÚüÀÇ ¿ÏÀüÇϸç ÃÖÁ¾ÀûÀÎ ÀÌÇØ¿Í ±ú´ÞÀ½À» ÁÖÀåÇÏ¿´´Ù.

Strange though it may seem to us who have been brought up in the erroneous view of the Church as a Christian institution, and in contempt for heresy, yet the fact is that only in what was called heresy was there any true movement, that is, true Christianity, and that it only ceased to be so when those heresies stopped short in their movement and also petrified into the fixed forms of a church.

±âµ¶±³ ´Üü·Î¼­ ±³È¸ÀÇ À߸øµÈ ½Ã°¢ ¾È¿¡¼­, ±×¸®°í ÀÌ´Ü¿¡ ´ëÇÑ °æ¸ê ¾È¿¡¼­ ÀÚ¶ó³­ ¿ì¸®µé¿¡°Ô ±×°ÍÀÌ ºñ·Ï ÀÌ»óÇÏ°Ô º¸À̰ÚÁö¸¸, ±×·¯³ª »ç½ÇÀÎ Áï, ¿À·ÎÁö ÀÌ´ÜÀ̶ó°í ºÒ¸®´Â °Í¿¡¼­ ¾î¶² Áø¸®ÀÇ ¿òÁ÷ÀÓ, ´Ù½Ã¸»Çϸé, ÁøÁ¤ÇÑ ±âµ¶±³°¡ ÀÖ¾ú´Ù, ±×¸®°í ±×µé À̴ܵéÀÌ ±×µéÀÇ ¿òÁ÷ÀÓ¿¡¼­ Á¤ÁöÇÏ°í ¶ÇÇÑ °íÁ¤µÈ ÇüÅÂÀÇ ±³È¸·Î ±»¾îÁ® °¥¶§ Áø¸®ÀÇ ±âµ¶±³À̱⸦ ¸ØÃá´Ù.

And, indeed, what is a heresy? Read all the theologi¡©cal works one after another. In all of them heresy is the subject which first presents itself for definition; since every theological work deals with the true doctrine of Christ as distinguished from the erroneous doctrines which surround it, that is, heresies. Yet you will not find anywhere anything like a definition of heresy.

±×¸®°í, °ú¿¬, ¹«¾ùÀÌ ÀÌ´ÜÀΰ¡? ¸ðµç ½ÅÇÐ ÀÛǰµéÀ» Çϳª µÑ¾¿ Àо¶ó. ±× ¸ðµç °Íµé¿¡¼­ ÀÌ´ÜÀº ±× ÀÚü°¡ ¸ÕÀú Á¤ÀÇ(ïáëò)·Î¼­ ³ªÅ¸³ª´Â ÁÖÁ¦ÀÌ´Ù; ¸ðµç ½ÅÇÐÀû ÀÛǰµéÀº ÁøÁ¤ÇÑ ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ ±³¸®¸¦, ±×°ÍÀ» ½Î°í ÀÖ´Â À߸øµÈ ±³¸®µé, Áï, ÀÌ´ÜÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ±¸º°µÈ °ÍÀ» ´Ù·ç°í Àֱ⠶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ¿ì¸®´Â ¾îµð¿¡¼­µµ ÀÌ´ÜÀÇ Á¤ÀÇ °°Àº ¾î¶² °ÍÀ» ãÁö ¸øÇÒ °ÍÀÌ´Ù.

The treatment of this subject by the learned historian of Christianity, E. de Pressense, in his "Histoire du Dogme" (Paris, 1869), under the heading "Ubi Christus, ibi Ecclesia," may serve as an illustration of the complete absence of anything like a definition of what is understood by the word heresy. Here is what he says in his intro¡©duction (p. 3): "Je sais que l'on nous conteste le droit de qualifier ainsi [that is, to call heresies] les tendances qui furent si vivement combattues par les premiers Peres. La designation meme d'heresie semble une atteinte portee a la liberte de conscience et de pensee. Nous ne pouvons partager ce scrupule, car il n'irait a rien moins qu'a enlever au Christianisme tout caractere distinctif."

¡°±×¸®½ºµµ°¡ ÀÖ´Â °÷¿¡ ±³È¸°¡ ÀÖ´Ù¡± ÀÇ Ç¥Á¦¾î·Î ¡°±³¸®ÀÇ ¿ª»ç¡± (Paris, 1869)¶ó´Â ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ Àú¼­¿¡¼­, ÇнÄÀÖ´Â ±âµ¶±³ ¿ª»ç°¡ E. de Pressense°¡ ÀÌ ÁÖÁ¦¸¦ ´Ù·é ³»¿ëÀÌ, ÀÌ´ÜÀ̶ó´Â ´Ü¾î¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­ ÀÌÇØµÇ´Â Á¤ÀÇ(ïáëò)¿Í °°Àº °ÍÀÇ ¿ÏÀüÇÑ °á¿©ÀÇ ¿¹½Ã·Î µµ¿òÀÌ µÉ µíÇÏ´Ù. À̰ÍÀÌ ±×°¡ ¼­¹®¿¡¼­ ¸»ÇÑ ³»¿ëÀÌ´Ù(p.3): ¡°³ª´Â ±×·¯ÇϹǷΠÃÊ´ë ±³ºÎµé¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­ ±×·¸°Ô ¸Í·ÄÈ÷ °ÅºÎµÇ´Â °æÇâµé[À̴ܵé]¿¡ ÀÚ°ÝÀ» ºÎ¿©ÇÒ ¿ì¸®ÀÇ ±Ç¸®°¡ ³í¶õÀÌ µÊÀ» ¾È´Ù. ÀÌ´ÜÀ̶ó´Â ´Ü¾îÀÇ »ç¿ë ÀÚü°¡ ¾ç½É°ú »ç»óÀÇ ÀÚÀ¯¿¡ ´ëÇÑ °ø°ÝÀÎ °Í °°¾Æ º¸ÀδÙ. ¿ì¸®´Â ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ¾ç½ÉÀÇ °¡Ã¥À» °øÀ¯ÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø´Ù; ¿Ö³ÄÇÏ¸é ±×°ÍÀº ´Ù¸§ÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ±âµ¶±³¿¡¼­ ¸ðµç ƯÀ¯ÇÑ ¼º°ÝÀ» »©¾ÑÀ½°ú °°±â ¶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù¡±

And though he tells us that after Constantine's time the Church did actually abuse its power by designating those who dissented from it as heretics and persecuting them, yet he says, when speaking of early times: "L'eglise est une libre association; il y a tout profit a se separer d'elle. La polemique centre 1'erreur n'a d'autres ressources que la pensee et le sentiment. Un type doctrinal uniforme n'a pas encore ete elabore; les divergences secondaires se produisent en Orient et en Occident avec une entiere liberte; la theologie n'est point liee a d'invariables formules. Si au sein de cette diversite apparait un fonds commun de croyances, n'est-on pas en droit d'y voir non pas un systeme formule et compose par les representants d'une autorite d' ecole, mais la foi elle-meme dans son instinct Ie plus sur et sa manifestation la plus spontanee? Si cette meme unanimite qui se revele dans les croyances essentielles, se retrouve pour repousser telles ou telles tendances, ne serons-nous pas en droit de conclure que ces tendances etaient en desacord flagrant avec les principes fondamentaux du christianisme? Cette presomption ne se transformerat-elle pas en certitude si nous reconnaissons dans la doctrine universellement repoussee par 1'Eglise les traits caracteristiques de l'une des religions du passe? Pour dire que Ie gnosticisme ou l' ebionitisme sont les formes legitimes de la pensee chretienne il faut dire hardiment qu'il n'y a pas de pensee chretienne, ni de caractere specifique qui la fasse reconnaitre. Sous pretexte de 1' elargir, on la dissout. Personne au temps de Platon n'eut ose couvrir de son nom une doctrine qui n'eut pas fait place a la theorie des idees; et 1'on eut excite les justes moqueries de la Grece, en voulant faire d'Epicure ou de Zenon un disciple de 1'Academie. Reconnaissons done que s'il existe une religion ou une doctrine qui s'appelle christianisme, elle peut avoir ses heresies."

±×¸®°í ºñ·Ï ±×°¡ ÄܽºÅºÆ¼´©½ºÀÇ ½Ã´ë ÈÄ¿¡ ±³È¸°¡ ½ÇÁ¦·Î Á¾±³Àû °ßÇØ¸¦ ´Þ¸® ÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷µéÀ» À̴ܵéÀ̶ó°í Áö¸ñÇÏ¿© ±× ±Ç·ÂÀ» ³²¿ëÇÏ¿´´Ù°í ¿ì¸®¿¡°Ô ¸»ÇÏÁö¸¸, ±×·¯³ª, Ãʱ⸦ ³íÇÏÀÚ¸é, ±×´Â ¸»ÇÑ´Ù: ¡°±³È¸´Â ÀÚÀ¯·Î¿î ´ÜüÀÌ´Ù; ±×·ÎºÎÅÍ ºÐ¸®µÊÀ¸·Î½á ¾ò¾îÁö´Â °ÍÀÌ ¸¹´Ù. ¿À·ù¿ÍÀÇ °¥µî¿¡´Â »ç»óÀ̳ª °¨Á¤¿Ü¿¡ ¹«±âµéÀÌ ¾ø´Ù. ÇϳªÀÇ ÅëÀÏµÈ ÇüÅÂÀÇ ±³¸®´Â ¾ÆÁ÷ ´Ùµë¾î ÁöÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù; ºÎÂ÷ÀûÀÎ ¹®Á¦µé¿¡ ´ëÇÑ À̰ߵéÀÌ µ¿¿¡¼­ ¼­¿¡¼­ ÀÚÀ¯·ÎÀÌ ³ªÅ¸³­´Ù; ½ÅÇÐÀº ºÒº¯ÀÇ ±³¸®¿¡ ¸Å¿© ÀÖÁö ¾Ê´Ù. ¸¸ÀÏ ÀÌ·± ´Ù¾çÇÔÀÇ ÇÑ °¡¿îµ¥ ¸ðµç »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô °øÅëÀûÀÎ ¸¹Àº ¹ÏÀ½µéÀÌ µå·¯³­´Ù¸é, ¿ì¸®°¡ ±× ¾È¿¡¼­ º»´Ù°í ÇØ¼­, Áï, ÇöÇÐÀûÀÎ ±Ç·ÂÀÇ ´ëÇ¥Àڵ鿡 ÀÇÇØ¼­ ƲÀÌ ÀâÈù °ø½ÄÈ­µÈ üÁ¦¶ó°í ÇØ¼­ Á¤´çÈ­µÇÁö ¾ÊÀ¸¸ç, ±×·¯³ª ±×°ÍÀÇ °¡Àå È®½ÇÇÑ º»´É ±×¸®°í °¡Àå ÀÚ¿¬½º·¯¿î Ç¥Ãâ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ½Å¾Ó ±× ÀÚü·Î Á¤´çÈ­ µÇ´Â °ÍÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï°Ú´Â°¡? ¸¸ÀÏ ¹ÏÀ½ÀÇ ±âº»ÀûÀÎ ¿ä¼Òµé¿¡ ³ªÅ¸³ª´Â ¶È°°Àº ÀÇ°ß ÀÏÄ¡°¡ ¶ÇÇÑ Æ¯Á¤ÇÑ °æÇâµéÀ» °ÅºÎÇÔ¿¡ ÀÖ´Ù¸é, ÀÌµé °æÇâµéÀÌ ±âµ¶±³ÀÇ ±Ùº»ÀûÀÎ À©¸®µé°ú ±Ø·ÄÇÏ°Ô ´ëÄ¡µÈ´Ù°í °á·Ð³»¸²ÀÌ Á¤´çÇÏÁö ¾Ê°Ú´Â°¡? ±×¸®°í ¸¸ÀÏ ¿ì¸®°¡ ±³È¸¿¡¼­ ÀϹÝÀûÀ¸·Î °ÅºÎµÈ ±³¸®¿¡¼­ °ú°ÅÀÇ Á¾±³µé ÁßÀÇ ÇϳªÀÇ µ¶Æ¯ÇÑ ¸é¸ðµéÀ» ÀνÄÇÑ´Ù¸é ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ÃßÁ¤µéÀÌ È®½ÇÇÔÀ¸·Î ¹Ù²îÁö ¾Ê°Ú´Â°¡? ±×³ë½Ã½ºÁÖÀÇ ¶Ç´Â À̺ñ¾ðÁÖÀǰ¡ ±âµ¶±³ »ç»óÀÇ Á¤´çÇÑ ÇüŵéÀ̶ó°í ¸»ÇÑ´Ù¸é, ¿ì¸®´Â ¹Ýµå½Ã ´ë´ãÇÏ°Ô ±âµ¶±³ »ç»óÀÇ Á¸Àç ÀÚü³ª, ±×·Î ÀÎÇØ¼­ ÀÎ½ÄµÉ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ¾î¶² ƯÁ¤ÇÑ ¼º°ÝÀÌ¶óµµ ¸¦ ºÎÀÎÇØ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. Ç¥¸é»óÀ¸·Î´Â ±× ¿µ¿ªÀ» ³ÐÈ÷°í ÀÖÁö¸¸, ¿ì¸®´Â ±×°ÍÀ» ħ½ÄÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù. ÇöóÅæÀÇ ½Ã´ë¿¡ ¾Æ¹«µµ °¨È÷ ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ À̸§À» »ç»óÀÇ ÀÌ·ÐÀÌ ¼³ÀÚ¸®°¡ ¾ø´Â ±³¸®¿¡ °®´Ù ºÙÀÌ·Á ÇÏÁö ¾Ê¾ÒÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù, ±×¸®°í ´ç¿¬ÇϰԵµ ¿¡ÇÇÄí¸£½º³ª Á¦³ë¸¦ ÇöóÅæ ÇÐÆÄÀÇ ½ÅºÀÀÚ¶ó°í ¼ÓÀÌ·Á ÇÔÀ¸·Î½á ±×¸®½ºÀÇ Á¶·ÕÀ» ºÎÃß°åÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ±×·¸´Ù¸é ±âµ¶±³¶ó°í ºÒ¸®´Â Á¾±³ ¶Ç´Â ±³¸®°¡ ÀÖ´Ù¸é, ±× À̴ܵ鵵 ÀÖÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù¶ó°í ÀνÄÇÏÀÚ.¡±

The author's whole argument amounts to this: that every opinion which differs from the code of dogmas we believe in at a given time, is heresy. But of course at any given time and place men always believe in something or other; and this belief in something, indefinite at any place, at some time, cannot be a criterion of truth.

ÀúÀÚÀÇ Àüü ³í¸®´Â °á±¹ ÀÌ¿Í °°´Ù: Áï, ƯÁ¤ÇÑ ½Ã°£¿¡ ¿ì¸®°¡ ¹Ï´Â ±³¸®ÀÇ ±ÔÁذú ´Ù¸¥ ¸ðµç ÀǰßÀº, ÀÌ´ÜÀÌ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ¹°·Ð ƯÁ¤ÇÑ ½Ã°£°ú Àå¼Ò¿¡¼­ »ç¶÷µéÀº ¾ðÁ¦³ª ¾î¶² °ÍÀ̳ª ´Ù¸¥ °ÍÀ» ¹Ï°í ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ¾î¶° Àå¼Ò, ¾î¶² ½Ã°£¿¡ µû¶ó È®½ÇÄ¡ ¾ÊÀº ¾î¶² °Í¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÀÌ ¹ÏÀ½Àº Áø¸®ÀÇ ±âÁØÀÌ µÉ ¼ö ¾ø´Ù.

It all amounts to this: since ubi Christus ibi Ecclesia, then Christus is where we are.

°á±¹ ¸ðµç °ÍÀº ¿©±â¿¡ ±Í°áµÈ´Ù: ±×¸®½ºµµ°¡ ÀÖ´Â °÷¿¡ ±³È¸°¡ ÀÖÀ¸´Ï, ±×¸®½ºµµ´Â ¿ì¸®°¡ ÀÖ´Â °÷¿¡ ÀÖ´Ù.

Every so-called heresy, regarding, as it does, its own creed as the truth, can just as easily find in Church history a series of illustrations of its own creed, can use all Pres-sense's arguments on its own behalf, and can call its own creed the one truly Christian creed. And that is just what all heresies do and have always done.

¼ÒÀ§ ¸ðµç ÀÌ´ÜÀº, ´Ã»ó ±×·¯ÇϵíÀÌ, ±×µé ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ±³¸®¸¦ Áø¸®·Î ¿©±â°í ÀÖÀ¸¸é¼­, ±³È¸ÀÇ ¿ª»ç¿¡¼­ ÀÏ·ÃÀÇ ±×µé ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ±³¸®ÀÇ ¿¹µéÀ» ¾ÆÁÖ ½±°Ô ãÀ» ¼ö ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ±×µé ÀÚ½ÅÀ» ´ë½ÅÇÏ¿© ¸ðµç ÇÁ·¹»ó½ºÀÇ ÁÖÀåµéÀ» ÀÌ¿ëÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ°í, ±×µé ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ±³¸®¸¦ ÇϳªÀÇ ÁøÁ¤ÇÑ ±âµ¶±³ ±³¸®¶ó°í ºÎ¸¥´Ù. ±×¸®°í ±×°ÍÀÌ ¹Ù·Î ¸ðµç À̴ܵéÀÌ ÇàÇϰí ÀÖÀ¸¸ç ¾ðÁ¦³ª ÇàÇÏ¿´´ø °ÍÀÌ´Ù.

The only definition of heresy (the word airesi", means a part) is this: the name given by a body of men to any opinion which rejects a part of the Creed professed by that body. The more frequent meaning, more often ascribed to the word heresy, is-that of an opinion which rejects the Church doctrine founded and supported by the temporal authorities.

À¯ÀÏÇÑ ÀÌ´Ü(airesi"´Â ºÎºÐÀ» ÀǹÌÇÑ´Ù)ÀÇ Á¤ÀÇ´Â ÀÌ·¯ÇÏ´Ù: »ç¶÷µéÀÇ ¸ðÀÓ¿¡ ÀÇÇÏ¿©, ±×µé ÀÚ½ÅÀÌ °í¹éÇÑ ±³¸®ÀÇ ÀÏ ºÎºÐÀ» °ÅºÎÇÏ´Â ¾î´À Àǰ߿¡, ÁÖ¾îÁø À̸§ÀÌ´Ù. ´õ ÈçÇÑ ÀǹÌ, Áï ´õ ÀÚÁÖ ÀÌ´ÜÀ̶ó´Â ´Ü¾î¿¡ ÁÖ¾îÁö´Â Àǹ̴Â-¼Ó¼¼ÀÇ ´ç±¹¿¡ ÀÇÇÏ¿© ±âÃʵǰí ÁöÁöµÇ´Â ±³È¸ÀÇ ±³¸®¸¦ °ÅºÎÇÏ´Â ÀǰßÀ» ÀǹÌÇÑ´Ù.

There is a remarkable and voluminous work, very little known, "Unpartheyische Kirchen- und Ketzer-Historie," 1729, by Gottfried Arnold, which deals with precisely this subject, and points out all the unlawfulness, the arbitrari¡©ness, the senselessness, and the cruelty of using the word heretic in the sense of reprobate. This book is an attempt to write the history of Christianity in the form of a history of heresy.

¸Å¿ì Àû°Ô ¾Ë·ÁÁ® ÀÖÁö¸¸, ÁÖ¸ñÇÒ ¸¸ÇÏ¸ç ºÎÇÇÀÖ´Â ÀÛǰÀ¸·Î¼­, 1729³â °¡ÇÁ¸®Æ® ¾Æ³îµåÀÇ ¡°Æí°ß¾ø´Â ±³È¸ ¹× ÀÌ´ÜÀÇ ¿ª»ç¡±°¡ ÀÖÀ¸¸ç ÀÌ Àú¼­´Â ÀÌ ÁÖÁ¦¸¦ Á¤È®È÷ ´Ù·ç°í ÀÖ´Ù ±×¸®°í ÇÏ´À´ÔÀ¸ºÎÅÍ ¹ö¸²¹Þ¾Ò´Ù´Â Àǹ̷ΠÀÌ´ÜÀûÀ̶ó´Â ´Ü¾î¸¦ »ç¿ëÇÔ¿¡ À־ÀÇ, ¸ðµç ºÒ¹ý, µ¶´Ü, ¹«ÀǹÌ, ±×¸®°í ÀÜÀÎÇÔÀ» ÁöÀûÇÑ´Ù. ÀÌ Ã¥Àº ÀÌ´ÜÀÇ ¿ª»çÀÇ ÇüÅ·μ­ ±âµ¶±³ÀÇ ¿ª»ç¸¦ ±â·ÏÇÏ·Á´Â ½ÃµµÀÌ´Ù.

In the introduction the author propounds a series of questions: (1) Of those who make heretics; (2) Of those whom they made heretics; (3) Of heretical subjects them¡©selves; (4) Of the method of making heretics; and (5) Of the object and result of making heretics.

¼­·Ð¿¡¼­ ÀúÀÚ´Â ÀÏ·ÃÀÇ ¹®Á¦µéÀ» Á¦ÃâÇÑ´Ù: (1) À̴ܵéÀ» ¸¸µå´Â »ç¶÷µé¿¡ ´ëÇÏ¿©; (2) ±×µéÀÌ À̴ܵé·Î ¸¸µç »ç¶÷µé¿¡ ´ëÇÏ¿©; (3) ÀÌ´ÜÀûÀÎ ¹é¼ºµé ÀÚü¿¡ ´ëÇÏ¿©; (4) À̴ܵéÀ» ¸¸µå´Â ¹æ¹ý¿¡ ´ëÇÏ¿©; ±×¸®°í (5) À̴ܵéÀ» ¸¸µå´Â ¸ñÀû°ú °á°ú.

On each of these points he propounds ten more ques¡©tions, the answers to which he gives later on from the works of well-known theologians. But he leaves the reader to draw for himself the principal conclusion from the expositions in the whole book. As examples of these questions, in which the answers are to some extent included also, I will quote the following. Under the 4th head, of the manner in which heretics are made, he says, in one of the questions (in the 7th):

ÀÌ·± ¿äÁ¡µé °¢°¢¿¡ ´ëÇÏ¿© ±×´Â ¿­°³ ÀÌ»óÀÇ Áú¹®µéÀ» Á¦½ÃÇÑ´Ù, ±×¸®°í ±×¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ´ë´äµéÀº µÚ¿¡ À¯¸íÇÑ ½ÅÇÐÀÚµéÀÇ ÀÛǰµé·ÎºÎÅÍ ³»¾î ³õ´Â´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ±×´Â ÀڽŠ´ë½Å¿¡ µ¶Àڵ鿡°Ô Àüü Ã¥ÀÇ ¼³¸íµé·ÎºÎÅÍ ±âº»ÀûÀÎ °á·ÐÀ» ³»¸®µµ·Ï ¸¸µç´Ù. ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ Áú¹®µéÀÇ ¿¹·Î¼­, ¿©±â¿¡ ¶ÇÇÑ ÇØ´äµéÀÌ ¾î´ÀÁ¤µµ Æ÷ÇԵǾî ÀÖÁö¸¸, ³ª´Â ´ÙÀ½ ³»¿ëÀ» ÀοëÇÒ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ³×¹øÂ° Ç¥Á¦¾î ¾Æ·¡¿¡, À̴ܵéÀÌ ¸¸µé¾îÁö´Â ¹æ¹ýµé¿¡ °üÇÏ¿©, ±×´Â Áú¹®µé(Àϰö¹øÂ°) ÁßÀÇ Çϳª¿¡¼­ ¸»ÇÑ´Ù:

"Does not all history show that the greatest makers of heretics and masters of that craft were just these wise men, from whom the Father hid his secrets, that is, the hypo¡©crites, the Pharisees, and lawyers, men utterly godless and perverted (Question 20-21)? And in the corrupt times of Christianity were not these very men cast out, denounced by the hypocrites and envious, who were endowed by God with great gifts and who would in the days of pure Christi¡©anity have been held in high honor? And, on the other hand, would not the men who, in the decline of Christianity raised themselves above all, and regarded themselves as the teachers of the purest Christianity, would not these very men, in the times of the apostles and disciples of Christ, have been regarded as the most shameless heretics and anti-Christians?"

¡°°¡Àå ¶Ù¾î³­ ÀÌ´Ü Á¦Á¶±âµé°ú ±×·± ±â¼úÀÇ ´ÞÀεéÀº ¹Ù·Î À̵é ÁöÇý·Î¿î ÀÚµéÀ̸ç, ¾Æ¹öÁö´Â À̵é- ´Ù½Ã ¸»Çϸé, À§¼±ÀÚµé, ÆÄ¸®»õÀεé, ±×¸®°í À²¹ý»çµé, ±×¾ß ¸»·Î Çϳª´Ôµµ ¸ð¸£¸ç ¿Ö°îµÈ »ç¶÷µé-·ÎºÎÅÍ ±×ÀÇ ºñ¹ÐÀ» ¼û°å´Ù (Áú¹® 20-21)´Â °ÍÀ» ¸ðµç ¿ª»ç°¡ º¸¿© ÁÖÁö ¾Ê´Â°¡? ±×¸®°í Çϳª´ÔÀÇ Ä¿´Ù¶õ ÀºÇý¸¦ ºÎ¿©¹Þ¾ÒÀ¸¸ç, ¼ø¼öÇÑ ±âµ¶±³ÀÇ ½Ã´ë¿¡ ³ôÀº ¿µ±¤ÀÇ ÀÚ¸®¿¡ ¾ÉÈú ¹Ù·Î ÀÌ »ç¶÷µéÀÌ, ±âµ¶±³ÀÇ ºÎÆÐµÈ ½Ã´ë¿¡ À§¼±ÀÚµé°ú ½Ã±âÇÏ´Â Àڵ鿡 ÀÇÇÏ¿© ÂѰܳª°í ºñ³­¹ÞÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´ø°¡? ±×¸®°í, ´Ù¸¥ ÇÑÆíÀ¸·Î, ±âµ¶±³°¡ ¼èÅðÇÒ ¶§ ÀڽŵéÀ» ¹«¾ùº¸´Ùµµ ³ô¿´À¸¸ç, °¡Àå ¼ø¼öÇÑ ±âµ¶±³ÀÇ ¼±»ýµéÀ̶ó°í ¿©°å´ø »ç¶÷µé, ¹Ù·Î ÀÌ »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ »çµµµé°ú Á¦ÀÚµéÀÇ ½Ã´ë¿¡ °¡Àå ¼öÄ¡½ÉÀ» ¸ð¸£´Â ÀÌ´ÜÀÚµéÀ̸ç Àû±×¸®½ºµµ¶ó°í ¿©°ÜÁöÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´ø°¡?¡±

He expounds, among other things in these questions, the theory that any verbal expression of faith, such as was demanded by the Church, and the departure from which was reckoned as heresy, could never fully cover the exact religious ideas of a believer, and that therefore the demand for an expression of faith in certain words was ever pro¡©ductive of heresy, and he says, in Question 21:

±×´Â, ÀÌ Áú¹®µé ÁßÀÇ ´Ù¸¥ °Íµé »çÀÌ¿¡¼­, ±³È¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ¿ä±¸µÇ´Â ¹Ù¿Í °°ÀÌ, ½Å¾Ó¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¾ð¾îÀû Ç¥Çö, ±×¸®°í ±×·ÎºÎÅÍ ¸Ö¾îÁüÀÌ ÀÌ´ÜÀ¸·Î ¿©°ÜÁö´Â ÀÌÅ»ÀÌ, °áÄÚ ½ÅÀÚµéÀÇ Á¾±³Àû °³³äµéÀ» ¿ÏÀüÈ÷ ¸Á¶óÇÒ ¼ö ¾øÀ¸¸ç, ±×·¯¹Ç·Î ƯÁ¤ÇÑ ¸»·Î¼­ ½Å¾ÓÀÇ Ç¥ÇöÀ» ¿ä±¸ÇÔÀº Áö¼ÓÀûÀ» ÀÌ´ÜÀ» »ý»êÇÏ°Ô µÈ´Ù°í ÇÏ´Â ÀÌ·ÐÀ» ¼³¸íÇÑ´Ù, ±×¸®°í Áú¹® 21¿¡¼­ ¸»ÇÑ´Ù:

"And if heavenly things and thoughts present themselves to a man's mind as so great and so profound that he does not find corresponding words to express them, ought one to call him a heretic, because he cannot express his idea with perfect exactness?" And in Question 33:

¡°±×¸®°í ¸¸ÀÏ ÇÏ´ÃÀÇ »ç¾÷µé°ú »ç»óµéÀÌ ¾î´À »ç¶÷¿¡°Ô ³Ê¹«³ª À§´ëÇÏ°í ½É¿ÀÇÏ¿© ±×°ÍµéÀ» Ç¥ÇöÇÒ ÀûÇÕÇÑ ¸»µéÀ» ãÁö ¸øÇÑ´Ù¸é, ¿ì¸®´Â ±×°¡ ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ »ý°¢À» ¿Ïº®ÇÑ Á¤È®ÇÔÀ¸·Î Ç¥ÇöÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø´Ù°í ÇÏ¿© ±×¸¦ ÀÌ´ÜÀ̶ó°í ºÒ·¯¾ß Çϴ°¡?¡± ±×¸®°í Áú¹® 33:

"And is not the fact that there was no heresy in the earliest days due to the fact that the Christians did not judge one another by verbal expressions, but by deed and by heart, since they had perfect liberty to express their ideas without the dread of being called heretics; was it not the easiest and most ordinary ecclesiastical proceeding, if the clergy wanted to get rid of or to ruin anyone, for them to cast suspicion on the person's belief, and to throw a cloak of heresy upon him, and by this means to procure his condemnation and removal?

¡°Ãʱ⿡ ±âµ¶±³ÀεéÀº ¾ð¾îÀû Ç¥ÇöÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ÇàÀ§¿Í ¸¶À½À¸·Î ¼­·Î¸¦ ÆÇ´ÜÇÏ¿´À¸¸ç, ÀÌ´ÜÀÚµé·Î ºÒ¸®´Â µÎ·Á¿ò ¾øÀÌ ±×µéÀÇ »ý°¢µéÀ» Ç¥ÇöÇÒ ¿Ïº®ÇÑ ÀÚÀ¯¸¦ °¡Á³±â ¶§¹®¿¡ ÀÌ´ÜÀÌ ¾ø¾ú´Ù´Â´Â °ÍÀº »ç½ÇÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï´ø°¡; ¼ºÁ÷ÀÚ°¡ ´©±º°¡¸¦ Á¦°ÅÇϰųª ¸ê¸ÁÇϱ⸦ ¿øÇÑ´Ù¸é, ±×µéÀÌ °³ÀÎÀÇ ¹ÏÀ½¿¡ ÀÇȤÀ» ´øÁö°í, ±×¿¡°Ô ÀÌ´ÜÀÇ ¿ÊÀ» ÀÔÈ÷°í, ÀÌ·± ¹æ¹ýÀ¸·Î ±×¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ºñ³­°ú Á¦°Å¸¦ °¡´ÉÄÉÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ °¡Àå ½¬¿ì¸ç °¡Àå Æò¹üÇÑ ±³È¸ÀÇ ÀýÂ÷µéÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï´ø°¡?

"True though it may be that there were sins and errors among the so-called heretics, it is no less true and evident," he says farther on, "from the innumerable examples quoted here (i. e., in the history of the Church and of heresy), that there was not a single sincere and conscientious man of any importance whom the Churchmen would not from envy or other causes have ruined."

±×´Â ³ªÁß¿¡ À̾߱â ÇÑ´Ù, ¡°ºñ·Ï, ¼ÒÀ§ ÀÌ´ÜÀÚµé »çÀÌ¿¡ Á˾ǵé°ú ¿À·ùµéÀÌ ÀÖ¾úÀ½ÀÌ »ç½ÇÀϼöµµ ÀÖ°ÚÁö¸¸, ¼º½ÇÇÏ°í ¾ç½ÉÀûÀÎ ¾î¶² Áß¿ä Àι° Áß¿¡ ¼ºÁ÷ÀÚµéÀÌ ½Ã±â ¶Ç´Â ´Ù¸¥ ÀÌÀ¯µé·Î¼­ ¸ê¸Á½ÃŰÁö ¾ÊÀº »ç¶÷Àº ´Ü ÇÑ ¸íµµ ¾ø¾ú´Ù´Â °ÍÀº, ¿©±â¿¡ ÀοëµÈ (Áï, ±³È¸¿Í ÀÌ´ÜÀÇ ¿ª»ç¿¡¼­) ¹«¼öÇÑ ¿¹µéÀ» º¸°Ç´ë ÀûÁö¾Ê°Ô Áø½ÇÇÏ¸ç ºÐ¸íÇÏ´Ù.¡±

Thus, almost two hundred years ago, the real meaning of heresy was understood. And notwithstanding that, the same conception of it has gone on existing up to now. And it cannot fail to exist so long as the conception of a church exists. Heresy is the obverse side of the Church. Wherever there is a church, there must be the conception of heresy. A church is a body of men who assert that they are in possession of infallible truth. Heresy is the opinion of the men who do not admit the infallibility of the Church's truth.

ÀÌ·¸°Ô ÇØ¼­, °ÅÀÇ À̹é³â Àü¿¡, ÀÌ´ÜÀÇ ÁøÁ¤ÇÑ Àǹ̴ ÀÌÇØµÇ¾ú´Ù. ±×¸®°í ±×·¯ÇÔ¿¡µµ ºÒ±¸Çϰí, ±×°Í¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¶È°°Àº °³³äÀÌ Áö±Ý±îÁö Á¸ÀçÇÏ¿© ¿Ô´Ù. ±×¸®°í ±³È¸ÀÇ °³³äÀÌ Á¸ÀçÇÏ´Â ÇÑ ±×°ÍÀº Á¸ÀçÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀ» ¼ö°¡ ¾ø´Ù. ÀÌ´ÜÀº ±³È¸ÀÇ ´Ù¸¥ ¸éÀÌ´Ù. ±³È¸°¡ ÀÖ´Â °÷¿¡´Â, ¹Ýµå½Ã ÀÌ´ÜÀÇ °³³äÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù. ±³È¸´Â ÀڽŵéÀÌ ¿À·ù°¡ ¾ø´Â Áø¸®¸¦ ¼ÒÀ¯Çϰí ÀÖ´Ù°í ÁÖÀåÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷µéÀÇ ¸ðÀÓÀÌ´Ù. ÀÌ´ÜÀº ±³È¸ÀÇ Áø¸®ÀÇ ¹«·ù¼ºÀ» ÀÎÁ¤ÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â »ç¶÷µéÀÇ ÀǰßÀÌ´Ù.

Heresy makes its appearance in the Church. It is the effort to break through the petrified authority of the Church. All effort after a living comprehension of the doctrine has been made by heretics. Tertullian, Origen, Augustine, Luther, Huss, Savonarola, Helchitsky, and the rest were heretics. It could not be otherwise.

ÀÌ´ÜÀº ±×ÀÇ ¸ð½ÀÀ» ±³È¸¿¡ µå·¯³½´Ù. ±×°ÍÀº È­¼®Ã³·³ µÇ¾î¹ö¸° ±³È¸ ±Ç·ÂÀ» ŸÆÄÇÏ·Á´Â ³ë·ÂÀÌ´Ù. ±³¸®¿¡ ´ëÇÑ »ì¾Æ ¼û½¬´Â ÀÌÇØ¸¦ Ãß±¸ÇÏ´Â ¸ðµç ³ë·ÂÀÌ ÀÌ´ÜÀڵ鿡 ÀÇÇÏ¿© ½ÃµµµÇ¾ú´Ù. ÅÍÅø¸®¾È, ¿À¸®°Õ, ¾Æ¿ì±¸½ºÆ¾, ·çÅÍ, ÈÞ½º, »çº¸³ª·Ñ¶ó, ÇïÄ¡½ºÅ°, ±×¸®°í ³ª¸ÓÁöµéµµ ÀÌ´ÜÀÚµéÀ̾ú´Ù. ±× ¹Ý´ë·Î´Â ÀÖÀ» ¼ö ¾ø´Ù.

The follower of Christ, whose service means an ever-growing understanding of his teaching, and an ever-closer fulfillment of it, in progress toward perfection, cannot, just because he is a follower of Christ, claim for himself or any other that he understands Christ's teaching fully and fulfills it. Still less can he claim this for any body of men.

±×¸®½ºµµ¸¦ µû¸£´Â ÀÚ´Â,