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| CHAPTER II. |
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2
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CRITICISMS OF THE DOCTRINE OF NON-RESISTANCE TO EVIL BY
FORCE ON THE PART OF BELIEVERS AND OF UNBELIEVERS. |
¹Ï´Â ÀÚµé°ú ¹ÏÁö ¾Ê´Â Àڵ鿡°Ô ÀÖ¾î¼ Èû¿¡
ÀÇÇÑ ¾Ç¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¹«ÀúÇ×ÀÇ ±³¸®ÀÇ ºñÆÇµé |
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Fate of the Book "What I Believe""-Evasive Character of Religious
Criticisms of Principles of my Book-1st Reply: Use of Force not Opposed to
Christianity-2d Reply: Use of Force Necessary to Restrain Evil Doers-3d
Reply: Duty of Using Force in Defense of One's Neighbor-4th Reply: The
Breach of the Command of Non-resistance to be Regarded Simply as a
Weakness-5th Reply: Reply Evaded by Making Believe that the Question has
long been Decided-To Devise such Subterfuges and to take Refuge Behind the
Author¡©ity of the Church, of Antiquity, and of Religion is all that
Ecclesias¡©tical Critics can do to get out of the Contradiction between
Use of Force and Christianity in Theory and in Practice-General Attitude
of the Ecclesiastical World and of the Authorities to Profession of True
Christianity-General Character of Russian Freethinking Critics-Foreign
Freethinking Critics-Mistaken Arguments of these Critics the Result of
Misunderstanding the True Meaning of Christ's Teaching. |
Àú¼
¡°³ª´Â ¹«¾ùÀ» ¹Ï´Â°¡¡±ÀÇ ¿î¸í-³ªÀÇ Àú¼ÀÇ
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´äº¯:
Æø·ÂÀÇ »ç¿ëÀº ±âµ¶±³¿¡ ¹Ý´ë°¡ ¾Æ´Ï´Ù-µÎ¹øÂ°
´äº¯:
Æø·ÂÀÇ »ç¿ëÀº ¾ÇÇàÀÚ¸¦ ¾ï¾ÐÇϱâ À§ÇØ ÇÊ¿äÇÏ´Ù-¼¼¹øÂ°
´äº¯:
ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ÀÌ¿ôÀ» ¹æ¾îÇϱâ À§ÇÑ Æø·Â»ç¿ëÀÇ Àǹ«-³×¹øÂ°
´äº¯:
¹«ÀúÇ×ÀÇ ¸í·ÉÀÇ À§¹ÝÀÌ ´Ü¼øÈ÷ ³ª¾àÇÔÀ¸·Î
¿©°ÜÁö´Ù-´Ù¼¸¹øÂ° ´äº¯:
±× ¹®Á¦°¡ ¿À·¡Àü¿¡ °á·ÐÀÌ ³
°Íó·³ º¸ÀÌ°Ô ÇÏ¿© ´äº¯À» ȸÇÇÇÏ´Ù-±×·± Çΰ踦
°í¾ÈÇÏ°í ±³È¸,
ÀüÅë,
±×¸®°í Á¾±³ÀÇ ±ÇÀ§ µÚ¿¡ ¼û´Â
°ÍÀº À̷аú ½ÇÁ¦¿¡ ÀÖ¾î¼ Æø·ÂÀÇ »ç¿ë°ú
±âµ¶±³»çÀÌÀÇ ¸ð¼øÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ±³È¸ÀÇ ºñÆò°¡µéÀÌ ºüÁ®
³ª¿Ã¼ö ÀÖ´Â ¸ðµç °ÍÀÌ´Ù-Áø½ÇÇÑ ±âµ¶±³ÀÇ °í¹é¿¡ ´ëÇÑ
¼ºÁ÷ÀÚ ¼¼°è¿Í ´ç±¹ÀÚµéÀÇ ÀϹÝÀûÀΠŵµ-·¯½Ã¾Æ
ÀÚÀ¯»ç»ó ºñÆò°¡µéÀÇ ÀϹÝÀû Ư¡-ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ºñÆò°¡µéÀÇ
À߸øµÈ ÁÖÀåµé;
±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§ÀÇ ÁøÁ¤ÇÑ Àǹ̸¦
¿ÀÇØÇÑ °á°ú. |
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the impression I gained of a desire to conceal, to hush up, what I had
tried to express in my book, led me to judge the book itself afresh. |
³»°¡ ³ªÀÇ Àú¼¿¡¼ Ç¥ÇöÇϰíÀÚ ½ÃµµÇÑ °ÍÀ» ¼û±â·Á
Çϸç,
ÀÔ´Ù¹°°Ô ÇÏ·Á´Â Àǵµ·ÎºÎÅÍ ³»°¡ ¾òÀº ÀλóÀº,
³ª·Î ÇÏ¿©±Ý ±× Àú¼ ÀÚü¸¦ »õ·Ó°Ô Æò°¡Çϵµ·Ï ÇÏ¿´´Ù. |
|
On its appearance it had, as I had anticipated, been forbidden, and
ought therefore by law to have been burnt. But, at the same time, it was
discussed among officials, and circulated in a great number of manuscript
and lithograph copies, and in translations printed abroad. |
±×°ÍÀÌ ³ªÅ¸³ªÀÚ ¸¶ÀÚ,
³»°¡ ¿¹»óÇß´ø ´ë·Î,
±ÝÁö
µÇ¾úÀ¸¸ç,
±×·¯¹Ç·Î ¹ý·ü¿¡ ÀÇÇÏ¿© ¼Ò°¢µÇ¾î¾ß Çß´Ù.
±×·¯³ª,
µ¿½Ã¿¡,
°ü¸®µé »çÀÌ¿¡¼ Åä·ÐµÇ¾ú°í,
±×·¡¼
¸¹Àº ºÎ¼öÀÇ ¿ø°í¿Í ¼®ÆÇ »çº»À¸·Î ¹èÆ÷µÇ¾úÀ¸¸ç,
¹ø¿ªº»µéÀÌ ¿Ü±¹¿¡¼ ÃâÆÇµÇ¾ú´Ù. |
|
And very quickly after the book, criticisms, both religious and secular
in character, made their appearance, and these the government tolerated,
and even encouraged. So that the refutation of a book which no one was
supposed to know anything about was even chosen as the subject for theolog¡©ical
dissertations in the academies. |
±×¸®°í ±× Àú¼°¡ ³ª¿Â µÚ ¸Å¿ì ºü¸£°Ô,
¼º°Ý»ó
Á¾±³Àû ¹× ¼¼¼ÓÀûÀÎ ºñÆòµéÀÌ ÃâÇöÀ» ÇÏ¿´´Ù,
±×¸®°í
À̰͵éÀ» Á¤ºÎ´Â ¿ëÀÎÇÏ¿´À¸¸ç,
½ÉÁö¾î Á¶ÀåÇÏ¿´´Ù.
±×·¡¼ ¾Æ¹«µµ ¹«¾ùÀÎÁö ¸ô¶ú¾î¾ß ÇÒ ÇÑ ±ÇÀÇ Ã¥ÀÇ
¸í¼ºÀÌ ½ÉÁö¾î ´ëÇп¡¼ ½ÅÇÐÀûÀÎ ³í¹®ÀÇ ÁÖÁ¦·Î
äÅõǾú´Ù. |
|
The criticisms of my book, Russian and foreign alike, fall under two
general divisions-the religious criticisms of men who regard themselves as
believers, and secular criticisms, that is, those of freethinkers. |
³ªÀÇ Àú¼¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ºñÆòµéÀº,
·¯½Ã¾Æ³ª ±¹¿Ü¿¡¼
µ¿ÀÏÇÏ°Ô µÎ°¡Áö ÀϹÝÀûÀÎ ±¸ºÐ¿¡ µé¾î°£´Ù-½º½º·Î¸¦
¹Ï´Â »ç¶÷µéÀ̶ó°í ¿©±â´Â »ç¶÷µéÀÇ Á¾±³Àû ºñÆòµé,
±×¸®°í ¼¼¼ÓÀûÀÎ ºñÆòµé,
´Ù½Ã ¸»Çϸé,
ÀÚÀ¯»ç»ó°¡µéÀÇ
ºñÆòÀÌ´Ù. |
|
I will begin with the first class. In my book I made it an accusation
against the teachers of the Church that their teaching is opposed to
Christ's commands clearly and defi¡©nitely expressed in the Sermon on
the Mount, and opposed in especial to his command in regard to resistance
to evil, and that in this way they deprive Christ's teaching of all
value. The Church authorities accept the teaching of the Sermon on the
Mount on non-resistance to evil by force as divine revelation; and
therefore one would have thought that if they felt called upon to write
about my book at all, they would have found it inevitable before
everything else to reply to the principal point of my charge against them,
and to say plainly, do they or do they not admit the teach¡©ing of the
Sermon on the Mount and the commandment of non-resistance to evil as
binding on a Christian. And they were bound to answer this question, not
after the usual fashion (i.e., "that although on the one side one
cannot absolutely deny, yet on the other side one cannot again fully
assent, all the more seeing that," etc., etc.). No; they should have
answered the question as plainly as it was put in my book-Did Christ
really demand from his disciples that they should carry out what he taught
them in the Ser¡©mon on the Mount? And can a Christian, then, or can he
not, always remaining a Christian, go to law or make any use of the law,
or seek his own protection in the law? And can the Christian, or can he
not, remaining a Christian, take part in the administration of government,
using compulsion against his neighbors? And-the most important question
hanging over the heads of all of us in these days of universal military
service-can the Christian, or can he not, remain¡©ing a Christian, against
Christ's direct prohibition, promise obedience in future actions
directly opposed to his teaching? And can he, by taking his share of
service in the army, pre¡©pare himself to murder men, and even actually
murder them? |
³ª´Â ù¹øÂ° ºÎ·ùºÎÅÍ ½ÃÀÛÇÒ °ÍÀÌ´Ù.
³ªÀÇ Àú¼¿¡¼
³ª´Â ±³È¸ÀÇ ±³»çµéÀ» ÇâÇÑ ºñ³À¸·Î¼,
±×µéÀÇ
°¡¸£Ä§Àº »ê»ó ¼öÈÆ¿¡¼ ¸í¹éÇϰí Á¤È®ÇÏ°Ô Ç¥ÇöµÈ
¹Ù¿Í °°ÀÌ ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ ¸í·É¿¡ ¹Ý´ëµÇ¸ç,
ƯÈ÷ ¾Ç¿¡ ´ëÇÑ
ÀúÇ׿¡ °üÇÑ ±×ÀÇ ¸í·É¿¡ ¹Ý´ëÇϸç,
±×¸®°í ÀÌ·¸°Ô ÇØ¼
±×µéÀÌ ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§ÀÇ ¸ðµç °¡Ä¡¸¦ ¹ÚÅ» Çß´Ù°í
¸»Çß´Ù.
±³È¸ ´ç±¹µéÀº Èû¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ ¾Ç¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¹«ÀúÇ׿¡
°üÇÑ »ê»ó ¼öÈÆÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§À» Çϳª´ÔÀÇ °è½Ã¶ó°í ¹Þ¾Æ
µéÀδÙ;
±×¸®°í ±×·¯¹Ç·Î ¿ì¸®´Â ±×µéÀÌ ³ªÀÇ Àú¼¿¡
´ëÇØ ¾²¶ó°í ºÎŹÀ» ¹Þ¾Ò´Ù°í ±×µéÀÌ ´À³¤´Ù¸é,
±×¸®°í
½±°Ô ¸»ÇÏÀÚ¸é,
±×µéÀÌ »ê»ó ¼öÈÆÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§°ú ¾Ç¿¡ ´ëÇÑ
¹«ÀúÇ×ÀÇ °è¸íÀ» ±âµ¶±³ÀÎÀ¸·Î½á Àǹ«ÀûÀ̶ó°í
ÀÎÁ¤ÇÏµç ¾Æ´ÏÇϵç,
±×µéÀº ¹«¾ùº¸´Ù ¸ÕÀú ³ªÀÇ ±×µé¿¡
´ëÇÑ ºñ³ÀÇ ÁÖµÈ ¿äÁ¡¿¡ ´ë´äÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ ÇÇÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø´Ù´Â
°ÍÀ» ¾Ë¾Ò´Ù°í »ý°¢ÇßÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù.
±×¸®°í ±×µéÀº ÀÌ
Áú¹®¿¡ ´ë´äÇØ¾ß ÇßÀ¸¸ç,
ÈçÈ÷ ÇÏ´Â ¹æ½ÄÀ» µû¶ó¼°¡
¾Æ´Ï´Ù (Áï, ¡°ºñ·Ï ÇÑÆíÀ¸·Î´Â ¿ì¸®´Â Àý´ëÀûÀ¸·Î
ºÎÀÎÇÒ ¼ö ¾øÀ¸³ª,
±×·¯³ª ´Ù¸¥ ÇÑÆíÀ¸·Î ¿ì¸®´Â ´Ù½Ã±Ý
¿ÏÀüÈ÷ µ¿ÀÇÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø´Ù,
´õ¿ì±â ...À» °í·ÁÇϸé,¡±
µîµî).
¾Æ´Ï´Ù;
±×µéÀº ³ªÀÇ Àú¼¿¡ ÁÖÀåµÈ ¸¸Å ¸í·áÇÏ°Ô ±×
¹®Á¦¿¡ ´ë´äÇß¾î¾ß Çß´Ù-±×¸®½ºµµ´Â Á¤¸»·Î
»ê»ó¼öÈÆ¿¡¼ ±×µé¿¡°Ô °¡¸£Ä£ °ÍÀ» ±×ÀÇ Á¦ÀÚµéÀÌ
½ÇÇàÇϱ⸦ ¿ä±¸ÇÏ¿´´Â°¡?
±×¸®°í,
±×·¸´Ù¸é,
±âµ¶±³ÀÎÀº,
Ç×»ó ±âµ¶±³ÀÎÀ̸鼵µ,
°í¼ÒÇϰųª,
¹ýÀ»
ÀÌ¿ëÇϰųª,
ÀÚ±â ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ º¸È£¸¦ ¹ý¿¡¼ ãÀ» ¼ö Àִ°¡
¾ø´Â°¡?
±×¸®°í,
Ç×»ó ±âµ¶±³ÀÎÀÎ »ç¶÷ÀÌ ±×ÀÇ ÀÌ¿ôÀ»
°Á¦ÇÏ´Â Á¤ºÎÀÇ ÇàÁ¤¿¡ Âü¿©ÇÒ ¼ö Àִ°¡ ¾ø´Â°¡?
±×¸®°í-º¸ÆíÀû º´¿ª Àǹ«¸¦ ¿ä±¸ÇÏ´Â Çö ½Ã´ë¿¡¼
¿ì¸®µéÀÇ ¸Ó¸®À§¿¡ ¸Å´Þ¸° °¡Àå Áß¿äÇÑ ¹®Á¦·Î¼-¾ðÁ¦³ª
±âµ¶±³ÀÎÀÎ »ç¶÷ÀÌ ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ Á÷Á¢ÀûÀÎ ±ÝÁö¿¡ ¹ÝÇÏ¿©,
±×ÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§¿¡ Á÷Á¢ ¹Ý´ëµÇ´Â ¹Ì·¡ÀÇ ÇàÀ§µé¿¡ ´ëÇÏ¿©
º¹Á¾À» ¾à¼ÓÇÒ ¼ö Àִ°¡ ¾ø´Â°¡?
±×¸®°í,
±º´ë¿¡¼
ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ¸òÀÇ Àǹ«¸¦ ´ÙÇϸé¼,
±×´Â »ç¶÷À» Á×ÀÏ Áغñ¸¦
Çϸç,
±×¸®°í ½ÉÁö¾î ½ÇÁ¦·Î ±×µéÀ» »ìÀÎÇÒ ¼ö°¡ Àִ°¡? |
|
These questions were put plainly and directly, and seemed to require a
plain and direct answer; but in all the criti¡©cisms of my book there was
no such plain and direct answer. No; my book received precisely the same
treatment as all the attacks upon the teachers of the Church for their
defec¡©tion from the Law of Christ of which history from the days of
Constantine is full. |
À̵é Áú¹®µéÀº ¸í¹éÇϸç Á÷¼±ÀûÀ̾ú´Ù,
±×¸®°í
¸í¹éÇϸç Á÷¼±ÀûÀÎ ´ë´äÀ» ¿ä±¸ÇÏ´Â °Í °°¾Ò´Ù;
±×·¯³ª
³ªÀÇ Àú¼¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¸ðµç ºñÆòµé¿¡¼ ±×·¸°Ô ¸í¹éÇϰí
Á÷¼±ÀûÀÎ ´ë´äÀº ¾ø¾ú´Ù.
¾Æ´Ï´Ù;
³ªÀÇ Àú¼´Â
±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ À²¹ýÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ±×µéÀÇ °áÇÔ¿¡ ÀÖ¾î¼ ±³È¸ÀÇ
±³»çµé¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¸ðµç ºñ³µéó·³ Á¤È®ÇÏ°Ô ¶È°°Àº
´ëÁ¢À» ¹Þ¾ÒÀ¸¸ç,
ÀÌ °áÇÔÀÇ ¿ª»ç´Â ÄܽºÅºÆ¼´©½º
½Ã´ë·ÎºÎÅÍ °¡µæÂ÷ ÀÖ´Ù. |
|
A very great deal was said in connection with my book of my having
incorrectly interpreted this and other passages of the Gospel, of my being
in error in not recognizing the Trinity, the redemption, and the
immortality of the soul. A very great deal was said, but not a word about
the one thing which for every Christian is the most essential question in
life-how to reconcile the duty of forgiveness, meekness, patience, and
love for all, neighbors and enemies alike, which is so clearly expressed
in the words of our teacher, and in the heart of each of us-how to
reconcile this duty with the obligation of using force in war upon men of
our own or a foreign people. |
³Ê¹«³ª ¸¹Àº °ÍµéÀÌ ³ªÀÇ Àú¼¿Í °ü·ÃµÇ¾î
¾ð±ÞµÇ¾ú´Ù:
³»°¡ À̰Ͱú º¹À½¼ÀÇ ´Ù¸¥ ±¸ÀýµéÀ»
ºÎÁ¤È®ÇÏ°Ô ¹ø¿ªÇÏ¿´À¸¸ç,
»ïÀ§ ÀÏü,
´ë¼Ó(ÓÛáÛ),
±×¸®°í ¿µÈ¥ÀÇ ºÒ¸ê¼ºÀ» ±ú´ÝÁö ¸øÇϹǷΠ³»°¡
Ʋ·È´Ù´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù.
³Ê¹«³ª ¸¹Àº °ÍµéÀÌ ¾ð±ÞµÇ¾ú´Ù,
±×·¯³ª ¸ðµç ±âµ¶±³Àε鿡°Ô ÀÖ¾î¼ »î¿¡ °üÇÑ °¡Àå
º»ÁúÀûÀÎ Áú¹®¿¡ ´ëÇÑ °ÍÀº ÇѸ¶µðµµ ¾ø¾ú´Ù-¿ë¼,
¿ÂÀ¯ÇÔ,
ÂüÀ½,
±×¸®°í ÀÌ¿ôµé ¹× ¿ø¼öµéÀ» Æ÷ÇÔÇÑ ¸ðµç
»ç¶÷¿¡ ´ëÇÑ »ç¶û,
±×¸®°í ¿ì¸®ÀÇ ±³»çÀÇ ¸»¾¸¿¡,
±×¸®°í ¿ì¸® °¢ÀÚÀÇ °¡½¿¼Ó¿¡ ³Ê¹«³ª ¸í·áÇϰÔ
Ç¥ÇöµÇ¾î ÀÖ´Â Àǹ«¸¦ ¾î¶»°Ô ¾ç¸³½Ãų °ÍÀΰ¡-¿ì¸®Àǵ¿Æ÷µéÀ̳ª
¿Ü±¹ »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô ÀüÀï¿¡¼ Æø·ÂÀ» »ç¿ëÇØ¾ßÇÏ´Â ¸í·É°ú
ÀÌ Àǹ«¸¦ ¾î¶»°Ô ¾ç¸³½Ãų °ÍÀΰ¡. |
|
All that are worth calling answers to this question can be brought
under the following five heads. I have tried to bring together in this
connection all I could, not only from the criticisms on my book, but from
what has been written in past times on this theme. |
ÀÌ Áú¹®¿¡ ´ëÇØ¼ ´ë´äµéÀ» ¿ä±¸ÇÒ °¡Ä¡°¡ ÀÖ´Â ¸ðµç
°ÍµéÀº ´ÙÀ½ÀÇ ´Ù¼¸°¡Áö ¿äÁ¡ÇÏ¿¡ ³õÀ» ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.
³ªÀÇ
Àú¼¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ºñÆòµé »Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó,
ÀÌ ÁÖÁ¦¿¡ ´ëÇÏ¿©
°ú°Å¿¡ ¾²¿©Áø °Íµé·ÎºÎÅÍ ³»°¡ ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ¸ðµç °ÍÀ»
ÀÌ °ü°è·Î ¸ðÀ¸·Á°í ½ÃµµÇß´Ù. |
|
The first and crudest form of reply consists in the bold assertion that
the use of force is not opposed by the teach¡©ing of Christ; that it is
permitted, and even enjoined, on the Christian by the Old and New
Testaments. |
ù°ÀÌÀÚ °¡Àå À¯Ä¡ÇÑ ´ë´äÀº Æø·ÂÀÇ »ç¿ëÀÌ
±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§¿¡ ¹Ý´ëÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù´Â »·»·½º·±
ÁÖÀåÀÌ´Ù;
±×°ÍÀº ±âµ¶±³Àο¡°Ô ±¸¾à ¹× ½Å¾à ¼º¼¿¡¼,
Çã¿ëµÇ¾úÀ¸¸ç,
½ÉÁö¾î ¸í·ÉµÇ¾ú´Ù´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. |
|
Assertions of this kind proceed, for the most part, from men who have
attained the highest ranks in the governing or ecclesiastical hierarchy,
and who are consequently per¡©fectly assured that no one will dare to
contradict their asser¡©tion, and that if anyone does contradict it they
will hear nothing of the contradiction. These men have, for the most part,
through the intoxication of power, so lost the right idea of what that
Christianity is in the name of which they hold their position that what is
Christian in Chris¡©tianity presents itself to them as heresy, while
everything in the Old and New Testaments which can be distorted into an
antichristian and heathen meaning they regard as the foun¡©dation of
Christianity. In support of their assertion that Christianity is not
opposed to the use of force, these men usually, with the greatest
audacity, bring together all the most obscure passages from the Old and
New Testaments, interpreting them in the most unchristian way-the punish¡©ment
of Ananias and Sapphira, of Simon the Sorcerer, etc. They quote all those
sayings of Christ's which can possibly be interpreted as justification
of cruelty: the expulsion from the Temple; "It shall be more tolerable
for the land of Sodom than for this city," etc., etc. According to these
people's notions, a Christian government is not in the least bound to be
guided by the spirit of peace, forgiveness of injuries, and love for
enemies. |
ÀÌ·± Á¾·ùÀÇ ÁÖÀåµéÀº,
´ëüÀûÀ¸·Î,
ÅëÄ¡ ¹× ¼ºÁ÷
°èÅë¿¡¼ °¡Àå ³ôÀº ÁöÀ§¸¦ È®º¸ÇÑ »ç¶÷µé¿¡¼ ³ª¿À´Â
°ÍÀ¸·Î,
±×µéÀº °á±¹ ¾Æ¹«µµ ±×µéÀÇ ÁÖÀå¿¡ °¨È÷
¹Ý¹ÚÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀ» °ÍÀ̸ç,
±×¸®°í ¸¸ÀÏ ±×°ÍÀ» ¹Ý¹ÚÇÏ´Â
ÀÚ°¡ ÀÖ´Ù¸é ±× ¹Ý¹Ú¿¡ ´ëÇØ ¾Æ¹«°Íµµ µèÁö ¾ÊÀ» °ÍÀ»
È®½ÅÇÑ´Ù.
ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ »ç¶÷µéÀº,
´ëüÀûÀ¸·Î,
±Ç·Â¿¡
Áßµ¶µÇ¾î,
±×µéÀÌ ÁöÀ§¸¦ À¯ÁöÇÔ¿¡ ÀÖ¾î¼ ´öÅÃÀ» º¸´Â
±âµ¶±³¶ó´Â À̸§ ¾È¿¡¼ ±âµ¶±³°¡ ¹«¾ùÀÎÁö ¿Ã¹Ù¸¥
°³³äÁ¶Â÷ ³Ê¹«³ª Àؾî¹ö·Á¼,
±âµ¶±³¿¡¼ ±âµ¶±³ÀûÀÎ
°ÍÀº ±×µé¿¡°Ô ÀÌ´ÜÀ¸·Î º¸¿©Áö¸ç,
¹Ý¸é¿¡ Àû±×¸®½ºµµ
¹× À̱³µµÀûÀÎ Àǹ̷Π¿Ö°îµÉ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ±¸¾à ¹× ½Å¾à
¼º¼ »óÀÇ ¸ðµç °ÍµéÀ» ±×µéÀº ±âµ¶±³ÀÇ ±Ùº»À¸·Î
¿©±ä´Ù.
±âµ¶±³°¡ Æø·ÂÀÇ »ç¿ë¿¡ ¹Ý´ëÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù´Â
±×µéÀÇ ÁÖÀåÀ» µÞ¹ÞħÇϱâ À§ÇÏ¿©,
ÀÌ »ç¶÷µéÀº ÈçÈ÷,
´ë´ÜÈ÷ »·»·½º·´°Ôµµ,
±¸¾à ¹× ½Å¾à ¼º¼¿¡¼ °¡Àå
¾Ö¸ÅÇÑ ±ÍÀý µéÀ» ¸ðµÎ ²ø¾î ¸ð¾Æ¼ °¡Àå ºñ±âµ¶±³ÀûÀÎ
¹æ¹ýÀ¸·Î ±×°ÍµéÀ» ÇØ¼®ÇÑ´Ù-¾Æ³ª´Ï¾Æ¿Í »ðºñ¶ó ±×¸®°í
¸¶¹ý»ç ½Ã¸óÀÇ Ã³Çü,
µî.
±×µéÀº Ȥ½Ã³ª ÀÜÀÎÇÔÀÇ
Á¤´çÈ·Î ÇØ¼®µÉ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ ¸ðµç ¸»¾¸µéÀ»
ÀοëÇÑ´Ù:
¼ºÀüÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ Ãß¹æÇÔ; ¡°¼Òµ¼ ¶¥ÀÌ ±× ¼ºº¸´Ù
°ßµð±â ½¬¿ì¸®¶ó,¡±
µîµî.
ÀÌ »ç¶÷µéÀÇ ½Å³ä¿¡ µû¸£¸é,
±âµ¶±³ Á¤ºÎ´Â °áÄÚ ÆòÈ,
ÇÇÇØ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¿ë¼,
±×¸®°í
¿ø¼ö¿¡ ´ëÇÑ »ç¶ûÀÇ Á¤½ÅÀ¸·Î ÀεµµÇ¾î¼´Â ¾Æ´ÏµÈ´Ù. |
|
To refute such an assertion is useless, because the very people who
make this assertion refute themselves, or, rather, renounce Christ,
inventing a Christianity and a Christ of their own in the place of him in
whose name the Church itself exists, as well as their office in it. If all
men were to learn that the Church professes to believe in a Christ of
punishment and warfare, not of forgiveness, no one would believe in the
Church and it could not prove to anyone what it is trying to prove. |
±×·¯ÇÑ ÁÖÀåÀ» ¹Ý¹ÚÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº ¾µµ¥ ¾ø´Â ÀÏÀÌ´Ù,
¿Ö³ÄÇϸé ÀÌ·± ÁÖÀåÀ» ÇÏ´Â ¹Ù·Î ±× »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ÀڽŵéÀ»
¹Ý¹ÚÇÑ´Ù,
¾Æ´Ï,
±× º¸´Ù´Â ±×¸®½ºµµ¸¦ ºÎÀÎÇÑ´Ù,
±âµ¶±³¸¦ Á¶ÀÛÇϸç,
±×ÀÇ À̸§ÇÏ¿¡¼ ±³È¸ ÀÚü°¡
Á¸ÀçÇÒ »Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ±× ¾È¿¡¼ ±×µéÀÇ ÀÏÀÚ¸®°¡ Á¸Àç
Çϴµ¥µµ,
±×¸®½ºµµ ´ë½Å¿¡ ±×µé ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ±×¸®½ºµµ¸¦
Á¶ÀÛÇØ ³½´Ù.
¸¸ÀÏ ¸ðµç »ç¶÷µéÀÌ,
±³È¸°¡ ¿ë¼°¡
¾Æ´Ï¶ó ó¹ú°ú ÀüÀïÀÇ ±×¸®½ºµµ¸¦ ¹Ï´Â´Ù°í °í¹éÇÏ´Â
°ÍÀ»,
¾Ë°Ô¶óµµ µÈ´Ù¸é ¾Æ¹«µµ ±³È¸¸¦ ¹ÏÁö ¾ÊÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù
±×¸®°í ±³È¸´Â ±³È¸°¡ ¹«¾ùÀ» Áõ¸íÇÏ·Á ÇÏ´ÂÁö
¾Æ¹«¿¡°Ôµµ Áõ¸íÇÒ ¼ö ¾øÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù. |
|
The second, somewhat less gross, form of argument con¡©sists in
declaring that, though Christ did indeed preach that we should turn the
left cheek, and give the cloak also, and this is the highest moral duty,
yet that there are wicked. men in the world, and if these wicked men were
not restrained by force, the whole world and all good men would come to
ruin through them. This argument I found for the first time in John
Chrysostom, and I show how he is mis¡©taken in my book "What I
Believe." |
¾à°£ ´ú »·»·ÇÑ,
µÎ¹øÂ° ÇüÅÂÀÇ ÁÖÀåÀº,
¿¹¼ö°¡ ºñ·Ï
Á¤¸»·Î¿ì¸®°¡ ¿ÞÂÊ »´À» µ¹·Á ´ë°í ¿Êµµ ÁÖ¾î¹ö·Á¾ß
ÇÑ´Ù°í ¼³±³ÇÏ¿´À¸¸ç,
±×¸®°í À̰ÍÀÌ °¡Àå ³ôÀº
µµ´öÀûÀÎ Àǹ«¶ó°í ÇÏ´õ¶óµµ,
±×·¸Áö¸¸ ¼¼»ó¿¡´Â ¾ÇÇÑ
»ç¶÷µéÀÌ ÀÖÀ¸¸ç,
ÀÌµé ¾ÇÇÑ »ç¶÷µéÀ» Æø·ÂÀ¸·Î
Á¦ÁöÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù¸é,
Àü ¼¼°è¿Í ¸ðµç ¼±ÇÑ »ç¶÷µéÀÌ
±×µé·Î ÀÎÇÏ¿© ¸ê¸ÁÇÒ °ÍÀ̶ó°í ¼±¾ðÇÔ¿¡ ÀÖ´Ù.
ÀÌ
ÁÖÀåÀº ³»°¡ óÀ½À¸·Î ¿äÇÑ Å©¸®¼½ºÅè¿¡¼ ã¾Ò´Ù,
±×¸®°í ³ª´Â ³ªÀÇ Àú¼ ¡°³ª´Â ¹«¾ùÀ» ¹Ï´Â°¡¡±¿¡¼
±×°¡ ¾î¶»°Ô À߸ø »ý°¢ÇÏ´ÂÁö º¸¿©ÁØ´Ù. |
|
This argument is ill grounded, because if we allow our¡©selves to
regard any men as intrinsically wicked men, then in the first place we
annul, by so doing, the whole idea of the Christian teaching, according to
which we are all equals and brothers, as sons of one Father in heaven.
Secondly, it is ill founded, because even if to use force against wicked
men had been permitted by God, since it is impossible to find a perfect
and unfailing distinction by which one could positively know the wicked
from the good, so it would come to all individual men and societies of men
mutually regard¡©ing each other as wicked men, as is the case now.
Thirdly, even if it were possible to distinguish the wicked from the good
unfailingly, even then it would be impossible to kill or injure or shut up
in prison these wicked men, because there would be no one in a Christian
society to carry out such punishment, since every Christian, as a
Christian, has been commanded to use no force against the wicked. |
ÀÌ ÁÖÀåÀº ±Ù°Å°¡ ¾ø´Ù,
¿Ö³ÄÇϸé,
¿ì¸®°¡ Àڽſ¡°ÔÀÌ
¾î¶² »ç¶÷À» º»ÁúÀûÀ¸·Î ¾ÇÇÑ »ç¶÷À¸·Î ¿©±èÀ»
Çã¿ëÇÑ´Ù¸é,
±×·² °æ¿ì¿¡ Á¦ÀϸÕÀú ¿ì¸®´Â,
±×·¸°Ô
ÇÔÀ¸·Î½á,
±âµ¶±³ÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§-ÀÌ¿¡ ÀǰÅÇÏ¿© ¿ì¸®´Â
Çϴÿ¡ °è½Å ¾Æ¹öÁöÀÇ ¾Æµé·Î¼,
¸ðµÎ µ¿µîÇϸç
ÇüÁ¦ÀÌ´Ù-ÀÇ ¸ðµç °³³äÀ» ¹«È¿È ½Ã۱⠶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù.
µÎ¹øÂ°·Î ±×°ÍÀº Á¤´çÇÑ ÀÌÀ¯°¡ ¾ø´Ù,
¿Ö³ÄÇϸé,
ºñ·Ï
¾ÇÇÑ »ç¶÷µé¿¡ ´ëÇ×ÇÏ¿© Æø·ÂÀ» »ç¿ëÇÔÀÌ Çϳª´ÔÀÌ
Çã¶ôÇÏ¿´´Ù ÇÏ´õ¶óµµ,
¿ì¸®°¡ È®½ÇÇÏ°Ô ¾ÇÇÑ »ç¶÷°ú
¼±ÇÑ »ç¶÷À» ±¸º°ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ¿Ïº®ÇÏ¸ç ½Ç¼ö¾ø´Â ±¸º°À»
ã´Â °ÍÀÌ ºÒ°¡´ÉÇϱ⠶§¹®¿¡,
°á±¹ ¸ðµç °³ÀεéÀÌ
±×¸®°í »ç¶÷µéÀÇ ¸ðÀÓµéÀÌ,
¹Ù·Î Áö±Ý ±×·¯ÇϵíÀÌ,
»óÈ£°£¿¡ ¼·Î¸¦ ¾ÇÇÑ »ç¶÷µé·Î ¿©±èÀ¸·Î ±Í°áµÈ´Ù.
¼¼¹øÂ°·Î,
ºñ·Ï ¾ÇÇÑ »ç¶÷°ú ¼±ÇÑ »ç¶÷À» ½Ç¼ö¾øÀÌ
±¸º°ÇÔÀÌ °¡´ÉÇÏ´Ù°í ÇÏ´õ¶óµµ,
½ÉÁö¾î ±×·¸´ÙÇÏ´õ¶óµµ,
ÀÌµé ¾ÇÇÑ »ç¶÷µéÀ» »ìÇØÇϰųª »óó¸¦ ÀÔÈ÷°Å³ª ¶Ç´Â
°¨¿Á¿¡ °¡µÎ´Â °ÍÀÌ ºÒ°¡´ÉÇÒ °ÍÀÌ´Ù,
¿Ö³ÄÇϸé,
±âµ¶±³ÀÎÀ¸·Î¼ÀÇ ¸ðµç ±âµ¶±³ÀÎÀº ¾ÇÇÑ »ç¶÷¿¡°Ô
¾Æ¹«·± Æø·Âµµ »ç¿ëÄ¡ ¸øÇϵµ·Ï ¸í·É¹Þ¾Ò±â¿¡,
±âµ¶±³
»çȸ¿¡¼ ±×·¯ÇÑ Ã³¹úÀ» ÁýÇàÇÒ »ç¶÷ÀÌ ¾Æ¹«µµ ¾ø±â
¶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù. |
|
The third kind of answer, still more subtle than the pre¡©ceding,
consists in asserting that though the command of non-resistance to evil by
force is binding on the Christian when the evil is directed against
himself personally, it ceases to be binding when the evil is directed
against his neigh¡©bors, and that then the Christian is not only not bound
to fulfill the commandment, but is even bound to act in oppo¡©sition to it
in defense of his neighbors, and to use force against transgressors by
force. This assertion is an abso¡©lute assumption, and one cannot find in
all Christ's teaching any confirmation of such an argument. Such an
argument is not only a limitation, but a direct contradiction and nega¡©tion
of the commandment. If every man has the right to have recourse to force
in face of a danger threatening an¡©other, the question of the use of
force is reduced to a ques¡©tion of the definition of danger for another.
If my private judgment is to decide the question of what is danger for
another, there is no occasion for the use of force which could not be
justified on the ground of danger threatening some other man. They killed
and burnt witches, they killed aristocrats and girondists, they killed
their enemies, because those who were in authority regarded them as dan¡©gerous
for the people. |
¼¼¹øÂ° Á¾·ùÀÇ ´äº¯Àº,
ÀÌÀü °Íº¸´Ùµµ ÈÙ¾À´õ
¹Ì¹¦Çѵ¥,
ºñ·Ï Èû¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ ¾Ç¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¹«ÀúÇ×ÀÇ ¸í·ÉÀÌ
±× ¾ÇÀÌ Àڽſ¡°Ô Á÷Á¢ÀûÀ¸·Î ÇâÇØÁø´Ù¸é
±âµ¶±³Àε鿡°Ô Àǹ«ÀûÁö¸¸,
±× ¾ÇÀÌ ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ÀÌ¿ô¿¡°Ô
ÇâÇØÁø´Ù¸é ±×°ÍÀº Àǹ«ÀûÀÏ ¼ö°¡ ¾ø´Ù,
±×¸®°í
±×·¸´Ù¸é ±âµ¶±³ÀÎÀº ±× °è¸íÀ» ½ÇõÇÒ Àǹ«°¡ ¾øÀ»
»Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ½ÉÁö¾î ±×ÀÇ ÀÌ¿ôµéÀ» ¹æ¾îÇϱâ À§ÇÏ¿© ±×
°è¸í¿¡ ¹Ý´ëÇÏ¿© ÇൿÇÒ Àǹ«°¡ ÀÖÀ¸¸ç Çà¾ÇÀڵ鿡
´ëÇ×ÇÏ¿© Æø·ÂÀ» »ç¿ëÇØ¾ßÇÒ Àǹ«°¡ ÀÖ´Ù°í ÁÖÀåÇÔ¿¡
ÀÖ´Ù.
À̰ÍÀº ±Ø´ÜÀûÀÎ ¾ïÃøÀ̸ç,
¿ì¸®´Â ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ
¸ðµç °¡¸£Ä§¿¡¼ ±×·¯ÇÑ ³í°Å¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¾î¶² È®Áõµµ ãÀ»
¼ö ¾ø´Ù.
±×·¯ÇÑ ³í°Å´Â °è¸í¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Á¦ÇÑÀÏ »Ó¸¸
¾Æ´Ï¶ó,
Á÷Á¢ÀûÀÎ ¹Ý¹ÚÀÌ¸ç ºÎÁ¤ÀÌ´Ù.
¸¸ÀÏ ¸ðµç
»ç¶÷µéÀÌ ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷µéÀ» À§ÇùÇÏ´Â À§Çè¿¡ Á÷¸éÇÏ¿©
Æø·Â¿¡ ÀǰÅÇÒ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ±Ç¸®¸¦ °¡Áø´Ù¸é,
Æø·ÂÀÇ »ç¿ë¿¡
´ëÇÑ ¹®Á¦´Â ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷¿¡ ´ëÇÑ À§ÇèÀÇ Á¤ÀÇÀÇ ¹®Á¦·Î
¾ÐÃàµÈ´Ù.
¸¸ÀÏ ³ªÀÇ °³ÀÎÀûÀÎ ÆÇ´ÜÀÌ ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷¿¡ ´ëÇÑ
À§ÇèÀÌ ¹«¾ùÀΰ¡ÀÇ ¹®Á¦¸¦ °áÁ¤ÇØ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù¸é,
´Ù¸¥ ¾î¶²
»ç¶÷À» À§ÇùÇÏ´Â À§ÇèÀ» ±Ù°Å·Î Á¤´ç鵃 ¼ö ¾ø´Â Æø·Â
»ç¿ëÀÇ ±âȸ°¡ ¾ø´Ù.
±×µéÀº ¸¶³à¸¦ »ìÇØÇÏ¿© ºÒÅ¿ü°í,
±×µéÀº ±ÍÁ·µé°ú Áö·Õµå ´ç¿øµéÀ» »ìÇØÇßÀ¸¸ç,
±×µéÀÇ
ÀûµéÀ» Á׿´´Ù,
¿Ö³ÄÇÏ¸é ±Ç·ÂÀ» ÀâÀº »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ±×µéÀ»
»ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô À§ÇèÇÏ´Ù°í ¿©°å±â ¶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù. |
|
If this important limitation, which fundamentally under¡©mines the
whole value of the commandment, had entered into Christ's meaning, there
must have been mention of it somewhere. This restriction is made nowhere
in our Saviour's life or preaching. On the contrary, warning is given
precisely against this treacherous and scandalous restriction which
nullifies the commandment. The error and impossibility of such a
limitation is shown in the Gospel with special clearness in the account of
the judgment of Caiaphas, who makes precisely this distinction. He
acknowledged that it was wrong to punish the innocent Jesus, but he saw in
him a source of danger not for himself, but for the whole people, and
therefore he said: It is better for one man to die, that the whole people
perish not. And the erroneousness of such a limitation is still more
clearly expressed in the words spoken to Peter when he tried to resist by
force evil directed against Jesus (Matt. xxvi. 52). Peter was not
defending himself, but his beloved and heavenly Master. And Christ at once
reproved him for this, saying, that he who takes up the sword shall perish
by the sword. |
¸¸ÀÏ ÀÌ Áß¿äÇÑ Á¦ÇÑÀÌ,
À̰ÍÀº ±Ùº»ÀûÀ¸·Î ±× °è¸íÀÇ
ÀüüÀûÀÎ °¡Ä¡¸¦ ÈѼÕÇÏ´Â ¹Ù,
±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§¿¡
µé¾î ÀÖ´Ù¸é,
¾îµð¿£°¡¿¡ ±×°Í¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¾ð±ÞÀÌ ÀÖÀ½ÀÌ
Ʋ¸²¾ø´Ù.
ÀÌ Á¦ÇÑÀº ¿ì¸® ±¸¼¼ÁÖÀÇ »îÀ̳ª ¼³±³
¾îµð¿¡¼µµ ¸¸µé¾îÁöÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù.
¹Ý´ë·Î,
±× °è¸íÀ»
¹«È¿È ½ÃŰ´Â ÀÌ ¹è¹ÝÀûÀÌ¸ç ¼öÄ¡½º·¯¿î Á¦ÇÑ¿¡
´ëÇÏ¿© Á¤È®ÇÏ°Ô °æ°í°¡ ÁÖ¾îÁ® ÀÖ´Ù.
±×·¯ÇÑ Á¦ÇÑÀÇ
¿À·ù¿Í ºÒ°¡´É¼ºÀº º¹À½¼¿¡¼ Ưº°È÷ ¸í·áÇÏ°Ô º¸¿©
ÁÖ´Â ¹Ù,
°¡¾ß¹ÙÀÇ ÀçÆÇ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ À̾߱⿡¼,
±×´Â
Á¤È®È÷ ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ±¸º°À» Çϰí ÀÖ´Ù.
±×´Â ¹«ÁËÀÎ ¿¹¼ö¸¦
ó¹úÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ À߸øÀÓÀ» ÀÎÁ¤ÇÏ¿´´Ù,
±×·¯³ª ±×´Â
¿¹¼ö¿¡°Ô¼ Àڽſ¡°Ô°¡ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó Àüü »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô ¹ÌÄ¡´Â
À§ÇèÀÇ ±Ù¿øÀ» º¸¾Ò´Ù,
±×¸®°í ±×·¯¹Ç·Î ±×°¡ ¸»Çß´Ù:
Àüü ¹ÎÁ·ÀÌ ¸ê¸ÁÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀ¸·Á¸é,
ÇÑ »ç¶÷ÀÌ Á×´Â °ÍÀÌ
´õ ÁÁ´Ù.
±×¸®°í ±×·¯ÇÑ Á¦ÇÑÀÇ ¿À·ù¼ºÀº º£µå·Î°¡
¿¹¼ö¸¦ ÇâÇÑ ¾ÇÀ» Æø·ÂÀ¸·Î¼ ÀúÁöÇÏ·Á°í ÇÏÀÚ ±×¿¡°Ô
ÇÑ ¸»¾¸¿¡¼ ÈξÀ ´õ ºÐ¸íÇÏ°Ô Ç¥ÇöµÈ´Ù(¸¶Åº¹À½
24Àå52Àý).
º£µå·Î´Â ÀÚ½ÅÀ» ¹æ¾îÇÔÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ±×ÀÇ »ç¶ûÇÏ´Â
¼º½º·¯¿î ÁÖ´ÔÀ» ¹æ¾îÇϰí ÀÖ¾ú´Ù.
±×¸®°í ±×¸®½ºµµ´Â
´çÀå ÀÌÁ¡¿¡ ´ëÇÏ¿© ±×¸¦ ÁúÃ¥Çϸé¼,
Ä®À» µç »ç¶÷À»
¸»·Î½á ¸ê¸ÁÇÒ °ÍÀ̶ó°í ¸»Çß´Ù. |
|
Besides, apologies for violence used against one's neighbor in
defense of another neighbor from greater violence are always
untrustworthy, because when force is used against one who has not yet
carried out his evil intent, I can never know which would be greater-the
evil of my act of violence or of the act I want to prevent. We kill the
criminal that society may be rid of him, and we never know whether the
criminal of to-day would not have been a changed man to¡©morrow, and
whether our punishment of him is not useless cruelty. We shut up the
dangerous-as we think-mem¡©ber of society, but the next day this man might
cease to be dangerous and his imprisonment might be for nothing. I see
that a man I know to be a ruffian is pursuing a young girl. I have a gun
in my hand-I kill the ruffian and save the girl. But the death or the
wounding of the ruffian has positively taken place, while what would have
happened if this had not been I cannot know. And what an immense mass of
evil must result, and indeed does result, from allow¡©ing men to assume
the right of anticipating what may happen. Ninety-nine per cent of the
evil of the world is founded on this reasoning-from the Inquisition to
dynamite bombs, and the executions or punishments of tens of thousands of
political criminals. |
°Ô´Ù°¡,
´õ¿í Ä¿´Ù¶õ À§ÇèÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ´Ù¸¥ ÀÌ¿ôÀ»
¹æ¾îÇÏ·Á°í ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ÀÌ¿ô¿¡ ´ëÇ×ÇÏ¿© Æø·ÂÀ» »ç¿ëÇÑ´Ù´Â
±¸½ÇÀº ¾ðÁ¦³ª ¹ÏÀ½Á÷ÇÏÁö ¸øÇÏ´Ù,
¿Ö³ÄÇϸé,
ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ
¾ÇÇÑ Àǵµ¸¦ ¾ÆÁ÷ ½ÇÇàÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀº »ç¶÷¿¡ ´ëÇÏ¿© Æø·ÂÀÌ
»ç¿ëµÉ ¶§,
³ª´Â ¾î´À °ÍÀÌ ´õ¿í Å« °ÍÀÎÁö °áÄÚ ¾Ë ¼ö
¾ø±â ¶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù-³ª ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ Æø·ÂÀûÀÎ ÇàÀ§ÀÇ ¾ÇÇÔÀÎÁö
¾Æ´Ï¸é ³»°¡ ¸·¾Æ º¸°íÀÚ ÇÏ´Â ÇàÀ§ÀÇ ¾ÇÇÔÀÎÁö.
¿ì¸®´Â
±× ¹üÁËÀÚ¸¦ Á׿©¼ »çȸ¿¡¼ ±×¸¦ ¾ø¾Ö°íÀÚ ÇÑ´Ù,
±×¸®°í ¿ì¸®´Â ¿À´ÃÀÇ ¹üÁËÀÚ°¡ ³»ÀÏ °³¼±µÈ »ç¶÷ÀÌ
µÉÁö,
±×¸®°í ¿ì¸®°¡ ±×¸¦ ó¹úÇÔÀÌ ¾µ¸ð¾ø´Â ÀÜÀÎÇÔÀÌ
¾Æ´ÒÁö´Â °áÄÚ ¾ËÁö ¸øÇÑ´Ù.
¿ì¸®´Â-¿ì¸®°¡ »ý°¢Çϱ⿡-
À§ÇèÇÑ »çȸÀÇ ±¸¼º¿øÀ» °¡µÐ´Ù,
±×·¯³ª ´ÙÀ½³¯ ÀÌ
»ç¶÷Àº À§ÇèÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀ» Áöµµ ¸ð¸¥´Ù ±×·¯¸é ±×ÀÇ Åõ¿ÁÀº
ÀÌÀ¯°¡ ¾øÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù.
³ª´Â ³»°¡ ¾Ç´çÀ¸·Î ¾Ë°í ÀÖ´Â
»ç¶÷ÀÌ ¾î¸° ¼Ò³à¸¦ ÂÑ´Â °ÍÀ» º»´Ù.
³ªÀÇ ¼Õ¿¡´Â ÃÑÀÌ
µé·Á ÀÖ´Ù-³ª´Â ±× ¾Ç´çÀ» Á×ÀÌ°í ±× ¼Ò³à¸¦ ±¸ÇÑ´Ù.
±×·¯³ª ¾Ç´çÀÇ Á×À½ ¶Ç´Â »óó´Â È®½ÇÈ÷ ÀϾ´Ù,
¹Ý¸é¿¡ ÀÌ ÀÏÀÌ ÀϾÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù¸é ¹«¾ùÀÌ ÀÏ¾î ³µÀ» Áö
³ª´Â ¾Ë ¼ö ¾ø´Ù.
±×¸®°í »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô ¹«¾ùÀÌ ÀÏ¾î ³¯
°ÍÀÎÁö ¿¹°ßÇÏ´Â ±Ç¸®¸¦ °¡Áöµµ·Ï Çã¶ôÇÑ´Ù¸é,
¾ó¸¶³ª
¸¹Àº ¾ÇµéÀÌ ÃÊ·¡µÉ °ÍÀΰ¡,
¾Æ´Ï Á¤¸»·Î ÀÏ¾î ³´Ù.
¼¼»óÀÇ 99ÆÛ¼¾Æ®ÀÇ ¾ÇÀº ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ³í¹ý¿¡ ±âÃÊÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù-ÀÌ´ÜÀÚ
ź¾Ð¿¡¼ºÎÅÍ ´ÙÀ̳ʸ¶ÀÌÆ® ÆøÅº¿¡ À̸£±â±îÁö,
±×¸®°í
¼ö¸¸¸íÀ̳ª µÇ´Â Á¤Ä¡¹üµéÀÇ Ã³ÇüÀ̳ª ó¹úµµ ±×·¯ÇÏ´Ù. |
|
A fourth, still more refined, reply to the question, What ought to be
the Christian's attitude to Christ's command of non-resistance to evil
by force? consists in declaring that they do not deny the command of
non-resistance to evil, but recognize it; but they only do not ascribe to
this com¡©mand the special exclusive value attached to it by sectarians.
To regard this command as the indispensable condition of Christian life,
as Garrison, Ballou, Dymond, the Quakers, the Mennonites, and the Shakers
do now, and as the Moravian brothers, the Waldenses, the Albigenses, the
Bogomilites, and the Paulicians did in the past, is a one-sided heresy.
This command has neither more nor less value than all the other commands,
and the man who through weakness trans¡©gresses any command whatever, the
command of non-resist¡©ance included, does not cease to be a Christian if
he hold the true faith. This is a very skillful device, and many people
who wish to be deceived are easily deceived by it. The device consists in
reducing a direct conscious denial of a command to a casual breach of it.
But one need only com¡©pare the attitude of the teachers of the Church to
this and to other commands which they really do recognize, to be convinced
that their attitude to this is completely different from their attitude to
other duties. |
³×¹øÂ°,
ÈξÀ ´õ ¼¼·ÃµÈ,
±× Áú¹®-±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ Èû¿¡
ÀÇÇÑ ¾Ç¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¹«ÀúÇ×ÀÇ ¸í·É¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ±âµ¶±³ÀεéÀÇ
ŵµ´Â ¾î¶°ÇØ¾ß Çϴ°¡?-¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ´äº¯Àº,
±×µéÀº ¾Ç¿¡
´ëÇÑ ¹«ÀúÇ×ÀÇ ¸í·ÉÀ» ºÎÀÎÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀ¸¸ç ±×°ÍÀ»
ÀÎÁ¤ÇÑ´Ù°í ÇÑ´Ù;
±×·¯³ª ±×µéÀº ¿ÀÁ÷ ÆÄ¹úÁÖÀÇÀڵ鿡
ÀÇÇØ ºÎ°¡µÈ Ưº°È÷ ¹èŸÀûÀÎ °¡Ä¡¸¦ ÀÌ ¸í·É¿¡ µ¹¸®Áö
¾ÊÀ» »ÓÀ̶ó°í ¼±¾ðÇϴµ¥ ÀÖ´Ù.
°Ô¸®½¼,
¹ß·ç,
µð¸óµå,
ÄùÀÌÄ¿,
¸Þ³ë³ªÀÌÆ® ±×¸®°í ½¦ÀÌÄ¿µéÀÌ ÇöÀç
½ÇÇàÇϵíÀÌ,
±×¸®°í ¸ð¶óºñ¾Æ ÇüÁ¦µé,
¿ùµç½º,
¾Ëºñ°Õ½º,
º¸°í¹Ð¶óÀÌÆ® ¹× Æú¸®½Ã¾È µéÀÌ °ú°Å¿¡ ÇàÇÑ °Íó·³,
ÀÌ
¸í·ÉÀ» ±âµ¶±³ÀÎÀÇ »î¿¡¼ ÇÊ¿ä ºÒ°¡°áÇÑ Á¶°ÇÀ¸·Î
¿©±â´Â °ÍÀº ÇÑÂÊÀ¸·Î ±â¿ì´Â ÀÌ´ÜÀÌ´Ù.
ÀÌ ¸í·ÉÀº ´Ù¸¥
¸ðµç ¸í·Éµéº¸´Ù ´õµµ ´úµµ ¾Æ´Ñ °¡Ä¡¸¦ °¡Áø´Ù,
±×¸®°í,
¹«ÀúÇ×ÀÇ ¸í·ÉÀ» Æ÷ÇÔÇÏ¿©,
³ª¾àÇÔÀ¸·Î ÀÎÇÏ¿© ¾î¶²
¸í·ÉÀ̵ç À§¹ÝÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷ÀÌ¶óµµ ±×°¡ Áø½ÇÇÑ ½Å¾ÓÀ»
°¡Áö°í ÀÖ´Ù¸é ±âµ¶±³ÀÎÀ̱⸦ ±×¸¸ µÎ´Â °ÍÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï´Ù.
À̰ÍÀº ¸Å¿ì ±³¹¦ÇÑ °è·«ÀÌ´Ù,
±×¸®°í ±â¸¸´çÇϱ⸦
¿øÇÏ´Â ¸¹Àº »ç¶÷µéÀº ±×°Í¿¡ ÀÇÇØ ½±°Ô ±â¸¸´çÇÑ´Ù.
±×
°è·«Àº Á÷Á¢ÀûÀÎ ÀǽÄÀûÀÎ ¸í·ÉÀÇ ºÎÀÎÀ» ¿ì¿¬ÇÑ
À§¹ÝÀ¸·Î Ãà¼ÒÇϴµ¥ ÀÖ´Ù.
±×·¯³ª ¿ì¸®´Â ¿ÀÁ÷ ±³È¸ÀÇ
¼±»ýµéÀÇ Åµµ¸¦,
À̰Ͱú ±×µéÀÌ Á¤¸»·Î ÀνÄÇÏ´Â ´Ù¸¥
¸í·Éµé°ú ºñ±³Çϰí,
±×µéÀÇ À̰Ϳ¡ ´ëÇÑ Åµµ´Â ±×µéÀÇ
´Ù¸¥ Àǹ«µé¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Åµµ¿Í ¿ÏÀüÈ÷ ´Ù¸£´Ù´Â °ÍÀ»
³³µæÇÒ Çʿ䰡 ÀÖ´Ù. |
|
The command against fornication they do really recognize, and
consequently they do not admit that in any case forni¡©cation can cease to
be wrong. The Church preachers never point out cases in which the command
against fornication can be broken, and always teach that we must avoid
seduc¡©tions which lead to temptation to fornication. But not so with the
command of non-resistance. All church preachers recognize cases in which
that command can be broken, and teach the people accordingly. And they not
only do not teach that we should avoid temptations to break it, chief of
which is the military oath, but they themselves administer it. The
preachers of the Church never in any other case advocate the breaking of
any other commandment. But in connection with the commandment of
non-resistance they openly teach that we must not understand it too
literally, but that there are conditions and circumstances in which we
must do the direct opposite, that is, go to law, fight, punish. So that
occasions for fulfilling the commandment of non-resistance to evil by
force are taught for the most part as occasions for not fulfilling it. The
fulfillment of this com¡©mand, they say, is very difficult and pertains
only to perfection. And how can it not be difficult, when the breach of it
is not only not forbidden, but law courts, prisons, can¡©nons, guns,
armies, and wars are under the immediate sanc¡©tion of the Church? It
cannot be true, then, that this command is recognized by the preachers of
the Church as on a level with other commands. |
°£À½À» ±ÝÁöÇÏ´Â ¸í·ÉÀ» ±×µéÀº Á¤¸»·Î ÀνÄÇÑ´Ù,
±×¸®°í °á±¹ ±×µéÀº ¾î¶² °æ¿ì¶óµµ °£À½Àº ÁËÀ̱⸦
¸ØÃâ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù°í ÀÎÁ¤ÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù.
±³È¸ÀÇ ¼³±³ÀÚµéÀº
°áÄÚ °£À½À» ±ÝÁöÇÏ´Â ¸í·ÉÀ» ¾î°Üµµ µÇ´Â °æ¿ìµéÀ»
ÁöÀûÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù,
±×¸®°í ¿ì¸®´Â °£À½ÀÇ ½ÃÇè¿¡ À̸¦ ¼ö
ÀÖ´Â À¯È¤µéÀ» ÇÇÇØ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù°í Ç×»ó °¡¸£Ä£´Ù.
±×·¯³ª
¹«ÀúÇ×ÀÇ ¸í·É¿¡ ´ëÇØ¼´Â ±×·¸Áö ¾Ê´Ù.
¸ðµç ±³È¸ÀÇ
¼³±³ÀÚµéÀº ±× ¸í·ÉÀÌ ¾î°Üµµ µÇ´Â °æ¿ìµéÀ» ¾Ë°í
ÀÖÀ¸¸ç,
»ç¶÷µéÀ» ±×¿¡ ÇÕ´çÇÏ°Ô °¡¸£Ä£´Ù.
±×¸®°í
±×µéÀº ±×°ÍÀ» ¾î±æ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ½ÃÇèµé-±×ÁßÀÇ Áß¿äÇÑ °ÍÀº
±º´ëÀÇ ¼±¼ÀÌ´Ù-À» ÇÇÇØ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù°í °¡¸£Ä¡Áö ¾ÊÀ» »Ó¸¸
¾Æ´Ï¶ó,
±×µé ½º½º·Î°¡ ±×°ÍÀ» °¿äÇÑ´Ù.
±³È¸ÀÇ
¼³±³ÀÚµéÀº ¾î¶² °æ¿ìÀÌµç ´Ù¸¥ ¾î¶² °è¸íÀ» À§¹ÝÇÔµµ
¿ËÈ£ÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù.
±×·¯³ª ¹«ÀúÇ×ÀÇ °è¸í°ú °ü·ÃÇØ¼´Â
±×µéÀº °ø°³ÀûÀ¸·Î ¿ì¸®°¡ ±×°ÍÀ» ³Ê¹« Á÷¼³ÀûÀ¸·Î
ÀÌÇØÇØ¼´Â ¾ÈµÈ´Ù°í °¡¸£Ä¡¸ç,
±×·¯³ª ¿ì¸®°¡
Á¤¹Ý´ë·Î ÇàÇØ¾ß ÇÏ´Â,
´Ù½Ã ¸»Çϸé,
°í¼ÒÇϰųª,
½Î¿ì°Å³ª,
ó¹úÇØ¾ß ÇÏ´Â »óȲµé°ú ȯ°æµéÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù°í
°¡¸£Ä£´Ù.
±×·¡¼ Èû¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ ¾Ç¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¹«ÀúÇ×ÀÇ °è¸íÀ»
½ÇÃµÇØ¾ßÇÏ´Â »óȲµéÀº ´ë°³ ±×°ÍÀ» ½ÇõÇÏÁö ¾Ê¾Æ¾ß
ÇÏ´Â »óȲÀ¸·Î °¡¸£ÃÄÁø´Ù.
ÀÌ ¸í·ÉÀÇ ½ÇõÀº,
±×µéÀº
¸»ÇÑ´Ù,
¸Å¿ì ¾î·Á¿ì¸ç ¿ÀÁ÷ ¿Ïº®¿¡ °ü°èµÇ¾î ÀÖ´Ù.
±×¸®°í ±×°ÍÀ» À§¹ÝÇÔÀÌ ±ÝÁöµÇÁö ¾Ê¾ÒÀ» »Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó,
¹ýÁ¤µé,
°¨¿Áµé,
´ëÆ÷µé,
Ãѵé,
±º´ëµé ±×¸®°í ÀüÀïµéÀÌ
±³È¸ÀÇ Á÷Á¢ÀûÀÎ ºñÈ£¾Æ·¡ ÀÖÀ» ¶§,
±×°ÍÀÌ ¾î¶»°Ô
¾î·ÆÁö ¾Ê°Ú´Â°¡?
±×·¸´Ù¸é,
ÀÌ ¸í·ÉÀÌ ´Ù¸¥ ¸í·Éµé°ú
°°Àº ¼öÁØ¿¡¼Ã³·³ ±³È¸ÀÇ ¼³±³Àڵ鿡 ÀÇÇÏ¿© Àνĵǰí
ÀÖ´Ù´Â °ÍÀº »ç½ÇÀÏ ¸®°¡ ¾ø´Ù. |
|
The preachers of the Church clearly do not recognize it; only not
daring to acknowledge this, they try to conceal their not recognizing it. |
±³È¸ÀÇ ¼³±³ÀÚµéÀº ±×°ÍÀ» ¸í¹éÈ÷ ±ú´ÝÁö ¸øÇÑ´Ù;
¿ÀÁ÷ °¨È÷ À̰ÍÀ» ÀÎÁ¤ÇÏ·Á ÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀ¸¸é¼,
±×µéÀº
±×°ÍÀ» ±ú´ÝÁö ¸øÇÔÀ» °¨Ãß·ÁÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù. |
|
So much for the fourth reply. |
³×¹øÂ°ÀÇ ´äº¯¿¡ ´ëÇØ¼´Â ±×¸¸µÎ±â·Î ÇÏÀÚ. |
|
The fifth kind of answer, which is the subtlest, the most often used,
and the most effective, consists in avoiding answering, in making believe
that this question is one which has long ago been decided perfectly
clearly and satisfac¡©torily, and that it is not worth while to talk about
it. This method of reply is employed by all the more or less culti¡©vated
religious writers, that is to say, those who feel the laws of Christ
binding for themselves. Knowing that the contradiction existing between
the teaching of Christ which we profess with our lips and the whole order
of our lives cannot be removed by words, and that touching upon it can
only make it more obvious, they, with more or less ingenuity, evade it,
pretending that the question of reconciling Chris¡©tianity with the use of
force has been decided already, or does not exist at all. |
´Ù¼¸¹øÂ° Á¾·ùÀÇ ´äº¯Àº,
À̰ÍÀº °¡Àå ±³¹¦Çϸç,
°¡Àå
ÈçÈ÷ »ç¿ëµÇ¸ç,
±×¸®°í °¡Àå È¿°úÀûÀε¥,
´äº¯À» ÇÇÇÔ¿¡
ÀÖ´Ù,
Áï,
ÀÌ Áú¹®Àº ¾ÆÁÖ ¿À·¡Àü¿¡ Áö±ØÈ÷ ¸í·áÇϰÔ
±×¸®°í ¸¸Á·½º·´°Ô °á·ÐÀÌ ³ °ÍÀ̸ç,
±×°Í¿¡ ´ëÇØ
°Å·ÐÇÒ °¡Ä¡°¡ ¾ø´Â üÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù.
ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ´äº¯ ¹æ¹ýÀº
´Ù¼Ò ±³¾çÀÖ´Â ¸ðµç Á¾±³ ÀÛ°¡µé,
´Ù½Ã ¸»Çϸé,
±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ À²¹ýÀÌ ½º½º·Îµé¿¡°Ô Àǹ«ÀûÀ̶ó°í ´À³¢´Â
»ç¶÷µé¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼ »ç¿ëµÇ°í ÀÖ´Ù.
¿ì¸®ÀÇ ÀÔÀ¸·Î
°í¹éÇÏ´Â ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§°ú ¿ì¸®µé »îÀÇ ¸ðµç Áú¼
»çÀÌ¿¡ Á¸ÀçÇÏ´Â ¸ð¼øÀÌ ¸»¸¸À¸·Î´Â Á¦°ÅµÉ ¼ö ¾øÀ¸¸ç,
±×¸®°í ±×°ÍÀ» °Çµå¸®´Â °ÍÀº ¿ÀÁ÷ ±×°ÍÀ» ´õ¿í
¸í¹éÇÏ°Ô ¸¸µé ¼ö ÀÖÀ½À» ¾Ë°í ÀÖÀ¸¸é¼,
±×µéÀº,
´Ù¼ÒÀÇ Àç°£À¸·Î,
±×°ÍÀ» ȸÇÇÇϸç,
±âµ¶±³¿Í Æø·ÂÀÇ
»ç¿ëÀ» ¾ç¸³ÇÏ´Â ¹®Á¦´Â ÀÌ¹Ì °á·ÐÀÌ ³µ°Å³ª ÀüÇô
Á¸ÀçÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀº ü ÇÑ´Ù. |
|
The majority of religious critics of my book use this fifth method of
replying to it. I could quote dozens of such critics, in all of whom,
without exception, we find the same thing repeated: everything is
discussed except what consti¡©tutes the principal subject of the book. As
a characteristic example of such criticisms, I will quote the article of a
well-known and ingenious English writer and preacher-Farrar- who, like
many learned theologians, is a great master of the art of circuitously
evading a question. The article was pub¡©lished in an American journal,
the Forum, in October, 1888. |
³ªÀÇ Àú¼¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ´ëºÎºÐÀÇ Á¾±³ ºñÆò°¡µéÀº ±×°Í¿¡
´ëÇÑ ´äº¯À¸·Î¼ ÀÌ ´Ù¼¸¹øÂ° ¹æ¹ýÀ» »ç¿ëÇÑ´Ù.
³ª´Â
¿¸íµµ ³Ñ´Â ±×·± ºñÆò°¡µéÀ» ÀοëÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù,
±×¸®°í
¿¹¿Ü ¾øÀÌ ±×µé ¸ðµÎ¿¡¼,
¿ì¸®´Â ¶È°°Àº ³»¿ëÀÌ
¹Ýº¹µÇ´Â °ÍÀ» ¹ß°ßÇÑ´Ù:
±× Ã¥ÀÇ ±âº»ÀûÀÎ ÁÖÁ¦¸¦
±¸¼ºÇÏ´Â °Í ¸»°í´Â ¸ðµç °ÍÀÌ ³íÀǵǾú´Ù.
±×·¯ÇÑ
ºñÆòµé ÁßÀÇ ÀüÇüÀûÀÎ ¿¹·Î½á,
³ª´Â Àß ¾Ë·ÁÁ® ÀÖÀ¸¸ç
¿µ¸®ÇÑ ¿µ±¹ ÀÛ°¡¸ç ¼³±³ÀÚ-ÆÄ¶ó¸£,
±×´Â ¸¹Àº ÇнÄÀÖ´Â
½ÅÇÐÀÚµé ó·³,
ºù µÑ·¯¼ Áú¹®À» ȸÇÇÇÏ´Â ±â¼úÀÇ
À§´ëÇÑ ´ë°¡ÀÌ´Ù -ÀÇ ±â»ç¸¦ ÀοëÇϰڴÙ.
±× ±â»ç´Â
¹Ì±¹ ÀâÁö, [Æ÷·³]¿¡
1888³â ÃâÆÇµÇ¾ú´Ù. |
|
After conscientiously explaining in brief the contents of my book,
Farrar says: "Tolstoy came to the conclusion that a coarse deceit had
been palmed upon the world when these words, 'Resist not evil,' were
held by civil society to be compatible with war, courts of justice,
capital punishment, divorce, oaths, national prejudice, and, indeed, with
most of the institutions of civil and social life. He now believes that
the kingdom of God would come if all men kept these five commandments of
Christ, viz.: 1. Live in peace with all men. 2. Be pure. 3. Take no oaths.
4. Resist not evil. 5. Renounce national distinctions. |
³ªÀÇ Àú¼ÀÇ ³»¿ë¿¡ ´ëÇÏ¿© °£´ÜÇÏ°Ô ¾ç½ÉÀûÀ¸·Î
¼³¸íÇÑ µÚ¿¡,
ÆÄ¶ó¸£´Â ¸»ÇÑ´Ù: ¡°Å罺ÅäÀÌ´Â, ¡®¾ÇÀ»
ÀúÇ×ÇÏÁö ¸»¶ó¡¯
´Â ¸»¾¸ÀÌ,
½Ã¹Î »çȸ¿¡¼ ÀüÀï,
¹ýÁ¤,
»çÇü,
ÀÌÈ¥,
¸Í¼¼,
¹ÎÁ·Àû Æí°ß,
±×¸®°í,
»ç½Ç»ó,
½Ã¹Î ¹×
»çȸÀû »îÀÇ Á¦µµµéÀÇ ´ëºÎºÐ°ú ¾ç¸³ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ¸·Î
¿©°ÜÁú ¶§,
¼¼»ó¿¡ Áöµ¶ÇÑ ±â¸¸ÀÌ ¼û°ÜÁ® ÀÖ´Ù´Â °á·Ð¿¡
µµ´ÞÇß´Ù.
±×´Â ÀÌÁ¦ ¸ðµç »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ÀÌµé ´Ù¼¸°¡Áö
°è¸íÀ» ÁؼöÇÑ´Ù¸é Çϳª´ÔÀÇ ¿Õ±¹ÀÌ ¿Ã °ÍÀ̶ó°í
¹Ï´Â´Ù,
Áï : 1.
¸ðµç »ç¶÷µé°ú ÆòȽº·´°Ô »ì¶ó. 2.
¼ø¼öÇ϶ó. 3.
¸Í¼¼ÇÏÁö ¸»¶ó. 4.
¾ÇÀ» ÀúÇ×ÇÏÁö ¸»¶ó. 5.
±¹°¡Àû ±¸º°µéÀ» Æ÷±âÇ϶ó. |
|
"Tolstoy," he says, "rejects the inspiration of the Old
Testament; hence he rejects the chief doctrines of the Church-that of the
Atonement by blood, the Trinity, the descent of the Holy Ghost on the
Apostles, and his trans¡©mission through the priesthood." And he
recognizes only the words and commands of Christ. "But is this interpre¡©tation
of Christ a true one?" he says. "Are all men bound to act as Tolstoy
teaches-i.e., to carry out these five commandments of
Christ?" You expect, then, that in answer to this essential question,
which is the only one that could induce a man to write an article about
the book, he will say either that this interpretation of Christ's
teaching is true and we ought to follow it, or he will say that such an
inter¡©pretation is untrue, will show why, and will give some other
correct interpretation of those words which I interpret incor¡©rectly. But
nothing of the kind is done. Farrar only expresses his "belief" that,
"though actuated by the noblest sincerity, Count Tolstoy has been misled
by partial and one-sided interpretations of the meaning of the Gospel and
the mind and will of Christ." What this error consists in is not made
clear; it is only said: "To enter into the proof of this is impossible
in this article, for I have already exceeded the space at my command." |
¡°Å罺ÅäÀ̴¡±,
±×´Â ¸»ÇÑ´Ù, ¡°±¸¾à ¼º¼ÀÇ ¿µ°¨À»
ºÎÀÎÇÑ´Ù;
±×·¯¹Ç·Î ±³È¸ÀÇ Á᫐ ±³¸®µéÀ» ºÎÀÎÇÑ´Ù-ÇÇ¿¡
ÀÇÇÑ ¼ÓÁË,
»ïÀ§ÀÏü,
»çµµµé¿¡°Ô ¼º·ÉÀÇ °¸²°ú
»çÁ¦µé¿¡°Ô ÀüÆÄµÊ.¡±
±×¸®°í ±×´Â ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ ¸»¾¸
µé°ú ¸í·Éµé¸¸À» ÀÎÁ¤ÇÑ´Ù. ¡°±×·¸Áö¸¸ ±×¸®½ºµµ¿¡
´ëÇÑ ÀÌ·± ÇØ¼®ÀÌ Áø½ÇÇÑ °ÍÀΰ¡?¡±
±×´Â ¸»ÇÑ´Ù. ¡°¸ðµç
»ç¶÷µéÀÌ Å罺ÅäÀ̰¡ °¡¸£Ä¡´Â ´ë·Î ÇàÇØ¾ß Çϴ°¡-Áï,
±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ ÀÌ ´Ù¼¸°¡Áö °è¸íÀ» ½ÇÃµÇØ¾ß Çϴ°¡?¡±
±×·¯¸é,
´ç½ÅµéÀº,
ÀÌ º»ÁúÀûÀÎ Áú¹®-À̰ÍÀº ÇÑ
»ç¶÷À¸·Î ÇÏ¿©±Ý ±× Ã¥¿¡ °üÇÑ ±â»ç¸¦ ¾²µµ·Ï ±ÇÀ¯ÇÒ ¼ö
ÀÖ´Â À¯ÀÏÇÑ °ÍÀÌ´Ù-¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ´ë´äÀ¸·Î¼,
±×°¡
±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÀÌ ÇØ¼®ÀÌ Áø½ÇÇÏ´Ï ¿ì¸®°¡
±×°ÍÀ» µû¶ó¾ß ÇÑ´Ù°í ¸»Çϰųª,
±×°¡,
±×·¯ÇÑ ÇØ¼®ÀÌ
Ʋ¸®´Ù,
ÀÌÀ¯¸¦ º¸¿©ÁÖ°Ú´Ù,
±×¸®°í ³»°¡ ºÎÁ¤È®ÇϰÔ
ÇØ¼®ÇÑ ±×µé ¸»¾¸µé¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ´Ù¸¥ ¾î¶² Á¤È®ÇÑ ÇØ¼®À»
ÇØÁÖ°Ú´Ù°í ¸»ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ»,
±â´ëÇÒ °ÍÀÌ´Ù.
±×·¯³ª ±×·¯ÇÑ
ÀÏÀº ÀϾÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù.
ÆÄ¶ó¸£´Â ¿ÀÁ÷, ¡°ºñ·Ï °¡Àå
°í»óÇÑ ÁøÁöÇÔÀ¸·Î ºñ·ÔµÇ¾úÁö¸¸,
Å罺ÅäÀÌ ¹éÀÛÀº
º¹À½¼ÀÇ ÀÇ¹Ì ¹× ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ ¸¶À½°ú ÀÇÁö¿¡ ´ëÇÑ
ºÒ¿ÏÀüÇÏ¸ç ÆíÆÄÀûÀÎ ÇØ¼®µé·Î À߸ø ÀεµµÇ¾ú´Ù.¡±
´Â
ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ¡°¹ÏÀ½¡±À» Ç¥ÇöÇÑ´Ù.
ÀÌ °ú¿À°¡ ¹«¾ù¿¡
ÀÖ´ÂÁö´Â ºÐ¸íÇÏ°Ô ¹àÈ÷Áö ¾Ê´Â´Ù;
¿ÀÁ÷ ÀÌ·¸°Ô ¸»ÇÒ
»ÓÀÌ´Ù: ¡°ÀÌ ±â»ç¿¡¼ À̰ÍÀÇ Áõ¸í¿¡ µé¾î°¡±â´Â
ºÒ°¡´ÉÇÏ´Ù,
¿Ö³ÄÇϸé,
³ª´Â ÀÌ¹Ì ³»°¡ »ç¿ë °¡´ÉÇÑ
Áö¸éÀ» ÃʰúÇ߱⠶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù.¡± |
|
And he concludes, in a tranquil spirit: "Meanwhile, the reader who
feels troubled lest it should be his duty also to forsake all the
conditions of his life and to take up the position and work of a common
laborer, may rest for the present on the principle, securus judicat
orbis terrarum. With few and rare exceptions," he continues, "the
whole of Christendom, from the days of the Apostles down to our own, has
come to the firm conclusion that it was the object of Christ to lay down
great eternal principles, but not to disturb the bases and revolutionize
the institu¡©tions of all human society, which themselves rest on divine
sanctions as well as on inevitable conditions. Were it my object to prove
how untenable is the doctrine of communism, based by Count Tolstoy upon
the divine paradoxes [sic], which can be interpreted only on
historical principles in accordance with the whole method of the teaching
of Jesus, it would require an ampler canvas than I have here at my
disposal." What a pity he has not "an ampler canvas at his
disposal"! And what a strange thing it is that for all these last
fifteen centuries no one has had "a canvas ample enough" to prove that
Christ, whom we profess to believe in, says something utterly unlike what
he does say! Still, they could prove it if they wanted to. But it is not
worth while to prove what everyone knows; it is enough to say, "securus
judicat orbis terrarum." |
±×¸®°í ±×´Â Á¶¿ëÇÑ ±âºÐÀ¸·Î °á·ÐÀ» ³»¸°´Ù: ¡°±×·±µ¥,
¶ÇÇÑ ±×ÀÇ ÀλýÀÇ ¸ðµç ½ÅºÐµéÀ» Àú¹ö¸®°í,
Æò¹üÇÑ
³ëµ¿ÀÚÀÇ ÁöÀ§¿Í ³ëµ¿À» Áû¾î Áö´Â °ÍÀÌ ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ Àǹ«°¡
¾Æ´Ò±î ºÒ¾ÈÇÏ°Ô ´À³¢´Â µ¶ÀÚµéÀº ´çºÐ°£ ¡®¼Ó¼¼ÀÇ
Àǹ̾ø´Â ºñ³ (securus judicat orbis
terrarum)¡¯
ÀÇ ¿ø¸®¿¡ ¸Ó¹°·¯¾ß
ÇϰڴÙ.
¸Å¿ìÀûÀ¸¸ç µå¹® ¿¹¿Ü·Î¼,¡±
±×´Â °è¼ÓÇÑ´Ù,
¡°Àüü ±âµ¶±³ÀεéÀÌ,
»çµµµéÀÇ ½Ã´ëºÎÅÍ ¿ì¸® ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ
½Ã´ë±îÁö ÅëÆ²¾î¼,
¿ø´ëÈ÷ ¿µ¿øÇÑ ¿ø¸®µéÀ» ¼¼¿ì´Â
°ÍÀÌ ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ ¸ñÀûÀ̾ú´Ù,
±×·¯³ª ±× ±â¹ÝÀ» Èçµé°í
¸ðµç Àΰ£ »çȸÀÇ Á¦µµ¸¦ Çõ¸íÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¾ú´Ù,
±×¸®°í ±× üÁ¦ ÀÚü´Â Çϳª´ÔÀÇ ÁöÁö»Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó
ÇÊ¿¬ÀûÀÎ »óȲ¿¡ ÀÇÁ¸ÇÑ´Ù.
¿¹¼öÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§ÀÇ ÀüüÀûÀÎ
¹æ¹ý°ú ÀÏÄ¡ÇÏ´Â ¿ª»çÀûÀÎ ¿ø¸®µé À§¿¡¼ ¿ÀÁ÷ ÇØ¼®µÉ
¼ö ½ÅÀûÀÎ ±Ëº¯µé(divine paradoxes)À§¿¡ Å罺ÅäÀÌ ¹éÀÛÀÌ
±âÃÊÇÑ °ø»êÁÖÀÇÀÇ ½Å³äÀÌ ¾ó¸¶³ª ÁöÁöÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø´Â
°ÍÀÎÁö Áõ¸íÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ ³ªÀÇ ¸ñÀûÀ̶ó¸é,
±×°ÍÀº Áö±Ý
¿©±â ³ªÀÇ ¸òÀÇ Á» ´õ Å« ĵ¹ö½º°¡ ÇÊ¿äÇÒ °ÍÀÌ´Ù.¡± ¡°±×ÀÇ
¸òÀÇ Á» ´õ Å« ĵ¹ö½º¡±¸¦ ±×°¡ °¡ÁöÁö ¸øÇßÀ¸´Ï ¾ó¸¶³ª
¾Öó·Î¿î ÀÏÀΰ¡!
±×¸®°í ÀÌ ¸ðµç °ú°ÅÀÇ 15¼¼±â µ¿¾È,
¿ì¸®°¡ ¹Ï´Â´Ù°í °í¹éÇÏ´Â ±×¸®½ºµµ°¡,
±×°¡ ¸»ÇÏ´Â
°Í°ú ÀüÇô °°Áö ¾ÊÀº ¾î´À °ÍÀ» ¸»ÇÑ´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» Áõ¸íÇÒ
¼ö ÀÖ´Â ¡°ÃæºÐÇÑ Å©±âÀÇ Äµ¹ö½º¡±¸¦ ¾Æ¹«µµ °®Áö
¸øÇßÀ½Àº ¾ó¸¶³ª ÀÌ»óÇÑ ÀÏÀΰ¡!
¾ÆÁ÷µµ ¸¸ÀÏ ±×µéÀÌ
¿øÇÑ´Ù¸é ±×°ÍÀ» Áõ¸íÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù.
±×·¯³ª
´©±¸¶óµµ ¾Æ´Â °ÍÀ» Áõ¸íÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº °¡Ä¡°¡ ¾ø´Ù; ¡®¼Ó¼¼ÀÇ
Àǹ̾ø´Â ºñ³(securus judicat orbis
terrarum)¡¯À̶ó°í ¸»ÇÔÀ̸é ÃæºÐÇÏ´Ù. |
|
And of this kind, without exception, are all the criticisms of educated
believers, who must, as such, understand the danger of their position. The
sole escape from it for them lies in their hope that they may be able, by
using the authority of the Church, of antiquity, and of their sacred
office, to overawe the reader and draw him away from the idea of reading
the Gospel for himself and thinking out the question in his own mind for
himself. And in this they are successful; for, indeed, how could the
notion occur to any¡©one that all that has been repeated from century to
century with such earnestness and solemnity by all those arch¡©deacons,
bishops, archbishops, holy synods, and popes, is all of it a base lie and
a calumny foisted upon Christ by them for the sake of keeping safe the
money they must have to live luxuriously on the necks of other men? And it
is a lie and a calumny so transparent that the only way of keep¡©ing it up
consists in overawing people by their earnestness, their
conscientiousness. It is just what has taken place of late years at
recruiting sessions; at a table before the zert-zai-the symbol of the
Tzar's authority-in the seat of honor under the life-size portrait of
the Tzar, sit dignified old officials, wearing decorations, conversing
freely and easily, writing notes, summoning men before them, and giv¡©ing
orders. Here, wearing a cross on his breast, near them, is a
prosperous-looking old priest in a silken cassock, with long gray hair
flowing on to his cope, before a lectern who wears the golden cross and
has a Gospel bound in gold. |
±×¸®°í ±³À°¹ÞÀº ½ÅÀÚµéÀÇ ¸ðµç ºñÆòµéÀº ¿¹¿Ü ¾øÀÌ
ÀÌ·± Á¾·ùÀ̸ç,
±×µéÀº ¹Ýµå½Ã,
±×°Í ÀÚü¸¸À¸·Îµµ,
±×µéÀÇ ÁöÀ§¿¡ ´ëÇÑ À§ÇèÀ» ±ú´Ý´Â´Ù.
±×µé¿¡°Ô ÀÖ¾î¼
±×°ÍÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍÀÇ À¯ÀÏÇÑ Å»ÃâÀº,
±³È¸¿Í ÀüÅë°ú ±×µéÀÇ
½Å¼ºÇÑ Á÷Ã¥ÀÇ ±ÇÀ§¸¦ °¡Áö°í¼,
µ¶ÀÚµéÀ» À§¾ÐÇϰí
±×¸¦ ½º½º·Î º¹À½¼¸¦ ÀаíÀÚ ÇÏ´Â »ý°¢°ú ±× Áú¹®À»
ÀÚ±â ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ¸¶À½¼Ó¿¡¼ ½º½º·ÎÀÇ ÈûÀ¸·Î »ý°¢ÇØ ³»´Â
°ÍÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ¸Ö¸® ²ø¾î ³¾ ¼ö ÀÖÁö ¾ÊÀ»±îÇÏ´Â ±×µéÀÇ
Èñ¸Á¿¡ ³õ¿© ÀÖ´Ù.
±×¸®°í ÀÌ·± Á¡¿¡¼ ±×µéÀº
¼º°øÀûÀÌ´Ù;
¿Ö³ÄÇϸé,
½Ç»ó,
¾î¶»°Ô ±× ÁÖÀå-´Ù½Ã
¸»Çϸé,
¼¼±â¿¡¼ ¼¼±â·Î ±×·¯ÇÑ ¿¼º°ú ¾ö¼÷ÇÔÀ¸·Î¼
±× ¸ðµç ´ëºÎÁ¦,
ÁÖ±³µé,
´ëÁÖ±³µé,
Á¾±³È¸Àǵé,
±×¸®°í
±³È²µé¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼ µÇÇ®ÀÌ µÇ¾î¿Â ¸ðµç °Íµé-ÀÌ
´©±¸¿¡°Õ°¡ ¶°¿À¸¦ ¼ö Àְڴ°¡,
±× ¸ðµç °ÍÀÌ »Ñ¸®ºÎÅÍ
°ÅÁþÀÌ¸ç ±×µéÀÌ ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷µéÀÇ ¸ñÀ§¿¡ »çÄ¡½º·´°Ô
»ì¾Æ°¡±â À§ÇÑ µ·À» ¾ÈÀüÇÏ°Ô º¸°üÇϱâ À§ÇÏ¿© ±×µé¿¡
ÀÇÇØ¼ ±×¸®½ºµµ À§¿¡ ¸ô·¡ ³¢¿ö ³õÀº ºñ¹æÀÌ ¾Æ´Ñ°¡?
±×¸®°í ±×°ÍÀº °ÅÁþ¸»ÀÌ°í ºñ¹æÀÌ¸ç ³Ê¹«³ª ¸í¹éÇÏ¿©¼,
±×°ÍÀ» Áö¼ÓÇÏ´Â À¯ÀÏÇÑ ¹æ¹ýÀº ±×µéÀÇ ¿¼º°ú
ÁøÁöÇÔÀ¸·Î »ç¶÷µéÀ» À§¾ÐÇÔ¿¡ ÀÖ´Ù.
±×°ÍÀÌ ¹Ù·Î
±Ù·¡ÀÇ ÇØ¸¶´Ù º´·Â º¸Ãæ ±â°£¿¡ ÀϾ´ø °ÍÀÌ´Ù;
ȲÁ¦ÀÇ ±ÇÀ§ÀÇ »ó¡ÀÎ ¼Æ®»çÀÌ ¾Õ¿¡ ÀÖ´Â Å×ÀÌºí¿¡,
ȲÁ¦ÀÇ ½Ç¹° »çÀÌÁî ÃÊ»óÈ ¾Æ·¡ ³ôÀº ºÐÀÇ ÀÚ¸®¿¡
À§¾öÀÖ´Â °ü¸®µéÀÌ ¾É¾Æ Àִµ¥,
±×µéÀº ÈÆÀåÀ» ´Þ°í
ÀÖ°í,
ÀÚÀ¯·ÎÀÌ ±×¸®°í Æí¾ÈÇÏ°Ô ´ëȸ¦ ³ª´©¸é¼
±â·ÏÀ» Çϰí ÀÖÀ¸¸ç,
±×µé ¾Õ¿¡ ÀÖ´Â »ç¶÷µéÀ» ºÒ·¯¼
¸í·ÉÀ» ³»¸°´Ù.
¿©±â ±×µé °¡±îÀÌ¿¡,
½ÊÀÚ°¡¸¦ °¡½¿¿¡
´Þ°í¼,
ºñ´Ü Ä«¼ÓÀ» ÀÔ¾úÀ¸¸ç,
À¯º¹ÇØ º¸À̸ç,
±ä ȸ»ö
¸Ó¸®Ä«¶ôÀÌ ±×ÀÇ ¸ÁÅäÀ§¿¡ Èê·¯ ³»¸®°í ÀÖ´Â ´ÄÀº
½ÅºÎ°¡,
Ȳ±Ý ½ÊÀÚ°¡°¡ ±×·ÁÁ® ÀÖ°í ±Ý»öÀ¸·Î Á¦º»µÈ
º¹À½¼°¡ ¿Ã·ÁÁ® ÀÖ´Â ¼º¼Ã¥»ó ¾Õ¿¡ ÀÖ´Ù. |
|
They summon Ivan Petroff. A young man comes in, wretchedly, shabbily
dressed, and in terror, the muscles of his face working, his eyes bright
and restless; and in a broken voice, hardly above a whisper, he says:
"I-by Christ's law-as a Christian-I cannot." "What is he
muttering?" asks the president, frowning impatiently and raising his
eyes from his book to listen. "Speak louder," the colonel with shining
epaulets shouts to him. "I-I as a Christian--" And at last it appears
that the young man refuses to serve in the army because he is a Christian.
"Don't talk nonsense. Stand to be measured. Doctor, may I trouble you
to measure him. He is all right?" "Yes." "Reverend father,
administer the oath to him." |
±×µéÀº ÀÌ¹Ý ÆäÆ®·ÎÇÁ¸¦ ºÎ¸¥´Ù.
ÇÑ Ã»³âÀÌ ºñÂüÇϰí
ÃʶóÇÑ º¹ÀåÀ¸·Î µé¾î ¿Â´Ù,
±×¸®°í µÎ·Á¿òÀ¸·Î,
±×ÀÇ
¾ó±¼ ±ÙÀ°ÀÌ ¿òÁ÷À̸ç,
±×ÀÇ ´«µéÀº ÇϾé°í ÃÐÁ¡ÀÌ
¾ø¾ú´Ù;
±×¸®°í ±úÁø ¸ñ¼Ò¸®·Î,
¼Ó»èÀÓº¸´Ù °ÅÀÇ Å©Áö
¾Ê°Ô,
±×°¡ ¸»ÇÑ´Ù: ¡°³ª´Â-±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ ¹ý¿¡ µû¶ó¼-±âµ¶±³ÀÎÀ¸·Î¼-³ª´Â
ÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø¾î¿ä.¡± ¡°±×°¡ ¹«¾î¶ó°í Áß¾ó °Å¸®´Â °Å¾ß?¡±
Àå°üÀÌ ¸»Çß´Ù,
ÂüÀ» ¼ö ¾ø´Ù´Â µíÀÌ Âô±×¸®¸ç µé¾î
º¸°íÀÚ Ã¥À¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ±×ÀÇ ´«À» µé¾ú´Ù. ¡°Å©°Ô ¸»ÇغÁ,¡±
¹øÂ½ÀÌ´Â °ßÀåÀ» ´Ü ´ë·ÉÀÌ ±×¿¡°Ô ¼Ò¸®ÃÆ´Ù. ¡°³ª´Â-³ª´Â
±âµ¶±³ÀÎÀ̶ó¼---¡±
±×¸®°í ¸¶Ä§³» ±× ÀþÀº »ç¶÷ÀÌ
±º´ë¿¡ º¹¹«Çϱ⸦ °ÅÀýÇÏ´Â °Í °°¾Ò´Ù. ¡°ÇãÆ° ¼Ò¸®
ÀÛÀÛÇØ.
ŰÀç°Ô ¼ÀÖ¾î.
ÀÇ»ç´Ô,
±×ÀÇ Å°¸¦ Àç¾î
ÁֽðڽÀ´Ï±î?¡± ¡°¾Ë¾Ò¼Ò.¡± ¡°½ÅºÎ´Ô,
±×¿¡°Ô ¸Í¼¼¸¦
½ÃŰ½Ê½Ã¿À.¡± |
|
No one is the least disturbed by what the poor scared young man is
muttering. They do not even pay attention to it. "They all mutter
something, but we've no time to listen to it, we have to enroll so
many." |
¾Æ¹«µµ ÀüÇô ±× ºÒ½ÖÇÏ°í °Ì¸ÔÀº ÀþÀº »ç¶÷ÀÌ
Áß¾ó°Å¸®´Â °Í¿¡ °³ÀÇÄ¡ ¾Ê´Â´Ù.
±×µéÀº ½ÉÁö¾î ±×°Í¿¡
°ü½ÉÁ¶Â÷ ÁÖÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù. ¡°±×µéÀº ¸ðµÎ´Ù ¹«¾ùÀΰ¡
Áß¾ó°Å¸°´Ù,
±×·¯³ª ¿ì¸®´Â ±×°ÍÀ» µéÀ» ½Ã°£ÀÌ ¾ø´Ù,
¿ì¸®´Â ³Ê¹«³ª ¸¹ÀÌ µî·ÏÇØ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù.¡± |
|
The recruit tries to say something still. "It's opposed to the law
of Christ." "Go along, go along; we know without your help what is
opposed to the law and what's not; and you soothe his mind, reverend
father, soothe him. Next: Vassily Nikitin." And they lead the trembling
youth away. And it does not strike anyone-the guards, or Vassily Niki¡©tin,
whom they are bringing in, or any of the spectators of this scene-that
these inarticulate words of the young man, at once suppressed by the
authorities, contain the truth, and that the loud, solemnly uttered
sentences of the calm, self-confident official and the priest are a lie
and a decep¡©tion. |
±× º¸Ã溴Àº ¾ÆÁ÷µµ ¹«¾ùÀΰ¡ ¸»ÇØ º¸·Á°í ÇÑ´Ù. ¡°±×°ÍÀº
±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ ¹ý¿¡ ¾î±ß³³´Ï´Ù.¡± ¡°Àú¸®°¡,
Àú¸®°¡;
¿ì¸®´Â ³ÊÀÇ µµ¿òÀÌ ¾ø¾îµµ ¹«¾ùÀÌ ¹ý¿¡ ¾î±ß³ª´ÂÁö
¹«¾ùÀÌ ¾Æ´ÑÁö ¾È´Ù;
±×¸®°í ½ÅºÎ´Ô ±×ÀÇ ¸¶À½À» ´Þ·¡
ÁֽÿÀ,
±×¸¦ ´Þ·¡ º¸½Ã¿À.
´ÙÀ½:
¹Ù½Ç¸® ´ÏŰƾ.¡±
±×¸®°í ±×µéÀº ¶³°í Àִ û³âÀ» µ¥¸®°í °£´Ù.
±×¸®°í
±×°ÍÀº ¾Æ¹«¿¡°Ôµµ-°æÈ£¿øµé,
¶Ç´Â ¹Ù½Ç¸® ´ÏŰƾ,
±×µéÀÌ µ¥¸®°í µé¾î¿À´ø,
¶Ç´Â ÀÌ Àå¸éÀÇ ¾î¶²
±¸°æ²Û¿¡°Ôµµ-ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ Àß µé¸®Áö ¾Ê´Â û³âÀÇ ¸»µéÀÌ,
´çÀå ´ç±¹Àڵ鿡 ÀÇÇØ ¾ï¾ÐµÇ¾úÁö¸¸,
Áø¸®¸¦
´ã°íÀÖ´Ù´Â °Í,
±×¸®°í Á¶¿ëÇϸç Àڽſ¡ Â÷ÀÖ´Â °ü¸®¿Í
½ÅºÎÀÇ Å©°í ¾ö¼÷ÇÏ°Ô ³»¹ñÀº ¹®ÀåµéÀº °ÅÁþ¸»À̸ç
»ç±â¿´´Ù´Â °ÍÀÌ ¶°¿À¸£Áö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù. |
|
Such is the impression produced not only by Farrar's article, but by
all those solemn sermons, articles, and books which make their appearance
from all sides directly there is anywhere a glimpse of truth exposing a
predominant false¡©hood. At once begins the series of long, clever,
ingenious, and solemn speeches and writings, which deal with ques¡©tions
nearly related to the subject, but skillfully avoid touching the subject
itself. |
±×·¯ÇÔÀÌ ÆÄ¶ó¸£ÀÇ ±â»ç¿¡¼ »Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó,
±×µé
¸ðµÎÀÇ ¾ö¼÷ÇÑ ¼³±³µé,
³í¹®µé,
±×¸®°í ½Ç³¹ °°Àº
Áø¸®¿¡ ¾ÐµµÀûÀÎ °ÅÁþÀÌ ¾îµð¿¡¼³ª ÀÖ´Â ¸ðµç
Ãø¸é¿¡¼ Á÷Á¢ÀûÀ¸·Î ±×µéÀÇ ¸ð½ÀÀ» µå·¯³»´Â Ã¥µéÀÌ
dz±â´Â ÀλóÀÌ´Ù.
¼½¿¾øÀÌ ÀÏ·ÃÀÇ ±æ°í,
¿µ¸®Çϸç,
²Ò°¡ ¸¹Àº ¾ö¼÷ÇÑ ¿¬¼³µé°ú ÁýÇʵéÀ» ½ÃÀÛÇÑÇÑ´Ù,
±×¸®°í °ÅÀÇ ÁÖÁ¦¿Í °ü°è ÀÖ´Â ¹®Á¦¸¦ ´Ù·é´Ù,
±×·¯³ª
±³¹¦ÇÏ°Ô ÁÖÁ¦ ±× ÀÚü¸¦ °Çµå¸®´Â °ÍÀº ÇÇÇÑ´Ù. |
|
That is the essence of the fifth and most effective means of getting
out of the contradictions in which Church Chris¡©tianity has placed
itself, by professing its faith in Christ's teaching in words, while it
denies it in its life, and teaches people to do the same. |
±×°ÍÀÌ,
¸»·Î´Â ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ±×µéÀÇ
½Å¾ÓÀ» °í¹éÇÏÁö¸¸,
±×µéÀÇ »î¿¡¼ ±×°ÍÀ» ºÎÀÎÇϸç,
»ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô ¶È°°ÀÌ Ç϶ó°í °¡¸£Ä¡´Â,
±³È¸ÀÇ ±âµ¶±³°¡
½º½º·Î °¡Á®´Ù ³õÀº ¸ð¼øµé·ÎºÎÅÍ ºüÁ® ³ª¿Ã ¼ö ÀÖ´Â
´Ù¼¸¹ø °ÀÌÀÚ °¡Àå È¿°úÀûÀÎ ¼ö´ÜµéÀÇ º»ÁúÀÌ´Ù |
|
Those who justify themselves by the first method, directly, crudely
asserting that Christ sanctioned violence, wars, and murder, repudiate
Christ's doctrine directly; those who find their defense in the second,
the third, or the fourth method are confused and can easily be convicted
of error; but this last class, who do not argue, who do not condescend to
argue about it, but take shelter behind their own grandeur, and make a
show of all this having been decided by them or at least by someone long
ago, and no longer offering a possi¡©bility of doubt to anyone-they seem
safe from attack, and will be beyond attack till men come to realize that
they are under the narcotic influence exerted on them by govern¡©ments and
churches, and are no longer affected by it. |
ù¹øÂ° ¹æ¹ýÀ¸·Î ÀڽŵéÀ» Á¤´çÈÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷µéÀº,
Á÷Á¢ÀûÀ¸·Î,
»·»·ÇϰԵµ ±×¸®½ºµµ°¡ Æø·Â,
ÀüÀïµé,
±×¸®°í »ìÀÎÀ» Çã°¡ ÇÏ¿´´Ù°í ÁÖÀåÇϸé¼,
±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ
±³¸®À» Á÷Á¢ÀûÀ¸·Î ºÎÀÎÇÑ´Ù;
µÎ¹øÂ°,
¼¼¹øÂ°,
¶Ç´Â
³×¹øÂ° ¹æ¹ý¿¡¼ ±×µéÀÇ ¹æ¾î¸¦ ã´Â »ç¶÷µéÀº È¥¶õ¿¡
ºüÁ®¼ ½±°Ô ¿À·ù¸¦ ±ú´Ý°Ô µÈ´Ù;
±×·¯³ª ÀÌ ¸¶Áö¸·
ºÎ·ùµéÀº,
³íÀïÇÏÁöµµ ¾ÊÀ¸¸ç,
±×°Í¿¡ ´ëÇÏ¿© °â¼ÕÇϰÔ
³íÇÏÁöµµ ¾Ê´Â´Ù,
±×·¯³ª ±×µé ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ À§¾ö µÚ¿¡¼ ¼ûÀ»
°÷À» ãÀ¸¸ç,
ÀÌ ¸ðµç °ÍÀÌ ±×µé¿¡°Ô¼ ¶Ç´Â Àû¾îµµ
¿À·¡Àü¿¡ ´©±º°¡¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼ °áÁ¤µÇ¾ú´Ù°í ÀÚ¶ûÇÑ´Ù,
±×¸®°í ´©±¸¿¡°Ôµµ ÀǽÉÀÇ °¡´É¼ºÀ» ÁÖÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù-±×µéÀº
°ø°Ý¿¡¼ ¾ÈÀüÇÑ °Íó·³ º¸ÀδÙ,
±×¸®°í ±×µéÀÌ
Á¤ºÎµéÀ̳ª ±³È¸µéÀÌ »Ñ·Á ³õÀº ȯ°¢ÀûÀÎ ¿µÇâ¾Æ·¡
ÀÖ´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ±ú´ÞÀ¸¸ç,
´õÀÌ»ó ±×°Í¿¡ ¿µÇâÀ»
¹ÞÁö ¾ÊÀ» ¶§±îÁö °ø°Ý¿¡¼ ¹þ¾î³ª ÀÖÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù. |
|
Such was the attitude of the spiritual critics-i.e., those
professing faith in Christ-to my book. And their attitude could not have
been different. They are bound to take up this attitude by the
contradictory position in which they find themselves between belief in the
divinity of their Master and disbelief in his clearest utterances, and
they want to escape from this contradiction. So that one cannot expect
from them free discussion of the very essence of the question- that is, of
the change in men's life which must result from applying Christ's
teaching to the existing order of the world. Such free discussion I only
expected from worldly, free-thinking critics who are not bound to
Christ's teaching in any way, and can therefore take an independent view
of it. I had anticipated that freethinking writers would look at Christ,
not merely, like the Churchmen, as the founder of a religion of personal
salvation, but, to express it in their language, as a reformer who laid
down new principles of life and destroyed the old, and whose reforms are
not yet com¡©plete, but are still in progress even now. |
±×·¯ÇÑ °ÍµéÀÌ ³ªÀÇ Àú¼¿¡ ´ëÇØ¼ ¿µÀûÀÎ ºñÆò°¡µé-Áï,
±×¸®½ºµµ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ½Å¾ÓÀ» °í¹éÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷µé-ÀÇ ÅµµÀÌ´Ù.
±×¸®°í ±×µéÀÇ Åµµ´Â ´Þ¶úÀ» ¼ö°¡ ¾ø¾ú´Ù.
±×µéÀº,
±×µéÀÇ ÁÖ´ÔÀÇ ½Å¼º¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¹ÏÀ½°ú ±×ÀÇ ¸í¹éÇÑ
¸»¾¸µé¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ºÒ½Å »çÀÌ¿¡ ÀÖ´Â ÀڽŵéÀÌ ¹ß°ßÇÏ´Â
¸ð¼øÀûÀÎ À§Ä¡¿¡ ÀÇÇÏ¿©,
ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ Åµµ¸¦ ÃëÇϵµ·Ï µÇ¾î
ÀÖÀ¸¸ç,
±×µéÀº ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ¸ð¼øÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ È¸ÇÇÇϰí
½Í¾îÇÑ´Ù.
±×¸®ÇÏ¿©¼ ¿ì¸®´Â ±×µé·ÎºÎÅÍ Áú¹®ÀÇ ¹Ù·Î
º»ÁúÀÇ ÀÚÀ¯·Î¿î Åä·ÐÀ» ±â´ëÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø´Ù-Áï,
±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ
°¡¸£Ä§À» ±âÁ¸ÀÇ ¼¼°è Áú¼¿¡ Àû¿ëÇÔÀ¸·Î½á ¹Ýµå½Ã
»ý°Ü³ª´Â »ç¶÷µéÀÇ »î¿¡ ´ëÇÑ º¯È¿¡ °üÇÑ Åä·Ð.
±×·¯ÇÑ
ÀÚÀ¯·Î¿î Åä·ÐÀ» ³ª´Â ¿ÀÁ÷ ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§¿¡
±¸¼ÓµÇÁö ¾ÊÀ¸¸ç,
±×·¯¹Ç·Î ±×°Í¿¡ ´ëÇÑ µ¶¸³ÀûÀÎ
½Ã°¢À» °¡Áú ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ¼Ó¼¼ÀÇ,
ÀÚÀ¯ »ç»ó ºñÆò°¡µé·ÎºÎÅÍ
±â´ëÇß´Ù.
³ª´Â ÀÚÀ¯»ç»ó ÀÛ°¡µéÀÌ ±×¸®½ºµµ¸¦,
¼ºÁ÷ÀÚµé°ú °°ÀÌ,
°³ÀÎÀûÀÎ ±¸¿øÀÇ Á¾±³ÀÇ Ã¢½ÃÀڷμ
»Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó,
±×µéÀÇ ¾ð¾î·Î ±×°ÍÀ» Ç¥ÇöÇÏÀÚ¸é,
Ȕ˂
»õ·Î¿î ¿ø¸®µéÀ» ÁÖÀåÇÏ¿´À¸¸ç ¿¾°ÍÀ» ÆÄ±«Çϸç,
±×¸®°í ±×ÀÇ °³ÇõµéÀº ¾ÆÁ÷ ¿ÏÀüÇÏÁö ¾ÊÁö¸¸,
½ÉÁö¾î
Áö±Ý±îÁö ¿©ÀüÈ÷ ÁøÇàÁßÀÎ °³Çõ°¡·Î¼ ¹Ù¶ó º¸¸®¶ó´Â
°ÍÀ» ±â´ë Çß¾ú´Ù. |
|
Such a view of Christ and his teaching follows from my book. But to my
astonishment, out of the great number of critics of my book there was not
one, either Russian or for¡©eign, who treated the subject from the side
from which it was approached in the book-that is, who criticised
Christ's doctrines as philosophical, moral, and social principles, to
use their scientific expressions. This was not done in a single criticism.
The freethinking Russian critics taking my book as though its whole
contents could be reduced to non-resistance to evil, and understanding the
doctrine of non-resistance to evil itself (no doubt for greater con¡©venience
in refuting it) as though it would prohibit every kind of conflict with
evil, fell vehemently upon this doctrine, and for some years past have
been very successfully proving that Christ's teaching is mistaken in so
far as it forbids resistance to evil. Their refutations of this
hypothetical doctrine of Christ were all the more successful since they
knew beforehand that their arguments could not be contested or corrected,
for the censorship, not having passed the book, did not pass articles in
its defense. |
±×¸®½ºµµ¿Í ±×ÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ±×·¯ÇÑ ½Ã°¢Àº ³ªÀÇ
Àú¼ÀÇ ³»¿ëÀ» µû¸¥ °ÍÀÌ´Ù.
±×·¯³ª,
³»°¡ ³î¶ø°Ôµµ,
³ªÀÇ Àú¼¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¾ÆÁÖ ¸¹Àº ºñÆò°¡µé Áß¿¡¼,
·¯½Ã¾ÆÀÎÀÌµç ¿Ü±¹ÀÎÀ̵ç,
Àú¼¿¡¼ Á¢±ÙµÈ Ãø¸é¿¡¼
ÁÖÁ¦¸¦ ´Ù·é »ç¶÷ÀÌ ÇÑ»ç¶÷µµ ¾ø¾ú´Ù-Áï,
±×µéÀº,
±×µéÀÇ °úÇÐÀûÀΠǥÇöµéÀ» »ç¿ëÇØ°¡¸é¼,
±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ
±³¸®¸¦ öÇÐÀû,
µµ´öÀû,
±×¸®°í »çȸÀûÀÎ ¿ø¸®·Î¼
ºñÆÇÇß´Ù.
À̰ÍÀº ´Ü ÇϳªÀÇ ºñÆò¸¸¿¡¼ ÇàÇØÁø °ÍÀÌ
¾Æ´Ï¾ú´Ù.
³ªÀÇ Àú¼ÀÇ Àüü ³»¿ëÀÌ ¾Ç¿¡ ´ëÇÑ
¹«ÀúÇ×À¸·Î ¿ä¾àµÉ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù°í º¸¸ç,
¾Ç¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¹«ÀúÇ×ÀÇ
±³¸® ±× ÀÚü¸¦(ÀǽÉÇÒ ¿©Áö ¾øÀÌ ±×°ÍÀ» ¹Ý¹ÚÇÔÀº
³Ê¹«³ª ½¬¿ü±â¿¡)
¸ðµç Á¾·ùÀÇ ¾Ç°úÀÇ °¥µîÀ» ±ÝÁöÇÏ´Â
°ÍÀ¸·Î ÀÌÇØÇϰí¼,
ÀÌ ±³¸®¿¡ ´ëÇØ ¸Í·ÄÇÏ°Ô ´Þ·Á
µé¾ú´Ù,
±×¸®°í °ú°Å ¸î³âµ¿¾È ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ ±³¸®°¡ ¾Ç¿¡
´ëÇÑ ÀúÇ×À» ¸·´Â °ÍÀÎ ÇÑÀº ±×ÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§Àº À߸øÀÓÀ»
¸Å¿ì ¼º°øÀûÀ¸·Î Áõ¸íÇØ¿À°í ÀÖ¾ú´Ù.
ÀÌ °¡¼³ÀûÀÎ
±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ ±³¸®¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ±×µéÀÇ ³í¹ÚµéÀº,
±×µéÀÌ
»çÀü¿¡ ±×µéÀÇ ÁÖÀåµé¿¡ ´ëÀûÇϰųª ½ÃÁ¤µÉ ¼ö ¾øÀ½À»
¾Ë¾Ò±â¿¡ ´õ¿í ´õ ¼º°øÀûÀ̾ú´Âµ¥,
±× ÀÌÀ¯´Â,
°Ë¿ÀÌ
±× Àú¼¸¦ Çã°¡ÇÏÁö ¾Ê¾ÒÀ¸¹Ç·Î,
±×°ÍÀ» ¹æ¾îÇÏ´Â
±â»çµéµµ Çã°¡ÇÏÁö ¾Ê¾Ò±â ¶§¹®À̾ú´Ù. |
|
It is a remarkable thing that among us, where one cannot say a word
about the Holy Scriptures without the prohibi¡©tion of the censorship, for
some years past there have been in all the journals constant attacks and
criticisms on the command of Christ simply and directly stated in Matt. v.
39. The Russian advanced critics, obviously unaware of all that has been
done to elucidate the question of non-resistance, and sometimes even
imagining apparently that the rule of non-resistance to evil had been
invented by me personally, fell foul of the very idea of it. They opposed
it and attacked it, and advancing with great heat arguments which had long
ago been analyzed and refuted from every point of view, they demonstrated
that a man ought invariably to defend (with violence) all the injured and
oppressed, and that thus the doctrine of non-resistance to evil is an
immoral doctrine. |
´ç±¹ÀÇ °Ë¿¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ Á¦¾à ¾øÀÌ´Â ¼º¼¿¡ ´ëÇØ
ÇѸ¶µðµµ ¸» ÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø´Â,
¿ì¸®µé »çÀÌ¿¡¼,
°ú°Å ¸î³â
µ¿¾È ¸ðµç ÀâÁöµé¿¡ ¸¶Å º¹À½ 5Àå
39ÀýÀ» ¹Ù·Î
Á÷Á¢ÀûÀ¸·Î ¾ð±ÞÇÏ´Â ²÷ÀÓ¾ø´Â °ø°Ýµé°ú ºñ³µéÀÌ ¸ðµç
ÀâÁöµé¿¡ ÀÖ¾î¿Ô´Ù´Â °ÍÀº ÁÖ¸ñÇÒ ¸¸ÇÑ ÀÏÀÌ´Ù.
·¯½Ã¾ÆÀÇ Áøº¸Àû ºñÆò°¡µéÀº,
ºÐ¸íÈ÷ ¹«ÀúÇ×ÀÇ ¹®Á¦¸¦
¼³¸íÇϰíÀÚ ÇàÇØÁø ¸ðµç °ÍµéÀ» ±ú´ÝÁöµµ ¸øÇÑ Ã¤,
±×¸®°í ¶§·Î´Â ½ÉÁö¾î ¾Ç¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¹«ÀúÇ×ÀÇ ¸í·ÉÀÌ ³ª¿¡
ÀÇÇØ °³ÀÎÀûÀ¸·Î ³¯Á¶µÈ °ÍÀ¸·Î Ʋ¸²¾øÀÌ »ó»óÇϸé¼,
±×°ÍÀÇ °³³ä ÀÚü¿Í Ãæµ¹ÇÏ¿´´Ù.
±×µéÀº ±×°ÍÀ»
¹Ý´ëÇÏ¿´À¸¸ç,
°ø°ÝÇÏ¿´´Ù,
±×¸®°í ´Ù°¢µµ·Î ºÐ¼®µÇ°í
¹Ý¹ÚµÈ ÁÖÀåµéÀ» ±²ÀåÇÑ ¿±â¸¦ °¡Áö°í Àü°³Çϸé¼,
»ç¶÷Àº º¯ÇÔ¾øÀÌ (Æø·ÂÀ¸·Î½á)¸ðµç ÇÇÇØÀÚ¿Í ¾ï¾Ð´çÇÑ
»ç¶÷µéÀ» ¹æ¾îÇØ¾ß Çϸç,
±×·± ÀÌÀ¯·Î ¾Ç¿¡ ´ëÇÑ
¹«ÀúÇ×ÀÇ ±³¸®´Â ºñµµ´öÀûÀÎ ±³¸®¶ó°í ³íÁõÇÏ¿´´Ù. |
|
To all Russian critics the whole import of Christ's com¡©mand seemed
reducible to the fact that it would hinder them from the active opposition
to evil to which they are accus¡©tomed. So that the principle of
non-resistance to evil by force has been attacked by two opposing camps:
the con¡©servatives, because this principle would hinder their activity in
resistance to evil as applied to the revolutionists, in per¡©secution and
punishment of them; the revolutionists, too, because this principle would
hinder their resistance to evil as applied to the conservatives and the
overthrowing of them. The conservatives were indignant at the doctrine of
non-resistance to evil by force hindering the energetic destruction of the
revolutionary elements, which may ruin the national prosperity; the
revolutionists were indignant at the doctrine of non-resistance to evil by
force hindering the overthrow of the conservatives, who are ruining the
national prosperity. It is worthy of remark in this connection that the
revolutionists have attacked the principle of non-resistance to evil by
force, in spite of the fact that it is the greatest terror and danger for
every despotism. For ever since the beginning of the world, the use of
violence of every kind, from the Inquisition to the Schlusselburg
fortress, has rested and still rests on the opposite principle of the
neces¡©sity of resisting evil by force. |
¸ðµç ·¯½Ã¾ÆÀÇ ºñÆò°¡µé¿¡°Ô ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ ¸í·ÉÀÇ Àüü
¿äÁö´Â ±×°ÍÀÌ ±×µéÀÌ ½À°üÈµÈ ¾Ç¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Àû±ØÀûÀÎ
´ëÀÀÀ» ¹æÇØÇÑ´Ù´Â °ÍÀ¸·Î ¾ÐÃàµÉ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â °Íó·³
º¸ÀδÙ.
±×·¡¼ Èû¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ ¾Ç¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¹«ÀúÇ×ÀÇ ¿ø¸®´Â
µÎ°³ÀÇ ¹Ý´ëÇÏ´Â Áø¿µµé¿¡ ÀÇÇÏ¿© °ø°Ý¹Þ¾Ò´Ù:
º¸¼öÁÖÀÇÀÚµéÀº ÀÌ ¿ø¸®°¡ Çõ¸íÁÖÀÇÀڵ鿡°Ô
Àû¿ëÇÏ·ÁÇÏ´Â ¾Ç¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÀúÇ׿¡¼ ±×µéÀÇ ÇൿÀ»
¹æÇØÇϱ⠶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù;
Çõ¸íÁÖÀÇÀÚµé ¿ª½Ã,
ÀÌ ¿ø¸®°¡
º¸¼öÁÖÀÇÀڵ鿡°Ô Àû¿ëÇÏ·Á´Â ±×µéÀÇ ¾Ç¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÀúÇ×°ú
±×µéÀ» Àüº¹ÇÔÀ» ¹æÇØÇϱ⠶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù.
º¸¼öÁÖÀÇÀÚµéÀº
±×µéÀÇ ±¹°¡Àû ¹ø¿µÀ» ¸ÁÄ¡·ÁÇÏ´Â Çõ¸íÀûÀÎ ¿ä¼ÒµéÀÇ
ÈûÂù ÆÄ±«¸¦ ¹æÇØÇϰí ÀÖ´Â Èû¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ ¾Ç¿¡ ´ëÇÑ
¹«ÀúÇ×ÀÇ ±³¸®¿¡ ºÐ³ëÇß´Ù;
Çõ¸íÁÖÀÇÀÚµéÀº ³ª¶óÀÇ
¹ø¿µÀ» ¸ÁÄ¡°í ÀÖ´Â º¸¼öÁÖÀÇÀÚµéÀ» Àüº¹ÇÔÀ» ¹æÇØÇÏ´Â
Èû¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ ¾Ç¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¹«ÀúÇ×ÀÇ ±³¸®¿¡ ºÐ³ëÇß´Ù.
ÀÌ·±
°ü°è¿¡¼ Çõ¸íÁÖÀÇÀÚµéÀÌ,
¸ðµç µ¶ÀçÁÖÀÇ´Â ¾öû³
°øÆ÷À̸ç À§ÇèÀ̶ó´Â »ç½Ç¿¡µµ ºÒ±¸Çϰí,
Èû¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ
¾Ç¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¹«ÀúÇ×ÀÇ ¿ø¸®¸¦ °ø°ÝÇÑ °ÍÀº ÁÖ¸ñÇÒ ¸¸ÇÏ´Ù.
¼¼»óÀÌ ½ÃÀÛµÈ ÀÌ·¡,
¸ðµç Á¾·ùÀÇ Æø·ÂÀÇ »ç¿ëÀº,
Á¾±³ÀçÆÇ¿¡¼ ½½·ò¼¿¹ö±× ¿ä»õ±îÁö,
ÈûÀ¸·Î½á ¾Ç¿¡
ÀúÇ×ÇÏ´Â Çʿ伺ÀÇ ´ëÀÀÇÏ´Â ¿ø¸®¿¡ ÀÇÁ¸ÇØ ¿Ô°Å³ª
¾ÆÁ÷µµ ÀÇÁ¸Çϰí ÀÖ´Ù. |
|
Besides this, the Russian critics have pointed out the fact that the
application of the command of non-resistance to practical life would turn
mankind aside out of the path of civilization along which it is moving.
The path of civiliza¡©tion on which mankind in Europe is moving is in
their opinion the one along which all mankind ought always to move. |
À̰ͻӸ¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó,
·¯½Ã¾ÆÀÇ ºñÆò°¡µéÀº ¹«ÀúÇ×ÀÇ
¸í·ÉÀ» ½ÇÁ¦ »î¿¡ Àû¿ëÇÔÀº ¹®¸íÀÌ ¿òÁ÷¿© °¡´Â
±æ·ÎºÎÅÍ Àηù¸¦ ¿·À¸·Î µ¹·Á¹ö¸± °ÍÀ̶ó´Â »ç½ÇÀ»
ÁöÀûÇß´Ù.
À¯·´ÀÇ Àηù°¡ ¿òÁ÷ÀÌ´Â ¹®¸íÀÇ ±æÀº ±×µéÀÇ
Àǰ߿¡¼ ¸ðµç Àηù°¡ ¾ðÁ¦³ª ±×°ÍÀ» µû¶ó ¿òÁ÷¿©¾ß
ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. |
|
So much for the general character of the Russian critics. |
·¯½Ã¾Æ ºñÆò°¡µéÀÇ ÀϹÝÀûÀÎ ¼º°Ý¿¡ ´ëÇØ¼´Â
±×¸¸µÎ±â·Î ÇÏÀÚ. |
|
Foreign critics started from the same premises, but their discussions
of my book were somewhat different from those of Russian critics, not only
in being less bitter, and in showing more culture, but even in the
subject-matter. |
¿Ü±¹ÀÇ ºñÆò°¡µéÀº ¶È°°Àº ÀüÁ¦µé·Î Ãâ¹ßÇÏ¿´Áö¸¸,
³ªÀÇ Àú¼¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ±×µéÀÇ ³íÀǵéÀº ·¯½Ã¾Æ ºñÆò°¡µé¿¡
ºñÇØ ¾à°£ ´Þ¶ú´Ù,
±×µéÀº Á¶±Ý ´ú ½Å¶öÇϸç,
Á¶±Ý´õ
±³¾çÀûÀ̾úÀ» »Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó,
½ÉÁö¾î ÁÖÁ¦ÀÇ ¹®Á¦¿¡¼µµ
±×·¨´Ù. |
|
In discussing my book and the Gospel teaching gener¡©ally, as it is
expressed in the Sermon on the Mount, the for¡©eign critics maintained
that such doctrine is not peculiarly Christian (Christian doctrine is
either Catholicism or Prot¡©estantism according to their views)-the
teaching of the Sermon on the Mount is only a string of very pretty imprac¡©ticable
dreams du charmant docteur, as Renan says, fit for the simple and
half-savage inhabitants of Galilee who lived eighteen hundred years ago,
and for the half-savage Russian peasants-Sutaev and Bondarev-and the
Russian mystic Tolstoy, but not at all consistent with a high degree of
European culture. |
ÀϹÝÀûÀ¸·Î ³ªÀÇ Àú¼¿Í º¹À½¼ÀÇ ±³ÈÆÀ» ³íÀÇÇÔ¿¡
ÀÖ¾î¼,
»ê»ó ¼öÈÆ¿¡ Ç¥ÇöµÇ¾î ÀÖ´Â °Íó·³,
¿Ü±¹ÀÇ
ºñÆò°¡µéÀº ±×·¯ÇÑ ±³¸®´Â Ưº°È÷ ±âµ¶±³Àû (±âµ¶±³ÀûÀÎ
±³¸®´Â ±×µéÀÇ ½Ã°¢µé¿¡ ÀÇÇϸé Ä«Å縯À̰ųª
û±³µµÀûÀÓÀ» ¸»ÇÑ´Ù)ÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï´Ù-¸£³¶ÀÌ ¸»ÇϵíÀÌ,
Ȑȗ
¼öÈÆÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§Àº ¿ÀÁ÷ ¸Å·ÂÀûÀÎ ¹Ú»çÀÇ ³Ê¹«³ª ½ÇÇà
ºÒ°¡´ÉÇÑ ÇÑ ÁÙÀÇ ²ÞÀÏ »ÓÀ¸·Î, 1800³â Àü¿¡ »ì¾Ò´ø
°¥¸±¸®ÀÇ ´Ü¼øÇÏ¸ç ¹Ý ¾ß¸¸ÀûÀÎ °ÅÁÖÀÚµéÀ̳ª,
¹Ý
¾ß¸¸ÀûÀÎ ·¯½Ã¾Æ ³ó¹Îµé-¼öŸ¿¹ºê¿Í º»´Ù·¹ÇÁ-¹×
·¯½Ã¾ÆÀÇ ½ÅºñÁÖÀÇÁö Å罺ÅäÀÌ¿¡°Ô ÀûÇÕÇÒ »ÓÀ̸ç,
³ôÀº ¼öÁØÀÇ À¯·´ ¹®È¿Í´Â ÀüÇô ÀÏÄ¡µÇÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù°í
ÁÖÀåÇß´Ù. |
|
The foreign freethinking critics have tried in a delicate manner,
without being offensive to me, to give the impres¡©sion that my conviction
that mankind could be guided by such a naive doctrine as that of the
Sermon on the Mount proceeds from two causes: that such a conviction is
partly due to my want of knowledge, my ignorance of history, my ignorance
of all the vain attempts to apply the principles of the Sermon on the
Mount to life, which have been made in history and have led to nothing;
and partly it is due to my failing to appreciate the full value of the
lofty civilization to which mankind has attained at present, with its
Krupp cannons, smokeless powder, colonization of Africa, Irish Coercion
Bill, parliamentary government, journalism, strikes, and the Eiffel Tower. |
¿Ü±¹ÀÇ ÀÚÀ¯ »ç»ó ºñÆò°¡µéÀº,
³ª¿¡°Ô ºÒÄè°¨À» ÁÖÁö
¾ÊÀ¸¸é¼,
¼¼·ÃµÈ ŵµ·Î¼ »ê»ó ¼öÈÆÀÇ ±³¸®°°Àº
°íÁö½ÄÇÑ ±³¸®·Î¼ Àηù°¡ ÀεµµÉ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù´Â ³ªÀÇ
½Å³äÀº ´ÙÀ½°ú °°Àº µÎ°¡Áö ¿øÀε鿡¼ ºñ·ÔµÈ´Ù´Â
ÀλóÀ» ÁÖ·Á°í ½ÃµµÇß´Ù:
Áï,
±×·¯ÇÑ ½Å³äÀº ºÎºÐÀûÀ¸·Î
³ªÀÇ Áö½Ä ºÎÁ·,
³ªÀÇ ¿ª»ç¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¹«Áö,
»ê»ó¼öÈÆÀÇ
±³¸®¸¦ »î¿¡ Àû¿ëÇϰíÀÚ ÇÏ´Â ¸ðµç ÇêµÈ ½Ãµµ-ÀÌ
½ÃµµµéÀº ¿ª»ç»ó¿¡¼ ÇàÇÏ¿©Á³À¸³ª ¾Æ¹«°Í¿¡µµ À̸£Áö
¸øÇß´Ù-¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ³ªÀÇ ¹«Áö¶§¹®À̸ç;
±×¸®°í ºÎºÐÀûÀ¸·Î
ÇöÀç¿¡ Àηù°¡ ÀÌ·èÇÑ ¼þ°íÇÑ ¹®¸í-¿¹¸¦µé¸é Å©·ì
´ëÆ÷µé,
¹«¿¬ Ⱦà,
¾ÆÇÁ¸®Ä«ÀÇ ½Ä¹ÎÁöÈ,
¾ÆÀÏ·£µå
°Á¦ ¹ý¾È,
ÀÇȸ Á¤ºÎ,
½Å¹®ÀâÁö¾÷,
ÆÄ¾÷,
±×¸®°í ¿¡Æçž
µîó·³-ÀÇ ¿ÏÀüÇÑ °¡Ä¡¸¦ ³»°¡ ±íÀÌ ÀÌÇØÇÏÁö ¸øÇÑ
¶§¹®À̶ó°í ÇÑ´Ù. |
|
So wrote de Vogue and Leroy Beaulieu and Matthew Arnold; so wrote the
American author Savage, and Inger-soll, the popular freethinking American
preacher, and many others. |
µåº¸±× ±×¸®°í ¸®·ÎÀÌ º¼¸®À¯ ±×¸®°í ¸ÅÆ© ¾Æ³îµå´Â
±×·¸°Ô ½è´Ù;
¹Ì±¹ÀÇ ÀÛ°¡ »õºñÁö,
±×¸®°í À¯¸íÇÑ
¹Ì±¹ÀÇ ÀÚÀ¯»ç»ó ¿¬¼³°¡ÀÎ ÀװżÖ,
±×¸®°í ¸¹Àº ´Ù¸¥
»ç¶÷µéÀÌ ±×·¸°Ô ½è´Ù. |
|
"Christ's teaching is no use, because it is inconsistent with our
industrial age," says Ingersoll naively, expressing in this utterance,
with perfect directness and simplicity, the exact notion of Christ's
teaching held by persons of refine¡©ment and culture of our times. The
teaching is no use for our industrial age, precisely as though the
existence of this industrial age were a sacred fact which ought not to and
could not be changed. It is just as though drunkards when advised how they
could be brought to habits of so¡©briety should answer that the advice is
incompatible with their habit of taking alcohol. |
¡°±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§Àº ¾Æ¹« ¼Ò¿ëÀÌ ¾ø´Ù,
¿Ö³ÄÇϸé
±×°ÍÀº ¿ì¸®ÀÇ »ê¾÷ ½Ã´ë¿Í ºÎÇÕµÇÁö ¾Ê±â ¶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù.¡±
¶ó°í ÀװżÖÀº °íÁö½ÄÇÏ°Ô ¸»ÇÑ´Ù,
±×¸®°í ±×´Â ÀÌ
¸»¿¡¼ ¿Ïº®ÇÑ ¼ÖÁ÷ÇÔ°ú ´Ü¼øÇÔÀ¸·Î½á,
¼¼·ÃµÈ
»ç¶÷µé°ú ¿ì¸® ½Ã´ëÀÇ ¹®È°¡ °ßÁöÇÏ´Â ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ
°¡¸£Ä§¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Á¤È®ÇÑ °ßÇØ¸¦ Ç¥ÇöÇÑ´Ù.
±× °¡¸£Ä§Àº
¿ì¸®ÀÇ »ê¾÷ ½Ã´ë¿¡ ¾Æ¹«·± Çʿ䰡 ¾ø´Ù,
Á¤È®È÷ ÀÌ
»ê¾÷ ½Ã´ëÀÇ Á¸Àç´Â º¯Çؼµµ ¾ÈµÇ°í º¯ÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø´Â
½Å¼ºÇÑ »ç½ÇÀÎ °Í°ú ¸¶Âù°¡Áö´Ù.
±×°ÍÀº Á¤È®È÷
¼úÁÖÁ¤¹ðÀ̵éÀÌ,
¾î¶»°Ô ÇÏ¸é ±×µéÀÌ ¸ÇÁ¤½ÅÀÎ
½À°üÀ¸·Î µ¹¾Æ °¥ ¼ö ÀÖ´ÂÁö Ãæ°í¸¦ ¹ÞÀ» ¶§,
±× Ãæ°í´Â
±×µéÀÇ ¼ú ¸¶½Ã´Â ½À°ü°ú ¸ÂÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù°í ´ë´äÇØ¾ß ÇÏ´Â
°Í°ú °°´Ù. |
|
The arguments of all the freethinking critics, Russian and foreign
alike, different as they may be in tone and man¡©ner of presentation, all
amount essentially to the same strange misapprehension-namely, that
Christ's teaching, one of the consequences of which is non-resistance to
evil, is of no use to us because it requires a change of our life. |
¸ðµç ÀÚÀ¯ »ç»ó ºñÆò°¡µéÀÇ ÁÖÀåµéÀº,
·¯½Ã¾Æµç
¿Ü±¹ÀÌµç ¸¶Âù°¡Áö·Î,
¼³¸íÇÏ´Â ¸»Åõ³ª ¹æ¹ýÀÌ ´Ù¸¦
Áö¶óµµ,
º»ÁúÀûÀ¸·Î ¸ðµÎ´Ù ¶È°°ÀÌ ÀÌ»óÇÑ ¿ÀÇØ¿¡
À̸£°Ô µÈ´Ù-ȯ¾ðÇϸé,
±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§Àº,
±×ÀÇ
°¡¸£Ä§ÀÇ °á°úµé ÁßÀÇ Çϳª°¡ ¾Ç¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¹«ÀúÇ×À¸·Î¼,
±×°ÍÀº ¿ì¸®ÀÇ »îÀÇ º¯È¸¦ ¿ä±¸ÇϹǷΠ¿ì¸®¿¡°Ô
¾Æ¹«·± ¼Ò¿ëÀÌ ¾ø´Ù. |
|
Christ's teaching is useless because, if it were carried into
practice, life could not go on as at present; we must add: if we have
begun by living sinfully, as we do live and are accustomed to live. Not
only is the question of non-resistance to evil not discussed; the very
mention of the fact that the duty of non-resistance enters into Christ's
teaching is regarded as satisfactory proof of the impractica¡©bility of
the whole teaching. |
±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§Àº ¼Ò¿ëÀÌ ¾ø´Ù ¿Ö³ÄÇϸé,
¸¸ÀÏ
±×°ÍÀÌ ½ÇÇàµÉ °æ¿ì,
»îÀº ÇöÀçó·³ ÁøÇàµÉ ¼ö ¾ø±â
¶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù;
¿ì¸®´Â ¹Ýµå½Ã À̸»À» µ¡ºÙ¿©ÇÑ´Ù:
¿ì¸®°¡
»ì°í ÀÖÀ¸¸ç ½À°üÀûÀ¸·Î »ì°í ÀÖµíÀÌ,
¸¸ÀÏ ¿ì¸®°¡ Á˸¦
ÁöÀ¸¸ç »ì±â ½ÃÀÛÇß´Ù¸é.
¾Ç¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¹«ÀúÇ×ÀÇ ¹®Á¦°¡
³íÀÇ µÇÁö ¾Ê´Â °Í »Ó¸¸ÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï´Ù;
¹«ÀúÇ×ÀÇ Àǹ«°¡
±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§¿¡ µé¾î °£´Ù´Â »ç½ÇÀÌ Àüü
°¡¸£Ä§ÀÇ ½ÇÇà ºÒ°¡´É¼ºÀÇ ¸¸Á·½º·± Áõ°ÅÀÌ´Ù. |
|
Meanwhile one would have thought it was necessary to point out at least
some kind of solution of the following question, since it is at the root
of almost everything that interests us. |
ÇÑÆí,
¿ì¸®´Â ¾Æ·¡ÀÇ Áú¹®¿¡ Àû¾îµµ ¾î¶² Á¾·ùÀÇ
ÇØ´äÀ» ÁöÀûÇØ³¾ Çʿ䰡 ÀÖ´Ù°í »ý°¢ÇÒ °ÍÀÌ´Ù,
¿Ö³ÄÇÏ¸é ±×°ÍÀº ¿ì¸®¿¡°Ô Èï¹Ì¸¦ ÁÖ´Â °ÅÀÇ ¸ðµç °ÍÀÇ
»Ñ¸®¿¡ Àֱ⠶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù. |
|
The question amounts to this: In what way are we to decide men's
disputes, when some men consider evil what others consider good, and vice
versa! And to reply that that is evil which I think evil, in spite of
the fact that my opponent thinks it good, is not a solution of the
difficulty. There can only be two solutions: either to find a real
unquestionable criterion of what is evil or not to resist evil by force. |
±× Áú¹®Àº ÀÌ·¯ÇÏ´Ù:
´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ¼±À̶ó°í ÇÏ´Â
°ÍÀ» ¾î¶² »ç¶÷µéÀº ¾ÇÀ̶ó°í »ý°¢ÇÒ ¶§,
±×¸®°í ±×
¹Ý´ëÀÇ °æ¿ì¿¡,
¿ì¸®´Â ¾î¶² ½ÄÀ¸·Î »ç¶÷µéÀÇ ³íÀï¿¡
°á·ÐÀ» ³»·Á¾ß Çϴ°¡!
±×¸®°í,
ºñ·Ï ³ªÀÇ ¹Ý´ëÀÚµéÀÌ
±×°ÍÀ» ¼±À̶ó°í »ý°¢ÇÑ´Ù´Â »ç½Ç¿¡µµ ºÒ±¸Çϰí,
³»°¡
¾ÇÀ̶ó°í »ý°¢ÇϹǷΠ±×°ÍÀº ¾ÇÀÌ´Ù¶ó°í ´ë´äÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº
±× ¹®Á¦ÀÇ ÇØ´äÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï´Ù.
¿©±â¿¡ ¿ÀÁ÷ µÎ°¡Áö ÇØ´äµéÀÌ
ÀÖÀ» »ÓÀÌ´Ù:
¹«¾ùÀÌ ¾ÇÀΰ¡¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Á¤¸»·Î ÀǽÉÀÇ
¿©Áö°¡ ¾ø´Â ±âÁØÀ» ã°Å³ª ÈûÀ¸·Î¼ ¾Ç¿¡ ÀúÇ×ÇÏÁö
¾Ê´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. |
|
The first course has been tried ever since the beginning of historical
times, and, as we all know, it has not hitherto led to any successful
results. |
ù¹øÂ°ÀÇ °úÁ¤Àº ¼±»ç½Ã´ë ÀÌÈÄ·Î °è¼Ó ½ÃµµµÇ¾î
¿Ô´Ù,
±×¸®°í ¿ì¸® ¸ðµÎ°¡ ¾Ë´Ù½ÃÇÇ,
±×°ÍÀº ¿©Å±îÁö
¾Æ¹«·± ¼º°øÀûÀÎ °á°úµé¿¡ À̸£Áö ¸øÇß´Ù. |
|
The second solution-not forcibly to resist what we con¡©sider evil
until we have found a universal criterion-that is the solution given by
Christ, |
µÎ¹øÂ° ÇØ´äÀº-¿ì¸®°¡ º¸ÆíÀûÀÎ ±âÁØÀ» ã¾Æ ³¾
¶§±îÁö ¿ì¸®°¡ ¾ÇÀ̶ó°í ¿©±â´Â °Í¿¡ ÈûÀ¸·Î¼
ÀúÇ×ÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù-±×°ÍÀÌ ¹Ù·Î | |