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¡°THE KINGDOM OF GOD 
IS WITHIN YOU.¡±

¡°Çϳª´ÔÀÇ  ³ª¶ó´Â  ³ÊÈñ ¾È¿¡ ÀÖ´À´Ï¶ó.¡±


by Leo Tolstoy

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CHAPTER II. Á¦ 2 Àå

CRITICISMS OF THE DOCTRINE OF NON-RESISTANCE TO EVIL BY FORCE ON THE PART OF BELIEVERS AND OF UNBELIEVERS.

¹Ï´Â ÀÚµé°ú ¹ÏÁö ¾Ê´Â Àڵ鿡°Ô À־ Èû¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ ¾Ç¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¹«ÀúÇ×ÀÇ ±³¸®ÀÇ ºñÆÇµé

Fate of the Book "What I Believe""-Evasive Character of Religious Criticisms of Principles of my Book-1st Reply: Use of Force not Opposed to Christianity-2d Reply: Use of Force Necessary to Restrain Evil Doers-3d Reply: Duty of Using Force in Defense of One's Neighbor-4th Reply: The Breach of the Command of Non-resistance to be Regarded Simply as a Weakness-5th Reply: Reply Evaded by Making Believe that the Question has long been Decided-To Devise such Subterfuges and to take Refuge Behind the Author¡©ity of the Church, of Antiquity, and of Religion is all that Ecclesias¡©tical Critics can do to get out of the Contradiction between Use of Force and Christianity in Theory and in Practice-General Attitude of the Ecclesiastical World and of the Authorities to Profession of True Christianity-General Character of Russian Freethinking Critics-Foreign Freethinking Critics-Mistaken Arguments of these Critics the Result of Misunderstanding the True Meaning of Christ's Teaching.

Àú¼­ ¡°³ª´Â ¹«¾ùÀ» ¹Ï´Â°¡¡±ÀÇ ¿î¸í-³ªÀÇ Àú¼­ÀÇ ½Å³äµé¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Á¾±³Àû ºñÆÇµéÀÇ ¹«Ã¥ÀÓÇÑ ¼º°Ý-ù¹øÂ° ´äº¯: Æø·ÂÀÇ »ç¿ëÀº ±âµ¶±³¿¡ ¹Ý´ë°¡ ¾Æ´Ï´Ù-µÎ¹øÂ° ´äº¯: Æø·ÂÀÇ »ç¿ëÀº ¾ÇÇàÀÚ¸¦ ¾ï¾ÐÇϱâ À§ÇØ ÇÊ¿äÇÏ´Ù-¼¼¹øÂ° ´äº¯: ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ÀÌ¿ôÀ» ¹æ¾îÇϱâ À§ÇÑ Æø·Â»ç¿ëÀÇ Àǹ«-³×¹øÂ° ´äº¯: ¹«ÀúÇ×ÀÇ ¸í·ÉÀÇ À§¹ÝÀÌ ´Ü¼øÈ÷ ³ª¾àÇÔÀ¸·Î ¿©°ÜÁö´Ù-´Ù¼¸¹øÂ° ´äº¯: ±× ¹®Á¦°¡ ¿À·¡Àü¿¡ °á·ÐÀÌ ³­ °Íó·³ º¸ÀÌ°Ô ÇÏ¿© ´äº¯À» ȸÇÇÇÏ´Ù-±×·± Çΰ踦 °í¾ÈÇÏ°í ±³È¸, ÀüÅë, ±×¸®°í Á¾±³ÀÇ ±ÇÀ§ µÚ¿¡ ¼û´Â °ÍÀº À̷аú ½ÇÁ¦¿¡ À־ Æø·ÂÀÇ »ç¿ë°ú ±âµ¶±³»çÀÌÀÇ ¸ð¼øÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ±³È¸ÀÇ ºñÆò°¡µéÀÌ ºüÁ® ³ª¿Ã¼ö ÀÖ´Â ¸ðµç °ÍÀÌ´Ù-Áø½ÇÇÑ ±âµ¶±³ÀÇ °í¹é¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¼ºÁ÷ÀÚ ¼¼°è¿Í ´ç±¹ÀÚµéÀÇ ÀϹÝÀûÀΠŵµ-·¯½Ã¾Æ ÀÚÀ¯»ç»ó ºñÆò°¡µéÀÇ ÀϹÝÀû Ư¡-ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ºñÆò°¡µéÀÇ À߸øµÈ ÁÖÀåµé; ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§ÀÇ ÁøÁ¤ÇÑ Àǹ̸¦ ¿ÀÇØÇÑ °á°ú.

the impression I gained of a desire to conceal, to hush up, what I had tried to express in my book, led me to judge the book itself afresh.

³»°¡ ³ªÀÇ Àú¼­¿¡¼­ Ç¥ÇöÇϰíÀÚ ½ÃµµÇÑ °ÍÀ» ¼û±â·Á Çϸç, ÀÔ´Ù¹°°Ô ÇÏ·Á´Â Àǵµ·ÎºÎÅÍ ³»°¡ ¾òÀº ÀλóÀº, ³ª·Î ÇÏ¿©±Ý ±× Àú¼­ ÀÚü¸¦ »õ·Ó°Ô Æò°¡Çϵµ·Ï ÇÏ¿´´Ù.

On its appearance it had, as I had anticipated, been forbidden, and ought therefore by law to have been burnt. But, at the same time, it was discussed among officials, and circulated in a great number of manuscript and lithograph copies, and in translations printed abroad.

±×°ÍÀÌ ³ªÅ¸³ªÀÚ ¸¶ÀÚ, ³»°¡ ¿¹»óÇß´ø ´ë·Î, ±ÝÁö µÇ¾úÀ¸¸ç, ±×·¯¹Ç·Î ¹ý·ü¿¡ ÀÇÇÏ¿© ¼Ò°¢µÇ¾î¾ß Çß´Ù. ±×·¯³ª, µ¿½Ã¿¡, °ü¸®µé »çÀÌ¿¡¼­ Åä·ÐµÇ¾ú°í, ±×·¡¼­ ¸¹Àº ºÎ¼öÀÇ ¿ø°í¿Í ¼®ÆÇ »çº»À¸·Î ¹èÆ÷µÇ¾úÀ¸¸ç, ¹ø¿ªº»µéÀÌ ¿Ü±¹¿¡¼­ ÃâÆÇµÇ¾ú´Ù.

And very quickly after the book, criticisms, both religious and secular in character, made their appearance, and these the government tolerated, and even encouraged. So that the refutation of a book which no one was supposed to know anything about was even chosen as the subject for theolog¡©ical dissertations in the academies.

±×¸®°í ±× Àú¼­°¡ ³ª¿Â µÚ ¸Å¿ì ºü¸£°Ô, ¼º°Ý»ó Á¾±³Àû ¹× ¼¼¼ÓÀûÀÎ ºñÆòµéÀÌ ÃâÇöÀ» ÇÏ¿´´Ù, ±×¸®°í À̰͵éÀ» Á¤ºÎ´Â ¿ëÀÎÇÏ¿´À¸¸ç, ½ÉÁö¾î Á¶ÀåÇÏ¿´´Ù. ±×·¡¼­ ¾Æ¹«µµ ¹«¾ùÀÎÁö ¸ô¶ú¾î¾ß ÇÒ ÇÑ ±ÇÀÇ Ã¥ÀÇ ¸í¼ºÀÌ ½ÉÁö¾î ´ëÇп¡¼­ ½ÅÇÐÀûÀÎ ³í¹®ÀÇ ÁÖÁ¦·Î äÅõǾú´Ù.

The criticisms of my book, Russian and foreign alike, fall under two general divisions-the religious criticisms of men who regard themselves as believers, and secular criticisms, that is, those of freethinkers.

³ªÀÇ Àú¼­¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ºñÆòµéÀº, ·¯½Ã¾Æ³ª ±¹¿Ü¿¡¼­ µ¿ÀÏÇÏ°Ô µÎ°¡Áö ÀϹÝÀûÀÎ ±¸ºÐ¿¡ µé¾î°£´Ù-½º½º·Î¸¦ ¹Ï´Â »ç¶÷µéÀ̶ó°í ¿©±â´Â »ç¶÷µéÀÇ Á¾±³Àû ºñÆòµé, ±×¸®°í ¼¼¼ÓÀûÀÎ ºñÆòµé, ´Ù½Ã ¸»Çϸé, ÀÚÀ¯»ç»ó°¡µéÀÇ ºñÆòÀÌ´Ù.

I will begin with the first class. In my book I made it an accusation against the teachers of the Church that their teaching is opposed to Christ's commands clearly and defi¡©nitely expressed in the Sermon on the Mount, and opposed in especial to his command in regard to resistance to evil, and that in this way they deprive Christ's teaching of all value. The Church authorities accept the teaching of the Sermon on the Mount on non-resistance to evil by force as divine revelation; and therefore one would have thought that if they felt called upon to write about my book at all, they would have found it inevitable before everything else to reply to the principal point of my charge against them, and to say plainly, do they or do they not admit the teach¡©ing of the Sermon on the Mount and the commandment of non-resistance to evil as binding on a Christian. And they were bound to answer this question, not after the usual fashion (i.e., "that although on the one side one cannot absolutely deny, yet on the other side one cannot again fully assent, all the more seeing that," etc., etc.). No; they should have answered the question as plainly as it was put in my book-Did Christ really demand from his disciples that they should carry out what he taught them in the Ser¡©mon on the Mount? And can a Christian, then, or can he not, always remaining a Christian, go to law or make any use of the law, or seek his own protection in the law? And can the Christian, or can he not, remaining a Christian, take part in the administration of government, using compulsion against his neighbors? And-the most important question hanging over the heads of all of us in these days of universal military service-can the Christian, or can he not, remain¡©ing a Christian, against Christ's direct prohibition, promise obedience in future actions directly opposed to his teaching? And can he, by taking his share of service in the army, pre¡©pare himself to murder men, and even actually murder them?

³ª´Â ù¹øÂ° ºÎ·ùºÎÅÍ ½ÃÀÛÇÒ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ³ªÀÇ Àú¼­¿¡¼­ ³ª´Â ±³È¸ÀÇ ±³»çµéÀ» ÇâÇÑ ºñ³­À¸·Î¼­, ±×µéÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§Àº »ê»ó ¼öÈÆ¿¡¼­ ¸í¹éÇϰí Á¤È®ÇÏ°Ô Ç¥ÇöµÈ ¹Ù¿Í °°ÀÌ ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ ¸í·É¿¡ ¹Ý´ëµÇ¸ç, ƯÈ÷ ¾Ç¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÀúÇ׿¡ °üÇÑ ±×ÀÇ ¸í·É¿¡ ¹Ý´ëÇϸç, ±×¸®°í ÀÌ·¸°Ô ÇØ¼­ ±×µéÀÌ ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§ÀÇ ¸ðµç °¡Ä¡¸¦ ¹ÚÅ» Çß´Ù°í ¸»Çß´Ù. ±³È¸ ´ç±¹µéÀº Èû¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ ¾Ç¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¹«ÀúÇ׿¡ °üÇÑ »ê»ó ¼öÈÆÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§À» Çϳª´ÔÀÇ °è½Ã¶ó°í ¹Þ¾Æ µéÀδÙ; ±×¸®°í ±×·¯¹Ç·Î ¿ì¸®´Â ±×µéÀÌ ³ªÀÇ Àú¼­¿¡ ´ëÇØ ¾²¶ó°í ºÎŹÀ» ¹Þ¾Ò´Ù°í ±×µéÀÌ ´À³¤´Ù¸é, ±×¸®°í ½±°Ô ¸»ÇÏÀÚ¸é, ±×µéÀÌ »ê»ó ¼öÈÆÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§°ú ¾Ç¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¹«ÀúÇ×ÀÇ °è¸íÀ» ±âµ¶±³ÀÎÀ¸·Î½á Àǹ«ÀûÀ̶ó°í ÀÎÁ¤ÇÏµç ¾Æ´ÏÇϵç, ±×µéÀº ¹«¾ùº¸´Ù ¸ÕÀú ³ªÀÇ ±×µé¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ºñ³­ÀÇ ÁÖµÈ ¿äÁ¡¿¡ ´ë´äÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ ÇÇÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ¾Ë¾Ò´Ù°í »ý°¢ÇßÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ±×¸®°í ±×µéÀº ÀÌ Áú¹®¿¡ ´ë´äÇØ¾ß ÇßÀ¸¸ç, ÈçÈ÷ ÇÏ´Â ¹æ½ÄÀ» µû¶ó¼­°¡ ¾Æ´Ï´Ù (Áï, ¡°ºñ·Ï ÇÑÆíÀ¸·Î´Â ¿ì¸®´Â Àý´ëÀûÀ¸·Î ºÎÀÎÇÒ ¼ö ¾øÀ¸³ª, ±×·¯³ª ´Ù¸¥ ÇÑÆíÀ¸·Î ¿ì¸®´Â ´Ù½Ã±Ý ¿ÏÀüÈ÷ µ¿ÀÇÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø´Ù, ´õ¿ì±â ...À» °í·ÁÇϸé,¡± µîµî). ¾Æ´Ï´Ù; ±×µéÀº ³ªÀÇ Àú¼­¿¡ ÁÖÀåµÈ ¸¸Å­ ¸í·áÇÏ°Ô ±× ¹®Á¦¿¡ ´ë´äÇß¾î¾ß Çß´Ù-±×¸®½ºµµ´Â Á¤¸»·Î »ê»ó¼öÈÆ¿¡¼­ ±×µé¿¡°Ô °¡¸£Ä£ °ÍÀ» ±×ÀÇ Á¦ÀÚµéÀÌ ½ÇÇàÇϱ⸦ ¿ä±¸ÇÏ¿´´Â°¡? ±×¸®°í, ±×·¸´Ù¸é, ±âµ¶±³ÀÎÀº, Ç×»ó ±âµ¶±³ÀÎÀ̸鼭µµ, °í¼ÒÇϰųª, ¹ýÀ» ÀÌ¿ëÇϰųª, ÀÚ±â ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ º¸È£¸¦ ¹ý¿¡¼­ ãÀ» ¼ö Àִ°¡ ¾ø´Â°¡? ±×¸®°í, Ç×»ó ±âµ¶±³ÀÎÀÎ »ç¶÷ÀÌ ±×ÀÇ ÀÌ¿ôÀ» °­Á¦ÇÏ´Â Á¤ºÎÀÇ ÇàÁ¤¿¡ Âü¿©ÇÒ ¼ö Àִ°¡ ¾ø´Â°¡? ±×¸®°í-º¸ÆíÀû º´¿ª Àǹ«¸¦ ¿ä±¸ÇÏ´Â Çö ½Ã´ë¿¡¼­ ¿ì¸®µéÀÇ ¸Ó¸®À§¿¡ ¸Å´Þ¸° °¡Àå Áß¿äÇÑ ¹®Á¦·Î¼­-¾ðÁ¦³ª ±âµ¶±³ÀÎÀÎ »ç¶÷ÀÌ ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ Á÷Á¢ÀûÀÎ ±ÝÁö¿¡ ¹ÝÇÏ¿©, ±×ÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§¿¡ Á÷Á¢ ¹Ý´ëµÇ´Â ¹Ì·¡ÀÇ ÇàÀ§µé¿¡ ´ëÇÏ¿© º¹Á¾À» ¾à¼ÓÇÒ ¼ö Àִ°¡ ¾ø´Â°¡? ±×¸®°í, ±º´ë¿¡¼­ ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ¸òÀÇ Àǹ«¸¦ ´ÙÇϸ鼭, ±×´Â »ç¶÷À» Á×ÀÏ Áغñ¸¦ Çϸç, ±×¸®°í ½ÉÁö¾î ½ÇÁ¦·Î ±×µéÀ» »ìÀÎÇÒ ¼ö°¡ Àִ°¡?

These questions were put plainly and directly, and seemed to require a plain and direct answer; but in all the criti¡©cisms of my book there was no such plain and direct answer. No; my book received precisely the same treatment as all the attacks upon the teachers of the Church for their defec¡©tion from the Law of Christ of which history from the days of Constantine is full.

À̵é Áú¹®µéÀº ¸í¹éÇϸç Á÷¼±ÀûÀ̾ú´Ù, ±×¸®°í ¸í¹éÇϸç Á÷¼±ÀûÀÎ ´ë´äÀ» ¿ä±¸ÇÏ´Â °Í °°¾Ò´Ù; ±×·¯³ª ³ªÀÇ Àú¼­¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¸ðµç ºñÆòµé¿¡¼­ ±×·¸°Ô ¸í¹éÇϰí Á÷¼±ÀûÀÎ ´ë´äÀº ¾ø¾ú´Ù. ¾Æ´Ï´Ù; ³ªÀÇ Àú¼­´Â ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ À²¹ýÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ±×µéÀÇ °áÇÔ¿¡ À־ ±³È¸ÀÇ ±³»çµé¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¸ðµç ºñ³­µéó·³ Á¤È®ÇÏ°Ô ¶È°°Àº ´ëÁ¢À» ¹Þ¾ÒÀ¸¸ç, ÀÌ °áÇÔÀÇ ¿ª»ç´Â ÄܽºÅºÆ¼´©½º ½Ã´ë·ÎºÎÅÍ °¡µæÂ÷ ÀÖ´Ù.

A very great deal was said in connection with my book of my having incorrectly interpreted this and other passages of the Gospel, of my being in error in not recognizing the Trinity, the redemption, and the immortality of the soul. A very great deal was said, but not a word about the one thing which for every Christian is the most essential question in life-how to reconcile the duty of forgiveness, meekness, patience, and love for all, neighbors and enemies alike, which is so clearly expressed in the words of our teacher, and in the heart of each of us-how to reconcile this duty with the obligation of using force in war upon men of our own or a foreign people.

³Ê¹«³ª ¸¹Àº °ÍµéÀÌ ³ªÀÇ Àú¼­¿Í °ü·ÃµÇ¾î ¾ð±ÞµÇ¾ú´Ù: ³»°¡ À̰Ͱú º¹À½¼­ÀÇ ´Ù¸¥ ±¸ÀýµéÀ» ºÎÁ¤È®ÇÏ°Ô ¹ø¿ªÇÏ¿´À¸¸ç, »ïÀ§ ÀÏü, ´ë¼Ó(ÓÛáÛ), ±×¸®°í ¿µÈ¥ÀÇ ºÒ¸ê¼ºÀ» ±ú´ÝÁö ¸øÇϹǷΠ³»°¡ Ʋ·È´Ù´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ³Ê¹«³ª ¸¹Àº °ÍµéÀÌ ¾ð±ÞµÇ¾ú´Ù, ±×·¯³ª ¸ðµç ±âµ¶±³Àε鿡°Ô À־ »î¿¡ °üÇÑ °¡Àå º»ÁúÀûÀÎ Áú¹®¿¡ ´ëÇÑ °ÍÀº ÇѸ¶µðµµ ¾ø¾ú´Ù-¿ë¼­, ¿ÂÀ¯ÇÔ, ÂüÀ½, ±×¸®°í ÀÌ¿ôµé ¹× ¿ø¼öµéÀ» Æ÷ÇÔÇÑ ¸ðµç »ç¶÷¿¡ ´ëÇÑ »ç¶û, ±×¸®°í ¿ì¸®ÀÇ ±³»çÀÇ ¸»¾¸¿¡, ±×¸®°í ¿ì¸® °¢ÀÚÀÇ °¡½¿¼Ó¿¡ ³Ê¹«³ª ¸í·áÇÏ°Ô Ç¥ÇöµÇ¾î ÀÖ´Â Àǹ«¸¦ ¾î¶»°Ô ¾ç¸³½Ãų °ÍÀΰ¡-¿ì¸®Àǵ¿Æ÷µéÀ̳ª ¿Ü±¹ »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô ÀüÀï¿¡¼­ Æø·ÂÀ» »ç¿ëÇØ¾ßÇÏ´Â ¸í·É°ú ÀÌ Àǹ«¸¦ ¾î¶»°Ô ¾ç¸³½Ãų °ÍÀΰ¡.

All that are worth calling answers to this question can be brought under the following five heads. I have tried to bring together in this connection all I could, not only from the criticisms on my book, but from what has been written in past times on this theme.

ÀÌ Áú¹®¿¡ ´ëÇØ¼­ ´ë´äµéÀ» ¿ä±¸ÇÒ °¡Ä¡°¡ ÀÖ´Â ¸ðµç °ÍµéÀº ´ÙÀ½ÀÇ ´Ù¼¸°¡Áö ¿äÁ¡ÇÏ¿¡ ³õÀ» ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ³ªÀÇ Àú¼­¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ºñÆòµé »Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, ÀÌ ÁÖÁ¦¿¡ ´ëÇÏ¿© °ú°Å¿¡ ¾²¿©Áø °Íµé·ÎºÎÅÍ ³»°¡ ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ¸ðµç °ÍÀ» ÀÌ °ü°è·Î ¸ðÀ¸·Á°í ½ÃµµÇß´Ù.

The first and crudest form of reply consists in the bold assertion that the use of force is not opposed by the teach¡©ing of Christ; that it is permitted, and even enjoined, on the Christian by the Old and New Testaments.

ù°ÀÌÀÚ °¡Àå À¯Ä¡ÇÑ ´ë´äÀº Æø·ÂÀÇ »ç¿ëÀÌ ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§¿¡ ¹Ý´ëÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù´Â »·»·½º·± ÁÖÀåÀÌ´Ù; ±×°ÍÀº ±âµ¶±³Àο¡°Ô ±¸¾à ¹× ½Å¾à ¼º¼­¿¡¼­, Çã¿ëµÇ¾úÀ¸¸ç, ½ÉÁö¾î ¸í·ÉµÇ¾ú´Ù´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù.

Assertions of this kind proceed, for the most part, from men who have attained the highest ranks in the governing or ecclesiastical hierarchy, and who are consequently per¡©fectly assured that no one will dare to contradict their asser¡©tion, and that if anyone does contradict it they will hear nothing of the contradiction. These men have, for the most part, through the intoxication of power, so lost the right idea of what that Christianity is in the name of which they hold their position that what is Christian in Chris¡©tianity presents itself to them as heresy, while everything in the Old and New Testaments which can be distorted into an antichristian and heathen meaning they regard as the foun¡©dation of Christianity. In support of their assertion that Christianity is not opposed to the use of force, these men usually, with the greatest audacity, bring together all the most obscure passages from the Old and New Testaments, interpreting them in the most unchristian way-the punish¡©ment of Ananias and Sapphira, of Simon the Sorcerer, etc. They quote all those sayings of Christ's which can possibly be interpreted as justification of cruelty: the expulsion from the Temple; "It shall be more tolerable for the land of Sodom than for this city," etc., etc. According to these people's notions, a Christian government is not in the least bound to be guided by the spirit of peace, forgiveness of injuries, and love for enemies.

ÀÌ·± Á¾·ùÀÇ ÁÖÀåµéÀº, ´ëüÀûÀ¸·Î, ÅëÄ¡ ¹× ¼ºÁ÷ °èÅë¿¡¼­ °¡Àå ³ôÀº ÁöÀ§¸¦ È®º¸ÇÑ »ç¶÷µé¿¡¼­ ³ª¿À´Â °ÍÀ¸·Î, ±×µéÀº °á±¹ ¾Æ¹«µµ ±×µéÀÇ ÁÖÀå¿¡ °¨È÷ ¹Ý¹ÚÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀ» °ÍÀ̸ç, ±×¸®°í ¸¸ÀÏ ±×°ÍÀ» ¹Ý¹ÚÇÏ´Â ÀÚ°¡ ÀÖ´Ù¸é ±× ¹Ý¹Ú¿¡ ´ëÇØ ¾Æ¹«°Íµµ µèÁö ¾ÊÀ» °ÍÀ» È®½ÅÇÑ´Ù. ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ »ç¶÷µéÀº, ´ëüÀûÀ¸·Î, ±Ç·Â¿¡ Áßµ¶µÇ¾î, ±×µéÀÌ ÁöÀ§¸¦ À¯ÁöÇÔ¿¡ À־ ´öÅÃÀ» º¸´Â ±âµ¶±³¶ó´Â À̸§ ¾È¿¡¼­ ±âµ¶±³°¡ ¹«¾ùÀÎÁö ¿Ã¹Ù¸¥ °³³äÁ¶Â÷ ³Ê¹«³ª Àؾî¹ö·Á¼­, ±âµ¶±³¿¡¼­ ±âµ¶±³ÀûÀÎ °ÍÀº ±×µé¿¡°Ô ÀÌ´ÜÀ¸·Î º¸¿©Áö¸ç, ¹Ý¸é¿¡ Àû±×¸®½ºµµ ¹× À̱³µµÀûÀÎ Àǹ̷Π¿Ö°îµÉ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ±¸¾à ¹× ½Å¾à ¼º¼­ »óÀÇ ¸ðµç °ÍµéÀ» ±×µéÀº ±âµ¶±³ÀÇ ±Ùº»À¸·Î ¿©±ä´Ù. ±âµ¶±³°¡ Æø·ÂÀÇ »ç¿ë¿¡ ¹Ý´ëÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù´Â ±×µéÀÇ ÁÖÀåÀ» µÞ¹ÞħÇϱâ À§ÇÏ¿©, ÀÌ »ç¶÷µéÀº ÈçÈ÷, ´ë´ÜÈ÷ »·»·½º·´°Ôµµ, ±¸¾à ¹× ½Å¾à ¼º¼­¿¡¼­ °¡Àå ¾Ö¸ÅÇÑ ±ÍÀý µéÀ» ¸ðµÎ ²ø¾î ¸ð¾Æ¼­ °¡Àå ºñ±âµ¶±³ÀûÀÎ ¹æ¹ýÀ¸·Î ±×°ÍµéÀ» ÇØ¼®ÇÑ´Ù-¾Æ³ª´Ï¾Æ¿Í »ðºñ¶ó ±×¸®°í ¸¶¹ý»ç ½Ã¸óÀÇ Ã³Çü, µî. ±×µéÀº Ȥ½Ã³ª ÀÜÀÎÇÔÀÇ Á¤´çÈ­·Î ÇØ¼®µÉ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ ¸ðµç ¸»¾¸µéÀ» ÀοëÇÑ´Ù: ¼ºÀüÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ Ãß¹æÇÔ; ¡°¼Òµ¼ ¶¥ÀÌ ±× ¼ºº¸´Ù °ßµð±â ½¬¿ì¸®¶ó,¡± µîµî. ÀÌ »ç¶÷µéÀÇ ½Å³ä¿¡ µû¸£¸é, ±âµ¶±³ Á¤ºÎ´Â °áÄÚ ÆòÈ­, ÇÇÇØ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¿ë¼­, ±×¸®°í ¿ø¼ö¿¡ ´ëÇÑ »ç¶ûÀÇ Á¤½ÅÀ¸·Î ÀεµµÇ¾î¼­´Â ¾Æ´ÏµÈ´Ù.

To refute such an assertion is useless, because the very people who make this assertion refute themselves, or, rather, renounce Christ, inventing a Christianity and a Christ of their own in the place of him in whose name the Church itself exists, as well as their office in it. If all men were to learn that the Church professes to believe in a Christ of punishment and warfare, not of forgiveness, no one would believe in the Church and it could not prove to anyone what it is trying to prove.

±×·¯ÇÑ ÁÖÀåÀ» ¹Ý¹ÚÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº ¾µµ¥ ¾ø´Â ÀÏÀÌ´Ù, ¿Ö³ÄÇϸé ÀÌ·± ÁÖÀåÀ» ÇÏ´Â ¹Ù·Î ±× »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ÀڽŵéÀ» ¹Ý¹ÚÇÑ´Ù, ¾Æ´Ï, ±× º¸´Ù´Â ±×¸®½ºµµ¸¦ ºÎÀÎÇÑ´Ù, ±âµ¶±³¸¦ Á¶ÀÛÇϸç, ±×ÀÇ À̸§ÇÏ¿¡¼­ ±³È¸ ÀÚü°¡ Á¸ÀçÇÒ »Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ±× ¾È¿¡¼­ ±×µéÀÇ ÀÏÀÚ¸®°¡ Á¸Àç Çϴµ¥µµ, ±×¸®½ºµµ ´ë½Å¿¡ ±×µé ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ±×¸®½ºµµ¸¦ Á¶ÀÛÇØ ³½´Ù. ¸¸ÀÏ ¸ðµç »ç¶÷µéÀÌ, ±³È¸°¡ ¿ë¼­°¡ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ó¹ú°ú ÀüÀïÀÇ ±×¸®½ºµµ¸¦ ¹Ï´Â´Ù°í °í¹éÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ», ¾Ë°Ô¶óµµ µÈ´Ù¸é ¾Æ¹«µµ ±³È¸¸¦ ¹ÏÁö ¾ÊÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù ±×¸®°í ±³È¸´Â ±³È¸°¡ ¹«¾ùÀ» Áõ¸íÇÏ·Á ÇÏ´ÂÁö ¾Æ¹«¿¡°Ôµµ Áõ¸íÇÒ ¼ö ¾øÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù.

The second, somewhat less gross, form of argument con¡©sists in declaring that, though Christ did indeed preach that we should turn the left cheek, and give the cloak also, and this is the highest moral duty, yet that there are wicked. men in the world, and if these wicked men were not restrained by force, the whole world and all good men would come to ruin through them. This argument I found for the first time in John Chrysostom, and I show how he is mis¡©taken in my book "What I Believe."

¾à°£ ´ú »·»·ÇÑ, µÎ¹øÂ° ÇüÅÂÀÇ ÁÖÀåÀº, ¿¹¼ö°¡ ºñ·Ï Á¤¸»·Î¿ì¸®°¡ ¿ÞÂÊ »´À» µ¹·Á ´ë°í ¿Êµµ ÁÖ¾î¹ö·Á¾ß ÇÑ´Ù°í ¼³±³ÇÏ¿´À¸¸ç, ±×¸®°í À̰ÍÀÌ °¡Àå ³ôÀº µµ´öÀûÀÎ Àǹ«¶ó°í ÇÏ´õ¶óµµ, ±×·¸Áö¸¸ ¼¼»ó¿¡´Â ¾ÇÇÑ »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ÀÌµé ¾ÇÇÑ »ç¶÷µéÀ» Æø·ÂÀ¸·Î Á¦ÁöÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù¸é, Àü ¼¼°è¿Í ¸ðµç ¼±ÇÑ »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ±×µé·Î ÀÎÇÏ¿© ¸ê¸ÁÇÒ °ÍÀ̶ó°í ¼±¾ðÇÔ¿¡ ÀÖ´Ù. ÀÌ ÁÖÀåÀº ³»°¡ óÀ½À¸·Î ¿äÇÑ Å©¸®¼­½ºÅè¿¡¼­ ã¾Ò´Ù, ±×¸®°í ³ª´Â ³ªÀÇ Àú¼­ ¡°³ª´Â ¹«¾ùÀ» ¹Ï´Â°¡¡±¿¡¼­ ±×°¡ ¾î¶»°Ô À߸ø »ý°¢ÇÏ´ÂÁö º¸¿©ÁØ´Ù.

This argument is ill grounded, because if we allow our¡©selves to regard any men as intrinsically wicked men, then in the first place we annul, by so doing, the whole idea of the Christian teaching, according to which we are all equals and brothers, as sons of one Father in heaven. Secondly, it is ill founded, because even if to use force against wicked men had been permitted by God, since it is impossible to find a perfect and unfailing distinction by which one could positively know the wicked from the good, so it would come to all individual men and societies of men mutually regard¡©ing each other as wicked men, as is the case now. Thirdly, even if it were possible to distinguish the wicked from the good unfailingly, even then it would be impossible to kill or injure or shut up in prison these wicked men, because there would be no one in a Christian society to carry out such punishment, since every Christian, as a Christian, has been commanded to use no force against the wicked.

ÀÌ ÁÖÀåÀº ±Ù°Å°¡ ¾ø´Ù, ¿Ö³ÄÇϸé, ¿ì¸®°¡ Àڽſ¡°ÔÀÌ ¾î¶² »ç¶÷À» º»ÁúÀûÀ¸·Î ¾ÇÇÑ »ç¶÷À¸·Î ¿©±èÀ» Çã¿ëÇÑ´Ù¸é, ±×·² °æ¿ì¿¡ Á¦ÀϸÕÀú ¿ì¸®´Â, ±×·¸°Ô ÇÔÀ¸·Î½á, ±âµ¶±³ÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§-ÀÌ¿¡ ÀǰÅÇÏ¿© ¿ì¸®´Â Çϴÿ¡ °è½Å ¾Æ¹öÁöÀÇ ¾Æµé·Î¼­, ¸ðµÎ µ¿µîÇϸç ÇüÁ¦ÀÌ´Ù-ÀÇ ¸ðµç °³³äÀ» ¹«È¿È­ ½Ã۱⠶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù. µÎ¹øÂ°·Î ±×°ÍÀº Á¤´çÇÑ ÀÌÀ¯°¡ ¾ø´Ù, ¿Ö³ÄÇϸé, ºñ·Ï ¾ÇÇÑ »ç¶÷µé¿¡ ´ëÇ×ÇÏ¿© Æø·ÂÀ» »ç¿ëÇÔÀÌ Çϳª´ÔÀÌ Çã¶ôÇÏ¿´´Ù ÇÏ´õ¶óµµ, ¿ì¸®°¡ È®½ÇÇÏ°Ô ¾ÇÇÑ »ç¶÷°ú ¼±ÇÑ »ç¶÷À» ±¸º°ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ¿Ïº®ÇÏ¸ç ½Ç¼ö¾ø´Â ±¸º°À» ã´Â °ÍÀÌ ºÒ°¡´ÉÇϱ⠶§¹®¿¡, °á±¹ ¸ðµç °³ÀεéÀÌ ±×¸®°í »ç¶÷µéÀÇ ¸ðÀÓµéÀÌ, ¹Ù·Î Áö±Ý ±×·¯ÇϵíÀÌ, »óÈ£°£¿¡ ¼­·Î¸¦ ¾ÇÇÑ »ç¶÷µé·Î ¿©±èÀ¸·Î ±Í°áµÈ´Ù. ¼¼¹øÂ°·Î, ºñ·Ï ¾ÇÇÑ »ç¶÷°ú ¼±ÇÑ »ç¶÷À» ½Ç¼ö¾øÀÌ ±¸º°ÇÔÀÌ °¡´ÉÇÏ´Ù°í ÇÏ´õ¶óµµ, ½ÉÁö¾î ±×·¸´ÙÇÏ´õ¶óµµ, ÀÌµé ¾ÇÇÑ »ç¶÷µéÀ» »ìÇØÇϰųª »óó¸¦ ÀÔÈ÷°Å³ª ¶Ç´Â °¨¿Á¿¡ °¡µÎ´Â °ÍÀÌ ºÒ°¡´ÉÇÒ °ÍÀÌ´Ù, ¿Ö³ÄÇϸé, ±âµ¶±³ÀÎÀ¸·Î¼­ÀÇ ¸ðµç ±âµ¶±³ÀÎÀº ¾ÇÇÑ »ç¶÷¿¡°Ô ¾Æ¹«·± Æø·Âµµ »ç¿ëÄ¡ ¸øÇϵµ·Ï ¸í·É¹Þ¾Ò±â¿¡, ±âµ¶±³ »çȸ¿¡¼­ ±×·¯ÇÑ Ã³¹úÀ» ÁýÇàÇÒ »ç¶÷ÀÌ ¾Æ¹«µµ ¾ø±â ¶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù.

The third kind of answer, still more subtle than the pre¡©ceding, consists in asserting that though the command of non-resistance to evil by force is binding on the Christian when the evil is directed against himself personally, it ceases to be binding when the evil is directed against his neigh¡©bors, and that then the Christian is not only not bound to fulfill the commandment, but is even bound to act in oppo¡©sition to it in defense of his neighbors, and to use force against transgressors by force. This assertion is an abso¡©lute assumption, and one cannot find in all Christ's teaching any confirmation of such an argument. Such an argument is not only a limitation, but a direct contradiction and nega¡©tion of the commandment. If every man has the right to have recourse to force in face of a danger threatening an¡©other, the question of the use of force is reduced to a ques¡©tion of the definition of danger for another. If my private judgment is to decide the question of what is danger for another, there is no occasion for the use of force which could not be justified on the ground of danger threatening some other man. They killed and burnt witches, they killed aristocrats and girondists, they killed their enemies, because those who were in authority regarded them as dan¡©gerous for the people.

¼¼¹øÂ° Á¾·ùÀÇ ´äº¯Àº, ÀÌÀü °Íº¸´Ùµµ ÈÙ¾À´õ ¹Ì¹¦Çѵ¥, ºñ·Ï Èû¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ ¾Ç¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¹«ÀúÇ×ÀÇ ¸í·ÉÀÌ ±× ¾ÇÀÌ Àڽſ¡°Ô Á÷Á¢ÀûÀ¸·Î ÇâÇØÁø´Ù¸é ±âµ¶±³Àε鿡°Ô Àǹ«ÀûÁö¸¸, ±× ¾ÇÀÌ ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ÀÌ¿ô¿¡°Ô ÇâÇØÁø´Ù¸é ±×°ÍÀº Àǹ«ÀûÀÏ ¼ö°¡ ¾ø´Ù, ±×¸®°í ±×·¸´Ù¸é ±âµ¶±³ÀÎÀº ±× °è¸íÀ» ½ÇõÇÒ Àǹ«°¡ ¾øÀ» »Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ½ÉÁö¾î ±×ÀÇ ÀÌ¿ôµéÀ» ¹æ¾îÇϱâ À§ÇÏ¿© ±× °è¸í¿¡ ¹Ý´ëÇÏ¿© ÇൿÇÒ Àǹ«°¡ ÀÖÀ¸¸ç Çà¾ÇÀڵ鿡 ´ëÇ×ÇÏ¿© Æø·ÂÀ» »ç¿ëÇØ¾ßÇÒ Àǹ«°¡ ÀÖ´Ù°í ÁÖÀåÇÔ¿¡ ÀÖ´Ù. À̰ÍÀº ±Ø´ÜÀûÀÎ ¾ïÃøÀ̸ç, ¿ì¸®´Â ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ ¸ðµç °¡¸£Ä§¿¡¼­ ±×·¯ÇÑ ³í°Å¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¾î¶² È®Áõµµ ãÀ» ¼ö ¾ø´Ù. ±×·¯ÇÑ ³í°Å´Â °è¸í¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Á¦ÇÑÀÏ »Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, Á÷Á¢ÀûÀÎ ¹Ý¹ÚÀÌ¸ç ºÎÁ¤ÀÌ´Ù. ¸¸ÀÏ ¸ðµç »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷µéÀ» À§ÇùÇÏ´Â À§Çè¿¡ Á÷¸éÇÏ¿© Æø·Â¿¡ ÀǰÅÇÒ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ±Ç¸®¸¦ °¡Áø´Ù¸é, Æø·ÂÀÇ »ç¿ë¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¹®Á¦´Â ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷¿¡ ´ëÇÑ À§ÇèÀÇ Á¤ÀÇÀÇ ¹®Á¦·Î ¾ÐÃàµÈ´Ù. ¸¸ÀÏ ³ªÀÇ °³ÀÎÀûÀÎ ÆÇ´ÜÀÌ ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷¿¡ ´ëÇÑ À§ÇèÀÌ ¹«¾ùÀΰ¡ÀÇ ¹®Á¦¸¦ °áÁ¤ÇØ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù¸é, ´Ù¸¥ ¾î¶² »ç¶÷À» À§ÇùÇÏ´Â À§ÇèÀ» ±Ù°Å·Î Á¤´çÈ­µÉ ¼ö ¾ø´Â Æø·Â »ç¿ëÀÇ ±âȸ°¡ ¾ø´Ù. ±×µéÀº ¸¶³à¸¦ »ìÇØÇÏ¿© ºÒÅ¿ü°í, ±×µéÀº ±ÍÁ·µé°ú Áö·Õµå ´ç¿øµéÀ» »ìÇØÇßÀ¸¸ç, ±×µéÀÇ ÀûµéÀ» Á׿´´Ù, ¿Ö³ÄÇÏ¸é ±Ç·ÂÀ» ÀâÀº »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ±×µéÀ» »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô À§ÇèÇÏ´Ù°í ¿©°å±â ¶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù.

If this important limitation, which fundamentally under¡©mines the whole value of the commandment, had entered into Christ's meaning, there must have been mention of it somewhere. This restriction is made nowhere in our Saviour's life or preaching. On the contrary, warning is given precisely against this treacherous and scandalous restriction which nullifies the commandment. The error and impossibility of such a limitation is shown in the Gospel with special clearness in the account of the judgment of Caiaphas, who makes precisely this distinction. He acknowledged that it was wrong to punish the innocent Jesus, but he saw in him a source of danger not for himself, but for the whole people, and therefore he said: It is better for one man to die, that the whole people perish not. And the erroneousness of such a limitation is still more clearly expressed in the words spoken to Peter when he tried to resist by force evil directed against Jesus (Matt. xxvi. 52). Peter was not defending himself, but his beloved and heavenly Master. And Christ at once reproved him for this, saying, that he who takes up the sword shall perish by the sword.

¸¸ÀÏ ÀÌ Áß¿äÇÑ Á¦ÇÑÀÌ, À̰ÍÀº ±Ùº»ÀûÀ¸·Î ±× °è¸íÀÇ ÀüüÀûÀÎ °¡Ä¡¸¦ ÈѼÕÇÏ´Â ¹Ù, ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§¿¡ µé¾î ÀÖ´Ù¸é, ¾îµð¿£°¡¿¡ ±×°Í¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¾ð±ÞÀÌ ÀÖÀ½ÀÌ Æ²¸²¾ø´Ù. ÀÌ Á¦ÇÑÀº ¿ì¸® ±¸¼¼ÁÖÀÇ »îÀ̳ª ¼³±³ ¾îµð¿¡¼­µµ ¸¸µé¾îÁöÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù. ¹Ý´ë·Î, ±× °è¸íÀ» ¹«È¿È­ ½ÃŰ´Â ÀÌ ¹è¹ÝÀûÀÌ¸ç ¼öÄ¡½º·¯¿î Á¦ÇÑ¿¡ ´ëÇÏ¿© Á¤È®ÇÏ°Ô °æ°í°¡ ÁÖ¾îÁ® ÀÖ´Ù. ±×·¯ÇÑ Á¦ÇÑÀÇ ¿À·ù¿Í ºÒ°¡´É¼ºÀº º¹À½¼­¿¡¼­ Ưº°È÷ ¸í·áÇÏ°Ô º¸¿© ÁÖ´Â ¹Ù, °¡¾ß¹ÙÀÇ ÀçÆÇ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ À̾߱⿡¼­, ±×´Â Á¤È®È÷ ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ±¸º°À» Çϰí ÀÖ´Ù. ±×´Â ¹«ÁËÀÎ ¿¹¼ö¸¦ ó¹úÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ À߸øÀÓÀ» ÀÎÁ¤ÇÏ¿´´Ù, ±×·¯³ª ±×´Â ¿¹¼ö¿¡°Ô¼­ Àڽſ¡°Ô°¡ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó Àüü »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô ¹ÌÄ¡´Â À§ÇèÀÇ ±Ù¿øÀ» º¸¾Ò´Ù, ±×¸®°í ±×·¯¹Ç·Î ±×°¡ ¸»Çß´Ù: Àüü ¹ÎÁ·ÀÌ ¸ê¸ÁÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀ¸·Á¸é, ÇÑ »ç¶÷ÀÌ Á×´Â °ÍÀÌ ´õ ÁÁ´Ù. ±×¸®°í ±×·¯ÇÑ Á¦ÇÑÀÇ ¿À·ù¼ºÀº º£µå·Î°¡ ¿¹¼ö¸¦ ÇâÇÑ ¾ÇÀ» Æø·ÂÀ¸·Î¼­ ÀúÁöÇÏ·Á°í ÇÏÀÚ ±×¿¡°Ô ÇÑ ¸»¾¸¿¡¼­ ÈξÀ ´õ ºÐ¸íÇÏ°Ô Ç¥ÇöµÈ´Ù(¸¶Åº¹À½ 24Àå52Àý). º£µå·Î´Â ÀÚ½ÅÀ» ¹æ¾îÇÔÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ±×ÀÇ »ç¶ûÇÏ´Â ¼º½º·¯¿î ÁÖ´ÔÀ» ¹æ¾îÇϰí ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. ±×¸®°í ±×¸®½ºµµ´Â ´çÀå ÀÌÁ¡¿¡ ´ëÇÏ¿© ±×¸¦ ÁúÃ¥Çϸ鼭, Ä®À» µç »ç¶÷À» ¸»·Î½á ¸ê¸ÁÇÒ °ÍÀ̶ó°í ¸»Çß´Ù.

Besides, apologies for violence used against one's neighbor in defense of another neighbor from greater violence are always untrustworthy, because when force is used against one who has not yet carried out his evil intent, I can never know which would be greater-the evil of my act of violence or of the act I want to prevent. We kill the criminal that society may be rid of him, and we never know whether the criminal of to-day would not have been a changed man to¡©morrow, and whether our punishment of him is not useless cruelty. We shut up the dangerous-as we think-mem¡©ber of society, but the next day this man might cease to be dangerous and his imprisonment might be for nothing. I see that a man I know to be a ruffian is pursuing a young girl. I have a gun in my hand-I kill the ruffian and save the girl. But the death or the wounding of the ruffian has positively taken place, while what would have happened if this had not been I cannot know. And what an immense mass of evil must result, and indeed does result, from allow¡©ing men to assume the right of anticipating what may happen. Ninety-nine per cent of the evil of the world is founded on this reasoning-from the Inquisition to dynamite bombs, and the executions or punishments of tens of thousands of political criminals.

°Ô´Ù°¡, ´õ¿í Ä¿´Ù¶õ À§ÇèÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ´Ù¸¥ ÀÌ¿ôÀ» ¹æ¾îÇÏ·Á°í ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ÀÌ¿ô¿¡ ´ëÇ×ÇÏ¿© Æø·ÂÀ» »ç¿ëÇÑ´Ù´Â ±¸½ÇÀº ¾ðÁ¦³ª ¹ÏÀ½Á÷ÇÏÁö ¸øÇÏ´Ù, ¿Ö³ÄÇϸé, ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ¾ÇÇÑ Àǵµ¸¦ ¾ÆÁ÷ ½ÇÇàÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀº »ç¶÷¿¡ ´ëÇÏ¿© Æø·ÂÀÌ »ç¿ëµÉ ¶§, ³ª´Â ¾î´À °ÍÀÌ ´õ¿í Å« °ÍÀÎÁö °áÄÚ ¾Ë ¼ö ¾ø±â ¶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù-³ª ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ Æø·ÂÀûÀÎ ÇàÀ§ÀÇ ¾ÇÇÔÀÎÁö ¾Æ´Ï¸é ³»°¡ ¸·¾Æ º¸°íÀÚ ÇÏ´Â ÇàÀ§ÀÇ ¾ÇÇÔÀÎÁö. ¿ì¸®´Â ±× ¹üÁËÀÚ¸¦ Á׿©¼­ »çȸ¿¡¼­ ±×¸¦ ¾ø¾Ö°íÀÚ ÇÑ´Ù, ±×¸®°í ¿ì¸®´Â ¿À´ÃÀÇ ¹üÁËÀÚ°¡ ³»ÀÏ °³¼±µÈ »ç¶÷ÀÌ µÉÁö, ±×¸®°í ¿ì¸®°¡ ±×¸¦ ó¹úÇÔÀÌ ¾µ¸ð¾ø´Â ÀÜÀÎÇÔÀÌ ¾Æ´ÒÁö´Â °áÄÚ ¾ËÁö ¸øÇÑ´Ù. ¿ì¸®´Â-¿ì¸®°¡ »ý°¢Çϱ⿡- À§ÇèÇÑ »çȸÀÇ ±¸¼º¿øÀ» °¡µÐ´Ù, ±×·¯³ª ´ÙÀ½³¯ ÀÌ »ç¶÷Àº À§ÇèÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀ» Áöµµ ¸ð¸¥´Ù ±×·¯¸é ±×ÀÇ Åõ¿ÁÀº ÀÌÀ¯°¡ ¾øÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ³ª´Â ³»°¡ ¾Ç´çÀ¸·Î ¾Ë°í ÀÖ´Â »ç¶÷ÀÌ ¾î¸° ¼Ò³à¸¦ ÂÑ´Â °ÍÀ» º»´Ù. ³ªÀÇ ¼Õ¿¡´Â ÃÑÀÌ µé·Á ÀÖ´Ù-³ª´Â ±× ¾Ç´çÀ» Á×ÀÌ°í ±× ¼Ò³à¸¦ ±¸ÇÑ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ¾Ç´çÀÇ Á×À½ ¶Ç´Â »óó´Â È®½ÇÈ÷ ÀϾ´Ù, ¹Ý¸é¿¡ ÀÌ ÀÏÀÌ ÀϾÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù¸é ¹«¾ùÀÌ ÀÏ¾î ³µÀ» Áö ³ª´Â ¾Ë ¼ö ¾ø´Ù. ±×¸®°í »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô ¹«¾ùÀÌ ÀÏ¾î ³¯ °ÍÀÎÁö ¿¹°ßÇÏ´Â ±Ç¸®¸¦ °¡Áöµµ·Ï Çã¶ôÇÑ´Ù¸é, ¾ó¸¶³ª ¸¹Àº ¾ÇµéÀÌ ÃÊ·¡µÉ °ÍÀΰ¡, ¾Æ´Ï Á¤¸»·Î ÀÏ¾î ³­´Ù. ¼¼»óÀÇ 99ÆÛ¼¾Æ®ÀÇ ¾ÇÀº ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ³í¹ý¿¡ ±âÃÊÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù-ÀÌ´ÜÀÚ Åº¾Ð¿¡¼­ºÎÅÍ ´ÙÀ̳ʸ¶ÀÌÆ® ÆøÅº¿¡ À̸£±â±îÁö, ±×¸®°í ¼ö¸¸¸íÀ̳ª µÇ´Â Á¤Ä¡¹üµéÀÇ Ã³ÇüÀ̳ª ó¹úµµ ±×·¯ÇÏ´Ù.

A fourth, still more refined, reply to the question, What ought to be the Christian's attitude to Christ's command of non-resistance to evil by force? consists in declaring that they do not deny the command of non-resistance to evil, but recognize it; but they only do not ascribe to this com¡©mand the special exclusive value attached to it by sectarians. To regard this command as the indispensable condition of Christian life, as Garrison, Ballou, Dymond, the Quakers, the Mennonites, and the Shakers do now, and as the Moravian brothers, the Waldenses, the Albigenses, the Bogomilites, and the Paulicians did in the past, is a one-sided heresy. This command has neither more nor less value than all the other commands, and the man who through weakness trans¡©gresses any command whatever, the command of non-resist¡©ance included, does not cease to be a Christian if he hold the true faith. This is a very skillful device, and many people who wish to be deceived are easily deceived by it. The device consists in reducing a direct conscious denial of a command to a casual breach of it. But one need only com¡©pare the attitude of the teachers of the Church to this and to other commands which they really do recognize, to be convinced that their attitude to this is completely different from their attitude to other duties.

³×¹øÂ°, ÈξÀ ´õ ¼¼·ÃµÈ, ±× Áú¹®-±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ Èû¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ ¾Ç¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¹«ÀúÇ×ÀÇ ¸í·É¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ±âµ¶±³ÀεéÀÇ Åµµ´Â ¾î¶°ÇØ¾ß Çϴ°¡?-¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ´äº¯Àº, ±×µéÀº ¾Ç¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¹«ÀúÇ×ÀÇ ¸í·ÉÀ» ºÎÀÎÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀ¸¸ç ±×°ÍÀ» ÀÎÁ¤ÇÑ´Ù°í ÇÑ´Ù; ±×·¯³ª ±×µéÀº ¿ÀÁ÷ ÆÄ¹úÁÖÀÇÀڵ鿡 ÀÇÇØ ºÎ°¡µÈ Ưº°È÷ ¹èŸÀûÀÎ °¡Ä¡¸¦ ÀÌ ¸í·É¿¡ µ¹¸®Áö ¾ÊÀ» »ÓÀ̶ó°í ¼±¾ðÇϴµ¥ ÀÖ´Ù. °Ô¸®½¼, ¹ß·ç, µð¸óµå, ÄùÀÌÄ¿, ¸Þ³ë³ªÀÌÆ® ±×¸®°í ½¦ÀÌÄ¿µéÀÌ ÇöÀç ½ÇÇàÇϵíÀÌ, ±×¸®°í ¸ð¶óºñ¾Æ ÇüÁ¦µé, ¿ùµç½º, ¾Ëºñ°Õ½º, º¸°í¹Ð¶óÀÌÆ® ¹× Æú¸®½Ã¾È µéÀÌ °ú°Å¿¡ ÇàÇÑ °Íó·³, ÀÌ ¸í·ÉÀ» ±âµ¶±³ÀÎÀÇ »î¿¡¼­ ÇÊ¿ä ºÒ°¡°áÇÑ Á¶°ÇÀ¸·Î ¿©±â´Â °ÍÀº ÇÑÂÊÀ¸·Î ±â¿ì´Â ÀÌ´ÜÀÌ´Ù. ÀÌ ¸í·ÉÀº ´Ù¸¥ ¸ðµç ¸í·Éµéº¸´Ù ´õµµ ´úµµ ¾Æ´Ñ °¡Ä¡¸¦ °¡Áø´Ù, ±×¸®°í, ¹«ÀúÇ×ÀÇ ¸í·ÉÀ» Æ÷ÇÔÇÏ¿©, ³ª¾àÇÔÀ¸·Î ÀÎÇÏ¿© ¾î¶² ¸í·ÉÀ̵ç À§¹ÝÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷ÀÌ¶óµµ ±×°¡ Áø½ÇÇÑ ½Å¾ÓÀ» °¡Áö°í ÀÖ´Ù¸é ±âµ¶±³ÀÎÀ̱⸦ ±×¸¸ µÎ´Â °ÍÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï´Ù. À̰ÍÀº ¸Å¿ì ±³¹¦ÇÑ °è·«ÀÌ´Ù, ±×¸®°í ±â¸¸´çÇϱ⸦ ¿øÇÏ´Â ¸¹Àº »ç¶÷µéÀº ±×°Í¿¡ ÀÇÇØ ½±°Ô ±â¸¸´çÇÑ´Ù. ±× °è·«Àº Á÷Á¢ÀûÀÎ ÀǽÄÀûÀÎ ¸í·ÉÀÇ ºÎÀÎÀ» ¿ì¿¬ÇÑ À§¹ÝÀ¸·Î Ãà¼ÒÇϴµ¥ ÀÖ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ¿ì¸®´Â ¿ÀÁ÷ ±³È¸ÀÇ ¼±»ýµéÀÇ Åµµ¸¦, À̰Ͱú ±×µéÀÌ Á¤¸»·Î ÀνÄÇÏ´Â ´Ù¸¥ ¸í·Éµé°ú ºñ±³Çϰí, ±×µéÀÇ À̰Ϳ¡ ´ëÇÑ Åµµ´Â ±×µéÀÇ ´Ù¸¥ Àǹ«µé¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Åµµ¿Í ¿ÏÀüÈ÷ ´Ù¸£´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ³³µæÇÒ Çʿ䰡 ÀÖ´Ù.

The command against fornication they do really recognize, and consequently they do not admit that in any case forni¡©cation can cease to be wrong. The Church preachers never point out cases in which the command against fornication can be broken, and always teach that we must avoid seduc¡©tions which lead to temptation to fornication. But not so with the command of non-resistance. All church preachers recognize cases in which that command can be broken, and teach the people accordingly. And they not only do not teach that we should avoid temptations to break it, chief of which is the military oath, but they themselves administer it. The preachers of the Church never in any other case advocate the breaking of any other commandment. But in connection with the commandment of non-resistance they openly teach that we must not understand it too literally, but that there are conditions and circumstances in which we must do the direct opposite, that is, go to law, fight, punish. So that occasions for fulfilling the commandment of non-resistance to evil by force are taught for the most part as occasions for not fulfilling it. The fulfillment of this com¡©mand, they say, is very difficult and pertains only to perfection. And how can it not be difficult, when the breach of it is not only not forbidden, but law courts, prisons, can¡©nons, guns, armies, and wars are under the immediate sanc¡©tion of the Church? It cannot be true, then, that this command is recognized by the preachers of the Church as on a level with other commands.

°£À½À» ±ÝÁöÇÏ´Â ¸í·ÉÀ» ±×µéÀº Á¤¸»·Î ÀνÄÇÑ´Ù, ±×¸®°í °á±¹ ±×µéÀº ¾î¶² °æ¿ì¶óµµ °£À½Àº ÁËÀ̱⸦ ¸ØÃâ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù°í ÀÎÁ¤ÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù. ±³È¸ÀÇ ¼³±³ÀÚµéÀº °áÄÚ °£À½À» ±ÝÁöÇÏ´Â ¸í·ÉÀ» ¾î°Üµµ µÇ´Â °æ¿ìµéÀ» ÁöÀûÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù, ±×¸®°í ¿ì¸®´Â °£À½ÀÇ ½ÃÇè¿¡ À̸¦ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â À¯È¤µéÀ» ÇÇÇØ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù°í Ç×»ó °¡¸£Ä£´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ¹«ÀúÇ×ÀÇ ¸í·É¿¡ ´ëÇØ¼­´Â ±×·¸Áö ¾Ê´Ù. ¸ðµç ±³È¸ÀÇ ¼³±³ÀÚµéÀº ±× ¸í·ÉÀÌ ¾î°Üµµ µÇ´Â °æ¿ìµéÀ» ¾Ë°í ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, »ç¶÷µéÀ» ±×¿¡ ÇÕ´çÇÏ°Ô °¡¸£Ä£´Ù. ±×¸®°í ±×µéÀº ±×°ÍÀ» ¾î±æ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ½ÃÇèµé-±×ÁßÀÇ Áß¿äÇÑ °ÍÀº ±º´ëÀÇ ¼±¼­ÀÌ´Ù-À» ÇÇÇØ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù°í °¡¸£Ä¡Áö ¾ÊÀ» »Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, ±×µé ½º½º·Î°¡ ±×°ÍÀ» °­¿äÇÑ´Ù. ±³È¸ÀÇ ¼³±³ÀÚµéÀº ¾î¶² °æ¿ìÀÌµç ´Ù¸¥ ¾î¶² °è¸íÀ» À§¹ÝÇÔµµ ¿ËÈ£ÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ¹«ÀúÇ×ÀÇ °è¸í°ú °ü·ÃÇØ¼­´Â ±×µéÀº °ø°³ÀûÀ¸·Î ¿ì¸®°¡ ±×°ÍÀ» ³Ê¹« Á÷¼³ÀûÀ¸·Î ÀÌÇØÇØ¼­´Â ¾ÈµÈ´Ù°í °¡¸£Ä¡¸ç, ±×·¯³ª ¿ì¸®°¡ Á¤¹Ý´ë·Î ÇàÇØ¾ß ÇÏ´Â, ´Ù½Ã ¸»Çϸé, °í¼ÒÇϰųª, ½Î¿ì°Å³ª, ó¹úÇØ¾ß ÇÏ´Â »óȲµé°ú ȯ°æµéÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù°í °¡¸£Ä£´Ù. ±×·¡¼­ Èû¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ ¾Ç¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¹«ÀúÇ×ÀÇ °è¸íÀ» ½ÇÃµÇØ¾ßÇÏ´Â »óȲµéÀº ´ë°³ ±×°ÍÀ» ½ÇõÇÏÁö ¾Ê¾Æ¾ß ÇÏ´Â »óȲÀ¸·Î °¡¸£ÃÄÁø´Ù. ÀÌ ¸í·ÉÀÇ ½ÇõÀº, ±×µéÀº ¸»ÇÑ´Ù, ¸Å¿ì ¾î·Á¿ì¸ç ¿ÀÁ÷ ¿Ïº®¿¡ °ü°èµÇ¾î ÀÖ´Ù. ±×¸®°í ±×°ÍÀ» À§¹ÝÇÔÀÌ ±ÝÁöµÇÁö ¾Ê¾ÒÀ» »Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, ¹ýÁ¤µé, °¨¿Áµé, ´ëÆ÷µé, Ãѵé, ±º´ëµé ±×¸®°í ÀüÀïµéÀÌ ±³È¸ÀÇ Á÷Á¢ÀûÀÎ ºñÈ£¾Æ·¡ ÀÖÀ» ¶§, ±×°ÍÀÌ ¾î¶»°Ô ¾î·ÆÁö ¾Ê°Ú´Â°¡? ±×·¸´Ù¸é, ÀÌ ¸í·ÉÀÌ ´Ù¸¥ ¸í·Éµé°ú °°Àº ¼öÁØ¿¡¼­Ã³·³ ±³È¸ÀÇ ¼³±³Àڵ鿡 ÀÇÇÏ¿© Àνĵǰí ÀÖ´Ù´Â °ÍÀº »ç½ÇÀÏ ¸®°¡ ¾ø´Ù.

The preachers of the Church clearly do not recognize it; only not daring to acknowledge this, they try to conceal their not recognizing it.

±³È¸ÀÇ ¼³±³ÀÚµéÀº ±×°ÍÀ» ¸í¹éÈ÷ ±ú´ÝÁö ¸øÇÑ´Ù; ¿ÀÁ÷ °¨È÷ À̰ÍÀ» ÀÎÁ¤ÇÏ·Á ÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀ¸¸é¼­, ±×µéÀº ±×°ÍÀ» ±ú´ÝÁö ¸øÇÔÀ» °¨Ãß·ÁÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù.

So much for the fourth reply.

³×¹øÂ°ÀÇ ´äº¯¿¡ ´ëÇØ¼­´Â ±×¸¸µÎ±â·Î ÇÏÀÚ.

The fifth kind of answer, which is the subtlest, the most often used, and the most effective, consists in avoiding answering, in making believe that this question is one which has long ago been decided perfectly clearly and satisfac¡©torily, and that it is not worth while to talk about it. This method of reply is employed by all the more or less culti¡©vated religious writers, that is to say, those who feel the laws of Christ binding for themselves. Knowing that the contradiction existing between the teaching of Christ which we profess with our lips and the whole order of our lives cannot be removed by words, and that touching upon it can only make it more obvious, they, with more or less ingenuity, evade it, pretending that the question of reconciling Chris¡©tianity with the use of force has been decided already, or does not exist at all.

´Ù¼¸¹øÂ° Á¾·ùÀÇ ´äº¯Àº, À̰ÍÀº °¡Àå ±³¹¦Çϸç, °¡Àå ÈçÈ÷ »ç¿ëµÇ¸ç, ±×¸®°í °¡Àå È¿°úÀûÀε¥, ´äº¯À» ÇÇÇÔ¿¡ ÀÖ´Ù, Áï, ÀÌ Áú¹®Àº ¾ÆÁÖ ¿À·¡Àü¿¡ Áö±ØÈ÷ ¸í·áÇÏ°Ô ±×¸®°í ¸¸Á·½º·´°Ô °á·ÐÀÌ ³­ °ÍÀ̸ç, ±×°Í¿¡ ´ëÇØ °Å·ÐÇÒ °¡Ä¡°¡ ¾ø´Â üÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ´äº¯ ¹æ¹ýÀº ´Ù¼Ò ±³¾çÀÖ´Â ¸ðµç Á¾±³ ÀÛ°¡µé, ´Ù½Ã ¸»Çϸé, ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ À²¹ýÀÌ ½º½º·Îµé¿¡°Ô Àǹ«ÀûÀ̶ó°í ´À³¢´Â »ç¶÷µé¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­ »ç¿ëµÇ°í ÀÖ´Ù. ¿ì¸®ÀÇ ÀÔÀ¸·Î °í¹éÇÏ´Â ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§°ú ¿ì¸®µé »îÀÇ ¸ðµç Áú¼­ »çÀÌ¿¡ Á¸ÀçÇÏ´Â ¸ð¼øÀÌ ¸»¸¸À¸·Î´Â Á¦°ÅµÉ ¼ö ¾øÀ¸¸ç, ±×¸®°í ±×°ÍÀ» °Çµå¸®´Â °ÍÀº ¿ÀÁ÷ ±×°ÍÀ» ´õ¿í ¸í¹éÇÏ°Ô ¸¸µé ¼ö ÀÖÀ½À» ¾Ë°í ÀÖÀ¸¸é¼­, ±×µéÀº, ´Ù¼ÒÀÇ Àç°£À¸·Î, ±×°ÍÀ» ȸÇÇÇϸç, ±âµ¶±³¿Í Æø·ÂÀÇ »ç¿ëÀ» ¾ç¸³ÇÏ´Â ¹®Á¦´Â ÀÌ¹Ì °á·ÐÀÌ ³µ°Å³ª ÀüÇô Á¸ÀçÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀº ü ÇÑ´Ù.

The majority of religious critics of my book use this fifth method of replying to it. I could quote dozens of such critics, in all of whom, without exception, we find the same thing repeated: everything is discussed except what consti¡©tutes the principal subject of the book. As a characteristic example of such criticisms, I will quote the article of a well-known and ingenious English writer and preacher-Farrar- who, like many learned theologians, is a great master of the art of circuitously evading a question. The article was pub¡©lished in an American journal, the Forum, in October, 1888.

³ªÀÇ Àú¼­¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ´ëºÎºÐÀÇ Á¾±³ ºñÆò°¡µéÀº ±×°Í¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ´äº¯À¸·Î¼­ ÀÌ ´Ù¼¸¹øÂ° ¹æ¹ýÀ» »ç¿ëÇÑ´Ù. ³ª´Â ¿­¸íµµ ³Ñ´Â ±×·± ºñÆò°¡µéÀ» ÀοëÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù, ±×¸®°í ¿¹¿Ü ¾øÀÌ ±×µé ¸ðµÎ¿¡¼­, ¿ì¸®´Â ¶È°°Àº ³»¿ëÀÌ ¹Ýº¹µÇ´Â °ÍÀ» ¹ß°ßÇÑ´Ù: ±× Ã¥ÀÇ ±âº»ÀûÀÎ ÁÖÁ¦¸¦ ±¸¼ºÇÏ´Â °Í ¸»°í´Â ¸ðµç °ÍÀÌ ³íÀǵǾú´Ù. ±×·¯ÇÑ ºñÆòµé ÁßÀÇ ÀüÇüÀûÀÎ ¿¹·Î½á, ³ª´Â Àß ¾Ë·ÁÁ® ÀÖÀ¸¸ç ¿µ¸®ÇÑ ¿µ±¹ ÀÛ°¡¸ç ¼³±³ÀÚ-ÆÄ¶ó¸£, ±×´Â ¸¹Àº ÇнÄÀÖ´Â ½ÅÇÐÀÚµé ó·³, ºù µÑ·¯¼­ Áú¹®À» ȸÇÇÇÏ´Â ±â¼úÀÇ À§´ëÇÑ ´ë°¡ÀÌ´Ù -ÀÇ ±â»ç¸¦ ÀοëÇϰڴÙ. ±× ±â»ç´Â ¹Ì±¹ ÀâÁö, [Æ÷·³]¿¡ 1888³â ÃâÆÇµÇ¾ú´Ù.

After conscientiously explaining in brief the contents of my book, Farrar says: "Tolstoy came to the conclusion that a coarse deceit had been palmed upon the world when these words, 'Resist not evil,' were held by civil society to be compatible with war, courts of justice, capital punishment, divorce, oaths, national prejudice, and, indeed, with most of the institutions of civil and social life. He now believes that the kingdom of God would come if all men kept these five commandments of Christ, viz.: 1. Live in peace with all men. 2. Be pure. 3. Take no oaths. 4. Resist not evil. 5. Renounce national distinctions.

³ªÀÇ Àú¼­ÀÇ ³»¿ë¿¡ ´ëÇÏ¿© °£´ÜÇÏ°Ô ¾ç½ÉÀûÀ¸·Î ¼³¸íÇÑ µÚ¿¡, ÆÄ¶ó¸£´Â ¸»ÇÑ´Ù: ¡°Å罺ÅäÀÌ´Â, ¡®¾ÇÀ» ÀúÇ×ÇÏÁö ¸»¶ó¡¯ ´Â ¸»¾¸ÀÌ, ½Ã¹Î »çȸ¿¡¼­ ÀüÀï, ¹ýÁ¤, »çÇü, ÀÌÈ¥, ¸Í¼¼, ¹ÎÁ·Àû Æí°ß, ±×¸®°í, »ç½Ç»ó, ½Ã¹Î ¹× »çȸÀû »îÀÇ Á¦µµµéÀÇ ´ëºÎºÐ°ú ¾ç¸³ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ¸·Î ¿©°ÜÁú ¶§, ¼¼»ó¿¡ Áöµ¶ÇÑ ±â¸¸ÀÌ ¼û°ÜÁ® ÀÖ´Ù´Â °á·Ð¿¡ µµ´ÞÇß´Ù. ±×´Â ÀÌÁ¦ ¸ðµç »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ÀÌµé ´Ù¼¸°¡Áö °è¸íÀ» ÁؼöÇÑ´Ù¸é Çϳª´ÔÀÇ ¿Õ±¹ÀÌ ¿Ã °ÍÀ̶ó°í ¹Ï´Â´Ù, Áï : 1. ¸ðµç »ç¶÷µé°ú ÆòÈ­½º·´°Ô »ì¶ó. 2. ¼ø¼öÇ϶ó. 3. ¸Í¼¼ÇÏÁö ¸»¶ó. 4. ¾ÇÀ» ÀúÇ×ÇÏÁö ¸»¶ó. 5. ±¹°¡Àû ±¸º°µéÀ» Æ÷±âÇ϶ó.

"Tolstoy," he says, "rejects the inspiration of the Old Testament; hence he rejects the chief doctrines of the Church-that of the Atonement by blood, the Trinity, the descent of the Holy Ghost on the Apostles, and his trans¡©mission through the priesthood." And he recognizes only the words and commands of Christ. "But is this interpre¡©tation of Christ a true one?" he says. "Are all men bound to act as Tolstoy teaches-i.e., to carry out these five commandments of Christ?" You expect, then, that in answer to this essential question, which is the only one that could induce a man to write an article about the book, he will say either that this interpretation of Christ's teaching is true and we ought to follow it, or he will say that such an inter¡©pretation is untrue, will show why, and will give some other correct interpretation of those words which I interpret incor¡©rectly. But nothing of the kind is done. Farrar only expresses his "belief" that, "though actuated by the noblest sincerity, Count Tolstoy has been misled by partial and one-sided interpretations of the meaning of the Gospel and the mind and will of Christ." What this error consists in is not made clear; it is only said: "To enter into the proof of this is impossible in this article, for I have already exceeded the space at my command."

¡°Å罺ÅäÀ̴¡±, ±×´Â ¸»ÇÑ´Ù, ¡°±¸¾à ¼º¼­ÀÇ ¿µ°¨À» ºÎÀÎÇÑ´Ù; ±×·¯¹Ç·Î ±³È¸ÀÇ Á᫐ ±³¸®µéÀ» ºÎÀÎÇÑ´Ù-ÇÇ¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ ¼ÓÁË, »ïÀ§ÀÏü, »çµµµé¿¡°Ô ¼º·ÉÀÇ °­¸²°ú »çÁ¦µé¿¡°Ô ÀüÆÄµÊ.¡± ±×¸®°í ±×´Â ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ ¸»¾¸ µé°ú ¸í·Éµé¸¸À» ÀÎÁ¤ÇÑ´Ù. ¡°±×·¸Áö¸¸ ±×¸®½ºµµ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÀÌ·± ÇØ¼®ÀÌ Áø½ÇÇÑ °ÍÀΰ¡?¡± ±×´Â ¸»ÇÑ´Ù. ¡°¸ðµç »ç¶÷µéÀÌ Å罺ÅäÀ̰¡ °¡¸£Ä¡´Â ´ë·Î ÇàÇØ¾ß Çϴ°¡-Áï, ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ ÀÌ ´Ù¼¸°¡Áö °è¸íÀ» ½ÇÃµÇØ¾ß Çϴ°¡?¡± ±×·¯¸é, ´ç½ÅµéÀº, ÀÌ º»ÁúÀûÀÎ Áú¹®-À̰ÍÀº ÇÑ »ç¶÷À¸·Î ÇÏ¿©±Ý ±× Ã¥¿¡ °üÇÑ ±â»ç¸¦ ¾²µµ·Ï ±ÇÀ¯ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â À¯ÀÏÇÑ °ÍÀÌ´Ù-¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ´ë´äÀ¸·Î¼­, ±×°¡ ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÀÌ ÇØ¼®ÀÌ Áø½ÇÇÏ´Ï ¿ì¸®°¡ ±×°ÍÀ» µû¶ó¾ß ÇÑ´Ù°í ¸»Çϰųª, ±×°¡, ±×·¯ÇÑ ÇØ¼®ÀÌ Æ²¸®´Ù, ÀÌÀ¯¸¦ º¸¿©ÁÖ°Ú´Ù, ±×¸®°í ³»°¡ ºÎÁ¤È®ÇÏ°Ô ÇØ¼®ÇÑ ±×µé ¸»¾¸µé¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ´Ù¸¥ ¾î¶² Á¤È®ÇÑ ÇØ¼®À» ÇØÁÖ°Ú´Ù°í ¸»ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ», ±â´ëÇÒ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ±×·¯ÇÑ ÀÏÀº ÀϾÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù. ÆÄ¶ó¸£´Â ¿ÀÁ÷, ¡°ºñ·Ï °¡Àå °í»óÇÑ ÁøÁöÇÔÀ¸·Î ºñ·ÔµÇ¾úÁö¸¸, Å罺ÅäÀÌ ¹éÀÛÀº º¹À½¼­ÀÇ ÀÇ¹Ì ¹× ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ ¸¶À½°ú ÀÇÁö¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ºÒ¿ÏÀüÇÏ¸ç ÆíÆÄÀûÀÎ ÇØ¼®µé·Î À߸ø ÀεµµÇ¾ú´Ù.¡± ´Â ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ¡°¹ÏÀ½¡±À» Ç¥ÇöÇÑ´Ù. ÀÌ °ú¿À°¡ ¹«¾ù¿¡ ÀÖ´ÂÁö´Â ºÐ¸íÇÏ°Ô ¹àÈ÷Áö ¾Ê´Â´Ù; ¿ÀÁ÷ ÀÌ·¸°Ô ¸»ÇÒ »ÓÀÌ´Ù: ¡°ÀÌ ±â»ç¿¡¼­ À̰ÍÀÇ Áõ¸í¿¡ µé¾î°¡±â´Â ºÒ°¡´ÉÇÏ´Ù, ¿Ö³ÄÇϸé, ³ª´Â ÀÌ¹Ì ³»°¡ »ç¿ë °¡´ÉÇÑ Áö¸éÀ» ÃʰúÇ߱⠶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù.¡±

And he concludes, in a tranquil spirit: "Meanwhile, the reader who feels troubled lest it should be his duty also to forsake all the conditions of his life and to take up the position and work of a common laborer, may rest for the present on the principle, securus judicat orbis terrarum. With few and rare exceptions," he continues, "the whole of Christendom, from the days of the Apostles down to our own, has come to the firm conclusion that it was the object of Christ to lay down great eternal principles, but not to disturb the bases and revolutionize the institu¡©tions of all human society, which themselves rest on divine sanctions as well as on inevitable conditions. Were it my object to prove how untenable is the doctrine of communism, based by Count Tolstoy upon the divine paradoxes [sic], which can be interpreted only on historical principles in accordance with the whole method of the teaching of Jesus, it would require an ampler canvas than I have here at my disposal." What a pity he has not "an ampler canvas at his disposal"! And what a strange thing it is that for all these last fifteen centuries no one has had "a canvas ample enough" to prove that Christ, whom we profess to believe in, says something utterly unlike what he does say! Still, they could prove it if they wanted to. But it is not worth while to prove what everyone knows; it is enough to say, "securus judicat orbis terrarum."

±×¸®°í ±×´Â Á¶¿ëÇÑ ±âºÐÀ¸·Î °á·ÐÀ» ³»¸°´Ù: ¡°±×·±µ¥, ¶ÇÇÑ ±×ÀÇ ÀλýÀÇ ¸ðµç ½ÅºÐµéÀ» Àú¹ö¸®°í, Æò¹üÇÑ ³ëµ¿ÀÚÀÇ ÁöÀ§¿Í ³ëµ¿À» Áû¾î Áö´Â °ÍÀÌ ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ Àǹ«°¡ ¾Æ´Ò±î ºÒ¾ÈÇÏ°Ô ´À³¢´Â µ¶ÀÚµéÀº ´çºÐ°£ ¡®¼Ó¼¼ÀÇ Àǹ̾ø´Â ºñ³­ (securus judicat orbis terrarum)¡¯ ÀÇ ¿ø¸®¿¡ ¸Ó¹°·¯¾ß ÇϰڴÙ. ¸Å¿ìÀûÀ¸¸ç µå¹® ¿¹¿Ü·Î¼­,¡± ±×´Â °è¼ÓÇÑ´Ù, ¡°Àüü ±âµ¶±³ÀεéÀÌ, »çµµµéÀÇ ½Ã´ëºÎÅÍ ¿ì¸® ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ½Ã´ë±îÁö ÅëÆ²¾î¼­, ¿ø´ëÈ÷ ¿µ¿øÇÑ ¿ø¸®µéÀ» ¼¼¿ì´Â °ÍÀÌ ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ ¸ñÀûÀ̾ú´Ù, ±×·¯³ª ±× ±â¹ÝÀ» Èçµé°í ¸ðµç Àΰ£ »çȸÀÇ Á¦µµ¸¦ Çõ¸íÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¾ú´Ù, ±×¸®°í ±× üÁ¦ ÀÚü´Â Çϳª´ÔÀÇ ÁöÁö»Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ÇÊ¿¬ÀûÀÎ »óȲ¿¡ ÀÇÁ¸ÇÑ´Ù. ¿¹¼öÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§ÀÇ ÀüüÀûÀÎ ¹æ¹ý°ú ÀÏÄ¡ÇÏ´Â ¿ª»çÀûÀÎ ¿ø¸®µé À§¿¡¼­ ¿ÀÁ÷ ÇØ¼®µÉ ¼ö ½ÅÀûÀÎ ±Ëº¯µé(divine paradoxes)À§¿¡ Å罺ÅäÀÌ ¹éÀÛÀÌ ±âÃÊÇÑ °ø»êÁÖÀÇÀÇ ½Å³äÀÌ ¾ó¸¶³ª ÁöÁöÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø´Â °ÍÀÎÁö Áõ¸íÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ ³ªÀÇ ¸ñÀûÀ̶ó¸é, ±×°ÍÀº Áö±Ý ¿©±â ³ªÀÇ ¸òÀÇ Á» ´õ Å« ĵ¹ö½º°¡ ÇÊ¿äÇÒ °ÍÀÌ´Ù.¡± ¡°±×ÀÇ ¸òÀÇ Á» ´õ Å« ĵ¹ö½º¡±¸¦ ±×°¡ °¡ÁöÁö ¸øÇßÀ¸´Ï ¾ó¸¶³ª ¾Öó·Î¿î ÀÏÀΰ¡! ±×¸®°í ÀÌ ¸ðµç °ú°ÅÀÇ 15¼¼±â µ¿¾È, ¿ì¸®°¡ ¹Ï´Â´Ù°í °í¹éÇÏ´Â ±×¸®½ºµµ°¡, ±×°¡ ¸»ÇÏ´Â °Í°ú ÀüÇô °°Áö ¾ÊÀº ¾î´À °ÍÀ» ¸»ÇÑ´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» Áõ¸íÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ¡°ÃæºÐÇÑ Å©±âÀÇ Äµ¹ö½º¡±¸¦ ¾Æ¹«µµ °®Áö ¸øÇßÀ½Àº ¾ó¸¶³ª ÀÌ»óÇÑ ÀÏÀΰ¡! ¾ÆÁ÷µµ ¸¸ÀÏ ±×µéÀÌ ¿øÇÑ´Ù¸é ±×°ÍÀ» Áõ¸íÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ´©±¸¶óµµ ¾Æ´Â °ÍÀ» Áõ¸íÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº °¡Ä¡°¡ ¾ø´Ù; ¡®¼Ó¼¼ÀÇ Àǹ̾ø´Â ºñ³­(securus judicat orbis terrarum)¡¯À̶ó°í ¸»ÇÔÀ̸é ÃæºÐÇÏ´Ù.

And of this kind, without exception, are all the criticisms of educated believers, who must, as such, understand the danger of their position. The sole escape from it for them lies in their hope that they may be able, by using the authority of the Church, of antiquity, and of their sacred office, to overawe the reader and draw him away from the idea of reading the Gospel for himself and thinking out the question in his own mind for himself. And in this they are successful; for, indeed, how could the notion occur to any¡©one that all that has been repeated from century to century with such earnestness and solemnity by all those arch¡©deacons, bishops, archbishops, holy synods, and popes, is all of it a base lie and a calumny foisted upon Christ by them for the sake of keeping safe the money they must have to live luxuriously on the necks of other men? And it is a lie and a calumny so transparent that the only way of keep¡©ing it up consists in overawing people by their earnestness, their conscientiousness. It is just what has taken place of late years at recruiting sessions; at a table before the zert-zai-the symbol of the Tzar's authority-in the seat of honor under the life-size portrait of the Tzar, sit dignified old officials, wearing decorations, conversing freely and easily, writing notes, summoning men before them, and giv¡©ing orders. Here, wearing a cross on his breast, near them, is a prosperous-looking old priest in a silken cassock, with long gray hair flowing on to his cope, before a lectern who wears the golden cross and has a Gospel bound in gold.

±×¸®°í ±³À°¹ÞÀº ½ÅÀÚµéÀÇ ¸ðµç ºñÆòµéÀº ¿¹¿Ü ¾øÀÌ ÀÌ·± Á¾·ùÀ̸ç, ±×µéÀº ¹Ýµå½Ã, ±×°Í ÀÚü¸¸À¸·Îµµ, ±×µéÀÇ ÁöÀ§¿¡ ´ëÇÑ À§ÇèÀ» ±ú´Ý´Â´Ù. ±×µé¿¡°Ô À־ ±×°ÍÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍÀÇ À¯ÀÏÇÑ Å»ÃâÀº, ±³È¸¿Í ÀüÅë°ú ±×µéÀÇ ½Å¼ºÇÑ Á÷Ã¥ÀÇ ±ÇÀ§¸¦ °¡Áö°í¼­, µ¶ÀÚµéÀ» À§¾ÐÇÏ°í ±×¸¦ ½º½º·Î º¹À½¼­¸¦ ÀаíÀÚ ÇÏ´Â »ý°¢°ú ±× Áú¹®À» ÀÚ±â ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ¸¶À½¼Ó¿¡¼­ ½º½º·ÎÀÇ ÈûÀ¸·Î »ý°¢ÇØ ³»´Â °ÍÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ¸Ö¸® ²ø¾î ³¾ ¼ö ÀÖÁö ¾ÊÀ»±îÇÏ´Â ±×µéÀÇ Èñ¸Á¿¡ ³õ¿© ÀÖ´Ù. ±×¸®°í ÀÌ·± Á¡¿¡¼­ ±×µéÀº ¼º°øÀûÀÌ´Ù; ¿Ö³ÄÇϸé, ½Ç»ó, ¾î¶»°Ô ±× ÁÖÀå-´Ù½Ã ¸»Çϸé, ¼¼±â¿¡¼­ ¼¼±â·Î ±×·¯ÇÑ ¿­¼º°ú ¾ö¼÷ÇÔÀ¸·Î¼­ ±× ¸ðµç ´ëºÎÁ¦, ÁÖ±³µé, ´ëÁÖ±³µé, Á¾±³È¸Àǵé, ±×¸®°í ±³È²µé¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­ µÇÇ®ÀÌ µÇ¾î¿Â ¸ðµç °Íµé-ÀÌ ´©±¸¿¡°Õ°¡ ¶°¿À¸¦ ¼ö Àְڴ°¡, ±× ¸ðµç °ÍÀÌ »Ñ¸®ºÎÅÍ °ÅÁþÀÌ¸ç ±×µéÀÌ ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷µéÀÇ ¸ñÀ§¿¡ »çÄ¡½º·´°Ô »ì¾Æ°¡±â À§ÇÑ µ·À» ¾ÈÀüÇÏ°Ô º¸°üÇϱâ À§ÇÏ¿© ±×µé¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­ ±×¸®½ºµµ À§¿¡ ¸ô·¡ ³¢¿ö ³õÀº ºñ¹æÀÌ ¾Æ´Ñ°¡? ±×¸®°í ±×°ÍÀº °ÅÁþ¸»ÀÌ°í ºñ¹æÀÌ¸ç ³Ê¹«³ª ¸í¹éÇÏ¿©¼­, ±×°ÍÀ» Áö¼ÓÇÏ´Â À¯ÀÏÇÑ ¹æ¹ýÀº ±×µéÀÇ ¿­¼º°ú ÁøÁöÇÔÀ¸·Î »ç¶÷µéÀ» À§¾ÐÇÔ¿¡ ÀÖ´Ù. ±×°ÍÀÌ ¹Ù·Î ±Ù·¡ÀÇ ÇØ¸¶´Ù º´·Â º¸Ãæ ±â°£¿¡ ÀϾ´ø °ÍÀÌ´Ù; ȲÁ¦ÀÇ ±ÇÀ§ÀÇ »ó¡ÀÎ ¼­Æ®»çÀÌ ¾Õ¿¡ ÀÖ´Â Å×ÀÌºí¿¡, ȲÁ¦ÀÇ ½Ç¹° »çÀÌÁî ÃÊ»óÈ­ ¾Æ·¡ ³ôÀº ºÐÀÇ ÀÚ¸®¿¡ À§¾öÀÖ´Â °ü¸®µéÀÌ ¾É¾Æ Àִµ¥, ±×µéÀº ÈÆÀåÀ» ´Þ°í ÀÖ°í, ÀÚÀ¯·ÎÀÌ ±×¸®°í Æí¾ÈÇÏ°Ô ´ëÈ­¸¦ ³ª´©¸é¼­ ±â·ÏÀ» Çϰí ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ±×µé ¾Õ¿¡ ÀÖ´Â »ç¶÷µéÀ» ºÒ·¯¼­ ¸í·ÉÀ» ³»¸°´Ù. ¿©±â ±×µé °¡±îÀÌ¿¡, ½ÊÀÚ°¡¸¦ °¡½¿¿¡ ´Þ°í¼­, ºñ´Ü Ä«¼ÓÀ» ÀÔ¾úÀ¸¸ç, À¯º¹ÇØ º¸À̸ç, ±ä ȸ»ö ¸Ó¸®Ä«¶ôÀÌ ±×ÀÇ ¸ÁÅäÀ§¿¡ Èê·¯ ³»¸®°í ÀÖ´Â ´ÄÀº ½ÅºÎ°¡, Ȳ±Ý ½ÊÀÚ°¡°¡ ±×·ÁÁ® ÀÖ°í ±Ý»öÀ¸·Î Á¦º»µÈ º¹À½¼­°¡ ¿Ã·ÁÁ® ÀÖ´Â ¼º¼­Ã¥»ó ¾Õ¿¡ ÀÖ´Ù.

They summon Ivan Petroff. A young man comes in, wretchedly, shabbily dressed, and in terror, the muscles of his face working, his eyes bright and restless; and in a broken voice, hardly above a whisper, he says: "I-by Christ's law-as a Christian-I cannot." "What is he muttering?" asks the president, frowning impatiently and raising his eyes from his book to listen. "Speak louder," the colonel with shining epaulets shouts to him. "I-I as a Christian--" And at last it appears that the young man refuses to serve in the army because he is a Christian. "Don't talk nonsense. Stand to be measured. Doctor, may I trouble you to measure him. He is all right?" "Yes." "Reverend father, administer the oath to him."

±×µéÀº ÀÌ¹Ý ÆäÆ®·ÎÇÁ¸¦ ºÎ¸¥´Ù. ÇÑ Ã»³âÀÌ ºñÂüÇϰí ÃʶóÇÑ º¹ÀåÀ¸·Î µé¾î ¿Â´Ù, ±×¸®°í µÎ·Á¿òÀ¸·Î, ±×ÀÇ ¾ó±¼ ±ÙÀ°ÀÌ ¿òÁ÷À̸ç, ±×ÀÇ ´«µéÀº ÇϾé°í ÃÐÁ¡ÀÌ ¾ø¾ú´Ù; ±×¸®°í ±úÁø ¸ñ¼Ò¸®·Î, ¼Ó»èÀÓº¸´Ù °ÅÀÇ Å©Áö ¾Ê°Ô, ±×°¡ ¸»ÇÑ´Ù: ¡°³ª´Â-±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ ¹ý¿¡ µû¶ó¼­-±âµ¶±³ÀÎÀ¸·Î¼­-³ª´Â ÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø¾î¿ä.¡± ¡°±×°¡ ¹«¾î¶ó°í Áß¾ó °Å¸®´Â °Å¾ß?¡± Àå°üÀÌ ¸»Çß´Ù, ÂüÀ» ¼ö ¾ø´Ù´Â µíÀÌ Âô±×¸®¸ç µé¾î º¸°íÀÚ Ã¥À¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ±×ÀÇ ´«À» µé¾ú´Ù. ¡°Å©°Ô ¸»ÇغÁ,¡± ¹øÂ½ÀÌ´Â °ßÀåÀ» ´Ü ´ë·ÉÀÌ ±×¿¡°Ô ¼Ò¸®ÃÆ´Ù. ¡°³ª´Â-³ª´Â ±âµ¶±³ÀÎÀ̶ó¼­---¡± ±×¸®°í ¸¶Ä§³» ±× ÀþÀº »ç¶÷ÀÌ ±º´ë¿¡ º¹¹«Çϱ⸦ °ÅÀýÇÏ´Â °Í °°¾Ò´Ù. ¡°ÇãÆ° ¼Ò¸® ÀÛÀÛÇØ. ŰÀç°Ô ¼­ÀÖ¾î. ÀÇ»ç´Ô, ±×ÀÇ Å°¸¦ Àç¾î ÁֽðڽÀ´Ï±î?¡± ¡°¾Ë¾Ò¼Ò.¡± ¡°½ÅºÎ´Ô, ±×¿¡°Ô ¸Í¼¼¸¦ ½ÃŰ½Ê½Ã¿À.¡±

No one is the least disturbed by what the poor scared young man is muttering. They do not even pay attention to it. "They all mutter something, but we've no time to listen to it, we have to enroll so many."

¾Æ¹«µµ ÀüÇô ±× ºÒ½ÖÇÏ°í °Ì¸ÔÀº ÀþÀº »ç¶÷ÀÌ Áß¾ó°Å¸®´Â °Í¿¡ °³ÀÇÄ¡ ¾Ê´Â´Ù. ±×µéÀº ½ÉÁö¾î ±×°Í¿¡ °ü½ÉÁ¶Â÷ ÁÖÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù. ¡°±×µéÀº ¸ðµÎ´Ù ¹«¾ùÀΰ¡ Áß¾ó°Å¸°´Ù, ±×·¯³ª ¿ì¸®´Â ±×°ÍÀ» µéÀ» ½Ã°£ÀÌ ¾ø´Ù, ¿ì¸®´Â ³Ê¹«³ª ¸¹ÀÌ µî·ÏÇØ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù.¡±

The recruit tries to say something still. "It's opposed to the law of Christ." "Go along, go along; we know without your help what is opposed to the law and what's not; and you soothe his mind, reverend father, soothe him. Next: Vassily Nikitin." And they lead the trembling youth away. And it does not strike anyone-the guards, or Vassily Niki¡©tin, whom they are bringing in, or any of the spectators of this scene-that these inarticulate words of the young man, at once suppressed by the authorities, contain the truth, and that the loud, solemnly uttered sentences of the calm, self-confident official and the priest are a lie and a decep¡©tion.

±× º¸Ã溴Àº ¾ÆÁ÷µµ ¹«¾ùÀΰ¡ ¸»ÇØ º¸·Á°í ÇÑ´Ù. ¡°±×°ÍÀº ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ ¹ý¿¡ ¾î±ß³³´Ï´Ù.¡± ¡°Àú¸®°¡, Àú¸®°¡; ¿ì¸®´Â ³ÊÀÇ µµ¿òÀÌ ¾ø¾îµµ ¹«¾ùÀÌ ¹ý¿¡ ¾î±ß³ª´ÂÁö ¹«¾ùÀÌ ¾Æ´ÑÁö ¾È´Ù; ±×¸®°í ½ÅºÎ´Ô ±×ÀÇ ¸¶À½À» ´Þ·¡ ÁֽÿÀ, ±×¸¦ ´Þ·¡ º¸½Ã¿À. ´ÙÀ½: ¹Ù½Ç¸® ´ÏŰƾ.¡± ±×¸®°í ±×µéÀº ¶³°í Àִ û³âÀ» µ¥¸®°í °£´Ù. ±×¸®°í ±×°ÍÀº ¾Æ¹«¿¡°Ôµµ-°æÈ£¿øµé, ¶Ç´Â ¹Ù½Ç¸® ´ÏŰƾ, ±×µéÀÌ µ¥¸®°í µé¾î¿À´ø, ¶Ç´Â ÀÌ Àå¸éÀÇ ¾î¶² ±¸°æ²Û¿¡°Ôµµ-ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ Àß µé¸®Áö ¾Ê´Â û³âÀÇ ¸»µéÀÌ, ´çÀå ´ç±¹Àڵ鿡 ÀÇÇØ ¾ï¾ÐµÇ¾úÁö¸¸, Áø¸®¸¦ ´ã°íÀÖ´Ù´Â °Í, ±×¸®°í Á¶¿ëÇϸç Àڽſ¡ Â÷ÀÖ´Â °ü¸®¿Í ½ÅºÎÀÇ Å©°í ¾ö¼÷ÇÏ°Ô ³»¹ñÀº ¹®ÀåµéÀº °ÅÁþ¸»ÀÌ¸ç »ç±â¿´´Ù´Â °ÍÀÌ ¶°¿À¸£Áö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù.

Such is the impression produced not only by Farrar's article, but by all those solemn sermons, articles, and books which make their appearance from all sides directly there is anywhere a glimpse of truth exposing a predominant false¡©hood. At once begins the series of long, clever, ingenious, and solemn speeches and writings, which deal with ques¡©tions nearly related to the subject, but skillfully avoid touching the subject itself.

±×·¯ÇÔÀÌ ÆÄ¶ó¸£ÀÇ ±â»ç¿¡¼­ »Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, ±×µé ¸ðµÎÀÇ ¾ö¼÷ÇÑ ¼³±³µé, ³í¹®µé, ±×¸®°í ½Ç³¹ °°Àº Áø¸®¿¡ ¾ÐµµÀûÀÎ °ÅÁþÀÌ ¾îµð¿¡¼­³ª ÀÖ´Â ¸ðµç Ãø¸é¿¡¼­ Á÷Á¢ÀûÀ¸·Î ±×µéÀÇ ¸ð½ÀÀ» µå·¯³»´Â Ã¥µéÀÌ Ç³±â´Â ÀλóÀÌ´Ù. ¼­½¿¾øÀÌ ÀÏ·ÃÀÇ ±æ°í, ¿µ¸®Çϸç, ²Ò°¡ ¸¹Àº ¾ö¼÷ÇÑ ¿¬¼³µé°ú ÁýÇʵéÀ» ½ÃÀÛÇÑÇÑ´Ù, ±×¸®°í °ÅÀÇ ÁÖÁ¦¿Í °ü°è ÀÖ´Â ¹®Á¦¸¦ ´Ù·é´Ù, ±×·¯³ª ±³¹¦ÇÏ°Ô ÁÖÁ¦ ±× ÀÚü¸¦ °Çµå¸®´Â °ÍÀº ÇÇÇÑ´Ù.

That is the essence of the fifth and most effective means of getting out of the contradictions in which Church Chris¡©tianity has placed itself, by professing its faith in Christ's teaching in words, while it denies it in its life, and teaches people to do the same.

±×°ÍÀÌ, ¸»·Î´Â ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ±×µéÀÇ ½Å¾ÓÀ» °í¹éÇÏÁö¸¸, ±×µéÀÇ »î¿¡¼­ ±×°ÍÀ» ºÎÀÎÇϸç, »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô ¶È°°ÀÌ Ç϶ó°í °¡¸£Ä¡´Â, ±³È¸ÀÇ ±âµ¶±³°¡ ½º½º·Î °¡Á®´Ù ³õÀº ¸ð¼øµé·ÎºÎÅÍ ºüÁ® ³ª¿Ã ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ´Ù¼¸¹ø °ÀÌÀÚ °¡Àå È¿°úÀûÀÎ ¼ö´ÜµéÀÇ º»ÁúÀÌ´Ù

Those who justify themselves by the first method, directly, crudely asserting that Christ sanctioned violence, wars, and murder, repudiate Christ's doctrine directly; those who find their defense in the second, the third, or the fourth method are confused and can easily be convicted of error; but this last class, who do not argue, who do not condescend to argue about it, but take shelter behind their own grandeur, and make a show of all this having been decided by them or at least by someone long ago, and no longer offering a possi¡©bility of doubt to anyone-they seem safe from attack, and will be beyond attack till men come to realize that they are under the narcotic influence exerted on them by govern¡©ments and churches, and are no longer affected by it.

ù¹øÂ° ¹æ¹ýÀ¸·Î ÀڽŵéÀ» Á¤´çÈ­ÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷µéÀº, Á÷Á¢ÀûÀ¸·Î, »·»·ÇϰԵµ ±×¸®½ºµµ°¡ Æø·Â, ÀüÀïµé, ±×¸®°í »ìÀÎÀ» Çã°¡ ÇÏ¿´´Ù°í ÁÖÀåÇϸ鼭, ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ ±³¸®À» Á÷Á¢ÀûÀ¸·Î ºÎÀÎÇÑ´Ù; µÎ¹øÂ°, ¼¼¹øÂ°, ¶Ç´Â ³×¹øÂ° ¹æ¹ý¿¡¼­ ±×µéÀÇ ¹æ¾î¸¦ ã´Â »ç¶÷µéÀº È¥¶õ¿¡ ºüÁ®¼­ ½±°Ô ¿À·ù¸¦ ±ú´Ý°Ô µÈ´Ù; ±×·¯³ª ÀÌ ¸¶Áö¸· ºÎ·ùµéÀº, ³íÀïÇÏÁöµµ ¾ÊÀ¸¸ç, ±×°Í¿¡ ´ëÇÏ¿© °â¼ÕÇÏ°Ô ³íÇÏÁöµµ ¾Ê´Â´Ù, ±×·¯³ª ±×µé ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ À§¾ö µÚ¿¡¼­ ¼ûÀ» °÷À» ãÀ¸¸ç, ÀÌ ¸ðµç °ÍÀÌ ±×µé¿¡°Ô¼­ ¶Ç´Â Àû¾îµµ ¿À·¡Àü¿¡ ´©±º°¡¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­ °áÁ¤µÇ¾ú´Ù°í ÀÚ¶ûÇÑ´Ù, ±×¸®°í ´©±¸¿¡°Ôµµ ÀǽÉÀÇ °¡´É¼ºÀ» ÁÖÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù-±×µéÀº °ø°Ý¿¡¼­ ¾ÈÀüÇÑ °Íó·³ º¸ÀδÙ, ±×¸®°í ±×µéÀÌ Á¤ºÎµéÀ̳ª ±³È¸µéÀÌ »Ñ·Á ³õÀº ȯ°¢ÀûÀÎ ¿µÇâ¾Æ·¡ ÀÖ´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ±ú´ÞÀ¸¸ç, ´õÀÌ»ó ±×°Í¿¡ ¿µÇâÀ» ¹ÞÁö ¾ÊÀ» ¶§±îÁö °ø°Ý¿¡¼­ ¹þ¾î³ª ÀÖÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù.

Such was the attitude of the spiritual critics-i.e., those professing faith in Christ-to my book. And their attitude could not have been different. They are bound to take up this attitude by the contradictory position in which they find themselves between belief in the divinity of their Master and disbelief in his clearest utterances, and they want to escape from this contradiction. So that one cannot expect from them free discussion of the very essence of the question- that is, of the change in men's life which must result from applying Christ's teaching to the existing order of the world. Such free discussion I only expected from worldly, free-thinking critics who are not bound to Christ's teaching in any way, and can therefore take an independent view of it. I had anticipated that freethinking writers would look at Christ, not merely, like the Churchmen, as the founder of a religion of personal salvation, but, to express it in their language, as a reformer who laid down new principles of life and destroyed the old, and whose reforms are not yet com¡©plete, but are still in progress even now.

±×·¯ÇÑ °ÍµéÀÌ ³ªÀÇ Àú¼­¿¡ ´ëÇØ¼­ ¿µÀûÀÎ ºñÆò°¡µé-Áï, ±×¸®½ºµµ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ½Å¾ÓÀ» °í¹éÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷µé-ÀÇ ÅµµÀÌ´Ù. ±×¸®°í ±×µéÀÇ Åµµ´Â ´Þ¶úÀ» ¼ö°¡ ¾ø¾ú´Ù. ±×µéÀº, ±×µéÀÇ ÁÖ´ÔÀÇ ½Å¼º¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¹ÏÀ½°ú ±×ÀÇ ¸í¹éÇÑ ¸»¾¸µé¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ºÒ½Å »çÀÌ¿¡ ÀÖ´Â ÀڽŵéÀÌ ¹ß°ßÇÏ´Â ¸ð¼øÀûÀÎ À§Ä¡¿¡ ÀÇÇÏ¿©, ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ Åµµ¸¦ ÃëÇϵµ·Ï µÇ¾î ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ±×µéÀº ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ¸ð¼øÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ È¸ÇÇÇÏ°í ½Í¾îÇÑ´Ù. ±×¸®ÇÏ¿©¼­ ¿ì¸®´Â ±×µé·ÎºÎÅÍ Áú¹®ÀÇ ¹Ù·Î º»ÁúÀÇ ÀÚÀ¯·Î¿î Åä·ÐÀ» ±â´ëÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø´Ù-Áï, ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§À» ±âÁ¸ÀÇ ¼¼°è Áú¼­¿¡ Àû¿ëÇÔÀ¸·Î½á ¹Ýµå½Ã »ý°Ü³ª´Â »ç¶÷µéÀÇ »î¿¡ ´ëÇÑ º¯È­¿¡ °üÇÑ Åä·Ð. ±×·¯ÇÑ ÀÚÀ¯·Î¿î Åä·ÐÀ» ³ª´Â ¿ÀÁ÷ ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§¿¡ ±¸¼ÓµÇÁö ¾ÊÀ¸¸ç, ±×·¯¹Ç·Î ±×°Í¿¡ ´ëÇÑ µ¶¸³ÀûÀÎ ½Ã°¢À» °¡Áú ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ¼Ó¼¼ÀÇ, ÀÚÀ¯ »ç»ó ºñÆò°¡µé·ÎºÎÅÍ ±â´ëÇß´Ù. ³ª´Â ÀÚÀ¯»ç»ó ÀÛ°¡µéÀÌ ±×¸®½ºµµ¸¦, ¼ºÁ÷ÀÚµé°ú °°ÀÌ, °³ÀÎÀûÀÎ ±¸¿øÀÇ Á¾±³ÀÇ Ã¢½ÃÀڷμ­ »Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, ±×µéÀÇ ¾ð¾î·Î ±×°ÍÀ» Ç¥ÇöÇÏÀÚ¸é, »îÀÇ »õ·Î¿î ¿ø¸®µéÀ» ÁÖÀåÇÏ¿´À¸¸ç ¿¾°ÍÀ» ÆÄ±«Çϸç, ±×¸®°í ±×ÀÇ °³ÇõµéÀº ¾ÆÁ÷ ¿ÏÀüÇÏÁö ¾ÊÁö¸¸, ½ÉÁö¾î Áö±Ý±îÁö ¿©ÀüÈ÷ ÁøÇàÁßÀÎ °³Çõ°¡·Î¼­ ¹Ù¶ó º¸¸®¶ó´Â °ÍÀ» ±â´ë Çß¾ú´Ù.

Such a view of Christ and his teaching follows from my book. But to my astonishment, out of the great number of critics of my book there was not one, either Russian or for¡©eign, who treated the subject from the side from which it was approached in the book-that is, who criticised Christ's doctrines as philosophical, moral, and social principles, to use their scientific expressions. This was not done in a single criticism. The freethinking Russian critics taking my book as though its whole contents could be reduced to non-resistance to evil, and understanding the doctrine of non-resistance to evil itself (no doubt for greater con¡©venience in refuting it) as though it would prohibit every kind of conflict with evil, fell vehemently upon this doctrine, and for some years past have been very successfully proving that Christ's teaching is mistaken in so far as it forbids resistance to evil. Their refutations of this hypothetical doctrine of Christ were all the more successful since they knew beforehand that their arguments could not be contested or corrected, for the censorship, not having passed the book, did not pass articles in its defense.

±×¸®½ºµµ¿Í ±×ÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ±×·¯ÇÑ ½Ã°¢Àº ³ªÀÇ Àú¼­ÀÇ ³»¿ëÀ» µû¸¥ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª, ³»°¡ ³î¶ø°Ôµµ, ³ªÀÇ Àú¼­¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¾ÆÁÖ ¸¹Àº ºñÆò°¡µé Áß¿¡¼­, ·¯½Ã¾ÆÀÎÀÌµç ¿Ü±¹ÀÎÀ̵ç, Àú¼­¿¡¼­ Á¢±ÙµÈ Ãø¸é¿¡¼­ ÁÖÁ¦¸¦ ´Ù·é »ç¶÷ÀÌ ÇÑ»ç¶÷µµ ¾ø¾ú´Ù-Áï, ±×µéÀº, ±×µéÀÇ °úÇÐÀûÀΠǥÇöµéÀ» »ç¿ëÇØ°¡¸é¼­, ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ ±³¸®¸¦ öÇÐÀû, µµ´öÀû, ±×¸®°í »çȸÀûÀÎ ¿ø¸®·Î¼­ ºñÆÇÇß´Ù. À̰ÍÀº ´Ü ÇϳªÀÇ ºñÆò¸¸¿¡¼­ ÇàÇØÁø °ÍÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¾ú´Ù. ³ªÀÇ Àú¼­ÀÇ Àüü ³»¿ëÀÌ ¾Ç¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¹«ÀúÇ×À¸·Î ¿ä¾àµÉ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù°í º¸¸ç, ¾Ç¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¹«ÀúÇ×ÀÇ ±³¸® ±× ÀÚü¸¦(ÀǽÉÇÒ ¿©Áö ¾øÀÌ ±×°ÍÀ» ¹Ý¹ÚÇÔÀº ³Ê¹«³ª ½¬¿ü±â¿¡) ¸ðµç Á¾·ùÀÇ ¾Ç°úÀÇ °¥µîÀ» ±ÝÁöÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ¸·Î ÀÌÇØÇÏ°í¼­, ÀÌ ±³¸®¿¡ ´ëÇØ ¸Í·ÄÇÏ°Ô ´Þ·Á µé¾ú´Ù, ±×¸®°í °ú°Å ¸î³âµ¿¾È ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ ±³¸®°¡ ¾Ç¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÀúÇ×À» ¸·´Â °ÍÀÎ ÇÑÀº ±×ÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§Àº À߸øÀÓÀ» ¸Å¿ì ¼º°øÀûÀ¸·Î Áõ¸íÇØ¿À°í ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. ÀÌ °¡¼³ÀûÀÎ ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ ±³¸®¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ±×µéÀÇ ³í¹ÚµéÀº, ±×µéÀÌ »çÀü¿¡ ±×µéÀÇ ÁÖÀåµé¿¡ ´ëÀûÇϰųª ½ÃÁ¤µÉ ¼ö ¾øÀ½À» ¾Ë¾Ò±â¿¡ ´õ¿í ´õ ¼º°øÀûÀ̾ú´Âµ¥, ±× ÀÌÀ¯´Â, °Ë¿­ÀÌ ±× Àú¼­¸¦ Çã°¡ÇÏÁö ¾Ê¾ÒÀ¸¹Ç·Î, ±×°ÍÀ» ¹æ¾îÇÏ´Â ±â»çµéµµ Çã°¡ÇÏÁö ¾Ê¾Ò±â ¶§¹®À̾ú´Ù.

It is a remarkable thing that among us, where one cannot say a word about the Holy Scriptures without the prohibi¡©tion of the censorship, for some years past there have been in all the journals constant attacks and criticisms on the command of Christ simply and directly stated in Matt. v. 39. The Russian advanced critics, obviously unaware of all that has been done to elucidate the question of non-resistance, and sometimes even imagining apparently that the rule of non-resistance to evil had been invented by me personally, fell foul of the very idea of it. They opposed it and attacked it, and advancing with great heat arguments which had long ago been analyzed and refuted from every point of view, they demonstrated that a man ought invariably to defend (with violence) all the injured and oppressed, and that thus the doctrine of non-resistance to evil is an immoral doctrine.

´ç±¹ÀÇ °Ë¿­¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ Á¦¾à ¾øÀÌ´Â ¼º¼­¿¡ ´ëÇØ ÇѸ¶µðµµ ¸» ÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø´Â, ¿ì¸®µé »çÀÌ¿¡¼­, °ú°Å ¸î³â µ¿¾È ¸ðµç ÀâÁöµé¿¡ ¸¶Å º¹À½ 5Àå 39ÀýÀ» ¹Ù·Î Á÷Á¢ÀûÀ¸·Î ¾ð±ÞÇÏ´Â ²÷ÀÓ¾ø´Â °ø°Ýµé°ú ºñ³­µéÀÌ ¸ðµç ÀâÁöµé¿¡ ÀÖ¾î¿Ô´Ù´Â °ÍÀº ÁÖ¸ñÇÒ ¸¸ÇÑ ÀÏÀÌ´Ù. ·¯½Ã¾ÆÀÇ Áøº¸Àû ºñÆò°¡µéÀº, ºÐ¸íÈ÷ ¹«ÀúÇ×ÀÇ ¹®Á¦¸¦ ¼³¸íÇϰíÀÚ ÇàÇØÁø ¸ðµç °ÍµéÀ» ±ú´ÝÁöµµ ¸øÇÑ Ã¤, ±×¸®°í ¶§·Î´Â ½ÉÁö¾î ¾Ç¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¹«ÀúÇ×ÀÇ ¸í·ÉÀÌ ³ª¿¡ ÀÇÇØ °³ÀÎÀûÀ¸·Î ³¯Á¶µÈ °ÍÀ¸·Î Ʋ¸²¾øÀÌ »ó»óÇϸ鼭, ±×°ÍÀÇ °³³ä ÀÚü¿Í Ãæµ¹ÇÏ¿´´Ù. ±×µéÀº ±×°ÍÀ» ¹Ý´ëÇÏ¿´À¸¸ç, °ø°ÝÇÏ¿´´Ù, ±×¸®°í ´Ù°¢µµ·Î ºÐ¼®µÇ°í ¹Ý¹ÚµÈ ÁÖÀåµéÀ» ±²ÀåÇÑ ¿­±â¸¦ °¡Áö°í Àü°³Çϸ鼭, »ç¶÷Àº º¯ÇÔ¾øÀÌ (Æø·ÂÀ¸·Î½á)¸ðµç ÇÇÇØÀÚ¿Í ¾ï¾Ð´çÇÑ »ç¶÷µéÀ» ¹æ¾îÇØ¾ß Çϸç, ±×·± ÀÌÀ¯·Î ¾Ç¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¹«ÀúÇ×ÀÇ ±³¸®´Â ºñµµ´öÀûÀÎ ±³¸®¶ó°í ³íÁõÇÏ¿´´Ù.

To all Russian critics the whole import of Christ's com¡©mand seemed reducible to the fact that it would hinder them from the active opposition to evil to which they are accus¡©tomed. So that the principle of non-resistance to evil by force has been attacked by two opposing camps: the con¡©servatives, because this principle would hinder their activity in resistance to evil as applied to the revolutionists, in per¡©secution and punishment of them; the revolutionists, too, because this principle would hinder their resistance to evil as applied to the conservatives and the overthrowing of them. The conservatives were indignant at the doctrine of non-resistance to evil by force hindering the energetic destruction of the revolutionary elements, which may ruin the national prosperity; the revolutionists were indignant at the doctrine of non-resistance to evil by force hindering the overthrow of the conservatives, who are ruining the national prosperity. It is worthy of remark in this connection that the revolutionists have attacked the principle of non-resistance to evil by force, in spite of the fact that it is the greatest terror and danger for every despotism. For ever since the beginning of the world, the use of violence of every kind, from the Inquisition to the Schlusselburg fortress, has rested and still rests on the opposite principle of the neces¡©sity of resisting evil by force.

¸ðµç ·¯½Ã¾ÆÀÇ ºñÆò°¡µé¿¡°Ô ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ ¸í·ÉÀÇ Àüü ¿äÁö´Â ±×°ÍÀÌ ±×µéÀÌ ½À°üÈ­µÈ ¾Ç¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Àû±ØÀûÀÎ ´ëÀÀÀ» ¹æÇØÇÑ´Ù´Â °ÍÀ¸·Î ¾ÐÃàµÉ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â °Íó·³ º¸ÀδÙ. ±×·¡¼­ Èû¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ ¾Ç¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¹«ÀúÇ×ÀÇ ¿ø¸®´Â µÎ°³ÀÇ ¹Ý´ëÇÏ´Â Áø¿µµé¿¡ ÀÇÇÏ¿© °ø°Ý¹Þ¾Ò´Ù: º¸¼öÁÖÀÇÀÚµéÀº ÀÌ ¿ø¸®°¡ Çõ¸íÁÖÀÇÀڵ鿡°Ô Àû¿ëÇÏ·ÁÇÏ´Â ¾Ç¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÀúÇ׿¡¼­ ±×µéÀÇ ÇൿÀ» ¹æÇØÇϱ⠶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù; Çõ¸íÁÖÀÇÀÚµé ¿ª½Ã, ÀÌ ¿ø¸®°¡ º¸¼öÁÖÀÇÀڵ鿡°Ô Àû¿ëÇÏ·Á´Â ±×µéÀÇ ¾Ç¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÀúÇ×°ú ±×µéÀ» Àüº¹ÇÔÀ» ¹æÇØÇϱ⠶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù. º¸¼öÁÖÀÇÀÚµéÀº ±×µéÀÇ ±¹°¡Àû ¹ø¿µÀ» ¸ÁÄ¡·ÁÇÏ´Â Çõ¸íÀûÀÎ ¿ä¼ÒµéÀÇ ÈûÂù ÆÄ±«¸¦ ¹æÇØÇϰí ÀÖ´Â Èû¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ ¾Ç¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¹«ÀúÇ×ÀÇ ±³¸®¿¡ ºÐ³ëÇß´Ù; Çõ¸íÁÖÀÇÀÚµéÀº ³ª¶óÀÇ ¹ø¿µÀ» ¸ÁÄ¡°í ÀÖ´Â º¸¼öÁÖÀÇÀÚµéÀ» Àüº¹ÇÔÀ» ¹æÇØÇÏ´Â Èû¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ ¾Ç¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¹«ÀúÇ×ÀÇ ±³¸®¿¡ ºÐ³ëÇß´Ù. ÀÌ·± °ü°è¿¡¼­ Çõ¸íÁÖÀÇÀÚµéÀÌ, ¸ðµç µ¶ÀçÁÖÀÇ´Â ¾öû³­ °øÆ÷À̸ç À§ÇèÀ̶ó´Â »ç½Ç¿¡µµ ºÒ±¸Çϰí, Èû¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ ¾Ç¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¹«ÀúÇ×ÀÇ ¿ø¸®¸¦ °ø°ÝÇÑ °ÍÀº ÁÖ¸ñÇÒ ¸¸ÇÏ´Ù. ¼¼»óÀÌ ½ÃÀÛµÈ ÀÌ·¡, ¸ðµç Á¾·ùÀÇ Æø·ÂÀÇ »ç¿ëÀº, Á¾±³ÀçÆÇ¿¡¼­ ½½·ò¼¿¹ö±× ¿ä»õ±îÁö, ÈûÀ¸·Î½á ¾Ç¿¡ ÀúÇ×ÇÏ´Â Çʿ伺ÀÇ ´ëÀÀÇÏ´Â ¿ø¸®¿¡ ÀÇÁ¸ÇØ ¿Ô°Å³ª ¾ÆÁ÷µµ ÀÇÁ¸Çϰí ÀÖ´Ù.

Besides this, the Russian critics have pointed out the fact that the application of the command of non-resistance to practical life would turn mankind aside out of the path of civilization along which it is moving. The path of civiliza¡©tion on which mankind in Europe is moving is in their opinion the one along which all mankind ought always to move.

À̰ͻӸ¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, ·¯½Ã¾ÆÀÇ ºñÆò°¡µéÀº ¹«ÀúÇ×ÀÇ ¸í·ÉÀ» ½ÇÁ¦ »î¿¡ Àû¿ëÇÔÀº ¹®¸íÀÌ ¿òÁ÷¿© °¡´Â ±æ·ÎºÎÅÍ Àηù¸¦ ¿·À¸·Î µ¹·Á¹ö¸± °ÍÀ̶ó´Â »ç½ÇÀ» ÁöÀûÇß´Ù. À¯·´ÀÇ Àηù°¡ ¿òÁ÷ÀÌ´Â ¹®¸íÀÇ ±æÀº ±×µéÀÇ Àǰ߿¡¼­ ¸ðµç Àηù°¡ ¾ðÁ¦³ª ±×°ÍÀ» µû¶ó ¿òÁ÷¿©¾ß ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù.

So much for the general character of the Russian critics.

·¯½Ã¾Æ ºñÆò°¡µéÀÇ ÀϹÝÀûÀÎ ¼º°Ý¿¡ ´ëÇØ¼­´Â ±×¸¸µÎ±â·Î ÇÏÀÚ.

Foreign critics started from the same premises, but their discussions of my book were somewhat different from those of Russian critics, not only in being less bitter, and in showing more culture, but even in the subject-matter.

¿Ü±¹ÀÇ ºñÆò°¡µéÀº ¶È°°Àº ÀüÁ¦µé·Î Ãâ¹ßÇÏ¿´Áö¸¸, ³ªÀÇ Àú¼­¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ±×µéÀÇ ³íÀǵéÀº ·¯½Ã¾Æ ºñÆò°¡µé¿¡ ºñÇØ ¾à°£ ´Þ¶ú´Ù, ±×µéÀº Á¶±Ý ´ú ½Å¶öÇϸç, Á¶±Ý´õ ±³¾çÀûÀ̾úÀ» »Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, ½ÉÁö¾î ÁÖÁ¦ÀÇ ¹®Á¦¿¡¼­µµ ±×·¨´Ù.

In discussing my book and the Gospel teaching gener¡©ally, as it is expressed in the Sermon on the Mount, the for¡©eign critics maintained that such doctrine is not peculiarly Christian (Christian doctrine is either Catholicism or Prot¡©estantism according to their views)-the teaching of the Sermon on the Mount is only a string of very pretty imprac¡©ticable dreams du charmant docteur, as Renan says, fit for the simple and half-savage inhabitants of Galilee who lived eighteen hundred years ago, and for the half-savage Russian peasants-Sutaev and Bondarev-and the Russian mystic Tolstoy, but not at all consistent with a high degree of European culture.

ÀϹÝÀûÀ¸·Î ³ªÀÇ Àú¼­¿Í º¹À½¼­ÀÇ ±³ÈÆÀ» ³íÀÇÇÔ¿¡ À־, »ê»ó ¼öÈÆ¿¡ Ç¥ÇöµÇ¾î ÀÖ´Â °Íó·³, ¿Ü±¹ÀÇ ºñÆò°¡µéÀº ±×·¯ÇÑ ±³¸®´Â Ưº°È÷ ±âµ¶±³Àû (±âµ¶±³ÀûÀÎ ±³¸®´Â ±×µéÀÇ ½Ã°¢µé¿¡ ÀÇÇϸé Ä«Å縯À̰ųª û±³µµÀûÀÓÀ» ¸»ÇÑ´Ù)ÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï´Ù-¸£³¶ÀÌ ¸»ÇϵíÀÌ, »ê»ó ¼öÈÆÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§Àº ¿ÀÁ÷ ¸Å·ÂÀûÀÎ ¹Ú»çÀÇ ³Ê¹«³ª ½ÇÇà ºÒ°¡´ÉÇÑ ÇÑ ÁÙÀÇ ²ÞÀÏ »ÓÀ¸·Î, 1800³â Àü¿¡ »ì¾Ò´ø °¥¸±¸®ÀÇ ´Ü¼øÇÏ¸ç ¹Ý ¾ß¸¸ÀûÀÎ °ÅÁÖÀÚµéÀ̳ª, ¹Ý ¾ß¸¸ÀûÀÎ ·¯½Ã¾Æ ³ó¹Îµé-¼öŸ¿¹ºê¿Í º»´Ù·¹ÇÁ-¹× ·¯½Ã¾ÆÀÇ ½ÅºñÁÖÀÇÁö Å罺ÅäÀÌ¿¡°Ô ÀûÇÕÇÒ »ÓÀ̸ç, ³ôÀº ¼öÁØÀÇ À¯·´ ¹®È­¿Í´Â ÀüÇô ÀÏÄ¡µÇÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù°í ÁÖÀåÇß´Ù.

The foreign freethinking critics have tried in a delicate manner, without being offensive to me, to give the impres¡©sion that my conviction that mankind could be guided by such a naive doctrine as that of the Sermon on the Mount proceeds from two causes: that such a conviction is partly due to my want of knowledge, my ignorance of history, my ignorance of all the vain attempts to apply the principles of the Sermon on the Mount to life, which have been made in history and have led to nothing; and partly it is due to my failing to appreciate the full value of the lofty civilization to which mankind has attained at present, with its Krupp cannons, smokeless powder, colonization of Africa, Irish Coercion Bill, parliamentary government, journalism, strikes, and the Eiffel Tower.

¿Ü±¹ÀÇ ÀÚÀ¯ »ç»ó ºñÆò°¡µéÀº, ³ª¿¡°Ô ºÒÄè°¨À» ÁÖÁö ¾ÊÀ¸¸é¼­, ¼¼·ÃµÈ ŵµ·Î¼­ »ê»ó ¼öÈÆÀÇ ±³¸®°°Àº °íÁö½ÄÇÑ ±³¸®·Î¼­ Àηù°¡ ÀεµµÉ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù´Â ³ªÀÇ ½Å³äÀº ´ÙÀ½°ú °°Àº µÎ°¡Áö ¿øÀε鿡¼­ ºñ·ÔµÈ´Ù´Â ÀλóÀ» ÁÖ·Á°í ½ÃµµÇß´Ù: Áï, ±×·¯ÇÑ ½Å³äÀº ºÎºÐÀûÀ¸·Î ³ªÀÇ Áö½Ä ºÎÁ·, ³ªÀÇ ¿ª»ç¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¹«Áö, »ê»ó¼öÈÆÀÇ ±³¸®¸¦ »î¿¡ Àû¿ëÇϰíÀÚ ÇÏ´Â ¸ðµç ÇêµÈ ½Ãµµ-ÀÌ ½ÃµµµéÀº ¿ª»ç»ó¿¡¼­ ÇàÇÏ¿©Á³À¸³ª ¾Æ¹«°Í¿¡µµ À̸£Áö ¸øÇß´Ù-¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ³ªÀÇ ¹«Áö¶§¹®À̸ç; ±×¸®°í ºÎºÐÀûÀ¸·Î ÇöÀç¿¡ Àηù°¡ ÀÌ·èÇÑ ¼þ°íÇÑ ¹®¸í-¿¹¸¦µé¸é Å©·ì ´ëÆ÷µé, ¹«¿¬ È­¾à, ¾ÆÇÁ¸®Ä«ÀÇ ½Ä¹ÎÁöÈ­, ¾ÆÀÏ·£µå °­Á¦ ¹ý¾È, ÀÇȸ Á¤ºÎ, ½Å¹®ÀâÁö¾÷, ÆÄ¾÷, ±×¸®°í ¿¡Æçž µîó·³-ÀÇ ¿ÏÀüÇÑ °¡Ä¡¸¦ ³»°¡ ±íÀÌ ÀÌÇØÇÏÁö ¸øÇÑ ¶§¹®À̶ó°í ÇÑ´Ù.

So wrote de Vogue and Leroy Beaulieu and Matthew Arnold; so wrote the American author Savage, and Inger-soll, the popular freethinking American preacher, and many others.

µåº¸±× ±×¸®°í ¸®·ÎÀÌ º¼¸®À¯ ±×¸®°í ¸ÅÆ© ¾Æ³îµå´Â ±×·¸°Ô ½è´Ù; ¹Ì±¹ÀÇ ÀÛ°¡ »õºñÁö, ±×¸®°í À¯¸íÇÑ ¹Ì±¹ÀÇ ÀÚÀ¯»ç»ó ¿¬¼³°¡ÀÎ ÀװżÖ, ±×¸®°í ¸¹Àº ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ±×·¸°Ô ½è´Ù.

"Christ's teaching is no use, because it is inconsistent with our industrial age," says Ingersoll naively, expressing in this utterance, with perfect directness and simplicity, the exact notion of Christ's teaching held by persons of refine¡©ment and culture of our times. The teaching is no use for our industrial age, precisely as though the existence of this industrial age were a sacred fact which ought not to and could not be changed. It is just as though drunkards when advised how they could be brought to habits of so¡©briety should answer that the advice is incompatible with their habit of taking alcohol.

¡°±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§Àº ¾Æ¹« ¼Ò¿ëÀÌ ¾ø´Ù, ¿Ö³ÄÇÏ¸é ±×°ÍÀº ¿ì¸®ÀÇ »ê¾÷ ½Ã´ë¿Í ºÎÇÕµÇÁö ¾Ê±â ¶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù.¡± ¶ó°í ÀװżÖÀº °íÁö½ÄÇÏ°Ô ¸»ÇÑ´Ù, ±×¸®°í ±×´Â ÀÌ ¸»¿¡¼­ ¿Ïº®ÇÑ ¼ÖÁ÷ÇÔ°ú ´Ü¼øÇÔÀ¸·Î½á, ¼¼·ÃµÈ »ç¶÷µé°ú ¿ì¸® ½Ã´ëÀÇ ¹®È­°¡ °ßÁöÇÏ´Â ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Á¤È®ÇÑ °ßÇØ¸¦ Ç¥ÇöÇÑ´Ù. ±× °¡¸£Ä§Àº ¿ì¸®ÀÇ »ê¾÷ ½Ã´ë¿¡ ¾Æ¹«·± Çʿ䰡 ¾ø´Ù, Á¤È®È÷ ÀÌ »ê¾÷ ½Ã´ëÀÇ Á¸Àç´Â º¯Çؼ­µµ ¾ÈµÇ°í º¯ÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø´Â ½Å¼ºÇÑ »ç½ÇÀÎ °Í°ú ¸¶Âù°¡Áö´Ù. ±×°ÍÀº Á¤È®È÷ ¼úÁÖÁ¤¹ðÀ̵éÀÌ, ¾î¶»°Ô ÇÏ¸é ±×µéÀÌ ¸ÇÁ¤½ÅÀÎ ½À°üÀ¸·Î µ¹¾Æ °¥ ¼ö ÀÖ´ÂÁö Ãæ°í¸¦ ¹ÞÀ» ¶§, ±× Ãæ°í´Â ±×µéÀÇ ¼ú ¸¶½Ã´Â ½À°ü°ú ¸ÂÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù°í ´ë´äÇØ¾ß ÇÏ´Â °Í°ú °°´Ù.

The arguments of all the freethinking critics, Russian and foreign alike, different as they may be in tone and man¡©ner of presentation, all amount essentially to the same strange misapprehension-namely, that Christ's teaching, one of the consequences of which is non-resistance to evil, is of no use to us because it requires a change of our life.

¸ðµç ÀÚÀ¯ »ç»ó ºñÆò°¡µéÀÇ ÁÖÀåµéÀº, ·¯½Ã¾Æµç ¿Ü±¹ÀÌµç ¸¶Âù°¡Áö·Î, ¼³¸íÇÏ´Â ¸»Åõ³ª ¹æ¹ýÀÌ ´Ù¸¦ Áö¶óµµ, º»ÁúÀûÀ¸·Î ¸ðµÎ´Ù ¶È°°ÀÌ ÀÌ»óÇÑ ¿ÀÇØ¿¡ À̸£°Ô µÈ´Ù-ȯ¾ðÇϸé, ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§Àº, ±×ÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§ÀÇ °á°úµé ÁßÀÇ Çϳª°¡ ¾Ç¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¹«ÀúÇ×À¸·Î¼­, ±×°ÍÀº ¿ì¸®ÀÇ »îÀÇ º¯È­¸¦ ¿ä±¸ÇϹǷΠ¿ì¸®¿¡°Ô ¾Æ¹«·± ¼Ò¿ëÀÌ ¾ø´Ù.

Christ's teaching is useless because, if it were carried into practice, life could not go on as at present; we must add: if we have begun by living sinfully, as we do live and are accustomed to live. Not only is the question of non-resistance to evil not discussed; the very mention of the fact that the duty of non-resistance enters into Christ's teaching is regarded as satisfactory proof of the impractica¡©bility of the whole teaching.

±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§Àº ¼Ò¿ëÀÌ ¾ø´Ù ¿Ö³ÄÇϸé, ¸¸ÀÏ ±×°ÍÀÌ ½ÇÇàµÉ °æ¿ì, »îÀº ÇöÀçó·³ ÁøÇàµÉ ¼ö ¾ø±â ¶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù; ¿ì¸®´Â ¹Ýµå½Ã À̸»À» µ¡ºÙ¿©ÇÑ´Ù: ¿ì¸®°¡ »ì°í ÀÖÀ¸¸ç ½À°üÀûÀ¸·Î »ì°í ÀÖµíÀÌ, ¸¸ÀÏ ¿ì¸®°¡ Á˸¦ ÁöÀ¸¸ç »ì±â ½ÃÀÛÇß´Ù¸é. ¾Ç¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¹«ÀúÇ×ÀÇ ¹®Á¦°¡ ³íÀÇ µÇÁö ¾Ê´Â °Í »Ó¸¸ÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï´Ù; ¹«ÀúÇ×ÀÇ Àǹ«°¡ ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§¿¡ µé¾î °£´Ù´Â »ç½ÇÀÌ Àüü °¡¸£Ä§ÀÇ ½ÇÇà ºÒ°¡´É¼ºÀÇ ¸¸Á·½º·± Áõ°ÅÀÌ´Ù.

Meanwhile one would have thought it was necessary to point out at least some kind of solution of the following question, since it is at the root of almost everything that interests us.

ÇÑÆí, ¿ì¸®´Â ¾Æ·¡ÀÇ Áú¹®¿¡ Àû¾îµµ ¾î¶² Á¾·ùÀÇ ÇØ´äÀ» ÁöÀûÇØ³¾ Çʿ䰡 ÀÖ´Ù°í »ý°¢ÇÒ °ÍÀÌ´Ù, ¿Ö³ÄÇÏ¸é ±×°ÍÀº ¿ì¸®¿¡°Ô Èï¹Ì¸¦ ÁÖ´Â °ÅÀÇ ¸ðµç °ÍÀÇ »Ñ¸®¿¡ Àֱ⠶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù.

The question amounts to this: In what way are we to decide men's disputes, when some men consider evil what others consider good, and vice versa! And to reply that that is evil which I think evil, in spite of the fact that my opponent thinks it good, is not a solution of the difficulty. There can only be two solutions: either to find a real unquestionable criterion of what is evil or not to resist evil by force.

±× Áú¹®Àº ÀÌ·¯ÇÏ´Ù: ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ¼±À̶ó°í ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ» ¾î¶² »ç¶÷µéÀº ¾ÇÀ̶ó°í »ý°¢ÇÒ ¶§, ±×¸®°í ±× ¹Ý´ëÀÇ °æ¿ì¿¡, ¿ì¸®´Â ¾î¶² ½ÄÀ¸·Î »ç¶÷µéÀÇ ³íÀï¿¡ °á·ÐÀ» ³»·Á¾ß Çϴ°¡! ±×¸®°í, ºñ·Ï ³ªÀÇ ¹Ý´ëÀÚµéÀÌ ±×°ÍÀ» ¼±À̶ó°í »ý°¢ÇÑ´Ù´Â »ç½Ç¿¡µµ ºÒ±¸Çϰí, ³»°¡ ¾ÇÀ̶ó°í »ý°¢ÇϹǷΠ±×°ÍÀº ¾ÇÀÌ´Ù¶ó°í ´ë´äÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº ±× ¹®Á¦ÀÇ ÇØ´äÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï´Ù. ¿©±â¿¡ ¿ÀÁ÷ µÎ°¡Áö ÇØ´äµéÀÌ ÀÖÀ» »ÓÀÌ´Ù: ¹«¾ùÀÌ ¾ÇÀΰ¡¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Á¤¸»·Î ÀǽÉÀÇ ¿©Áö°¡ ¾ø´Â ±âÁØÀ» ã°Å³ª ÈûÀ¸·Î¼­ ¾Ç¿¡ ÀúÇ×ÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù.

The first course has been tried ever since the beginning of historical times, and, as we all know, it has not hitherto led to any successful results.

ù¹øÂ°ÀÇ °úÁ¤Àº ¼±»ç½Ã´ë ÀÌÈÄ·Î °è¼Ó ½ÃµµµÇ¾î ¿Ô´Ù, ±×¸®°í ¿ì¸® ¸ðµÎ°¡ ¾Ë´Ù½ÃÇÇ, ±×°ÍÀº ¿©Å±îÁö ¾Æ¹«·± ¼º°øÀûÀÎ °á°úµé¿¡ À̸£Áö ¸øÇß´Ù.

The second solution-not forcibly to resist what we con¡©sider evil until we have found a universal criterion-that is the solution given by Christ,

µÎ¹øÂ° ÇØ´äÀº-¿ì¸®°¡ º¸ÆíÀûÀÎ ±âÁØÀ» ã¾Æ ³¾ ¶§±îÁö ¿ì¸®°¡ ¾ÇÀ̶ó°í ¿©±â´Â °Í¿¡ ÈûÀ¸·Î¼­ ÀúÇ×ÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù-±×°ÍÀÌ ¹Ù·Î