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Gospel In Brief


by Leo Tolstoy

Editor's Preface 

¼­ ¹® (ßí Ùþ)

by F.A. Flowers III*

I.

Leo Tolstoy(1828-1910), one of the world¡¯s great novelists, finished writing War and Peace in 1869 and Anna Karenina in 1877. Despite his success, fame, and fortune, Tolstoy was on the verge of suicide by the end of 1879. He had come to believe that his life was empty and had no meaning. This culminated in a spiritual crisis, which marked a dramatic turning point in both his personal and literary lives. Tolstoy soon began a spiritual journey, a journey that would last until his death in 1910.

·¹¿À Å罺ÅäÀÌ(1828-1910)´Â, ¼¼»ó¿¡¼­ °¡Àå ÈǸ¢ÇÑ ¼Ò¼³°¡ ÁßÀÇ ÇÑ »ç¶÷À¸·Î, 1869³â ÀüÀï°ú ÆòÈ­ ±×¸®°í 1877³â¿¡ ¾È³ª Ä«·¹´Ï³ª¸¦ ¿Ï¼ºÇß´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ¼º°ø, ¸í¿¹ ¹× ºÎ¿¡µµ ºÒ±¸Çϰí, 1879³âÀÌ Àú¹°¾î°¥ ¹«·Æ¿¡ ÀÚ»ì Á÷Àü±îÁö À̸£·¶´Ù. ±×´Â ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ »îÀÌ °øÇãÇÏ¸ç ¾Æ¹«·± Àǹ̵µ ¾ø´Ù°í ¿©°å´Ù. ÀÌ·Î½á ±×´Â Á¤½ÅÀûÀÎ À§±â¿¡ À̸£·¶À¸¸ç, ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ °³ÀÎÀû ¹× ¹®ÇÐÀûÀÎ »î¿¡ ÀÏ´ë ÀüȯÁ¡À» ¸ÂÀÌÇÏ°Ô µÈ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. Å罺ÅäÀÌ´Â °ð ¿µÀûÀÎ ¿©ÇàÀ» ½ÃÀÛÇÏ°Ô µÇ¾úÀ¸¸ç, ÀÌ ¿©ÇàÀº 1910³â ÀÚ½ÅÀÌ Á×À» ¶§±îÁö °è¼ÓµÈ´Ù.

II.

Leo Nikolaevich Tolstoy was born in 1828 on his family¡¯s estate, Yasnaya Polyana, located in the Russian province of Tula. Born to power and privilege, Tolstoy received his early education from tutors and was raised in the Orthodox Christian Faith. The young aristocrat entered the University of Kasan in 1844, leaving in 1847 without receiving a degree. He left his Christian beliefs behind as well.

·¹¿À ´ÏÄݶ󿹺ñÄ¡ Å罺ÅäÀÌ´Â 1828³â, ·¯½Ã¾ÆÀÇ Åø¶ó Áö¹æ¿¡ ÀÖ´Â ¾ß½º³ª¾ß Æú¸®¾ß³ªÀÇ ÀÚ½ÅÀÌ ¹°·Á¹Þ°Ô µÇ´Â »çÀ¯Áö¿¡¼­ ž´Ù. ±Ç·Â°ú Ư±Ç ¼Ó¿¡ ž¼­, Å罺ÅäÀÌ´Â ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ Ãʱ⠱³À°À» °¡Á¤ ±³»çµé·ÎºÎÅÍ ¹Þ¾ÒÀ¸¸ç Á¤Åë ±³È¸ÀÇ ½Å¾Ó ¾Æ·¡¼­ ¾çÀ°µÇ¾ú´Ù. ÀÌ ÀþÀº ±ÍÁ·Àº 1844³â Ä«ÀÜÀÇ ´ëÇп¡ ÀÔÇÐÇÏ¿´À¸¸ç, 1847³â ¾Æ¹«·± ÇÐÀ§µµ ¹ÞÁö ¾Ê°í ÁßÅðÇÑ´Ù. ±×¸®°í ±×´Â ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ±âµ¶±³ÀûÀÎ ½Å¾Ó¸¶Àú ¹ö¸®°í ¸»¾Ò´Ù.

Tolstoy joined the Russian army in 1852 and fought bravely in the Crimean War. He left the army at the end of the war in 1856 and made two separate trips to Western Europe between 1857 and 1861. He subsequently took up residence at Yasnaya Polyana, which had then become his personal estate. Tolstoy married Sophie Andreyevna Behrs in 1862 and spend the next fifteen years managing his vast holding, fathering thirteen children, and writing his great masterpieces, War and Peace and Anna Karenina. Tolstoy¡¯s diaries, however, reveal an unhappy marriage.

Å罺ÅäÀÌ´Â 1852³â ·¯½Ã¾Æ À°±º¿¡ ÀÔ´ëÇÏ¿´À¸¸ç Å©¸®¹Ì¾Æ ÀüÀï¿¡¼­ ¿ë°¨ÇÏ°Ô ½Î¿ü´Ù. ±×´Â 1856³â ÀüÀïÀÌ ³¡³¯ ¹«·Æ ±º´ë¸¦ ¶°³µ´Ù ±×¸®°í 1857³â°ú 1861³â °¢±â µÎ ¹ø¿¡ °ÉÃļ­ ¼­ À¯·´À» ¿©ÇàÇÏ¿´´Ù. ±×´Â ±×ÈÄ¿¡ ¾ß½º³ª¾ß Æú¸®¾ß³ª¿¡ ÀÚ¸®¸¦ Àâ¾ÒÀ¸¸ç, ´ç½Ã¿¡ ±×°÷Àº ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ¼ÒÀ¯Áö°¡ µÇ¾ú´Ù. 1862³â Å罺ÅäÀÌ´Â ¼ÒÇÇ ¾Èµå·¹¿¹ºê³ª º£¸£½º¿Í °áÈ¥ÇÏ¿´À¸¸ç ±× ÈÄ 15³â µ¿¾È ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ¹æ´ëÇÑ ¼ÒÀ¯Áö¸¦ °ü¸®Çϸç, ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ 13¸íÀÇ Àڳฦ ¾çÀ°Çϰí, ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ´ëÀÛÀÎ, ÀüÀï°ú ÆòÈ­ ¹× ¾È³ª Ä«·¹´Ï³ª¸¦ ÁýÇÊÇÏ´À¶ó º¸³Â´Ù. Å罺ÅäÀÌ´Â, ±×·¯³ª, ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ Àϱ⿡ ºÒÇàÇÑ °áÈ¥À̾ú´Ù°í ±â·ÏÇÏ¿´´Ù.

By 1879, Tolstoy, at age fifty-one, was so depressed he would not go hunting because he feared he would turn his gun on himself. Like many others of his time, he believed that more knowledge would inevitably lead to the answer to his suffering. Accordingly, Tolstoy began reading in earnest both scientific and philosophical works. He also corresponded with many illustrious men of his day. Neither science, philosophy, nor others, however, provided any answers.

1879³â °æ¿¡, Å罺ÅäÀÌ´Â, 51»ìÀÇ ³ªÀÌ¿¡, ³Ê¹«³ª ¿ì¿ïÇÏ¿©¼­ ±×´Â »ç³ÉÀ» ³ª°¥ ¼ö ¾ø¾ú´Ù ¿Ö³ÄÇϸé ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ÃÑÀ» ÀÚ±â Àڽſ¡°Ô °Ü´­ °Í °°¾Æ¼­ µÎ·Á¿öÇÏ¿´±â ¶§¹®À̾ú´Ù. ±×ÀÇ ½Ã´ëÀÇ ¸¹Àº ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷µéó·³, ±×´Â Áö½ÄÀ» ¸¹ÀÌ °®°Ô µÇ¸é ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ °íÅë¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÇØ´äÀ» Çʽà ¾ò°Ô µÉ °ÍÀ̶ó°í ¹Ï¾ú´Ù. ±×¸®ÇÏ¿©, Å罺ÅäÀÌ´Â °úÇÐÀûÀ̸ç öÇÐÀûÀÎ ÀÛǰµéÀ» ¸Í·ÄÈ÷ ޵¶Çϱ⠽ÃÀÛÇÏ¿´´Ù. ±×´Â ¶ÇÇÑ ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ½Ã´ëÀÇ ¸¹Àº Àú¸íÇÑ Àλçµé°ú ¼­½ÅÀ» ÁÖ°í¹Þ±âµµ ÇÏ¿´´Ù. °úÇеµ, öÇеµ ¾Æ´Ï ´Ù¸¥ °Íµéµµ ±×·¯³ª ¾î¶² ´ë´äµéÀ» ÁÖÁö ¸øÇß´Ù.

Unable to find comfort in either knowledge or the examples of those wealthy men around him, Tolstoy undertook an in-depth study of Buddhism, Islam, and Christianity. He ultimately came to the conclusion that the solution to ¡°the problem of life¡± could be found in the words and teaching of Jesus-but only if those words stripped of the official Church¡¯s distortions and dogma. Tolstoy¡¯s crisis and gradual renewal are described by William James in The Varieties of Religious Experience.

ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ÁÖÀ§¸¦ µÑ·¯½Ñ ºÎÀ¯ÇÑ »ç¶÷µéÀÇ Áö½ÄÀ̳ª ¿¹µé¿¡¼­ À§¾ÈÀ» ãÀ» ¼ö ¾øÀÚ, Å罺ÅäÀÌ´Â, ºÒ±³, À̽½¶÷±³, ¹× ±âµ¶±³¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¸é¹ÐÇÑ ¿¬±¸¸¦ ½ÃÀÛÇß´Ù. ±×´Â °á±¹ ¡°»îÀÇ ¹®Á¦¡±¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÇØ´äÀº ¿¹¼öÀÇ ¸»¾¸µé¿¡¼­-±×·¯³ª ¿ÀÁ÷ ÀÌ ¸»¾¸µé¿¡¼­ °ø½ÄÀûÀÎ ±³È¸µéÀÇ ¿Ö°îµé°ú ±³¸®µéÀ» Á¦°ÅÇÒ °æ¿ì¿¡¸¸-ãÀ» ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù´Â °á·Ð¿¡ À̸£·¶´Ù. Å罺ÅäÀÌÀÇ À§±â¿Í Á¡ÁøÀûÀΠȸº¹Àº Àª¸®¾ö Á¦ÀÓ½ºÀÇ Á¾±³Àû °æÇèÀÇ ´Ù¾ç¼º¿¡¼­ ¹¦»çµÇ°í ÀÖ´Ù.

Tolstoy, now a Christian, felt extremely ill at ease with the artificial and privileged life he had been leading. His desire for material things and his own personal ambition now caused him great moral distress. As a result, Tolstoy, in an effort to live life as revealed through the words of Jesus, condemned violence, gave up tobacco, alcohol, and other and worked long hours in the fields with the peasants. By 1890, Tolstoy, unwilling to own property any longer, divided his large estate into equal shares to be distributed to his wife and nine living children.

Å罺ÅäÀÌ´Â, ÀÌÁ¦ ±âµ¶±³ÀÎÀ¸·Î½á, ÀÚ½ÅÀÌ ¿µÀ§ÇÏ¿´´ø ÀÎÀ§ÀûÀÌ¸ç Æ¯±ÇÀ» Áö´Ñ »î¿¡ ´ëÇØ ±Øµµ·Î ºÒÆíÇÏ°Ô ´À²¼´Ù. ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ¹°ÁúÀûÀÎ °Íµé¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¿å¸Á ±×¸®°í ÀÚ±â ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ °³ÀÎÀû ¾ß¸ÁÀº ÀÌÁ¦ ±×¿¡°Ô ¾öû³­ Á¤½ÅÀû °í³ú¸¦ ´À³¢°Ô ÇÏ¿´´Ù. °á±¹, Å罺ÅäÀÌ´Â, ¿¹¼öÀÇ ¸»¾¸À» ÅëÇÏ¿© °è½ÃµÈ ´ë·ÎÀÇ »îÀ» »ì°íÀÚ ÇÏ´Â ³ë·Â¿¡¼­, Æø·ÂÀ» Á¤ÁËÇÏ¿´°í, ´ã¹è, ¼ú µîÀ» ²÷¾úÀ¸¸ç ³óºÎµé°ú ÇÔ²² µéÆÇ¿¡¼­ ¿À·£ ½Ã°£À» ³ëµ¿ÇÏ¿´´Ù. 1890³â¿¡, Å罺ÅäÀÌ´Â, ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ Àç»êÀ» ´õ ÀÌ»ó ¼ÒÀ¯ÇÏ°í ½ÍÁö ¾Ê¾Æ¼­, ±×ÀÇ ¹æ´ëÇÑ ¼ÒÀ¯Áö¸¦ ¶È°°Àº ¸òÀ¸·Î ³ª´©¾î ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ¾Æ³»¿Í »ýÁ¸ÇØ ÀÖ´Â ÀÚ³àµé¿¡°Ô ³ª´©¾î ÁÖ¾ú´Ù.

III.

From 1879 until his death in 1910, Tolstoy devoted his prodigious literary talents primarily to the production of a large number of works on religious, moral, and social themes. They include My Confession(1879), What I Believe(1884), My Religion(1884), The Kingdom of God Is Within You(1894), and What Is Religion And Of What Does It Consist?(1902). Tolstoy also wrote The Gospel In Brief during this time of spiritual journey. Tolstoy¡¯s religious works attracted many followers, as well as fierce opposition. Some of those most vigorously opposed included members of his own family. The Russian Orthodox Church excommunicated Tolstoy in 1901 because of his challenge to both the Church and the State.

1879³âºÎÅÍ ±×°¡ Á×À» ¶§±îÁö, Å罺ÅäÀÌ´Â ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ÃµÀçÀûÀÎ ¹®ÇÐÀû Àç´ÉµéÀ» ¿À·ÎÁö Á¾±³Àû, µµ´öÀû ¹× »çȸÀû ÁÖÁ¦µé¿¡ °üÇÑ ¹æ´ëÇÑ ¾çÀÇ ÀÛǰµéÀÇ Àú¼ú¿¡ ½ñ¾Ò´Ù. ±×°ÍµéÀº ³ªÀÇ °í¹é(1879), ³ª´Â ¹«¾ùÀ» ¹Ï´Â°¡(1884), ³ªÀÇ Á¾±³(1884), Çϳª´ÔÀÇ ¿Õ±¹Àº ³ÊÀÇ ¾È¿¡ ÀÖ´Ù(1894) ±×¸®°í ¹«¾ùÀÌ Á¾±³ÀÌ¸ç ±×°ÍÀº ¹«¾ùÀ¸·Î ±¸¼ºµÇ´Â°¡?(1902) µîÀ» Æ÷ÇÔÇÑ´Ù. Å罺ÅäÀÌ´Â ¶ÇÇÑ ¿µÀûÀÎ ¿©Á¤ÀÇ ±â°£ µ¿¾È¿¡ º¹À½ ¿ä¾àµµ ÁýÇÊÇÏ¿´´Ù. Å罺ÅäÀÌÀÇ Á¾±³Àû ÀÛǰµéÀº ¸¹Àº ÃßÁ¾ÀÚµé »Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ¸Í·ÄÇÑ Àû´ëÀÚµéÀ» ºÒ·¯ ÀÏÀ¸Ä×´Ù. ±×µé Áß¿¡¼­ °¡Àå ÁÙ±âÂù ¹Ý´ëÀÚµéÀº ÀÚ±â ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ °¡Á·ÀÇ ±¸¼º¿øµéÀ̾ú´Ù. ·¯½Ã¾Æ Á¤±³È¸´Â 1901³â Å罺ÅäÀ̸¦ ÆÄ¹®ÇÏ¿´´Ù ¿Ö³ÄÇÏ¸é ±×ÀÇ ±³È¸¿Í ±¹°¡¿¡ ´ëÇÑ µµÀü ¶§¹®À̾ú´Ù.

Tolstoy believed that the existence of God could neither be proved nor disproved and that the meaning of life lay beyond the limits of our minds. Tolstoy also believed that Church officials and official Church Doctrine interfered with one¡¯s ability to live a relatively peaceful life on a daily basis without significant pain and suffering. According to Tolstoy, the official Church held itself out as an institution for making life better when, in truth, it was an institution allowing men to lead false lives. The Christian Church of late-nineteenth-century Russia, Tolstoy maintained, represented the same darkness and evil against which Jesus had struggled. The official Church allowed believers to rationalize virtually any kind of inhumane treatment and yet still be assured of some sort of afterlife. But Jesus, Tolstoy wrote, did not teach this.

Å罺ÅäÀÌ´Â Çϳª´ÔÀÇ Á¸À縦 Áõ¸íÇÒ ¼öµµ ºÎÁ¤ÇÒ ¼öµµ ¾ø´Ù°í ¹Ï¾úÀ¸¸ç, »îÀÇ Àǹ̴ ¿ì¸®µé ¸¶À½ÀÇ ÇÑ°è ³Ê¸Ó¿¡ ³õ¿© ÀÖ´Ù°í ¹Ï¾ú´Ù. Å罺ÅäÀÌ´Â ¶ÇÇÑ ¼ºÁ÷ÀÚµé°ú °ø½ÄÀûÀÎ ±³È¸ÀÇ ±³¸®µéÀÌ ½É°¢ÇÑ °íÅëÀ̳ª ¾î·Á¿òÀ» °ÞÁö ¾Ê°í¼­ ³ª³¯ÀÌ ºñ±³Àû ÆòÈ­·Î¿î »îÀ» »ì ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ´É·ÂÀ» ÀúÇØÇÑ´Ù°í ¹Ï¾ú´Ù. Å罺ÅäÀÌ¿¡ ÀÇÇϸé, °ø½Ä ±³È¸´Â »îÀ» ´õ °³¼±Åä·Ï ¸¸µå´Â Á¦µµ·Î¼­ ÀÚóÇϸ鼭, ½ÇÁ¦·Î´Â »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô °ÅÁþµÈ »îÀ» ¿µÀ§Çϵµ·Ï ÀεµÇÏ´Â Á¦µµ¿´´Ù°í ÇÑ´Ù. 19¼¼±â ¸»ÀÇ ·¯½Ã¾ÆÀÇ ±âµ¶±³ ±³È¸´Â, Å罺ÅäÀ̰¡ ÁÖÀåÇÏ´Â ¹Ù, ¿¹¼ö°¡ ½Î¿ö ¿Ô´ø °Í°ú ¶È°°Àº ¾ÏÈæ ¹× ¾ÇÀ» ´ëº¯Çϰí ÀÖ´Ù°í ÇÏ¿´´Ù. °ø½Ä ±³È¸´Â ¹Ï´Â »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô »ç½Ç»ó Á¾·ù¸¦ ºÒ¹®ÇÏ°í ºñÀΰ£ÀûÀΠó»çµéÀ» ÇÕ¸®È­Çϵµ·Ï Çã¶ôÇÏ¸ç ±×·¯¸é¼­µµ ¾ÆÁ÷ ¾î¶² Á¾·ùÀÇ »çÈÄÀÇ »îÀ» º¸ÀåÇÏ¿´´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ¿¹¼ö´Â À̰ÍÀ» °¡¸£Ä¡Áö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù°í Å罺ÅäÀÌ´Â ±â·ÏÇÑ´Ù.

Tolstoy observed further that the fundamental tenets of the Church created a society in which one could not determine whether a person was attempting to lead a Christian life simply by examining his or her actions. The Church elevated belief and faith to some other sphere, separate and independent from life itself. The Church, Tolstoy wrote, either ignored Jesus¡¯s teachings altogether or distorted them on the few occasions it did choose to consider them. This ambiguous moral framework resulted from the Church¡¯s theological focus on questions such as Jesus¡¯s divinity and the holiness of the Bible. Tolstoy, on the other hand, believed that the words and teachings of Jesus, when stripped of the official Church¡¯s distortions, dogma, and ritual, would not cause privation and suffering, but, instead, would actually put an end to almost all of the suffering humankind experiences on a daily basis.

Å罺ÅäÀÌ´Â ³ª¾Æ°¡¼­ ±³È¸ÀÇ ±âº» °­·ÉÀº ¾î¶² »ç¶÷ÀÌ ´Ü¼øÈ÷ ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ÇàÀ§µéÀ» °ËÅäÇϸ鼭 ±âµ¶±³ÀûÀÎ »îÀ» ¿µÀ§ÇÏ·Á Çϰí ÀÖ´ÂÁöµµ ºÐº°µÉ ¼ö ¾ø´Â »çȸ¸¦ ¸¸µç´Ù´Â Á¡¿¡ ÁÖ¸ñÇÏ¿´´Ù. ±³È¸´Â »î ±× ÀÚü¿Í º°°³ÀÌ¸ç µ¶¸³µÈ, ¾î¶² ´Ù¸¥ ¹üÁÖÀÇ ¹ÏÀ½°ú ½Å¾ÓÀ¸·Î ²ø¾î ¿Ã·È´Ù. Å罺ÅäÀÌ´Â ±â·ÏÇÑ´Ù, ±³È¸´Â ¿¹¼öÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§µéÀ» ÀüÀûÀ¸·Î ¹«½ÃÇϰųª ±×°ÍµéÀ» ¿Ö°îÇÏ¿´À¸¸ç ¾î¶² ¶§¿¡´Â ±×°ÍµéÀ» ÀüÇô °í·ÁÇÏ·Á ÇÏÁöµµ ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù. ÀÌ·± ¾Ö¸ÅÇÑ µµ´öÀûÀΠƲÀº ¿¹¼öÀÇ ½Å¼º°ú ¼º°æÀÇ ½Å¼ºÇÔ°ú °°Àº ¹®Á¦µé¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ½ÅÇÐÀûÀÎ ÃÊÁ¡¿¡¼­ ºñ·ÔµÇ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. Å罺ÅäÀÌ´Â, ÇÑÆíÀ¸·Î, ¿¹¼öÀÇ ¸»¾¸µé°ú °¡¸£Ä§µéÀÌ, °ø½Ä ±³È¸ÀÇ ¿Ö°îµé, ±³¸®, ¹× ÀǷʵéÀÌ Á¦°ÅµÈ´Ù¸é, ±ÃÇ̰ú °íÅëÀ» ÀÏÀ¸Å°´Â °ÍÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, ´ë½Å¿¡, Àηù°¡ ³ª³¯ÀÌ °æÇèÇϰí ÀÖ´Â °ÅÀÇ ¸ðµç °íÅëµé¿¡ »ç½Ç»ó Á¾ÁöºÎ¸¦ ÂïÀ» °ÍÀ̶ó°í ¹Ï¾ú´Ù.

Despite his strong beliefs and vigorous efforts, however, Tolstoy, at age eighty-two, was unhappy and felt that he had failed to live his life as a true Christian should. Leaving home secretly one night in 1910, Tolstoy mysteriously disappeared. He died a few days later of natural causes in a small railway station in Astapovo on November 22, 1910. Thousands of people throughout the world mourned his death. Denied a religious funeral by the Church, Tolstoy was laid to rest on his estate at Yasnaya Polyana.

ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ °­ÇÑ ½Å³äµé°ú ¿Õ¼ºÇÑ ³ë·Âµé¿¡µµ ºÒ±¸Çϰí, ±×·¯³ª, Å罺ÅäÀÌ´Â, 82»ìÀÇ ³ªÀÌ¿¡, ºÒÇàÇÏ¿´À¸¸ç ÁøÁ¤ÇÑ ±âµ¶±³ÀÎÀ¸·Î ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ »îÀ» »ì¾Æ °¨¿¡ ½ÇÆÐÇÏ¿´´Ù°í ´À²¼´Ù. 1910³â ¾î´À ³¯ ¹ã¿¡ ¸ô·¡ ÁýÀ» ¶°³ª¸é¼­, Å罺ÅäÀÌ´Â ±«ÀÌÇÏ°Ô »ç¶óÁ³´Ù. ±×´Â ¸çÄ¥ Áö³ª¼­ 1910³â 11¿ù 22ÀÏ ¾Æ½ºÅ¸Æ÷º¸ÀÇ ¾î´À ÀÛÀº ±âÂ÷ ¿ª¿¡¼­ ÀÚ¿¬ÀûÀÎ ¿øÀÎÀ¸·Î½á »ç¸ÁÇß´Ù. Àü ¼¼°èÀÇ ¼öõ¸íÀÇ »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ±×ÀÇ Á×À½À» ¾ÖµµÇß´Ù. ±³È¸¿¡¼­ Á¾±³ÀûÀÎ Àå·Ê½ÄÀ» °ÅºÎÇÏ¿´À¸¹Ç·Î, Å罺ÅäÀÌ´Â ¾ß½º³ª¾ß Æú¸®¾ß³ªÀÇ ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ¼ÒÀ¯Áö¿¡ ¾ÈÀåµÇ¾ú´Ù.

IV.

Tolstoy¡¯s The Gospel In Brief is a work that Tolstoy extracted from a larger work. Both were banned by the Russian time. Tolstoy¡¯s The Gospel In Brief was the first published in Switzerland. The translation reproduced in this edition is taken from a book entitled My Confession, My Religion, The Gospel in Brief, published by Charles Scribner¡¯s Sons in 1922.

Å罺ÅäÀÌÀÇ º¹À½¿ä¾àÀº Å罺ÅäÀ̰¡ ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ¹æ´ëÇÑ ÀÛ¾÷¿¡¼­ ¹ßÃéÇÑ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ´ç½Ã¿¡ µÑ ´Ù ÃâÆÇÀÌ ±ÝÁöµÇ¾ú´Ù. Å罺ÅäÀÌÀÇ º¹À½¿ä¾àÀº ¸ÕÀú ½ºÀ§½º¿¡¼­ ¹ßÇàµÇ¾ú´Ù. À̹ø ÃâÆÇ¿¡¼­ Àç°£Çà µÇ´Â ¹ø¿ªº»Àº ³ªÀÇ °í¹é, ³ªÀÇ Á¾±³, º¹À½¿ä¾à À̶ó´Â Á¦¸ñÀÌ ºÙÀº Ã¥¿¡¼­ °¡Á®¿Â °ÍÀ¸·Î, 1922³â Âû½º ½ºÅ©¸®ºê³ÊÀÇ ¾ÆµéµéÀÌ °£ÇàÇß´ø °ÍÀÌ´Ù.

In The Gospel In Brief, Tolstoy uses ¡°the four Gospels into one,¡± seeking ¡°a solution to the problem of life and not of a theological or historical question.¡± That is why Tolstoy ¡°was indifferent to know whether Jesus Christ is or is not God, and from whom proceeds the Holy Spirit.¡± In The Gospel In Brief, Tolstoy sets aside the questions upon which the Church had for so long focused, such as those relating to Jesus¡¯s genealogy, the divinity of Christ, miracles attributed to him, and the sacredness of the Bible. Tolstoy does not broach these issues because they do not constitute a part of Jesus¡¯s teachings. By setting such matters aside, Tolstoy is able to focus exclusively on the teachings of Jesus. The words and teachings of Jesus contained in The Gospel In Brief are based Tolstoy¡¯s concentrated study and interpretation of the original Greek versions of the four Gospels, as opposed to later translations. Tolstoy¡¯s fusing of ¡°the four Gospels into one¡± constitutes an effort to help humankind determine how to live in a chaotic and indifferent world.

º¹À½¿ä¾à¿¡¼­ Å罺ÅäÀÌ´Â ¡°½ÅÇÐÀû ¶Ç´Â ¿ª»çÀûÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, »î¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¹®Á¦¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÇØ´äÀ»¡± ±¸Çϱâ À§ÇÏ¿© ¡°4 º¹À½¼­¸¦ Çϳª·Î¡± »ç¿ëÇÑ´Ù. À̰ÍÀÌ ¹Ù·Î Å罺ÅäÀ̰¡ ¿Ö ¡°¿¹¼ö ±×¸®½ºµµ°¡ Çϳª´ÔÀÎÁö ¾Æ´ÑÁö, ±×¸®°í ±×·ÎºÎÅÍ ¼º·ÉÀÌ ³ª¿À´ÂÁö¿¡ ´ëÇØ¼­ °ü½ÉÀÌ ¾ø¾ú´ÂÁö¡±ÀÇ ÀÌÀ¯ÀÌ´Ù. º¹À½¿ä¾à¿¡¼­, Å罺ÅäÀÌ´Â ±³È¸°¡ ±×Åä·Ï ¿À·§µ¿¾È ÃÊÁ¡À» µÎ¾î¿À´ø ¹®Á¦µé-¿¹¼öÀÇ Á·º¸, ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ ½Å¼º, ±×°¡ ÇàÇÏ¿´´Ù´Â ±âÀûµé, ¹× ¼º¼­ÀÇ ½Å¼ºÇÔ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¹®Á¦µé-Àº ´øÁ®¹ö·È´Ù. Å罺ÅäÀÌ´Â ÀÌ·± »ç¾ÈµéÀ» ²ôÁý¾î ³»Áö ¾Ê´Â´Ù ¿Ö³ÄÇÏ¸é ±×°ÍµéÀº ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§µéÀÇ ÀϺκÐÀ» ±¸¼ºÇÏÁö ¾Ê±â ¶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù. ±×·± ¹®Á¦µéÀ» Á¥ÇôµÒÀ¸·Î½á, Å罺ÅäÀÌ´Â ¿¹¼öÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§¿¡ ÀüÀûÀ¸·Î ÁýÁßÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. º¹À½¿ä¾à¿¡ ´ã°ÜÀÖ´Â ¿¹¼öÀÇ ¸»¾¸µé°ú °¡¸£Ä§µéÀº Å罺ÅäÀÌÀÇ ÁýÀûµÈ ¿¬±¸¿Í 4 º¹À½¼­ÀÇ ±×¸®½º¾î ¿ø¹®µéÀÇ ÇØ¼®¿¡ ÀÔ°¢ÇÑ °ÍÀ̸ç, ÃÖ±ÙÀÇ ¹ø¿ªº»µé¿¡ ´ëÄ¡µÈ´Ù. Å罺ÅäÀ̰¡ ¡°4 º¹À½¼­¸¦ Çϳª·Î ÅëÇÕÇÑ °ÍÀº¡± Àηù°¡ È¥¶õ½º·´°í ³ÃȤÇÑ ¼¼»ó¿¡¼­ »ì¾Æ°¥ ¹æ¹ýÀ» °áÁ¤ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖµµ·Ï µ½±â À§ÇÑ ³ë·ÂÀ» ±¸¼ºÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù.

V.

Tolstoy¡¯s The Gospel In Brief had a profound impact on many of its readers, including one particular renowned reader of Tolstoy, Ludwig Wittgenstein (1889-1951), one of the most influential and yet elusive personalities in the history of modern philosophy. During the early months of the World War I, Wittgenstein¡¯s regiment participated in the absurdly incompetent Galician campaign, in which there were more than 600,000 casualites. The great suffering Wittgenstein witnessed made him feel completely alone and abandoned. Soon after arriving in Galicia, he found himself in a small bookshop in Tarnow, which contained just one book: Tolstoy on the Gospels. He bought The Gospel In Brief, merely because there was no other, and started reading it on September 1, 1914. Wittgenstein began receiving benefits from the book almost immediately. He ¡°read and re-read it, and thenceforth had it always with him, under fire and at all times.¡±

Å罺ÅäÀÌÀÇ º¹À½¿ä¾àÀº ¸¹Àº µ¶Àڵ鿡°Ô ±íÀº ¿µÇâÀ» ÁÖ¾úÀ¸¸ç, ±× Áß¿¡´Â Å罺ÅäÀ̸¦ Àд Ưº°È÷ À¯¸íÇÑ ÇÑ ¸íÀÇ µ¶ÀÚ°¡ ÀÖ¾úÀ¸´Ï, ±×´Â ·çµåºñÈ÷ ºñÆ®°Õ½´Å¸ÀÎ(Ludwig Wittgenstein, 1889-1951)À¸·Î¼­, Çö´ë öÇÐ ¿ª»ç»ó¿¡¼­ °¡Àå ¿µÇâ·Â ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ÇÏÁö¸¸ °ÈÀâÀ» ¼ö ¾ø´Â ¼º°ÝÀÇ ¼ÒÀ¯ÀÚ¿´´Ù. Á¦1Â÷ ¼¼°è´ëÀüÀÇ ¸î ´Þ µ¿¾È, ºñÆ®°Õ½´Å¸ÀÎÀÇ ¿¬´ë´Â ¾îó±¸´Ï ¾øÀÌ ÇüÆí¾ø´Â °¥¸®½Ã¾Æ ÀüÅõ¿¡ Âü°¡Çß´Ù, ±×°÷¿¡¼­ 60¸¸ ¸í ÀÌ»óÀÇ »ç»óÀÚ°¡ ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. ºñÆ®°Õ½´Å¸ÀÎÀÌ °ÞÀº ¾öû³­ °íÅëÀº ±×¸¦ ¿ÏÀüÈ÷ Ȧ·Î ¹æÈ²ÇÏ°Ô ¸¸µé¾ú´Ù. °¥¸®½Ã¾Æ¿¡ µµÂøÇÏÀÚ ¸¶ÀÚ, ±×´Â Ÿ¸£³ëºê¿¡ ÀÖ´Â Á¶±×¸¸ ¼­Á¡À» ã¾Ò´Ù, ±×·±µ¥ ±×°÷¿¡´Â ¿ÀÁ÷ ÇÑ ±ÇÀÇ Ã¥--Å罺ÅäÀÌÀÇ º¹À½¼­--¸¸ÀÌ ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. ±×´Â º¹À½¿ä¾àÀ» »ò´Ù, ±× ÀÌÀ¯´Â ±×Àú ´Ù¸¥ °ÍµéÀÌ ¾ø¾ú±â ¶§¹®À̾úÀ¸¸ç, 1914³â 9¿ù 1ÀÏ ±×°ÍÀ» Àб⠽ÃÀÛÇß´Ù. ºñÆ®°Õ½´Å¸ÀÎÀº °ÅÀÇ Áï°¢ÀûÀ¸·Î ±× Ã¥À¸·ÎºÎÅÍ µµ¿òÀ» ¾ò±â ½ÃÀÛÇß´Ù. ±×´Â ±×°ÍÀ» ¡°ÀÐ°í ¶Ç Àоú´Ù, ±×¸®°í ±×°ÍÀº ±×¶§ºÎÅÍ ÁÙ°ð Æ÷È­ ¼¼·Ê¸¦ ¹Þ´Â Áß¿¡µµ ¾ðÁ¦³ª ±×¿Í ÇÔ²² ÀÖ¾ú´Ù.¡±

Tolstoy¡¯s The Gospel In Brief did indeed captivated Wittgenstein. He wrote in his diary that ¡°I say Tolstoy¡¯s words over and over again in my head,¡± and he was able to recite whole passages by heart. Wittgenstein also recommended Tolstoy¡¯s book anyone in distress, explaining to one such friend in 1915 that ¡°this book virtually kept me alive... you cannot imagine what an effect it can have upon a person.¡± Wittgenstein¡¯s comrades referred to him as ¡°the man with the gospels.¡±

Å罺ÅäÀÌÀÇ º¹À½¿ä¾àÀº ÁøÁ¤ ºñÆ®°Õ½´Å¸ÀÎÀ» »ç·ÎÀâ¾Æ ¹ö·È´Ù. ±×´Â ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ Àϱ⿡ ÀÌ¿Í °°ÀÌ ½è´Ù, ¡°³ª´Â Å罺ÅäÀÌÀÇ ¸»µéÀ» ³ªÀÇ ¸Ó¸® ¼Ó¿¡¼­ µÇÇ®ÀÌ ÇØ¼­ ¸»ÇØ º¸¾Ò´Ù,¡± ±×¸®°í ±×´Â Àüü ±¸ÀýµéÀ» ¿Ü¿ö¼­ ÀοëÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. ºñÆ®°Õ½´Å¸ÀÎÀº Å罺ÅäÀÌÀÇ Ã¥À» ¿ª°æ¿¡ óÇÑ ¸ðµç »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô ±ÇÀ¯ÇÏ¿´´Ù, ±×¸®°í 1915³â ±×·¯ÇÑ Ã³ÁöÀÇ ÇÑ Ä£±¸¿¡°Ô, ¡°ÀÌ Ã¥ÀÌ »ç½Ç»ó ³ª¸¦ »ì¾Æ ÀÖ°Ô ¸¸µé¾ú´Ù...³Ê´Â À̰ÍÀÌ ÇÑ »ç¶÷¿¡°Ô ¾î¶² ¿µÇâÀ» ¹ÌÄ¥ ¼ö ÀÖ´ÂÁö »ó»óµµ ÇÒ ¼ö ¾øÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù.¡± ºñÆ®°Õ½´Å¸ÀÎÀÇ µ¿·áµéÀº ±×¸¦ ¡°º¹À½¼­¸¦ Áö´Ñ »ç¶÷¡±À̶ó°í ÁöĪÇß´Ù.

Tolstoy¡¯s teachings, as Wittgenstein quickly learned, required man to renounce the flesh and the gratification of his own desires and will. Man must also make himself independent of outward circumstances in order to serve the spirit, which is in all men and which makes all sons of God. Wittgenstein tried to live the Tolstoyan ideal of a simple life until his death in 1951. One of his first steps after returning from the war was to give away the immense fortune he inherited upon his father¡¯s death in 1912. Thereafter, a great simplicity, at times even an extreme frugality, became characteristic of Wittgenstein¡¯s life.

Å罺ÅäÀÌÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§µéÀº, ºñÆ®°Õ½´Å¸ÀÎÀÌ Áï½Ã ¹è¿üµíÀÌ, »ç¶÷¿¡°Ô À°½Å°ú ÀÚ±â ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ¿å¸Áµé ¹× ÀÇÁö¸¦ Æ÷±âÇÒ °ÍÀ» ¿ä±¸ÇÑ´Ù. »ç¶÷Àº ¶ÇÇÑ, ¸ðµç »ç¶÷¿¡°Ô ÀÖÀ¸¸ç ¸ðµÎ¸¦ Çϳª´ÔÀÇ ¾Æµé·Î ¸¸µå´Â, ¿µÀ» ¼¶±â±â À§ÇÏ¿© ¿Ü¸éÀûÀÎ »óȲµé¿¡¼­ ¹Ýµå½Ã ÀÚ½ÅÀ» µ¶¸³ÇÏ¿©¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. ºñÆ®°Õ½´Å¸ÀÎÀº 1951³â Á×À» ¶§±îÁö ´Ü¼øÇÑ »îÀ» ÁöÇâÇÏ´Â Å罺ÅäÀÌÀûÀÎ ÀÌ»óÀ¸·Î »ì·Á°í Çß´Ù. ÀüÀï¿¡¼­ µ¹¾Æ¿À°í ³ª¼­ ±×ÀÇ Ã¹¹øÂ° Çຸ´Â 1912³â ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ºÎÄ£ÀÇ »ç¸ÁÀ¸·Î ¹°·Á¹ÞÀº °Å´ëÇÑ Àç»êÀ» °ÅÀú ÁÖ¾î ¹ö¸®´Â °ÍÀ̾ú´Ù. ±× ¶§ºÎÅÍ, Áö±ØÇÑ ´Ü¼øÇÔ, ¶§·Î´Â ½ÉÁö¾î ±ØµµÀÇ °Ë¼ÒÇÔÀÌ ºñÆ®°Õ½´Å¸ÀÎÀÇ »îÀÇ Æ¯Â¡ÀÌ µÇ¾ú´Ù.

Both Wittgenstein and Tolstoy understood that the question of the meaning of life was not an academic question and that words were inadequate to explain the meaning of life. Tolstoy also understood that the meaning or ¡°sense¡± of life could not be found in any individual passage of the Gospels. But Tolstoy did believe that a sense of life becomes clear through an inner understanding derived from the simplicity, clarity, and harmony contained in Jesus¡¯s teachings as whole. The Gospel In Brief contributes to this process of understanding by emphasizing that one¡¯s well-being may well depend upon not what has happened in the world around him, but, rather, upon one¡¯s spiritual condition. Or, as Jesus said, the Kingdom of God ¡°has neither time nor place, because the Kingdom of God, the one which I preach, is within you.¡±

ºñÆ®°Õ½´Å¸Àΰú Å罺ÅäÀÌ´Â »îÀÇ Àǹ̰¡ Çй®ÀûÀÎ ¹®Á¦°¡ ¾Æ´Ï¸ç »îÀÇ Àǹ̸¦ ¼³¸íÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº ¸»·Î´Â ÀûÀýÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ±ú´Þ¾Ò´Ù. Å罺ÅäÀÌ´Â ¶ÇÇÑ »îÀÇ ¶æ ¶Ç´Â ¡°Àǹ̡±´Â º¹À½¼­ÀÇ ¾î¶² µ¿¶³¾îÁø ±¸Àý¿¡¼­ ¹ß°ßµÉ ¼ö ¾ø´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ±ú´Þ¾Ò´Ù. ±×·¯³ª Å罺ÅäÀÌ´Â »îÀÇ Àǹ̴ Àüü·Î¼­ÀÇ ¿¹¼öÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§¿¡ ´ã°ÜÀÖ´Â ´Ü¼øÇÔ, ¸í·áÇÔ, ±×¸®°í Á¶È­¿¡¼­ ³ª¿À´Â ³»ÀûÀÎ ±ú´ÞÀ½À» ÅëÇÏ¿© ºÐ¸íÇØÁø´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ¹Ï¾ú´Ù. º¹À½¿ä¾àÀº »ç¶÷ÀÇ ÇູÀº ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ µÑ·¯½Î°í ÀÖ´Â ¼¼»ó¿¡¼­ ¹«¾ùÀÌ ÀϾ´Â°¡¿¡ º¸´Ù´Â ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ¿µÀûÀÎ »óÅ¿¡ ´Þ·Á ÀÖ´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» °­Á¶ÇÔÀ¸·Î½á ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ±ú´ÞÀ½ÀÇ °úÁ¤¿¡ ±â¿©ÇÑ´Ù. ¾Æ´Ï, ¿¹¼ö°¡ ¸»ÇßµíÀÌ, Çϳª´ÔÀÇ ¿Õ±¹Àº ¡°½Ã°£µµ Àå¼Òµµ ¾ø´Ù, ¿Ö³ÄÇÏ¸é ³»°¡ ¼³±³ÇÏ´Â Çϳª´ÔÀÇ ¿Õ±¹Àº ³ÊÈñ ¾È¿¡ Àֱ⠶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù.¡±

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Ȩ ] À§·Î ] ¸Ó¸®¸» ] ¼­¾ð : »îÀÇ ±ú´ÞÀ½ ] I. Çϳª´ÔÀÇ ¾Æµé ] II. Çϳª´ÔÀ» ¼¶±è ] III. »îÀÇ ±Ù¿ø ] IV. Çϳª´ÔÀÇ ³ª¶ó ] V. Áø¸®ÀÇ »î ] VI. °ÅÁþµÈ »î ] VII. ¾Æ¹öÁö¿Í ÇÑ ¸ö ] VIII. »îÀº ¿µ¿øÇÏ´Ù. ] IX. ½ÃÇè ] X. ½ÃÇè°úÀÇ ½Î¿ò ] XI. °íº° °­¿¬ ] XII. ¿µÀÇ ½Â¸® ] °¢ ÀåÀÇ ¿ä¾à ] [ Flowers ÀÇ ¼­¹® ] Notes ] ¿ä¾àº¹À½ (Àüü) ]


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