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¡¡ |
Gospel
In Brief
by
Leo Tolstoy |
Editor's Preface
¼
¹® (ßí Ùþ)
by F.A. Flowers III* |
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I.
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Leo
Tolstoy(1828-1910), one of the world¡¯s great novelists, finished writing
War and Peace in 1869 and Anna Karenina in 1877. Despite his
success, fame, and fortune, Tolstoy was on the verge of suicide by the end
of 1879. He had come to believe that his life was empty and had no
meaning. This culminated in a spiritual crisis, which marked a dramatic
turning point in both his personal and literary lives. Tolstoy soon began
a spiritual journey, a journey that would last until his death in 1910. |
·¹¿À Å罺ÅäÀÌ(1828-1910)´Â,
¼¼»ó¿¡¼
°¡Àå ÈǸ¢ÇÑ ¼Ò¼³°¡ ÁßÀÇ ÇÑ »ç¶÷À¸·Î, 1869³â ÀüÀï°ú
ÆòÈ ±×¸®°í 1877³â¿¡ ¾È³ª Ä«·¹´Ï³ª¸¦ ¿Ï¼ºÇß´Ù.
±×·¯³ª ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ¼º°ø, ¸í¿¹ ¹× ºÎ¿¡µµ ºÒ±¸Çϰí, 1879³âÀÌ
Àú¹°¾î°¥ ¹«·Æ¿¡ ÀÚ»ì Á÷Àü±îÁö À̸£·¶´Ù.
±×´Â ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ
»îÀÌ °øÇãÇÏ¸ç ¾Æ¹«·± Àǹ̵µ ¾ø´Ù°í ¿©°å´Ù.
À̷νá
±×´Â Á¤½ÅÀûÀÎ À§±â¿¡ À̸£·¶À¸¸ç,
ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ °³ÀÎÀû ¹×
¹®ÇÐÀûÀÎ »î¿¡ ÀÏ´ë ÀüȯÁ¡À» ¸ÂÀÌÇÏ°Ô µÈ °ÍÀÌ´Ù.
Å罺ÅäÀÌ´Â °ð ¿µÀûÀÎ ¿©ÇàÀ» ½ÃÀÛÇϰÔ
µÇ¾úÀ¸¸ç, ÀÌ ¿©ÇàÀº 1910³â ÀÚ½ÅÀÌ Á×À» ¶§±îÁö
°è¼ÓµÈ´Ù. |
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II.
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Leo Nikolaevich
Tolstoy was born in 1828 on his family¡¯s estate, Yasnaya Polyana,
located in the Russian province of Tula. Born to power and privilege,
Tolstoy received his early education from tutors and was raised in the
Orthodox Christian Faith. The young aristocrat entered the University of
Kasan in 1844, leaving in 1847 without receiving a degree. He left his
Christian beliefs behind as well. |
·¹¿À ´ÏÄݶ󿹺ñÄ¡ Å罺ÅäÀÌ´Â 1828³â,
·¯½Ã¾ÆÀÇ Åø¶ó Áö¹æ¿¡ ÀÖ´Â ¾ß½º³ª¾ß Æú¸®¾ß³ªÀÇ
ÀÚ½ÅÀÌ ¹°·Á¹Þ°Ô µÇ´Â »çÀ¯Áö¿¡¼ ž´Ù.
±Ç·Â°ú Ư±Ç
¼Ó¿¡ ž¼, Å罺ÅäÀÌ´Â ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ Ãʱ⠱³À°À» °¡Á¤
±³»çµé·ÎºÎÅÍ ¹Þ¾ÒÀ¸¸ç Á¤Åë ±³È¸ÀÇ ½Å¾Ó ¾Æ·¡¼
¾çÀ°µÇ¾ú´Ù. ÀÌ ÀþÀº ±ÍÁ·Àº
1844³â Ä«ÀÜÀÇ ´ëÇп¡
ÀÔÇÐÇÏ¿´À¸¸ç, 1847³â ¾Æ¹«·± ÇÐÀ§µµ ¹ÞÁö ¾Ê°í ÁßÅðÇÑ´Ù.
±×¸®°í ±×´Â ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ±âµ¶±³ÀûÀÎ ½Å¾Ó¸¶Àú ¹ö¸®°í
¸»¾Ò´Ù. |
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Tolstoy joined the
Russian army in 1852 and fought bravely in the Crimean War. He left the
army at the end of the war in 1856 and made two separate trips to Western
Europe between 1857 and 1861. He subsequently took up residence at Yasnaya
Polyana, which had then become his personal estate. Tolstoy married Sophie
Andreyevna Behrs in 1862 and spend the next fifteen years managing his
vast holding, fathering thirteen children, and writing his great
masterpieces, War and Peace and Anna Karenina. Tolstoy¡¯s
diaries, however, reveal an unhappy marriage. |
Å罺ÅäÀÌ´Â 1852³â ·¯½Ã¾Æ À°±º¿¡
ÀÔ´ëÇÏ¿´À¸¸ç Å©¸®¹Ì¾Æ ÀüÀï¿¡¼ ¿ë°¨ÇÏ°Ô ½Î¿ü´Ù.
±×´Â 1856³â ÀüÀïÀÌ ³¡³¯ ¹«·Æ ±º´ë¸¦ ¶°³µ´Ù ±×¸®°í
1857³â°ú
1861³â °¢±â µÎ ¹ø¿¡ °ÉÃļ ¼ À¯·´À» ¿©ÇàÇÏ¿´´Ù.
±×´Â
±×ÈÄ¿¡ ¾ß½º³ª¾ß Æú¸®¾ß³ª¿¡ ÀÚ¸®¸¦ Àâ¾ÒÀ¸¸ç,
´ç½Ã¿¡
±×°÷Àº ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ¼ÒÀ¯Áö°¡ µÇ¾ú´Ù. 1862³â Å罺ÅäÀÌ´Â ¼ÒÇÇ
¾Èµå·¹¿¹ºê³ª º£¸£½º¿Í °áÈ¥ÇÏ¿´À¸¸ç ±× ÈÄ 15³â µ¿¾È
ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ¹æ´ëÇÑ ¼ÒÀ¯Áö¸¦ °ü¸®Çϸç,
ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ 13¸íÀÇ
Àڳฦ ¾çÀ°Çϰí, ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ´ëÀÛÀÎ, ÀüÀï°ú ÆòÈ ¹× ¾È³ª
Ä«·¹´Ï³ª¸¦ ÁýÇÊÇÏ´À¶ó º¸³Â´Ù.
Å罺ÅäÀÌ´Â, ±×·¯³ª,
ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ Àϱ⿡ ºÒÇàÇÑ °áÈ¥À̾ú´Ù°í ±â·ÏÇÏ¿´´Ù. |
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By 1879, Tolstoy,
at age fifty-one, was so depressed he would not go hunting because he
feared he would turn his gun on himself. Like many others of his time, he
believed that more knowledge would inevitably lead to the answer to his
suffering. Accordingly, Tolstoy began reading in earnest both scientific
and philosophical works. He also corresponded with many illustrious men of
his day. Neither science, philosophy, nor others, however, provided any
answers. |
1879³â °æ¿¡,
Å罺ÅäÀÌ´Â, 51»ìÀÇ
³ªÀÌ¿¡, ³Ê¹«³ª ¿ì¿ïÇÏ¿©¼ ±×´Â »ç³ÉÀ» ³ª°¥ ¼ö ¾ø¾ú´Ù
¿Ö³ÄÇϸé ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ÃÑÀ» ÀÚ±â Àڽſ¡°Ô °Ü´ °Í °°¾Æ¼
µÎ·Á¿öÇÏ¿´±â ¶§¹®À̾ú´Ù. ±×ÀÇ ½Ã´ëÀÇ ¸¹Àº ´Ù¸¥
»ç¶÷µéó·³, ±×´Â Áö½ÄÀ» ¸¹ÀÌ °®°Ô µÇ¸é ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ °íÅë¿¡
´ëÇÑ ÇØ´äÀ» Çʽà ¾ò°Ô µÉ °ÍÀ̶ó°í ¹Ï¾ú´Ù.
±×¸®ÇÏ¿©,
Å罺ÅäÀÌ´Â °úÇÐÀûÀ̸ç öÇÐÀûÀÎ ÀÛǰµéÀ» ¸Í·ÄÈ÷
޵¶Çϱ⠽ÃÀÛÇÏ¿´´Ù. ±×´Â ¶ÇÇÑ ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ½Ã´ëÀÇ ¸¹Àº
Àú¸íÇÑ Àλçµé°ú ¼½ÅÀ» ÁÖ°í¹Þ±âµµ ÇÏ¿´´Ù.
°úÇеµ,
öÇеµ ¾Æ´Ï ´Ù¸¥ °Íµéµµ ±×·¯³ª ¾î¶² ´ë´äµéÀ» ÁÖÁö
¸øÇß´Ù. |
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Unable to find
comfort in either knowledge or the examples of those wealthy men around
him, Tolstoy undertook an in-depth study of Buddhism, Islam, and
Christianity. He ultimately came to the conclusion that the solution to
¡°the problem of life¡± could be found in the words and teaching of
Jesus-but only if those words stripped of the official Church¡¯s
distortions and dogma. Tolstoy¡¯s crisis and gradual renewal are
described by William James in The Varieties of Religious Experience. |
ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ÁÖÀ§¸¦ µÑ·¯½Ñ ºÎÀ¯ÇÑ
»ç¶÷µéÀÇ Áö½ÄÀ̳ª ¿¹µé¿¡¼ À§¾ÈÀ» ãÀ» ¼ö ¾øÀÚ,
Å罺ÅäÀÌ´Â, ºÒ±³,
À̽½¶÷±³, ¹× ±âµ¶±³¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¸é¹ÐÇÑ
¿¬±¸¸¦ ½ÃÀÛÇß´Ù. ±×´Â °á±¹
¡°»îÀÇ ¹®Á¦¡±¿¡ ´ëÇÑ
ÇØ´äÀº ¿¹¼öÀÇ ¸»¾¸µé¿¡¼-±×·¯³ª ¿ÀÁ÷ ÀÌ ¸»¾¸µé¿¡¼
°ø½ÄÀûÀÎ ±³È¸µéÀÇ ¿Ö°îµé°ú ±³¸®µéÀ» Á¦°ÅÇÒ °æ¿ì¿¡¸¸-ãÀ»
¼ö ÀÖ´Ù´Â °á·Ð¿¡ À̸£·¶´Ù. Å罺ÅäÀÌÀÇ À§±â¿Í
Á¡ÁøÀûÀΠȸº¹Àº Àª¸®¾ö Á¦ÀÓ½ºÀÇ Á¾±³Àû °æÇèÀÇ
´Ù¾ç¼º¿¡¼ ¹¦»çµÇ°í ÀÖ´Ù. |
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Tolstoy, now a
Christian, felt extremely ill at ease with the artificial and privileged
life he had been leading. His desire for material things and his own
personal ambition now caused him great moral distress. As a result,
Tolstoy, in an effort to live life as revealed through the words of Jesus,
condemned violence, gave up tobacco, alcohol, and other and worked long
hours in the fields with the peasants. By 1890, Tolstoy, unwilling to own
property any longer, divided his large estate into equal shares to be
distributed to his wife and nine living children. |
Å罺ÅäÀÌ´Â, ÀÌÁ¦ ±âµ¶±³ÀÎÀ¸·Î½á,
ÀÚ½ÅÀÌ ¿µÀ§ÇÏ¿´´ø ÀÎÀ§ÀûÀÌ¸ç Æ¯±ÇÀ» Áö´Ñ »î¿¡ ´ëÇØ
±Øµµ·Î ºÒÆíÇÏ°Ô ´À²¼´Ù. ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ¹°ÁúÀûÀÎ °Íµé¿¡ ´ëÇÑ
¿å¸Á ±×¸®°í ÀÚ±â ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ °³ÀÎÀû ¾ß¸ÁÀº ÀÌÁ¦ ±×¿¡°Ô
¾öû³ Á¤½ÅÀû °í³ú¸¦ ´À³¢°Ô ÇÏ¿´´Ù.
°á±¹, Å罺ÅäÀÌ´Â,
¿¹¼öÀÇ ¸»¾¸À» ÅëÇÏ¿© °è½ÃµÈ ´ë·ÎÀÇ »îÀ» »ì°íÀÚ ÇÏ´Â
³ë·Â¿¡¼, Æø·ÂÀ» Á¤ÁËÇÏ¿´°í,
´ã¹è, ¼ú µîÀ» ²÷¾úÀ¸¸ç
³óºÎµé°ú ÇÔ²² µéÆÇ¿¡¼ ¿À·£ ½Ã°£À» ³ëµ¿ÇÏ¿´´Ù. 1890³â¿¡,
Å罺ÅäÀÌ´Â, ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ Àç»êÀ» ´õ ÀÌ»ó ¼ÒÀ¯ÇÏ°í ½ÍÁö
¾Ê¾Æ¼, ±×ÀÇ ¹æ´ëÇÑ ¼ÒÀ¯Áö¸¦ ¶È°°Àº ¸òÀ¸·Î ³ª´©¾î
ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ¾Æ³»¿Í »ýÁ¸ÇØ ÀÖ´Â ÀÚ³àµé¿¡°Ô ³ª´©¾î ÁÖ¾ú´Ù. |
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III.
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From 1879 until
his death in 1910, Tolstoy devoted his prodigious literary talents
primarily to the production of a large number of works on religious,
moral, and social themes. They include My
Confession(1879), What I
Believe(1884), My Religion(1884), The Kingdom of God Is Within
You(1894), and
What Is Religion And Of What Does It Consist?(1902). Tolstoy also
wrote The Gospel In Brief during this time of spiritual journey.
Tolstoy¡¯s religious works attracted many followers, as well as fierce
opposition. Some of those most vigorously opposed included members of his
own family. The Russian Orthodox Church excommunicated Tolstoy in 1901
because of his challenge to both the Church and the State. |
1879³âºÎÅÍ ±×°¡ Á×À» ¶§±îÁö,
Å罺ÅäÀÌ´Â ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ÃµÀçÀûÀÎ ¹®ÇÐÀû Àç´ÉµéÀ» ¿À·ÎÁö
Á¾±³Àû, µµ´öÀû ¹× »çȸÀû ÁÖÁ¦µé¿¡ °üÇÑ ¹æ´ëÇÑ ¾çÀÇ
ÀÛǰµéÀÇ Àú¼ú¿¡ ½ñ¾Ò´Ù. ±×°ÍµéÀº ³ªÀÇ °í¹é(1879),
³ª´Â ¹«¾ùÀ» ¹Ï´Â°¡(1884), ³ªÀÇ Á¾±³(1884),
Çϳª´ÔÀÇ
¿Õ±¹Àº ³ÊÀÇ ¾È¿¡ ÀÖ´Ù(1894) ±×¸®°í ¹«¾ùÀÌ
Á¾±³ÀÌ¸ç ±×°ÍÀº ¹«¾ùÀ¸·Î ±¸¼ºµÇ´Â°¡?(1902) µîÀ»
Æ÷ÇÔÇÑ´Ù. Å罺ÅäÀÌ´Â ¶ÇÇÑ ¿µÀûÀÎ ¿©Á¤ÀÇ ±â°£ µ¿¾È¿¡ º¹À½
¿ä¾àµµ ÁýÇÊÇÏ¿´´Ù. Å罺ÅäÀÌÀÇ Á¾±³Àû ÀÛǰµéÀº
¸¹Àº ÃßÁ¾ÀÚµé »Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ¸Í·ÄÇÑ Àû´ëÀÚµéÀ» ºÒ·¯
ÀÏÀ¸Ä×´Ù. ±×µé Áß¿¡¼ °¡Àå ÁÙ±âÂù ¹Ý´ëÀÚµéÀº ÀÚ±â
ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ °¡Á·ÀÇ ±¸¼º¿øµéÀ̾ú´Ù. ·¯½Ã¾Æ Á¤±³È¸´Â
1901³â
Å罺ÅäÀ̸¦ ÆÄ¹®ÇÏ¿´´Ù ¿Ö³ÄÇÏ¸é ±×ÀÇ ±³È¸¿Í ±¹°¡¿¡
´ëÇÑ µµÀü ¶§¹®À̾ú´Ù. |
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Tolstoy believed
that the existence of God could neither be proved nor disproved and that
the meaning of life lay beyond the limits of our minds. Tolstoy also
believed that Church officials and official Church Doctrine interfered
with one¡¯s ability to live a relatively peaceful life on a daily basis
without significant pain and suffering. According to Tolstoy, the official
Church held itself out as an institution for making life better when, in
truth, it was an institution allowing men to lead false lives. The
Christian Church of late-nineteenth-century Russia, Tolstoy maintained,
represented the same darkness and evil against which Jesus had struggled.
The official Church allowed believers to rationalize virtually any kind of
inhumane treatment and yet still be assured of some sort of afterlife. But
Jesus, Tolstoy wrote, did not teach this. |
Å罺ÅäÀÌ´Â Çϳª´ÔÀÇ Á¸À縦
Áõ¸íÇÒ ¼öµµ ºÎÁ¤ÇÒ ¼öµµ ¾ø´Ù°í ¹Ï¾úÀ¸¸ç,
»îÀÇ Àǹ̴Â
¿ì¸®µé ¸¶À½ÀÇ ÇÑ°è ³Ê¸Ó¿¡ ³õ¿© ÀÖ´Ù°í ¹Ï¾ú´Ù.
Å罺ÅäÀÌ´Â ¶ÇÇÑ ¼ºÁ÷ÀÚµé°ú °ø½ÄÀûÀÎ ±³È¸ÀÇ ±³¸®µéÀÌ
½É°¢ÇÑ °íÅëÀ̳ª ¾î·Á¿òÀ» °ÞÁö ¾Ê°í¼ ³ª³¯ÀÌ ºñ±³Àû
ÆòÈ·Î¿î »îÀ» »ì ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ´É·ÂÀ» ÀúÇØÇÑ´Ù°í
¹Ï¾ú´Ù. Å罺ÅäÀÌ¿¡ ÀÇÇϸé,
°ø½Ä ±³È¸´Â »îÀ» ´õ
°³¼±Åä·Ï ¸¸µå´Â Á¦µµ·Î¼ ÀÚóÇϸé¼,
½ÇÁ¦·Î´Â
»ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô °ÅÁþµÈ »îÀ» ¿µÀ§Çϵµ·Ï ÀεµÇÏ´Â
Á¦µµ¿´´Ù°í ÇÑ´Ù. 19¼¼±â ¸»ÀÇ ·¯½Ã¾ÆÀÇ ±âµ¶±³ ±³È¸´Â,
Å罺ÅäÀ̰¡ ÁÖÀåÇÏ´Â ¹Ù, ¿¹¼ö°¡ ½Î¿ö ¿Ô´ø °Í°ú ¶È°°Àº
¾ÏÈæ ¹× ¾ÇÀ» ´ëº¯Çϰí ÀÖ´Ù°í ÇÏ¿´´Ù.
°ø½Ä ±³È¸´Â
¹Ï´Â »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô »ç½Ç»ó Á¾·ù¸¦ ºÒ¹®ÇÏ°í ºñÀΰ£ÀûÀÎ
ó»çµéÀ» ÇÕ¸®ÈÇϵµ·Ï Çã¶ôÇÏ¸ç ±×·¯¸é¼µµ ¾ÆÁ÷ ¾î¶²
Á¾·ùÀÇ »çÈÄÀÇ »îÀ» º¸ÀåÇÏ¿´´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ¿¹¼ö´Â À̰ÍÀ»
°¡¸£Ä¡Áö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù°í Å罺ÅäÀÌ´Â ±â·ÏÇÑ´Ù. |
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Tolstoy observed
further that the fundamental tenets of the Church created a society in
which one could not determine whether a person was attempting to lead a
Christian life simply by examining his or her actions. The Church elevated
belief and faith to some other sphere, separate and independent from life
itself. The Church, Tolstoy wrote, either ignored Jesus¡¯s teachings
altogether or distorted them on the few occasions it did choose to
consider them. This ambiguous moral framework resulted from the Church¡¯s
theological focus on questions such as Jesus¡¯s divinity and the holiness
of the Bible. Tolstoy, on the other hand, believed that the words and
teachings of Jesus, when stripped of the official Church¡¯s distortions,
dogma, and ritual, would not cause privation and suffering, but, instead,
would actually put an end to almost all of the suffering humankind
experiences on a daily basis. |
Å罺ÅäÀÌ´Â ³ª¾Æ°¡¼ ±³È¸ÀÇ ±âº»
°·ÉÀº ¾î¶² »ç¶÷ÀÌ ´Ü¼øÈ÷ ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ÇàÀ§µéÀ»
°ËÅäÇÏ¸é¼ ±âµ¶±³ÀûÀÎ »îÀ» ¿µÀ§ÇÏ·Á Çϰí ÀÖ´ÂÁöµµ
ºÐº°µÉ ¼ö ¾ø´Â »çȸ¸¦ ¸¸µç´Ù´Â Á¡¿¡ ÁÖ¸ñÇÏ¿´´Ù.
±³È¸´Â »î ±× ÀÚü¿Í º°°³ÀÌ¸ç µ¶¸³µÈ,
¾î¶² ´Ù¸¥
¹üÁÖÀÇ ¹ÏÀ½°ú ½Å¾ÓÀ¸·Î ²ø¾î ¿Ã·È´Ù.
Å罺ÅäÀÌ´Â
±â·ÏÇÑ´Ù, ±³È¸´Â ¿¹¼öÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§µéÀ» ÀüÀûÀ¸·Î
¹«½ÃÇϰųª ±×°ÍµéÀ» ¿Ö°îÇÏ¿´À¸¸ç ¾î¶² ¶§¿¡´Â
±×°ÍµéÀ» ÀüÇô °í·ÁÇÏ·Á ÇÏÁöµµ ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù.
ÀÌ·± ¾Ö¸ÅÇÑ
µµ´öÀûÀΠƲÀº ¿¹¼öÀÇ ½Å¼º°ú ¼º°æÀÇ ½Å¼ºÇÔ°ú °°Àº
¹®Á¦µé¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ½ÅÇÐÀûÀÎ ÃÊÁ¡¿¡¼ ºñ·ÔµÇ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù.
Å罺ÅäÀÌ´Â, ÇÑÆíÀ¸·Î,
¿¹¼öÀÇ ¸»¾¸µé°ú °¡¸£Ä§µéÀÌ,
°ø½Ä ±³È¸ÀÇ ¿Ö°îµé, ±³¸®,
¹× ÀǷʵéÀÌ Á¦°ÅµÈ´Ù¸é,
±ÃÇ̰ú °íÅëÀ» ÀÏÀ¸Å°´Â °ÍÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó,
´ë½Å¿¡, Àηù°¡
³ª³¯ÀÌ °æÇèÇϰí ÀÖ´Â °ÅÀÇ ¸ðµç °íÅëµé¿¡ »ç½Ç»ó
Á¾ÁöºÎ¸¦ ÂïÀ» °ÍÀ̶ó°í ¹Ï¾ú´Ù. |
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Despite his strong
beliefs and vigorous efforts, however, Tolstoy, at age eighty-two, was
unhappy and felt that he had failed to live his life as a true Christian
should. Leaving home secretly one night in 1910, Tolstoy mysteriously
disappeared. He died a few days later of natural causes in a small railway
station in Astapovo on November 22, 1910. Thousands of people throughout
the world mourned his death. Denied a religious funeral by the Church,
Tolstoy was laid to rest on his estate at Yasnaya Polyana. |
ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ °ÇÑ ½Å³äµé°ú ¿Õ¼ºÇÑ
³ë·Âµé¿¡µµ ºÒ±¸Çϰí, ±×·¯³ª,
Å罺ÅäÀÌ´Â, 82»ìÀÇ
³ªÀÌ¿¡, ºÒÇàÇÏ¿´À¸¸ç ÁøÁ¤ÇÑ ±âµ¶±³ÀÎÀ¸·Î ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ
»îÀ» »ì¾Æ °¨¿¡ ½ÇÆÐÇÏ¿´´Ù°í ´À²¼´Ù. 1910³â ¾î´À ³¯
¹ã¿¡ ¸ô·¡ ÁýÀ» ¶°³ª¸é¼, Å罺ÅäÀÌ´Â ±«ÀÌÇϰÔ
»ç¶óÁ³´Ù. ±×´Â ¸çÄ¥ Áö³ª¼
1910³â 11¿ù
22ÀÏ
¾Æ½ºÅ¸Æ÷º¸ÀÇ ¾î´À ÀÛÀº ±âÂ÷ ¿ª¿¡¼ ÀÚ¿¬ÀûÀÎ
¿øÀÎÀ¸·Î½á »ç¸ÁÇß´Ù. Àü ¼¼°èÀÇ ¼öõ¸íÀÇ »ç¶÷µéÀÌ
±×ÀÇ Á×À½À» ¾ÖµµÇß´Ù. ±³È¸¿¡¼ Á¾±³ÀûÀÎ Àå·Ê½ÄÀ»
°ÅºÎÇÏ¿´À¸¹Ç·Î, Å罺ÅäÀÌ´Â ¾ß½º³ª¾ß Æú¸®¾ß³ªÀÇ
ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ¼ÒÀ¯Áö¿¡ ¾ÈÀåµÇ¾ú´Ù. |
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IV.
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Tolstoy¡¯s The
Gospel In Brief is a work that Tolstoy extracted from a larger work.
Both were banned by the Russian time. Tolstoy¡¯s The Gospel In Brief
was the first published in Switzerland. The translation reproduced in this
edition is taken from a book entitled My Confession, My Religion, The
Gospel in Brief, published by Charles Scribner¡¯s Sons in 1922. |
Å罺ÅäÀÌÀÇ º¹À½¿ä¾àÀº
Å罺ÅäÀ̰¡ ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ¹æ´ëÇÑ ÀÛ¾÷¿¡¼ ¹ßÃéÇÑ °ÍÀÌ´Ù.
´ç½Ã¿¡ µÑ
´Ù ÃâÆÇÀÌ ±ÝÁöµÇ¾ú´Ù. Å罺ÅäÀÌÀÇ º¹À½¿ä¾àÀº
¸ÕÀú ½ºÀ§½º¿¡¼ ¹ßÇàµÇ¾ú´Ù. À̹ø ÃâÆÇ¿¡¼ Àç°£Çà
µÇ´Â ¹ø¿ªº»Àº ³ªÀÇ °í¹é, ³ªÀÇ Á¾±³,
º¹À½¿ä¾à
À̶ó´Â Á¦¸ñÀÌ ºÙÀº Ã¥¿¡¼ °¡Á®¿Â °ÍÀ¸·Î, 1922³â Âû½º
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In The Gospel
In Brief, Tolstoy uses ¡°the four Gospels into one,¡± seeking ¡°a
solution to the problem of life and not of a theological or historical
question.¡± That is why Tolstoy ¡°was indifferent to know whether Jesus
Christ is or is not God, and from whom proceeds the Holy Spirit.¡± In The
Gospel In Brief, Tolstoy sets aside the questions upon which the
Church had for so long focused, such as those relating to Jesus¡¯s
genealogy, the divinity of Christ, miracles attributed to him, and the
sacredness of the Bible. Tolstoy does not broach these issues because they
do not constitute a part of Jesus¡¯s teachings. By setting such matters
aside, Tolstoy is able to focus exclusively on the teachings of Jesus. The
words and teachings of Jesus contained in The Gospel In Brief are
based Tolstoy¡¯s concentrated study and interpretation of the original
Greek versions of the four Gospels, as opposed to later translations.
Tolstoy¡¯s fusing of ¡°the four Gospels into one¡± constitutes an
effort to help humankind determine how to live in a chaotic and
indifferent world. |
º¹À½¿ä¾à¿¡¼ Å罺ÅäÀÌ´Â ¡°½ÅÇÐÀû
¶Ç´Â ¿ª»çÀûÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, »î¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¹®Á¦¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÇØ´äÀ»¡±
±¸Çϱâ À§ÇÏ¿© ¡°4 º¹À½¼¸¦ Çϳª·Î¡±
»ç¿ëÇÑ´Ù. À̰ÍÀÌ
¹Ù·Î Å罺ÅäÀ̰¡ ¿Ö ¡°¿¹¼ö ±×¸®½ºµµ°¡ Çϳª´ÔÀÎÁö
¾Æ´ÑÁö, ±×¸®°í ±×·ÎºÎÅÍ ¼º·ÉÀÌ ³ª¿À´ÂÁö¿¡ ´ëÇØ¼
°ü½ÉÀÌ ¾ø¾ú´ÂÁö¡±ÀÇ ÀÌÀ¯ÀÌ´Ù. º¹À½¿ä¾à¿¡¼,
Å罺ÅäÀÌ´Â ±³È¸°¡ ±×Åä·Ï ¿À·§µ¿¾È ÃÊÁ¡À» µÎ¾î¿À´ø
¹®Á¦µé-¿¹¼öÀÇ Á·º¸,
±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ ½Å¼º, ±×°¡ ÇàÇÏ¿´´Ù´Â
±âÀûµé, ¹× ¼º¼ÀÇ ½Å¼ºÇÔ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¹®Á¦µé-Àº ´øÁ®¹ö·È´Ù.
Å罺ÅäÀÌ´Â ÀÌ·± »ç¾ÈµéÀ» ²ôÁý¾î ³»Áö ¾Ê´Â´Ù
¿Ö³ÄÇÏ¸é ±×°ÍµéÀº ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§µéÀÇ ÀϺκÐÀ»
±¸¼ºÇÏÁö ¾Ê±â ¶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù. ±×·± ¹®Á¦µéÀ» Á¥ÇôµÒÀ¸·Î½á,
Å罺ÅäÀÌ´Â ¿¹¼öÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§¿¡ ÀüÀûÀ¸·Î ÁýÁßÇÒ ¼ö
ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. º¹À½¿ä¾à¿¡ ´ã°ÜÀÖ´Â ¿¹¼öÀÇ ¸»¾¸µé°ú
°¡¸£Ä§µéÀº Å罺ÅäÀÌÀÇ ÁýÀûµÈ ¿¬±¸¿Í 4
º¹À½¼ÀÇ
±×¸®½º¾î ¿ø¹®µéÀÇ ÇØ¼®¿¡ ÀÔ°¢ÇÑ °ÍÀ̸ç,
ÃÖ±ÙÀÇ
¹ø¿ªº»µé¿¡ ´ëÄ¡µÈ´Ù. Å罺ÅäÀ̰¡
¡°4 º¹À½¼¸¦ Çϳª·Î
ÅëÇÕÇÑ °ÍÀº¡± Àηù°¡ È¥¶õ½º·´°í ³ÃȤÇÑ ¼¼»ó¿¡¼
»ì¾Æ°¥ ¹æ¹ýÀ» °áÁ¤ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖµµ·Ï µ½±â À§ÇÑ ³ë·ÂÀ»
±¸¼ºÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. |
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V.
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Tolstoy¡¯s The
Gospel In Brief had a profound impact on many of its readers,
including one particular renowned reader of Tolstoy, Ludwig Wittgenstein
(1889-1951), one of the most influential and yet elusive personalities in
the history of modern philosophy. During the early months of the World War
I, Wittgenstein¡¯s regiment participated in the absurdly incompetent
Galician campaign, in which there were more than 600,000 casualites. The
great suffering Wittgenstein witnessed made him feel completely alone and
abandoned. Soon after arriving in Galicia, he found himself in a small
bookshop in Tarnow, which contained just one book: Tolstoy on the
Gospels. He bought The Gospel In Brief, merely because there
was no other, and started reading it on September 1, 1914. Wittgenstein
began receiving benefits from the book almost immediately. He ¡°read and
re-read it, and thenceforth had it always with him, under fire and at all
times.¡± |
Å罺ÅäÀÌÀÇ º¹À½¿ä¾àÀº ¸¹Àº
µ¶Àڵ鿡°Ô ±íÀº ¿µÇâÀ» ÁÖ¾úÀ¸¸ç,
±× Áß¿¡´Â
Å罺ÅäÀ̸¦ Àд Ưº°È÷ À¯¸íÇÑ ÇÑ ¸íÀÇ µ¶ÀÚ°¡
ÀÖ¾úÀ¸´Ï, ±×´Â ·çµåºñÈ÷ ºñÆ®°Õ½´Å¸ÀÎ(Ludwig Wittgenstein,
1889-1951)À¸·Î¼, Çö´ë öÇÐ ¿ª»ç»ó¿¡¼ °¡Àå ¿µÇâ·Â
ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ÇÏÁö¸¸ °ÈÀâÀ» ¼ö ¾ø´Â ¼º°ÝÀÇ ¼ÒÀ¯ÀÚ¿´´Ù.
Á¦1Â÷
¼¼°è´ëÀüÀÇ ¸î ´Þ µ¿¾È, ºñÆ®°Õ½´Å¸ÀÎÀÇ ¿¬´ë´Â
¾îó±¸´Ï ¾øÀÌ ÇüÆí¾ø´Â °¥¸®½Ã¾Æ ÀüÅõ¿¡ Âü°¡Çß´Ù,
±×°÷¿¡¼ 60¸¸ ¸í ÀÌ»óÀÇ »ç»óÀÚ°¡ ÀÖ¾ú´Ù.
ºñÆ®°Õ½´Å¸ÀÎÀÌ °ÞÀº ¾öû³ °íÅëÀº ±×¸¦ ¿ÏÀüÈ÷ Ȧ·Î
¹æÈ²ÇÏ°Ô ¸¸µé¾ú´Ù. °¥¸®½Ã¾Æ¿¡ µµÂøÇÏÀÚ ¸¶ÀÚ,
±×´Â
Ÿ¸£³ëºê¿¡ ÀÖ´Â Á¶±×¸¸ ¼Á¡À» ã¾Ò´Ù,
±×·±µ¥
±×°÷¿¡´Â ¿ÀÁ÷ ÇÑ ±ÇÀÇ Ã¥--Å罺ÅäÀÌÀÇ º¹À½¼--¸¸ÀÌ
ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. ±×´Â º¹À½¿ä¾àÀ» »ò´Ù,
±× ÀÌÀ¯´Â ±×Àú
´Ù¸¥ °ÍµéÀÌ ¾ø¾ú±â ¶§¹®À̾úÀ¸¸ç, 1914³â
9¿ù 1ÀÏ ±×°ÍÀ»
Àб⠽ÃÀÛÇß´Ù. ºñÆ®°Õ½´Å¸ÀÎÀº °ÅÀÇ Áï°¢ÀûÀ¸·Î ±×
Ã¥À¸·ÎºÎÅÍ µµ¿òÀ» ¾ò±â ½ÃÀÛÇß´Ù.
±×´Â ±×°ÍÀ» ¡°Àаí
¶Ç Àоú´Ù, ±×¸®°í ±×°ÍÀº ±×¶§ºÎÅÍ ÁÙ°ð Æ÷È ¼¼·Ê¸¦
¹Þ´Â Áß¿¡µµ ¾ðÁ¦³ª ±×¿Í ÇÔ²² ÀÖ¾ú´Ù.¡± |
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Tolstoy¡¯s The
Gospel In Brief did indeed captivated Wittgenstein. He wrote in his
diary that ¡°I say Tolstoy¡¯s words over and over again in my head,¡±
and he was able to recite whole passages by heart. Wittgenstein also
recommended Tolstoy¡¯s book anyone in distress, explaining to one such
friend in 1915 that ¡°this book virtually kept me alive... you cannot
imagine what an effect it can have upon a person.¡± Wittgenstein¡¯s
comrades referred to him as ¡°the man with the gospels.¡± |
Å罺ÅäÀÌÀÇ º¹À½¿ä¾àÀº ÁøÁ¤
ºñÆ®°Õ½´Å¸ÀÎÀ» »ç·ÎÀâ¾Æ ¹ö·È´Ù.
±×´Â ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ Àϱ⿡
ÀÌ¿Í °°ÀÌ ½è´Ù, ¡°³ª´Â Å罺ÅäÀÌÀÇ ¸»µéÀ» ³ªÀÇ ¸Ó¸®
¼Ó¿¡¼ µÇÇ®ÀÌ ÇØ¼ ¸»ÇØ º¸¾Ò´Ù,¡±
±×¸®°í ±×´Â Àüü
±¸ÀýµéÀ» ¿Ü¿ö¼ ÀοëÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ¾ú´Ù.
ºñÆ®°Õ½´Å¸ÀÎÀº
Å罺ÅäÀÌÀÇ Ã¥À» ¿ª°æ¿¡ óÇÑ ¸ðµç »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô
±ÇÀ¯ÇÏ¿´´Ù, ±×¸®°í 1915³â ±×·¯ÇÑ Ã³ÁöÀÇ ÇÑ Ä£±¸¿¡°Ô,
¡°ÀÌ Ã¥ÀÌ »ç½Ç»ó ³ª¸¦ »ì¾Æ ÀÖ°Ô ¸¸µé¾ú´Ù...³Ê´Â
À̰ÍÀÌ ÇÑ »ç¶÷¿¡°Ô ¾î¶² ¿µÇâÀ» ¹ÌÄ¥ ¼ö ÀÖ´ÂÁö »ó»óµµ
ÇÒ ¼ö ¾øÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù.¡± ºñÆ®°Õ½´Å¸ÀÎÀÇ µ¿·áµéÀº ±×¸¦
¡°º¹À½¼¸¦
Áö´Ñ »ç¶÷¡±À̶ó°í ÁöĪÇß´Ù. |
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Tolstoy¡¯s
teachings, as Wittgenstein quickly learned, required man to renounce the
flesh and the gratification of his own desires and will. Man must also
make himself independent of outward circumstances in order to serve the
spirit, which is in all men and which makes all sons of God. Wittgenstein
tried to live the Tolstoyan ideal of a simple life until his death in
1951. One of his first steps after returning from the war was to give away
the immense fortune he inherited upon his father¡¯s death in 1912.
Thereafter, a great simplicity, at times even an extreme frugality, became
characteristic of Wittgenstein¡¯s life. |
Å罺ÅäÀÌÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§µéÀº,
ºñÆ®°Õ½´Å¸ÀÎÀÌ Áï½Ã ¹è¿üµíÀÌ, »ç¶÷¿¡°Ô À°½Å°ú ÀÚ±â
ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ¿å¸Áµé ¹× ÀÇÁö¸¦ Æ÷±âÇÒ °ÍÀ» ¿ä±¸ÇÑ´Ù.
»ç¶÷Àº
¶ÇÇÑ, ¸ðµç »ç¶÷¿¡°Ô ÀÖÀ¸¸ç ¸ðµÎ¸¦ Çϳª´ÔÀÇ ¾Æµé·Î
¸¸µå´Â, ¿µÀ» ¼¶±â±â À§ÇÏ¿© ¿Ü¸éÀûÀÎ »óȲµé¿¡¼
¹Ýµå½Ã ÀÚ½ÅÀ» µ¶¸³ÇÏ¿©¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. ºñÆ®°Õ½´Å¸ÀÎÀº
1951³â
Á×À» ¶§±îÁö ´Ü¼øÇÑ »îÀ» ÁöÇâÇÏ´Â Å罺ÅäÀÌÀûÀÎ
ÀÌ»óÀ¸·Î »ì·Á°í Çß´Ù. ÀüÀï¿¡¼ µ¹¾Æ¿À°í ³ª¼ ±×ÀÇ
ù¹øÂ° Çຸ´Â 1912³â ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ºÎÄ£ÀÇ »ç¸ÁÀ¸·Î ¹°·Á¹ÞÀº
°Å´ëÇÑ Àç»êÀ» °ÅÀú ÁÖ¾î ¹ö¸®´Â °ÍÀ̾ú´Ù.
±× ¶§ºÎÅÍ,
Áö±ØÇÑ ´Ü¼øÇÔ, ¶§·Î´Â ½ÉÁö¾î ±ØµµÀÇ °Ë¼ÒÇÔÀÌ
ºñÆ®°Õ½´Å¸ÀÎÀÇ »îÀÇ Æ¯Â¡ÀÌ µÇ¾ú´Ù. |
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Both Wittgenstein
and Tolstoy understood that the question of the meaning of life was not an
academic question and that words were inadequate to explain the meaning of
life. Tolstoy also understood that the meaning or ¡°sense¡± of life
could not be found in any individual passage of the Gospels. But Tolstoy
did believe that a sense of life becomes clear through an inner
understanding derived from the simplicity, clarity, and harmony contained
in Jesus¡¯s teachings as whole. The Gospel In Brief contributes to
this process of understanding by emphasizing that one¡¯s well-being may
well depend upon not what has happened in the world around him, but,
rather, upon one¡¯s spiritual condition. Or, as Jesus said, the Kingdom
of God ¡°has neither time nor place, because the Kingdom of God, the one
which I preach, is within you.¡± |
ºñÆ®°Õ½´Å¸Àΰú Å罺ÅäÀÌ´Â »îÀÇ
Àǹ̰¡ Çй®ÀûÀÎ ¹®Á¦°¡ ¾Æ´Ï¸ç »îÀÇ Àǹ̸¦ ¼³¸íÇÏ´Â
°ÍÀº ¸»·Î´Â ÀûÀýÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ±ú´Þ¾Ò´Ù.
Å罺ÅäÀÌ´Â ¶ÇÇÑ »îÀÇ ¶æ ¶Ç´Â ¡°Àǹ̡±´Â º¹À½¼ÀÇ
¾î¶² µ¿¶³¾îÁø ±¸Àý¿¡¼ ¹ß°ßµÉ ¼ö ¾ø´Ù´Â °ÍÀ»
±ú´Þ¾Ò´Ù. ±×·¯³ª Å罺ÅäÀÌ´Â »îÀÇ Àǹ̴ Àüü·Î¼ÀÇ
¿¹¼öÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§¿¡ ´ã°ÜÀÖ´Â ´Ü¼øÇÔ,
¸í·áÇÔ, ±×¸®°í
Á¶È¿¡¼ ³ª¿À´Â ³»ÀûÀÎ ±ú´ÞÀ½À» ÅëÇÏ¿© ºÐ¸íÇØÁø´Ù´Â
°ÍÀ» ¹Ï¾ú´Ù. º¹À½¿ä¾àÀº »ç¶÷ÀÇ ÇູÀº ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ
µÑ·¯½Î°í ÀÖ´Â ¼¼»ó¿¡¼ ¹«¾ùÀÌ ÀϾ´Â°¡¿¡ º¸´Ù´Â
ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ¿µÀûÀÎ »óÅ¿¡ ´Þ·Á ÀÖ´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» °Á¶ÇÔÀ¸·Î½á
ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ±ú´ÞÀ½ÀÇ °úÁ¤¿¡ ±â¿©ÇÑ´Ù.
¾Æ´Ï, ¿¹¼ö°¡
¸»ÇßµíÀÌ, Çϳª´ÔÀÇ ¿Õ±¹Àº ¡°½Ã°£µµ Àå¼Òµµ ¾ø´Ù,
¿Ö³ÄÇÏ¸é ³»°¡ ¼³±³ÇÏ´Â Çϳª´ÔÀÇ ¿Õ±¹Àº ³ÊÈñ ¾È¿¡
Àֱ⠶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù.¡± |
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[ Ȩ ] [ À§·Î ] [ ¸Ó¸®¸» ] [ ¼¾ð : »îÀÇ ±ú´ÞÀ½ ] [ I. Çϳª´ÔÀÇ ¾Æµé ] [ II. Çϳª´ÔÀ» ¼¶±è ] [ III. »îÀÇ ±Ù¿ø ] [ IV. Çϳª´ÔÀÇ ³ª¶ó ] [ V. Áø¸®ÀÇ »î ] [ VI. °ÅÁþµÈ »î ] [ VII. ¾Æ¹öÁö¿Í ÇÑ ¸ö ] [ VIII. »îÀº ¿µ¿øÇÏ´Ù. ] [ IX. ½ÃÇè ] [ X. ½ÃÇè°úÀÇ ½Î¿ò ] [ XI. °íº° °¿¬ ] [ XII. ¿µÀÇ ½Â¸® ] [ °¢ ÀåÀÇ ¿ä¾à ] [ Flowers ÀÇ ¼¹® ] [ Notes ] [ ¿ä¾àº¹À½ (Àüü) ]
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