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A Confession

( °í¹é )


by Leo Tolstoy

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"But perhaps I have overlooked something, or misunderstood something?" said to myself several times. "It cannot be that this condition of despair is natural to man!" And I sought for an explanation of these problems in all the branches of knowledge acquired by men. I sought painfully and long, not from idle curiosity or listlessly, but painfully and persistently day and night-sought as a perishing man seeks for safety-and I found nothing.

¡°±×·¸Áö¸¸, ¾Æ¸¶µµ ³»°¡ ¾î¶² °ÍÀ» °£°úÇÏ¿´°Å³ª, ¹«¾ùÀ» ¿ÀÇØÇÏ¿´´Ù¸é?¡± Çϸ鼭 ¿©·¯ ¹ø »ý°¢ÇØ º¸¾Ò´Ù. ¡°ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ Àý¸ÁÀÇ »óŰ¡ Àΰ£¿¡°Ô ´ç¿¬ÇÒ ¸®°¡ ¾ø´Ù.¡± ±×¸®°í ³ª´Â »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ÀÌ·èÇØ ³õÀº ¸ðµç Áö½ÄÀÇ ºÐ¾ß¿¡¼­ ÀÌµé ¹®Á¦¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¼³¸íÀ» ã¾Ò´Ù. ³ª´Â °íÅ뽺·´°Ô ±×¸®°í ¿À·§µ¿¾È, ½É½ÉÇÑ È£±â½ÉÀ̳ª ¾ïÁö·Î°¡ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, ±×·¯³ª ¹ã³·À¸·Î °íÅ뽺·¯ÀÌ ±×¸®°í ²öÁú±â°Ô ã¾Ò´Ù-Á׾´Â »ç¶÷ÀÌ ¹«»çÇÔÀ» ¹Ù¶óµíÀÌ Ã£¾Ò´Ù-±×¸®°í ³ª´Â ¾Æ¹«°Íµµ ãÁö ¸øÇß´Ù.

I sought in all the sciences, but far from finding what I wanted, became convinced that all who like myself had sought in knowledge for the meaning of life had found nothing. And not only had they found nothing, but they had plainly acknowledged that the very thing which made me despair -- namely the senselessness of life -- is the one indubitable thing man can know.

³ª´Â ¸ðµç °úÇп¡¼­ ã¾Ò´Ù, ±×·¯³ª ³»°¡ ¿øÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ» ã±â´Â Ä¿³ç, ³ª¿Í °°Àº ¸ðµç »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ÀλýÀÇ Àǹ̿¡ ´ëÇÑ Áö½ÄÀ» ã¾ÒÀ¸³ª ¾Æ¹«°Íµµ ãÁö ¸øÇß´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ¾Ë°Ô µÇ¾ú´Ù. ±×¸®°í ±×µéÀº ¾Æ¹«°Íµµ ãÁö ¸øÇßÀ» »Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, ³ª¸¦ Àý¸Á-¸»ÇÏÀÚ¸é, ÀλýÀÇ ¹«ÀǹÌÇÔ-ÇÏ°Ô ¸¸µç ¹Ù·Î ±×°ÍÀº »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ¾Ë ¼ö ÀÖ´Â È®½ÇÇÑ °ÍÀÓÀ» ¸í¹éÇÏ°Ô ÀÎÁ¤ÇÏ¿´´Ù.

I sought everywhere; and thanks to a life spent in learning, and thanks also to my relations with the scholarly world, I had access to scientists and scholars in all branches of knowledge, and they readily showed me all their knowledge, not only in books but also in conversation, so that I had at my disposal all that science has to say on this question of life.

³ª´Â ¾îµð¿¡¼­µçÁö ã¾Ò´Ù, ±×¸®°í Çй®¿¡ ½ñÀº »î ´öºÐ¿¡ ±×¸®°í ÇÐÀÚµéÀÇ ¼¼»ó°úÀÇ °ü·Ã ´öÅÿ¡, ³ª´Â Áö½ÄÀÇ ¸ðµç ºÐ¾ß¿¡¼­ °úÇÐÀÚµé°ú ÇÐÀÚµé Á¢ÃËÇÏ¿´´Ù, ±×¸®°í ±×µéÀº ±â²¨ÀÌ ±×µéÀÇ ¸ðµç Áö½ÄÀ» ³»°Ô º¸¿©ÁÖ¾ú´Ù, Ã¥À¸·Î¼­ ¸¸ÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï°í ¶ÇÇÑ ´ëÈ­¸¦ ÅëÇØ¼­, ±× °á°ú, ³ª´Â Çй®ÀÌ ÀÌ ÀλýÀÇ ¹®Á¦¿¡ ´ëÇÏ¿© ¸»ÇϰíÀÚ ÇÏ´Â ¸ðµç °ÍÀ» ³» ¼Õ¾Æ±Í¿¡ ³Ö¾ú´Ù.

I was long unable to believe that it gives no other reply to life's questions than that which it actually does give. It long seemed to me, when I saw the important and serious air with which science announces its conclusions which have nothing in common with the real questions of human life, that there was something I had not understood. I long was timid before science, and it seemed to me that the lack of conformity between the answers and my questions arose not by the fault of science but from my ignorance, but the matter was for me not a game or an amusement but one of life and death, and I was involuntarily brought to the conviction that my questions were the only legitimate ones, forming the basis of all knowledge, and that I with my questions was not to blame, but science if it pretends to reply to those questions.

³ª´Â ±×°ÍÀÌ ½ÇÁ¦·Î ÁÖ´Â °Í ¿Ü¿¡ ÀλýÀÇ ¹®Á¦¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ´ë´äÀ» ÁÖÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ¿À·§µ¿¾È ¹ÏÀ» ¼ö ¾ø¾ú´Ù. ³»°¡ »ç¶÷ÀÇ ÀλýÀÇ ½ÇÁ¦ ¹®Á¦µé°ú ÀüÇô °øÅëÁ¡ÀÌ ¾ø´Â °á·ÐµéÀ» °úÇÐÀÌ ¹ßÇ¥ÇÏ´Â Áß¿äÇÏ°íµµ ÁøÁöÇÑ ºÐÀ§±â¸¦ º¸¾ÒÀ» ¶§, ³ª¿¡°Ô´Â ±ú´ÝÁö ¸øÇÑ ¹«¾ùÀΰ¡°¡ ÀÖ´Â °Íó·³ ¿À·§µ¿¾È ´À²¸Á³´Ù. ³ª´Â ¿À·§µ¿¾È °úÇÐ ¾Õ¿¡¼­ °ÌÀÌ ¸¹¾Ò´Ù, ±×¸®°í ´äº¯µé°ú ³ªÀÇ Áú¹®µé »çÀÌÀÇ ÀÏÄ¡ÀÇ °á¿©´Â °úÇÐÀÇ À߸øÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ³ªÀÇ ¹«Áö ¶§¹®¿¡ ¹ß»ýÇÏ´Â °Íó·³ ³»°Ô´Â ´À²¸Á³´Ù, ±×·¯³ª ¹®Á¦´Â ³»°Ô À־ ¿À¶ôÀ̳ª Àç¹Ì°¡ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó »î°ú Á×À½ÀÇ ¹®Á¦¿´´Ù, ±×¸®°í ³ª´Â ¹«ÀǽÄÀûÀ¸·Î ³ªÀÇ ¹®Á¦´Â À¯ÀÏÇÏ°Ô Á¤´çÇϸç, ±×¸®°í ÀÌ È®½ÅÀº ¸ðµç Áö½ÄÀÇ ±âÃʸ¦ ÀÌ·ç¾úÀ¸¸ç, ³ª´Â ³ªÀÇ ¹®Á¦¿¡ °üÇÑÇÑ ºñ³­ ¹Þ¾Æ¼­´Â ¾ÈµÇ¸ç, ±×·¯ÇÑ ¹®Á¦¿¡ ´äÇϴ ôÇÑ´Ù¸é °úÇÐÀÌ ºñ³­ ¹Þ¾Æ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù´Â È®½Å¿¡ À̸£°Ô µÇ¾ú´Ù,

My question-that which at the age of fifty brought me to the verge of suicide-was the simplest of questions, lying in the soul of every man from the foolish child to the wisest elder: it was a question without an answer to which one cannot live, as I had found by experience. It was: "What will come of what I am doing today or shall do tomorrow? What will come of my whole life?"

³ªÀÇ Àǹ®-¿À½ÊÀÇ ³ªÀÌ¿¡ ³ª¸¦ ÀÚ»ìÀÇ Áö°æ±îÁö À̸£°Ô ÇÑ °Í-Àº ¾î¸®¼®Àº ¾î¸°¾ÆÀ̺ÎÅÍ °¡Àå Çö¸íÇÑ ³ëÀÎµé ±îÁö ¸ðµç »ç¶÷µéÀÇ ¿µÈ¥¿¡ ³õ¿© ÀÖ´Â °¡Àå ´Ü¼øÇÑ Áú¹®µé: ³»°¡ °æÇèÀ¸·Î ¹ß°ßÇÏ¿´µíÀÌ, ÇØ´äÀ» ãÁö ¸øÇÏ¸é »ì¼ö ¾ø´Â ¹®Á¦¿´´Ù. ±×°ÍÀº: ³»°¡ ¿À´Ã Çϰí ÀÖ´Â ¶Ç´Â ³»ÀÏ ÇÒ ÀϷκÎÅÍ ¾î¶² °á°ú°¡ ÀϾ±î? ³ªÀÇ Àüü ÀλýÀ¸·Î ÀÎÇÏ¿© ¹«¾ùÀÌ ÀϾ±î?

Differently expressed, the question is: "Why should I live, why wish for anything, or do anything?" It can also be expressed thus: "Is there any meaning in my life that the inevitable death awaiting me does not destroy?"

´Ù¸£°Ô Ç¥ÇöÇÑ´Ù¸é, ¹®Á¦´Â: ¡°³»°¡ ¿Ö »ì¾Æ¾ß Çϸç, ¿Ö ¹«¾ùÀΰ¡¸¦ ¿øÇØ¾ß Çϰí, ¶Ç´Â ¹«¾ùÀ» ÇØ¾ß Çϴ°¡?¡± ±×°ÍÀº ¶ÇÇÑ ÀÌ·¸°Ô Ç¥ÇöµÉ °ÍÀÌ´Ù: ¡°³ª¸¦ ±â´Ù¸®´Â ÇÇÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø´Â Á×À½µµ ÆÄ±«ÇÏÁö ¸øÇÏ´Â ³» Àλý¿¡¼­ÀÇ ¾î¶² Àǹ̰¡ ÀÖÀ»±î?

To this one question, variously expressed, I sought an answer in science. And I found that in relation to that question all human knowledge is divided as it were into two opposite hemispheres at the ends of which are two poles: the one a negative and the other a positive; but that neither at the one nor the other pole is there an answer to life's questions.

ÀÌ ÇѰ¡Áö Áú¹®¿¡ ´ëÇÏ¿©, ¿©·¯ °¡Áö·Î Ç¥ÇöÇϸ鼭, ³ª´Â °úÇп¡¼­ ´äÀ» ã¾Æ º¸¾Ò´Ù. ±×¸®°í ±× Áú¹®¿¡ °ü·ÃÇÏ¿© ¸ðµç Àΰ£ÀÇ Áö½ÄÀº µÎ°³ÀÇ ¹Ý±¸¸¦ ÀÌ·ç¸ç ±× ³¡¿¡´Â µÎ°³ÀÇ ±ØÀÌ ÀÖ´Â °Íó·³ ³ª´©¾î Áø´Ù: Çϳª´Â ºÎÁ¤ÀûÀÌ¸ç ´Ù¸¥ Çϳª´Â ±àÁ¤ÀûÀÌ´Ù; ±×·¯³ª ÀÌÂÊÀÇ ±Ø¿¡µµ ÀúÂÊÀÇ ±Ø¿¡µµ ÀλýÀÇ ¹®Á¦¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÇØ´äÀº ¾ø´Ù.

The one series of sciences seems not to recognize the question, but replies clearly and exactly to its own independent questions: that is the series of experimental sciences, and at the extreme end of it stands mathematics. The other series of sciences recognizes the question, but does not answer it; that is the series of abstract sciences, and at the extreme end of it stands metaphysics.

ÇÑÆíÀÇ ÀÏ·ÃÀÇ °úÇеéÀº ±× ¹®Á¦¸¦ ÀνÄÇÏÁö ¸øÇÏ´Â °Í °°À¸³ª ±× ÀÚüÀÇ µ¿¶³¾îÁø ¹®Á¦µé¿¡ ´ëÇÏ¿©´Â ºÐ¸íÇϰí Á¤È®ÇÏ°Ô ´ë´äÇÑ´Ù: ±×°ÍÀº ÀÏ·ÃÀÇ ½ÇÇè °úÇеéÀÌ´Ù, ±×¸®°í ±× ±Ø´Ü¿¡ ¼öÇÐÀÌ ¼­ÀÖ´Ù. ´Ù¸¥ ÇÑÆíÀÇ ÀÏ·ÃÀÇ °úÇеéÀº ¹®Á¦¸¦ ÀνÄÇϳª, ±×°Í¿¡ ´äÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù; ±×°ÍÀº ÀÏ·ÃÀÇ Ãß»óÀû °úÇеéÀÌ´Ù, ±×¸®°í ±× ±Ø´Ü¿¡´Â ÇüÀÌ»óÇÐÀÌ ¼­ÀÖ´Ù.

From early youth I had been interested in the abstract sciences, but later the mathematical and natural sciences attracted me, and until I put my question definitely to myself, until that question had itself grown up within me urgently demanding a decision, I contented myself with those counterfeit answers which science gives.

¾î¸° û³â±âºÎÅÍ ³ª´Â Ãß»óÀû °úÇп¡ °ü½ÉÀ» °¡Áö°í ÀÖ¾ú´Ù, ±×·¯³ª µÚ¿¡ ¼öÇаú ÀÚ¿¬°úÇÐÀÌ ³ª¸¦ ²ø¾î ´ç°å´Ù, ±×¸®°í ³»°¡ ³ªÀÇ ¹®Á¦¸¦ ¸íÈ®È÷ ³ª Àڽſ¡°Ô Á¦½ÃÇÒ ¶§±îÁö, ±ä±ÞÇÏ°Ô °áÁ¤À» ¿ä±¸Çϸ鼭, ³ªÀÇ ¾È¿¡¼­ ±× ¹®Á¦ ÀÚü°¡ ÀÚ¶ó³¯ ¶§±îÁö, ³ª´Â °úÇÐÀÌ ÁÖ´Â ±×µé ÇãÀ§ÀÇ ´äº¯¿¡ ¸¸Á·Çß´Ù.

Now in the experimental sphere I said to myself: "Everything develops and differentiates itself, moving towards complexity and perfection, and there are laws directing this movement. You are a part of the whole. Having learnt as far as possible the whole, and having learnt the law of evolution, you will understand also your place in the whole and will know yourself." Ashamed as I am to confess it, there was time when I seemed satisfied with that. It was just the time when I was myself becoming more complex and was developing. My muscles were growing and strengthening, my memory was being enriched, my capacity to think and understand was increasing, I was growing and developing; and feeling this growth in myself it was natural for me to think that such was the universal law in which I should find the solution of the question of my life. But a time came when the growth within me ceased. I felt that I was not developing, but fading, my muscles were weakening, my teeth falling out, and I saw that the law not only did not explain anything to me, but that there never had been or could be such a law, and that I had taken for a law what I had found in myself at a certain period of my life. I regarded the definition of that law more strictly, and it became clear to me that there could be no law of endless development; it became clear that to say, "in infinite space and time everything develops, becomes more perfect and more complex, is differentiated", is to say nothing at all. These are all words with no meaning, for in the infinite there is neither complex nor simple, neither forward nor backward, nor better or worse.

ÀÌÁ¦ ½ÇÇèÀû ºÐ¾ß¿¡ ´ëÇÏ¿© ³ª´Â »ý°¢ÇØ º¸¾Ò´Ù: ¡°º¹ÇÕ¼º°ú ¿Ï¼ºÀ» ÇâÇÏ¿© ¿òÁ÷À̸鼭 ¸ðµç °ÍÀº ¹ßÀüÇÑ´Ù ±×¸®°í ½º½º·Î ±¸º°µÈ´Ù, ±×¸®°í ÀÌ ¿òÁ÷ÀÓÀ» À̲ô´Â ¹ýÄ¢ÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù. ´ç½ÅÀº ÀüüÀÇ ÀϺÎÀÌ´Ù. °¡´ÉÇÑ ÇÑ Àüü¸¦ ¹è¿ì°í, ÁøÈ­ÀÇ ¹ýÄ¢À» ¹è¿î´Ù¸é, ´ç½ÅÀº ¶ÇÇÑ Àüü¿¡¼­ÀÇ ´ç½ÅÀÇ À§Ä¡¸¦ ±ú´Ý°Ô µÉ °ÍÀÌ´Ù ±×¸®°í ÀÚ½ÅÀ» ¾Ë°Ô µÉ °ÍÀÌ´Ù.¡± ³ª´Â ±×°ÍÀ» °í¹éÇϱ⵵ ºÎ²ô·´Áö¸¸, ³ª´Â ±×°Í¿¡ ¸¸Á·ÇÏ´ø °Íó·³ º¸ÀÌ´ø ¶§°¡ ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. ±×°ÍÀº ³ª ÀÚ½ÅÀÌ Á¡Á¡ ´õ º¹ÀâÇØÁö°í ¹ßÀüÇÏ´ø ¹Ù·Î ±×¶§¿´´Ù. ³ªÀÇ ±ÙÀ°ÀÌ ÀÚ¶ó¼­ ÈûÀÌ ¼¼¾îÁö°í ÀÖ¾úÀ¸¸ç, ³ªÀÇ ±â¾ïÀº dzºÎÇÏ¿©Áö°í, ³ªÀÇ »ç°íÇϸç ÀÌÇØÇÏ´Â ¿ë·®Àº Áõ°¡Çϰí ÀÖ¾ú´Ù, ³ª´Â ÀÚ¶ó°í ¹ßÀüÇϰí ÀÖ¾ú´Ù; ±×¸®°í ³ª Àڽſ¡¼­ ÀÌ·± ¼ºÀåÀ» ´À³¢¸é¼­ ±×·¯ÇÑ °ÍÀÌ ¹Ù·Î ³»°¡ ³ªÀÇ ÀλýÀÇ ¹®Á¦¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÇØ´äÀ» ã¾Æ¾ß ÇÏ´Â ÀϹÝÀû ¹ýÄ¢À̶ó°í ³»°¡ »ý°¢ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº ´ç¿¬Çß´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ³ª ¾È¿¡¼­ÀÇ ¼ºÀåÀÌ ¸ØÃá ¶§°¡ ¿Ô´Ù. ³ª´Â ¹ßÀüÇÏÁö ¾Ê°í ÀÖ¾úÀ¸¸ç »ç±×·¯µé°í ÀÖ¾ú´Ù, ³ªÀÇ ±ÙÀ°µéÀº ¾àÇØÁö°í ÀÖ¾ú´Ù, ³ªÀÇ ÀÌ»¡µéµµ ºüÁö°í ÀÖ¾ú´Ù, ±×¸®°í ³ª´Â ±× ¹ýÄ¢Àº ³ª¿¡°Ô ¾Æ¹«°Íµµ ¼³¸íÇØ ÁÖÁö ¾Ê¾ÒÀ» »Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ±×·¯ÇÑ ¹ýÄ¢ÀÌ ÀÖ¾ú°Å³ª ÀÖÀ» ¼öµµ ¾ø¾ú´Ù, ±×¸®°í ³ªÀÇ ÀλýÀÇ ÀÏÁ¤ ½Ã±â¿¡ À־ÀÇ ³ª Àڽſ¡°Ô¼­ ¹ß°ßÇÑ °ÍÀ» ¹ýÄ¢À̶ó°í °£ÁÖÇß´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ´À²¼´Ù. ³ª´Â ±× ¹ýÄ¢ÀÇ Á¤ÀǸ¦ Á»´õ ¾ö°ÝÇÏ°Ô ¹Ù¶óº¸¾Ò´Ù, ±×¸®°í ²÷ÀÓ¾ø´Â ¹ßÀüÀÇ ¹ýÄ¢Àº ÀÖÀ» ¼ö ¾ø´Ù´Â °ÍÀÌ ³»°Ô ºÐ¸íÇØÁ³´Ù; ¡°¹«ÇÑÇÑ °ø°£°ú ½Ã°£¿¡¼­ ¸ðµç °ÍÀÌ ¹ßÀüÇÑ´Ù, ´õ¿í ¿ÏÀüÇØÁö°í ´õ¿í º¹ÀâÇØÁø´Ù, Â÷º°È­ µÈ´Ù¡±¶ó°í ¸»ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº ¾Æ¹«°Íµµ ¸»ÇÔÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï´Ù¶ó´Â °ÍÀÌ ºÐ¸íÇØÁ³´Ù. À̰͵éÀº ¾Æ¹«·± Àǹ̰¡ ¾ø´Â ¸ðµç ¸»µéÀÌ´Ù, ¿Ö³ÄÇÏ¸é ¹«ÇÑ¿¡¼­´Â º¹ÀâÇÔµµ ´Ü¼øÇÔµµ, ÀüÁøµµ ÈÄÁøµµ, °³¼±µµ °³¾Çµµ ¾ø±â ¶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù.

Above all, my personal question, "What am I with my desires?" remained quite unanswered. And I understood that those sciences are very interesting and attractive, but that they are exact and clear in inverse proportion to their applicability to the question of life: the less their applicability to the question of life, the more exact and clear they are, while the more they try to reply to the question of life, the more obscure and unattractive they become. If one turns to the division of sciences which attempt to reply to the questions of life-to physiology, psychology, biology, sociology-one encounters an appalling poverty of thought, the greatest obscurity, a quite unjustifiable pretension to solve irrelevant question, and a continual contradiction of each authority by others and even by himself. If one turns to the branches of science which are not concerned with the solution of the questions of life, but which reply to their own special scientific questions, one is enraptured by the power of man's mind, but one knows in advance that they give no reply to life's questions. Those sciences simply ignore life's questions. They say: "To the question of what you are and why you live we have no reply, and are not occupied with that; but if you want to know the laws of light, of chemical combinations, the laws of development of organisms, if you want to know the laws of bodies and their form, and the relation of numbers and quantities, if you want to know the laws of your mind, to all that we have clear, exact and unquestionable replies."

¹«¾ùº¸´Ù ¸ÕÀú, ³ªÀÇ °³ÀÎÀûÀÎ Áú¹®, ¡°³ªÀÇ ¿å¸ÁÀº ¾î¶»°Ô µÇ´Â°¡?¡± ´Â ÀüÇô ´äº¯À» ÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀº ä·Î ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. ±×¸®°í ³ª´Â ±×µé °úÇÐÀº ¸Å¿ì Èï¹Ì·Ó°í ¸Å·ÂÀûÀÌ´Ù, ±×·¯³ª ±×°ÍµéÀº ÀλýÀÇ ¹®Á¦¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Àû¿ë¿¡¼­ Á¤È®ÇÏ°í ¸í¹éÇÑ ¹Ýºñ·ÊÀÎ °ÍÀ» ±ú´Þ¾Ò´Ù: ÀλýÀÇ ¹®Á¦¿¡ ±×µéÀÇ Àû¿ë¼ºÀÌ ÁÙ¾îµé¸é µé¼ö·Ï ±×°ÍµéÀº ´õ¿í Á¤È®ÇÏ°í ¸í¹éÇÏ´Ù, ¹Ý¸é¿¡, ±×°ÍµéÀÌ ÀλýÀÇ ¹®Á¦¿¡ ´äº¯ÇÏ·Á°í Çϸé ÇÒ ¼ö·Ï, ±×°ÍµéÀº Á¡Á¡ ´õ ºÒÅõ¸íÇÏ°í ¸Å·ÂÀÌ ¾ø°Ô µÇ¾î ¹ö¸°´Ù. ÀλýÀÇ ¹®Á¦¿¡ ´ë´äÇÏ·Á°í ½ÃµµÇÏ´Â °úÇÐÀÇ ºÐ¾ß¸¦ ã´Â´Ù¸é-»ý¸®ÇÐ, ½É¸®ÇÐ, »ý¹°ÇÐ, »çȸÇÐ-±×´Â ³î¶ó¿î »ç»óÀÇ ºó°ï, ÃÖ°íÀÇ ºÒÅõ¸íÇÔ, »ó°ü ¾ø´Â ¹®Á¦¸¦ Ç®·Á°í ÇÏ´Â ³Ê¹«³ª Á¤´çÈ­µÉ ¼ö ¾ø´Â ÁÖÀå, ±×¸®°í °³°³ÀÇ ±ÇÀ§¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Å¸ÀÎµé ¶Ç´Â ½ÉÁö¾î ½º½º·Î¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ ²÷ÀÓ¾ø´Â ¸ð¼øÀ» ¸¸³ª°Ô µÈ´Ù. ÀλýÀÇ ¹®Á¦¿Í °ü·ÃÀÌ ¾ø´Â °úÇÐÀÇ ºÐ¾ß·Î¼­, ±×·¯³ª ±×µé ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ±¸Ã¼ÀûÀÎ °úÇÐÀû ¹®Á¦µé¿¡ ´äº¯ÇÏ´Â ºÐ¾ß¸¦ ã´Â´Ù¸é, ±×´Â »ç¶÷ÀÇ ¸¶À½ÀÇ Èû¿¡ ¸Å·áµÈ´Ù, ±×·¯³ª ±×°ÍµéÀÌ ÀλýÀÇ ¹®Á¦¿¡ ¾Æ¹«·± ´äº¯À» ÁÖÁö ¾ÊÀ½À» ¹Ì¸® ¾Ë°Ô µÈ´Ù. ±×·± °úÇеéÀº ´Ü¼øÈ÷ ÀλýÀÇ ¹®Á¦µéÀ» ¹«½ÃÇØ ¹ö¸°´Ù. ±×µéÀº ¸»ÇÑ´Ù: ¡°´ç½ÅÀÌ ¹«¾ùÀÎÁö, ¿Ö »ç´Â°¡ÀÇ ¹®Á¦¿¡ ´ëÇÏ¿© ¿ì¸®´Â ¾Æ¹«·± ´ë´äÀÌ ¾øÀ¸¸ç ±×°ÍÀ» ´Ù·çÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù; ÇÏÁö¸¸ ´ç½ÅÀÌ ºû, È­ÇÐÀû °áÇÕÀÇ ¹ýÄ¢, À¯±âüÀÇ ¼ºÀå¹ýÄ¢À» ¾Ë°í ½Í¾î ÇÑ´Ù¸é, ¸ö°ú ±×ÀÇ ±¸Á¶ÀÇ ¹ýÄ¢, ±×¸®°í ¼ö¿Í ¾çÀÇ °ü°è¸¦ ¾Ë°í ½Í¾î ÇÑ´Ù¸é, ´ç½Å ¸¶À½ÀÇ ¹ýÄ¢À» ¾Ë°í ½Í¾î ÇÑ´Ù¸é ±× ¸ðµç °Íµé¿¡ ´ëÇØ¼­ ¿ì¸®´Â ¸í¹éÇϰí Á¤È®Çϸç ÀǽÉÀÇ ¿©Áö°¡ ¾ø´Â ´ë´äµéÀ» °¡Áö°í ÀÖ´Ù.¡±

In general the relation of the experimental sciences to life's question may be expressed thus: Question: "Why do I live?" Answer: "In infinite space, in infinite time, infinitely small particles change their forms in infinite complexity, and when you have under stood the laws of those mutations of form you will understand why you live on the earth."

ÀϹÝÀûÀ¸·Î ½ÇÇèÀû °úÇÐÀÇ ÀλýÀÇ ¹®Á¦¿¡ ´ëÇÑ °ü°è´Â ÀÌ·¸°Ô Ç¥ÇöµÉ °ÍÀÌ´Ù: Áú¹®: ¡°³ª´Â ¿Ö »ç´Â°¡¡± ´äº¯: ¹«ÇÑÇÑ ¿ìÁÖ¿¡¼­, ¹«ÇÑÇÑ ½Ã°£¿¡¼­, ¹«ÇÑÇÏ°Ô ÀÛÀº ºÐÀÚµéÀÌ ±×µéÀÇ ¸ð¾çÀ» ¹«ÇÑÇÑ º¹ÇÕ¼º¿¡¼­ º¯È­½ÃŲ´Ù, ±×¸®°í ´ç½ÅÀÌ ±×·¯ÇÑ º¯È­ÀÇ ¹ýÄ¢µéÀ» ±ú´Þ¾ÒÀ» ¶§ ´ç½ÅÀÌ ¶¥ À§¿¡ ¿Ö »ç´ÂÁö ±ú´ÞÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù.

Then in the sphere of abstract science I said to myself: "All humanity lives and develops on the basis of spiritual principles and ideals which guide it. Those ideals are expressed in religions, in sciences, in arts, in forms of government. Those ideals become more and more elevated, and humanity advances to its highest welfare. I am part of humanity, and therefore my vocation is to forward the recognition and the realization of the ideals of humanity." And at the time of my weak-mindedness I was satisfied with that; but as soon as the question of life presented itself clearly to me, those theories immediately crumbled away. Not to speak of the unscrupulous obscurity with which those sciences announce conclusions formed on the study of a small part of mankind as general conclusions; not to speak of the mutual contradictions of different adherents of this view as to what are the ideals of humanity; the strangeness, not to say stupidity, of the theory consists in the fact that in order to reply to the question facing each man: "What am I?" or "Why do I live?" or "What must I do?" one has first to decide the question: "What is the life of the whole?" (which is to him unknown and of which he is acquainted with one tiny part in one minute period of time.) To understand what he is, one man must first understand all this mysterious humanity, consisting of people such as himself who do not understand one another.

ÇÑÆí, Ãß»óÀû °úÇÐÀÇ ¹üÁÖ¿¡¼­ ³ª´Â »ý°¢ÇØ º»´Ù: ¡°¸ðµç Àηù´Â ±×°ÍÀÌ ÁöÇâÇÏ´Â Á¤½ÅÀûÀÎ ¿ø¸®¿Í ÀÌ»óÀ» Åä´ë·Î »ì¾Æ°¡¸ç ¹ßÀüÇÑ´Ù. ±×µé ÀÌ»óµéÀº Á¾±³, °úÇÐ, ¿¹¼ú, Á¤ºÎÀÇ ÇüÅ·ΠǥÇöµÈ´Ù. ±×µé ÀÌ»óµéÀº Á¡Á¡ ´õ ³ô¾ÆÁö°í, Àηù´Â ±×ÀÇ ÃÖ»óÀÇ ÇູÀ¸·Î ³ª¾Æ°£´Ù. ³ª´Â ÀηùÀÇ ºÎºÐÀÌ´Ù, ±×¸®°í ±×·¯¹Ç·Î ³ªÀÇ ¼Ò¸íÀº ÀηùÀÇ ÀÌ»óµé¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Àνİú Çö½ÇÈ­¸¦ ÃËÁøÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ±×¸®°í ³ªÀÇ ¿¬¾àÇÑ ¸¶À½ÀÇ ½ÃÀý¿¡´Â ³ª´Â ±×°Í¿¡ ¸¸Á·ÇÏ¿´´Ù; ±×·¯³ª »ýÀÇ ¹®Á¦ ÀÚü°¡ ³»°Ô ¸í¹éÇÏ°Ô Á¦½ÃµÇÀÚ¸¶ÀÚ, ±×µé À̷еéÀº Áï½Ã °¡·ç°¡ µÇ¾î ¹ö·È´Ù. ±×µé °úÇеéÀÌ ÀηùÀÇ ÀÛÀº ºÎºÐÀ» ¿¬±¸ÇÏ¿© ±¸¼ºÇÑ °á·ÐµéÀ» ÀϹÝÀûÀÎ °á·ÐÀ¸·Î ¼±¾ðÇÏ´Â »·»·½º·¯¿î ¾Ö¸ÅÇÔÀº ¸»ÇÒ °Íµµ ¾øÀÌ; ÀηùÀÇ ÀÌ»óÀº ¹«¾ùÀΰ¡¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÀÌµé ½Ã°¢ÀÇ »óÀÌÇÑ ÃßÁ¾ÀÚµéÀÇ »óÈ£ ¸ð¼øÀº ¸»ÇÒ °Íµµ ¾øÀÌ; ¾î¸®¼®À½Àº ¸»ÇÒ °Íµµ ¾øÀÌ, ±× ÀÌ·ÐÀÇ »ý¼ÒÇÔÀº °¢±â »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô ´ç¸éÇÑ ¹®Á¦µé¿¡ ´äº¯ÇÏ·Á´Â »ç½Ç¿¡ ÀÖ´Ù: ¡°³ª´Â ¹«¾ùÀΰ¡?¡± ¶Ç´Â ¡°³ª´Â ¿Ö »ç´Â°¡?¡± ¶Ç´Â ¡°³ª´Â ¹«¾ùÀ» ÇØ¾ß Çϴ°¡?¡± ¸ÕÀú ÀÌ Áú¹®ºÎÅÍ °áÁ¤ÇØ¾ß ÇÒ °ÍÀÌ´Ù: ¡°ÀüüÀÇ ÀλýÀº ¹«¾ùÀΰ¡?¡± (±×°ÍÀº ±×¿¡°Ô ¾Ë·ÁÁ® ÀÖÁö ¾ÊÀ¸¸ç ±×°Í¿¡ ´ëÇÏ¿© ±×´Â ÇϳªÀÇ ÀÛÀº ½Ã±âÀÇ ½Ã°£ ¾È¿¡¼­ ÇϳªÀÇ ÀÛÀº ºÎºÐ¸¸ ¸é½ÄÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù. ÀÚ½ÅÀÌ ´©±¸ÀÎÁö ±ú´Ý±â À§Çؼ­ ±×´Â ¹Ýµå½Ã ¼­·Î¸¦ ÀÌÇØÇÏÁö ¸øÇÏ´Â ÀڽŰú °°Àº »ç¶÷µé·Î ±¸¼ºµÇ¾î ÀÖ´Â ÀÌ ¸ðµç ½Åºñ¿¡ ½ÎÀÎ Àηù¸¦ ±ú´Þ¾Æ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù.

I have to confess that there was a time when I believed this. It was the time when I had my own favourite ideals justifying my own caprices, and I was trying to devise a theory which would allow one to consider my caprices as the law of humanity. But as soon as the question of life arose in my soul in full clearness that reply at once flew to dust. And I understood that as in the experimental sciences there are real sciences, and semi-sciences which try to give answers to questions beyond their competence, so in this sphere there is a whole series of most diffused sciences which try to reply to irrelevant questions. Semi-sciences of that kind, the juridical and the social-historical, endeavour to solve the questions of a man's life by pretending to decide each in its own way, the question of the life of all humanity.

³ª´Â ³»°¡ À̰ÍÀ» ¹Ï´ø ½ÃÀýÀÌ ÀÖ¾úÀ½À» °í¹éÇØ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. ±× ¶§ ³ª´Â ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ º¯´öµéÀ» Á¤´çÈ­ ½ÃÄÑÁÖ´Â ³ªÀÇ °¡Àå ¼±È£ÇÏ´Â ÀÌ»óµéÀ» °¡Áö°í ÀÖ¾ú´Ù, ±×¸®°í ³ª´Â »ç¶÷À¸·Î ÇÏ¿©±Ý ³ªÀÇ º¯´öµéÀ» ÀηùÀÇ ¹ýÄ¢À¸·Î ¿©±âµµ·Ï À̲ô´Â ÀÌ·ÐÀ» °í¾ÈÇÏ·Á ½ÃµµÇϰí ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ÀλýÀÇ ¹®Á¦°¡ ³ªÀÇ ¿µÈ¥¿¡ ¿ÏÀüÇÑ ¸í¹éÇÔÀ¸·Î Á¦±âµÇÀÚ ±×·¯ÇÑ ´äº¯Àº ´çÀå ¸ÕÁö°¡ µÇ¾î ¹ö·È´Ù. ±×¸®°í ³ª´Â ½ÇÇè °úÇп¡¼­, ÁøÁ¤ÇÑ °úÇеé, ±×¸®°í ±×µéÀÇ ´É·ÂÀ» ÃÊ¿ùÇÏ¿© ¹®Á¦µé¿¡ ´ë´äÇÏ·Á ½ÃµµÇÏ´Â À¯»ç °úÇеéÀÌ ÀÖ´Â °Íó·³, ÀÌ ¹üÁÖ¿¡´Â »ó°ü¼ºÀÌ ¾ø´Â ¹®Á¦µé¿¡ ´äº¯ÇÏ·Á ½ÃµµÇÏ´Â °¡Àå ³Î¸® ÆÛÁø ÃÑüÀûÀÌ ÀÏ·ÃÀÇ °úÇеéÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ±ú´Þ¾Ò´Ù. ¹ý·ü ¹× »çȸ-¿ª»ç µîÀÇ ±×·¯ÇÑ Á¾·ùÀÇ À¯»ç °úÇеéÀº »ç¶÷ÀÇ ÀλýÀÇ ¹®Á¦¸¦ ÀηùÀÇ ÀλýÀÇ ¹®Á¦¸¦ °¢ÀÚ°¡ °¢±âÀÇ ¹æ¹ý´ë·Î ÇØ°áÇÏ°Ú´Ù°í °¨È÷ ÁÖÀåÇÔÀ¸·Î½á, »ç¶÷ÀÇ ÀλýÀÇ ¹®Á¦¸¦ Ç®·Á°í ³ë·ÂÇÑ´Ù.

But as in the sphere of man's experimental knowledge one who sincerely inquires how he is to live cannot be satisfied with the reply -- "Study in endless space the mutations, infinite in time and in complexity, of innumerable atoms, and then you will understand your life" -- so also a sincere man cannot be satisfied with the reply: "Study the whole life of humanity of which we cannot know either the beginning or the end, of which we do not even know a small part, and then you will understand your own life." And like the experimental semi-sciences, so these other semi-sciences are the more filled with obscurities, inexactitudes, stupidities, and contradictions, the further they diverge from the real problems. The problem of experimental science is the sequence of cause and effect in material phenomena. It is only necessary for experimental science to introduce the question of a final cause for it to become nonsensical. The problem of abstract science is the recognition of the primordial essence of life. It is only necessary to introduce the investigation of consequential phenomena (such as social and historical phenomena) and it also becomes nonsensical.

±×·¯³ª »ç¶÷ÀÇ ½ÇÇèÀûÀÎ Áö½ÄÀÇ ¹üÁÖ¿¡¼­Ã³·³ ±×°¡ ¾î¶»°Ô »ì¾Æ¾ß Çϴ°¡¸¦ ÁøÁöÇÏ°Ô ¹¯´Â »ç¶÷Àº ±× ´ë´ä¿¡ ¸¸Á·ÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø´Ù-¡®³¡¾ø´Â °ø°£¿¡¼­ ¹«¼öÇÑ ¿øÀÚµéÀÇ º¯È­µéÀ» ¿¬±¸Ç϶ó, ¹«ÇÑÇÑ ½Ã°£ ¼Ó¿¡¼­ ±×¸®°í º¹Àâ ÇÔ¿¡¼­, ±×·¯¸é ´ç½ÅÀº ´ç½ÅÀÇ ÀλýÀ» ±ú´ÞÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù¡¯- ±×·¯ÇÔ °°ÀÌ, ¶ÇÇÑ ÁøÁöÇÑ »ç¶÷Àº ±× ´ë´ä¿¡ ¸¸Á·ÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø´Ù: ¡°¿ì¸®°¡ ½ÃÀÛµµ ³¡µµ ¾Ë ¼ö ¾ø´Â ÀηùÀÇ Àüü ÀλýÀ» ¿¬±¸Ç϶ó, ±×°Í¿¡ ´ëÇÏ¿©´Â ¿ì¸®µµ ½ÉÁö¾î Á¶±×¸¸ ºÎºÐµµ ¸ð¸¥´Ù, ±×·¯¸é ´ç½ÅÀÇ ÀλýÀ» ±ú´Ý°Ô µÉ °ÍÀÌ´Ù.¡± ±×¸®°í ½ÇÇèÀûÀÎ À¯»ç °úÇеéó·³, À̵éÀÇ ´Ù¸¥ À¯»ç °úÇеéÀº ´õ ¸¹Àº ¾Ö¸ÅÇÔ µé, ºÎÁ¤È®ÇÔ µé, ¿ìµÐÇÔ µé, ±×¸®°í ¸ð¼øµé·Î °¡µæ Â÷ ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ½ÇÁ¦ ¹®Á¦µéº¸´Ù ´õ¿í ¸Ö¸® ¹ú¾îÁ® ³ª°£´Ù. ½ÇÇè °úÇÐÀÇ ¹®Á¦´Â ¹°ÁúÀû Çö»óµé¿¡ À־ ¿øÀΰú °á°úÀÇ ¿¬¼ÓÀÌ´Ù. ½ÇÇè °úÇÐÀº ±×¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¸¶Áö¸· ¿øÀο¡ ´ëÇÑ ¹®Á¦ Á¦±â¸¸ÀÌ ÇÊ¿äÇÒ »ÓÀÌ¸ç ¹«ÀǹÌÇØ Áø´Ù. Ãß»óÀû °úÇÐÀÇ ¹®Á¦´Â ÀλýÀÇ ¿øÃÊÀûÀÎ º»ÁúÀ» ÀνÄÇÔÀÌ´Ù. ±×°ÍÀº ¿ÀÁ÷ °á°ú·ÐÀûÀÎ Çö»óµé(¿¹¸¦ µé¸é »çȸÀû ¹× ¿ª»çÀû Çö»óµé)¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Á¶»ç¸¦ Á¦±âÇÏ´Â °Í¿¡ ÇÊ¿äÇÏ´Ù ±×¸®°í ±×°Í ¶ÇÇÑ ¹«ÀǹÌÇØÁø´Ù.

Experimental science only then gives positive knowledge and displays the greatness of the human mind when it does not introduce into its investigations the question of an ultimate cause. And, on the contrary, abstract science is only then science and displays the greatness of the human mind when it puts quite aside questions relating to the consequential causes of phenomena and regards man solely in relation to an ultimate cause. Such in this realm of science -- forming the pole of the sphere -- is metaphysics or philosophy. That science states the question clearly: "What am I, and what is the universe? And why do I exist, and why does the universe exist?" And since it has existed it has always replied in the same way. Whether the philosopher calls the essence of life existing within me, and in all that exists, by the name of "idea", or "substance", or "spirit", or "will", he says one and the same thing: that this essence exists and that I am of that same essence; but why it is he does not know, and does not say, if he is an exact thinker. I ask: "Why should this essence exist? What results from the fact that it is and will be?" ... And philosophy not merely does not reply, but is itself only asking that question. And if it is real philosophy all its labour lies merely in trying to put that question clearly. And if it keeps firmly to its task it cannot reply to the question otherwise than thus: "What am I, and what is the universe?" "All and nothing"; and to the question "Why?" by "I do not know".

½ÇÇè °úÇÐÀº ¿ÀÁ÷ ±àÁ¤ÀûÀÎ Áö½ÄÀ» ÁÖ¸ç ±à±ØÀûÀÎ ¿øÀο¡ ´ëÇÑ ¹®Á¦ Á¶»ç¿¡ µé¾î°¡Áö ¸øÇÒ ¶§´Â Àΰ£ÀÇ ¸¶À½ÀÌ À§´ëÇÔÀ» º¸¿©ÁØ´Ù. ±×¸®°í ¹Ý´ë·Î, Ãß»óÀû °úÇÐÀº ¿ÀÁ÷ ±×¶§¿¡ °úÇÐÀÌ´Ù. ±×¸®°í Çö»óµé¿¡ ´ëÇÑ °á°úÀûÀÎ ¿øÀε鿡 °ü·ÃÇÑ ¹®Á¦µéÀ» Á¦²¸ ³õÀ¸¸ç »ç¶÷À» ¿ÀÁ÷ ±Ã±ØÀûÀÎ ¿øÀο¡ °ü·ÃÇÏ¿© °í·ÁÇÒ ¶§¿¡ Àΰ£ÀÇ ¸¶À½ÀÇ À§´ëÇÔÀ» º¸¿©ÁØ´Ù. ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ¿µ¿ª¿¡ ÀÖ´Â °Í-±¸ÀÇ ±ØÀ» Çü¼ºÇÏ´Â °Í-ÀÌ ÇüÀÌ»óÇÐÀ̳ª öÇÐÀÌ´Ù. ±×·¯ÇÑ °úÇÐÀº ±× ¹®Á¦¸¦ ¸í¹éÈ÷ ¸»ÇØ ÁØ´Ù: ¡°³ª´Â ¹«¾ùÀΰ¡, ±×¸®°í ¿ìÁÖ´Â ¹«¾ùÀΰ¡? ±×¸®°í ³ª´Â ¿Ö Á¸ÀçÇϴ°¡, ±×¸®°í ¿ìÁÖ´Â ¿Ö Á¸ÀçÇϴ°¡? ±×¸®°í ±×°ÍÀº Á¸ÀçÇÑ ÀÌÈÄ·Î ¾ðÁ¦³ª ¶È°°Àº ½ÄÀ¸·Î ´äº¯ÀÌ µÇ¾ú´Ù. öÇÐÀÚ°¡ ÀλýÀÇ º»ÁúÀÌ ³ª ¾È¿¡ ±×¸®°í ¡°À̳䡱, ¶Ç´Â ¡°¹°Áú¡±, ¶Ç´Â ¡°¿µÈ¥¡±, ¶Ç´Â ¡°ÀÇÁö¡±¶ó´Â À̸§À¸·Î Á¸ÀçÇÏ´Â ¸ðµç °Í¿¡ Á¸ÀçÇÑ´Ù°í ÀÏÄ´´٠ÇÏ´õ¶óµµ, ±×´Â ¶È°°Àº ÇѰ¡Áö¸¦ ¸»ÇÔÀÌ´Ù: ÀÌ º»ÁúÀº Á¸ÀçÇϸç, ³ª´Â ¶È°°Àº º»ÁúÀÌ´Ù; ±×·¯³ª ¿Ö ±×·¯ÇÑÁö ±×´Â ¸ð¸¥´Ù, ±×¸®°í ¸»ÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù, ±×°¡ ¸¸ÀÏ ²Ä²ÄÇÑ »ç»ó°¡¶ó¸é. ³ª´Â ¹¯´Â´Ù: ¡°¿Ö ÀÌ º»ÁúÀÌ Á¸ÀçÇÏ¿©¾ß Çϴ°¡? ±×°ÍÀÌ ÀÖÀ¸¸ç ÀÖÀ» °ÍÀ̶ó´Â »ç½Ç·Î ÇÏ¿© ÃÊ·¡µÇ´Â °ÍÀº ¹«¾ùÀϱî?... ±×¸®°í öÇÐÀº ´äº¯ÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀ» »Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, ±× Â÷Á¦µµ ±×·± Áú¹®À» Çϰí ÀÖ´Ù. ±×¸®°í ±×°ÍÀÌ ¸¸¾à ÁøÁ¤ÇÑ Ã¶ÇÐÀ̶ó¸é ±× ¸ðµç ³ë·ÂÀº ±× ¹®Á¦¸¦ ¸íÈ®ÇÏ°Ô ÇØ¼®ÇÔ¿¡ ÀÖ´Ù. ±×¸®°í ±×°ÍÀÌ ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ÀÓ¹«¿¡ Ãæ½ÇÇÏ´Ù¸é ÀÌ°Í ¿Ü¿¡´Â ¹®Á¦¿¡ ´ëÇÏ¿© ´ë´äÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø´Ù: ¡°³ª´Â ¹«¾ùÀΰ¡. ±×¸®°í ¿ìÁÖ´Â ¹«¾ùÀΰ¡?¡± ´Â ¡°À¯(êó) ±×¸®°í ¹«(Ùí)¡±; ±×¸®°í ¡°¿Ö¡± ¿¡ °üÇÑ Áú¹®¿¡´Â ¡°¸ð¸¥´Ù¡±

So that however I may turn these replies of philosophy, I can never obtain anything like an answer-and not because, as in the clear experimental sphere, the reply does not relate to my question, but because here, though all the mental work is directed just to my question, there is no answer, but instead of an answer one gets the same question, only in a complex form.

±×·¯ÇÑ °á°ú·Î, ³»°¡ ¾Æ¹«¸® À̵é öÇеéÀÇ ´ë´äÀ» µé¾î º¸¾Æµµ, ³ª´Â ´ë´ä °°Àº °ÍÀ» °áÄÚ ¾òÀ» ¼ö ¾ø´Ù-ºÐ¸íÇÑ ½ÇÇèÀû ¹üÁÖ¿¡¼­Ã³·³, ±× ´ë´äÀº ³ªÀÇ Áú¹®°ú °ü·ÃÀÌ ¾ø±â ¶§¹®ÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, ¿©±â, ºñ·Ï ¸ðµç Á¤½ÅÀû ÀÛ¾÷ÀÌ ¿ÀÁ÷ ³ªÀÇ Áú¹®¿¡ ¸ÂÃß¾î Á³Áö¸¸, ´äÀÌ ¾ø´Ù´Â °ÍÀ̸ç, ±×·¯³ª ´äº¯ ´ë½Å¿¡ ´õ¿í º¹ÀâÇÑ ¸ð¾çÀ¸·Î¼­ ¶È°°Àº Àǹ®¸¸ °®°Ô µÇ±â ¶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù.

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