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BIBLIOGRAPHY
General articles and notes in The
Oxford Annotated Bible (1962), The
Jerusalem Bible (1966), and the Genesis
volume of The Anchor Bible, by E.A. SPEISER (1964); E. H. GOMBRICH, The
Story of Art, 12th rev. ed. (1972); ABRAHAM J. HESCHEL, Man
Is Not Alone (1951), a classic statement of modern Judaism; ERICH
AUERBACH, Mimesis: Dargestellte Wirklichkeit in der abendländischen Literatur
(1946; Eng. trans., Mimesis: The
Representation of Reality in Western Literature, 1953), a classic
work; WILLIAM R. MUELLER, The
Prophetic Voice in Modern Fiction (1959), religious themes
interpreting Joyce, Camus, Kafka, Faulkner, Greene, and Silone; NATHAN A.
SCOTT, JR. (ed.), The Tragic Vision and the Christian Faith (1957), essays by 12
writers on faith and the tragic dimension of existence; JAMES BARR, The
Scope and Authority of the Bible (1981), questions the divine
inspiration of biblical texts.
OTTO EISSFELDT, Einleitung in das Alte Testament, 3rd ed. (1964; Eng. trans., The
Old Testament: An Introduction, 1965); The
Cambridge History of the Bible (CHB), 3 vol. (1963-70). (The
Canon): FRANTS BUHL, Kanon und
Text des Alten Testaments (1891; Eng. trans., Canon
and Text of the Old Testament, 1892); MAX L. MARGOLIS, The Hebrew Scriptures in the Making (1922); HERBERT E. RYLE, The
Canon of the Old Testament, 2nd ed. (1895); SOLOMON ZEITLIN, "An
Historical Study of the Canonization of the Hebrew Scriptures," Proceedings
of the American Academy for Jewish Research, pp. 121-158 (1932). (Textual
criticism, texts and manuscripts, and early versions): FRANK MOORE
CROSS, The Ancient Library of Qumrân
and Modern Biblical Studies, 2nd ed. (1961); "The History of the
Biblical Text in the Light of Discoveries in the Judaean Desert," Harvard
Theological Review, 57:281-299 (1964); and "The Contribution of
the Qumrân Discoveries to the Study of the Biblical Text," Israel Exploration Journal, 16:81-95 (1966); CHRISTIAN D. GINSBURG, Introduction
to the Massoretico: Critical Edition of the Hebrew Bible (1897,
reprinted 1966); MOSHE H. GOSHEN-GOTTSTEIN, Linguistic
Structure and Tradition in the Qumran Documents (1958); "Theory
and Practice of Textual Criticism," Textus,
3:130-158 (1963); and The Book
of Isaiah: Sample Edition with Introduction (1965); MOSHE GREENBERG,
"The Stabilization of the Text of the Hebrew Bible," Journal
of the American Oriental Society, 76:157-167 (1956). PAUL KAHLE, The
Cairo Genizah, 2nd ed. (1959); FREDERICK G. KENYON, The
Bible and the Ancient Manuscripts, 5th ed. rev. (1958); HARRY M.
ORLINSKY, "The Textual Criticism of the Old Testament," in
GEORGE E. WRIGHT (ed.), The Bible
and the Ancient Near East, pp. 113-132 (1961); BLEDDYN J. ROBERTS, The
Old Testament Text and Versions (1951); and "The Old Testament:
Manuscripts, Text and Versions," CHB,
vol. 2, pp. 1-26 (1969); P.W. SKEHAN, "Qumran and the Present
State of Old Testament Text Studies," Journal
of Biblical Literature, 78:21-25 (1959); S. TALMON, "Aspects of
the Textual Transmission of the Bible in the Light of Qumran
Manuscripts," Textus, 4:95-132
(1964); ERNST WURTHWEIN, Der Text
des Alten Testaments (1952; Eng. trans., The
Text of the Old Testament, 1957). (Later
and modern versions-English versions): DAVID DAICHES, The King James Version of the English Bible (1941, reprinted 1968);
MARGARET DEANESLY, The Lollard Bible
and Other Medieval Biblical Versions (1920, reprinted 1966); HERMAN
HAILPERIN, Rashi and the Christian
Scholars (1963); WILLIAM F. MOULTON, The
History of the English Bible, 5th ed. (1911); ALFRED W. POLLARD, Records of the English Bible (1911); and, with G.R. REDGRAVE, A
Short-Title Catalogue of Books Printed in England, Scotland, and Ireland
and of English Books Printed Abroad 1475-1640 (1926, reprinted 1969);
B.F. WESTCOTT, A General View of the
History of the English Bible, 3rd ed. rev. by W.A. WRIGHT (1905). (Continental
versions and non-European versions): THOMAS H. DARLOW and HORACE F.
MOULE, Historical Catalogue of the
Printed Editions of the Holy Scripture in the Library of the British and
Foreign Bible Society, 2 vol. (1903-11); JOSEF SCHMID (ed.),
"Moderne Bibelübersetzungen," Zeitschrift
für katholische Theologie, 82:290-332 (1960).
Two current histories of Israel
exhibit the full range of historiographical problems and methods relating
to the subject: JOHN BRIGHT, A
History of Israel (1959); and MARTIN NOTH, Geschichte
Israels, 3rd ed. (1956; Eng. trans., The
History of Israel, 1958). They differ mainly in where they begin;
Bright begins with Abraham, Noth with the federation of tribes that calls
itself Israel in the land of Canaan. They disagree about the
demonstrability of such a community in the pre-Canaanite times because of
their respective assessment of the character of the Pentateuch. Bright
assumes that it was intended as a history concerned to record the early
past, while Noth assumes that its thematic traditions were intended to
define and celebrate the identity of the later Israel and hence do not
constitute a usable historical resource about its earliest beginnings.
This whole methodological problem in Israelite historiography is lucidly
discussed and illustrated in a little book by JOHN BRIGHT--Early Israel in Recent History Writing: A Study in Method (1956).
For the use of archaeology, geography, and history of religion in the
study of the history of Israel, see GEORGE ERNEST WRIGHT. Biblical Archaeology, rev. ed. (1962); LUC H. GROLLENBERG, Atlas
van de Bijbel, 3rd ed. (1954; Eng. trans., Atlas
of the Bible, 1956); YEHEZKEL KAUFMANN, The
Religion of Israel, from Its Beginnings to the Babylonian Exile (1960);
and HELMER RINGGREN, Israelitische
Religion (1963; Eng. trans., 1966).
For various modern critical
methods of studying the formation of the Old Testament, see the "Old
Testament Series" of Guides to
Biblical Scholarship: NORMAN C. HABEL, Literary
Criticism of the Old Testament, GENE M. TUCKER, Form Criticism of the Old Testament, and WALTER E. RAST, Tradition
History and the Old Testament (1971-72). Among general introductions,
the most exhaustive is OTTO EISSFELDT (op.
cit.), based mainly on literary criticism. The other methods are
reflected to a somewhat greater extent in AAGE BENTZEN, Introduction
to the Old Testament, 3rd ed. (1957); and in the briefer, less
original but very readable work of ARTUR WEISER, Einleitung
in das Alte Testament, 4th ed. (1957; Eng. trans., The Old Testament: Its Formation and Development, 1961). For
pioneering research in tradition analysis of the Pentateuch and the Former
Prophets, see MARTIN NOTH, Überlieferungsgeschichte
des Pentateuch, 3rd ed. (1966; Eng. trans., A History of Pentateuchal Traditions, 1972), and Überlieferungsgeschichtliche
Studien (1957); the latter deals with what its author calls "The
Deuteronomic History," an envisioned work containing the books of
Deuteronomy, Joshua, Judges, Samuel, and Kings. The contribution of form
criticism to the understanding of the history of the Book of Psalms may
best be approached through HERMANN GUNKEL, The
Psalms: A Form-Critical Introduction (1967), a translation of his
article in Die Religion in
Geschichte und Gegenwart (2nd ed.) summarizing his seminal work in Die
Psalmen (1926) and Einleitung in
die Psalmen (1928). ELMER A. LESLIE, The
Psalms, Translated and Interpreted in the Light of Hebrew Life and Worship
(1949), is heavily dependent on Gunkel and illustrates his use of form
criticism. The celebrated work of SIGMUND MOWINCKEL on the Psalter,
culminating in his masterful Offersang
ob Sangoffer (1951; Eng. trans., The
Psalms in Israel's Worship, 2 vol., 1962), combines the methods of
Gunkel with those of the comparative historian of religion and locates the
setting for the production of most of the psalms in the cult of the
Solomonic temple. The application of the newer methods to the study of the
Latter Prophets is evident in the essays in HAROLD H. ROWLEY (ed.), Studies
in Old Testament Prophecy (1950). The new approaches were deeply under
the impact of HENRIK S. NYBERG, Studien
zum Hoseabuche (1935). Other books that amplify the implications of
his assumptions include: JOHANNES LINDBLOM, Prophecy
in Ancient Israel (1962); CURT KUHL, Israels
Propheten (1956; Eng. trans., The
Prophets of Israel, 1960); and SIGMUND MOWINCKEL, Prophecy and Tradition: The Prophetic Books in the Light of the Study of
the Growth and History of the Tradition (1946). ABRAHAM J. HESCHEL, The
Prophets (1962), though of independent origin, nevertheless belongs
with those new interpretations of the prophetic materials. An old classic
in a new edition, OLIVER S. RANKIN, Israel's
Wisdom Literature: Its Bearing on Theology and the History of Religion (1936,
reprinted 1969), presents Israel's wisdom literature in relation both to
its extra-Israelite cultural connections and to the rest of Israel's
heritage in the Old Testament. Two new approaches to the legacy of wisdom
literature, one through literary form and the other through theology, are
presented, respectively, in R.B.Y. SCOTT, The
Way of Wisdom in the Old Testament (1971); and GERHARD VON RAD, Weisheit
in Israel (1970). See also NORTHROP FRYE, The
Great Code: The Bible and Literature (1982), and ELSA TAMEZ, Bible of the Oppressed (1982), an interpretation from a Latin,
female theologian's perspective.
Standard translations of the
Jewish intertestamental literature are ROBERT H. CHARLES (ed.), The Apocrypha and Pseudepigrapha of the Old Testament in English (1913);
and EMIL KAUTZSCH (ed.), Die
Apocryphen und Pseudepigraphen des Alten Testaments (1900). PAUL
RIESSLER, Altjüdisches
Schrifttum ausserhalb der Bibel (1928), is indispensable because it
contains translations of the fullest number of writings. The best
translations of the Dead Sea Scrolls are GEZA VERMES, The
Dead Sea Scrolls in English (1962); JOHANN MAIER, Die
Texte vom Toten Meer (1960); and ANDRE DUPONT-SOMMER, Les
Écrits esséniens découverts près de la Mer
Morte, 3rd ed. (1964). ALBERT-MARIE DENIS, Introduction
aux Pseudépigraphes grecs d'Ancien Testament (1970), does not
treat the Apocrypha and is important mainly for its bibliography. Basic
books dealing with intertestamental literature are R.H. PFEIFFER, History of New Testament Times, with an Introduction to the Apocrypha (1949);
EMIL SCHURER, Geschichte des jüdischen
Volkes im Zeitalter Jesu Christi, 3rd-4th ed., 3 vol. (1898-1901; Eng.
trans., A History of the Jewish
People in the Time of Jesus Christ, 2nd and rev. ed., 5 vol.,
1885-91); and ROBERT H. CHARLES, Religious
Development Between the Old and the New Testaments (1914). Still
interesting is ROBERT TRAVERS HERFORD, Talmud
and Apocrypha (1933, reprinted 1971). Information about the library of
the Dead Sea Scrolls is in two books: JOZEF T. MILIK, Dix
Ans de découvertes dans le désert de Juda (1957; Eng.
trans., Ten Years of Discovery in the Wilderness of Judaea, 1959); and FRANK
MOORE CROSS, The Ancient Library of
Qumrân and Modern Biblical Studies, 2nd ed. (1961). A fragment
of Ben Sira from antiquity was published by YIGAEL YADIN, The Ben Sira Scroll from Masada, with Introduction, Emendations and
Commentary (1965). The best book about Jewish eschatology is PAUL
VOLZ, Die Eschatologie der jüdischen
Gemeinde im neutestamentlichen Zeitalter (1934). On Apocalyptic and
Messianism, see HAROLD H. ROWLEY, The
Relevance of Apocalyptic, 3rd ed. (1963); DAVID S. RUSSELL, The Method and Message of Jewish Apocalyptic, 200 BC-AD 100 (1964);
SIGMUND MOWINCKEL, Han som kommer (1951;
Eng. trans., He That Cometh, 1954);
ERIK SJOBERG, Der Menschensohn im
äthiopischen Henochbuch (1946); and A.S. VAN DER WOUDE, Die
messianischen Vorstellungen der Gemeinde von Qumrân (1957).
(Canon):
For the relevant primary texts on the history of the canon, see DANIEL J.
THERON (ed.), Evidence of Tradition (1957),
with selected source material in Greek or Latin with English translation;
and JAMES STEVENSON (ed.), A New
Eusebius (1957). For introductions, see ALEXANDER SOUTER and C.S.C.
WILLIAMS, The Text and Canon of the
New Testament, 2nd ed. rev. (1954); and ROBERT M. GRANT, The
Formation of the New Testament (1965). For a phenomenological
approach, see GERARDUS VAN DER LEEUW, Phänomenologie
der Religion, 2nd ed., 2 vol. (1956; Eng. trans., Religion in Essence and Manifestation, 2nd ed., 2 vol., 1963), ch.
64. (Texts): The major text for
further study is BRUCE H. METZGER, The
Text of the New Testament (1964). (Translations):
On translation in general, see REUBEN A. BROWER (ed.), On Translation (1959). For translation of the Bible into English,
see FREDERICK F. BRUCE, The English
Bible: A History of Translations from the Earliest English Versions to the
New English Bible, 2nd ed. (1970).
(Jewish
culture and history): Standard works are R.H. PFEIFFER (op.
cit.); and GEORGE F. MOORE, Judaism
in the First Centuries of the Christian Era, 3 vol. (1927-30). (Qumran,
Dead Sea Scrolls): FRANK MOORE CROSS. JR. (op. cit.); on Qumran and New Testament problems, see KRISTER
STENDAHL (ed.), The Scrolls and the
New Testament (1958). (Greco-Roman
culture and history): WILLIAM W. TARN, Hellenistic
Civilisation, 3rd ed. rev. (1952). For a broad cultural comparison,
see ERIC R. DODDS, Pagan and
Christian in an Age of Anxiety (1965). (Pauline
chronology): The debate can be best assessed by comparing JOHN KNOX, Chapters
in a Life of Paul (1950), with DIETER GEORGI, Die
Geschichte der Kollekte des Paulus für Jerusalem (1965).
The following works are useful for
commentary, survey articles, and bibliographic material: GEORGE A.
BUTTRICK (ed.), The Interpreter's
Bible, especially vol. 1, 7, and 12 (1952-57); MATTHEW BLACK (ed.), Peake's Commentary on the Bible, 2nd ed. (1962); and RAYMOND E.
BROWN, JOSEPH A. FITZMYER, and ROLAND E. MURPHY (eds.), The Jerome Biblical Commentary (1968). WERNER G. KUEMMEL, The
New Testament: The History of the Investigations of Its Problems (1972),
covers the whole history of New Testament studies with ample excerpts from
the major scholars since the 18th century. For a rich introduction to the
27 books of the New Testament with full and balanced reporting on all
major issues of contemporary discussion and extensive bibliographies, see
PAUL FEINE, JOHANNES BEHM, and WERNER G. KUEMMEL, Einleitung
in das Neue Testament, 14th rev. ed. (1965; Eng. trans., Introduction
to the New Testament, 1966). For a general dictionary to the Bible,
see GEORGE A. BUTTRICK (ed.), The
Interpreter's Dictionary of the Bible, 4 vol. (1962). The most
extensive tool for the study of New Testament theological terms is GERHARD
KITTEL (ed.), Theological Dictionary
of the New Testament, vol. 1-8 (1964-72, in progress). For New
Testament theologies, see RUDOLF BULTMANN, Theologie
des Neuen Testaments, 3rd ed. (1958; Eng. trans., Theology
of the New Testament, 2 vol., 1951-55); HANS CONZELMANN, Grundriss
der Theologie des Neuen Testaments, 2nd ed. (1967; Eng. trans., An
Outline of the Theology of the New Testament, 1969). For general
commentary, see The International
Critical Commentary on the Holy Scriptures of the Old and New Testaments, 41
vol. (1895-1920); for the major German commentary, see Kritisch exegetischer Kommentar über das Neuen Testament ("Meyer
Series," frequently updated); Handbuch
zum Neuen Testament (Lietzmann-Bornkamm); and Das Neue Testament Deutsch (Göttinger Bibelwerk). For a major
French Protestant commentary, see Commentaire
du Nouveau Testament and for major French and German Roman Catholic
commentaries, see Etudes bibliques and
Das Neue Testament übersetzt
und erklärt (the Regensburger
New Testament). (Gospels--texts): KURT ALAND (ed.), Synopsis
Quattuor Evangeliorum (1964), a Greek synopsis, includes the Gospel of
John and translations (Eng. trans. 1972) of the Coptic Gospel of Thomas. For a synopsis, see BURTON H. THROCKMORTON, JR.
(ed.), Gospel Parallels: A Synopsis
of the First Three Gospels, 3rd ed. (1967). For a general study of the
Gospels and the Synoptic problem, see FREDERICK C. GRANT, The Gospels: Their Origin and Their Growth (1957). For arguments
against the priority of Mark, see WILLIAM R. FARMER, The Synoptic Problem (1964). Significant new approaches to gospel
study are found in JAMES M. ROBINSON and HELMUT KOESTER, Trajectories Through Early Christianity (1971). For form criticism,
see RUDOLF BULTMANN, Die Geschichte
der synoptischen Tradition, 3rd ed. (1958; Eng. trans., The History of the Synoptic Tradition, 1963). AMOS N. WILDER, Early
Christian Rhetoric (1971), goes beyond form criticism by fuller
attention to modern literary criticism. (Mark):
ROBERT H. LIGHTFOOT, The Gospel
Message of St. Mark (1950); and WILLI MARXSEN, Der
Evangelist Markus (1959; Eng. trans., Mark
the Evangelist, 1969), are two outstanding works representing
different periods and methods of scholarship. (Matthew):
For discussion of the arrangement, Old Testament citations, and theology
of Matthew, see GUENTHER BORNKAMM, GERHARD BARTH, and HEINZ J. HELD, Auslegung
im Mattäus-evangelium (1960; Eng. trans., Tradition
and Interpretation in Matthew, 1963). DAVID HILL, New
Testament Prophesy (1980), a discussion of prophesy both in the Bible
and in the church today. KRISTER STENDAHL, "Prayer and
Forgiveness," in Svensk
Exegetisk Ársbok, 22-23:75-86 (1957-58), in English; and The
School of St. Matthew and Its Use of the Old Testament, 2nd ed.
(1968). (Luke): HENRY J.
CADBURY, The Making of Luke-Acts, 2nd
ed. (1958); and HANS CONZELMANN, Die
Mitte der Zeit: Studien zur Theologie des Lukas, 3rd ed. (1960; Eng.
trans., The Theology of St. Luke, 1960),
represent a classic treatment of Luke-Acts. (John): Among the most important recent studies on John are CHARLES
H. DODD, Historical Tradition in the
Fourth Gospel (1963), and The
Interpretation of the Fourth Gospel (1953); ERNST KAESEMANN, Jesu
letzter Wille nach Johannes 17. (1966; Eng. trans., The
Testament of Jesus: A Study of the Gospel of John in the Light of Chapter
17, 1968); and JAMES L. MARTYN, History
and Theology in the Fourth Gospel (1968). (Acts):
See also Luke above. For Acts
viewed in its own time, see HENRY J. CADBURY, The
Book of Acts in History (1955). Literary style and methods of
composition are discussed in MARTIN DIBELIUS, Aufsätze
zur Apostelgeschichte (1951; Eng. trans., Studies in the Acts of the Apostles, 1956). The scope and purpose of
Acts are treated in P.M. MENOUD, "Le Plan des Actes des Apôtres,"
New Testament Studies, 1:44-50
(1954-55); and W.C. VAN UNNIK, "The 'Book of Acts' the Confirmation
of the Gospel," Novum
Testamentum, 4:26-59 (1960). (Paul):
For general works on Paul and the epistles, see GUENTHER BORNKAMM, Early Christian Experience (1970), and Paulus (1969; Eng. trans., 1971); WILLIAM D. DAVIES, Paul
and Rabbinic Judaism, 2nd ed. (1955); MARTIN DIBELIUS and WERNER G.
KUEMMEL, Paulus (1951; Eng. trans., 1953); JOHANNES MUNCK, Paulus
und die Heilsgeschichte (1954; Eng. trans., Paul
and the Salvation of Mankind, 1959); ARTHUR D. NOCK, St.
Paul (1938); and HANS J. SCHOEPS, Paulus:
Die Theologie des Apostels .
. .
(1959; Eng. trans., Paul: The
Theology of the Apostle . .
., 1961). See also KRISTER
STENDAHL, "The Apostle Paul and the Introspective Conscience of the
West," Harvard Theological
Review, 51: 199-215 (1963). For a survey of Pauline studies, see
EDWARD E. ELLIS, Paul and His Recent
Interpreters (1961); WAYNE A. MEEKS (ed.), The Writings of St. Paul (1972); and ERNST KAESEMANN, Paulinische
Perspektiven (1969; Eng. trans., Perspectives
on Paul, 1971). (Romans):
JOHN KNOX, "A Note on the Text of Romans," New
Testament Studies, 2: 191-192 (1955-56); KRISTER STENDAHL, "Hate,
Non-Retaliation, and Love: 1QS x, 17-20 and Romans 12:19-21," Harvard
Theological Review, 50:343-355 (1962). (I
Corinthians): For a discussion of the heresies met in I Corinthians,
see WALTER SCHMITHALS, Die Gnosis in
Korinth, 3rd ed. (1969; Eng. trans., Gnosticism
in Corinth, 1971). (II
Corinthians): For the arrangement of the fragments of II Corinthians
and their redaction, see GUENTHER BORNKAMM, "The History of the
Origin of the So-Called 2nd Letter to the Corinthians," New
Testament Studies, 8:258-264 (1961-62). For a discussion of Paul's
opponents in II Corinthians, see DIETER GEORGI, Die
Gegner des Paulus im 2. Korintherbrief: Studien zur religiösen
Propaganda in der Spätantike (1964); and his shorter article on
this subject, "Forms of Religious Propaganda," in HANS J.
SCHULTZ (ed.), Die Zeit Jesu (1966; Eng. trans., Jesus in His Time, 1971). (Galatians):
For a discussion of the heretics in Galatia, see WALTER SCHMITHALS,
"Die Häretiker in Galatien," Zeitschrift
für die Neutestamentliche Wissenschaft und die Kunde der Aelteren
Kirche (ZNW), pp. 25-67 (1956). (Ephesians):
For the meaning and goal of Ephesians, see EDGAR J. GOODSPEED, The Meaning of Ephesians (1933), and The Key to Ephesians (1956). See also C. LESLIE MITTON, The
Epistle to the Ephesians (1951). (Philippians):
For the place of Philippians in the Pauline collection and the meaning of
its various sections, see HELMUT KOESTER, "The Purpose of the Polemic
of a Pauline Fragment (Philippians III)," New
Testament Studies, 8:317-332 (1961-62). For the concept of Philippians
as a testament, see DIETER GEORGI, "Ein Testament des Paulus (Phil.
3, 2ff.)," ZNW (1972). (Philemon): JOHN KNOX, Philemon
Among the Letters of Paul, 2nd ed. (1959). (Pastoral Epistles): For evidence against Pauline authorship, see
PERCY N. HARRISON, The Problem of
the Pastoral Epistles (1921). See also EDUARD SCHWEIZER, Church Order in the New Testament (1961). (Hebrews): Concerning the Christology of Hebrews and the idea of the
"wandering people of God," see ERNST KAESEMANN, Das wandernde Gottesvolk, 3rd ed. (1959). An approach to the
eschatology of Hebrews and an origin connected with followers of Stephen
is found in WILLIAM MANSON, The
Epistle to the Hebrews (1951). (Catholic
Epistles): For the typical admixture of parenesis, apocalyptic, and
the general address of the Catholic Epistles, see CARL ANDRESEN, "Zum
Formular frühchristlicher Gemeindebriefe," ZNW,
56:233-259 (1965). The similarity of style of the Catholic Epistles to
later Christian Greek literature is treated in A. WIFSTRAND,
"Stylistic Problems in the Epistles of James and Peter," Studia Theologica, 11:35-60 (1948). (James): For a solution to the apparent contradiction of Paul and
James concerning "works," see JOACHIM JEREMIAS, "Paul and
James," Expository Times, 66:368-371
(1954-55); for clarification of special passages with a modern technique
similar to rabbinic methodology, see ROY B. WARD, "The Works of
Abraham: James 2:14-26," Harvard
Theological Review, 61:283-290 (1968), and "Partiality in the
Assembly: James 2:2-4," ibid., 62:87-97
(1969). (I Peter): For a date in
Trajan's time, see JOHN KNOX, "Pliny and I Peter: A Note on I Pet.
4:14-16 and 3:15," Journal of
Biblical Literature, 72:187-189 (1953); an interpretation of the
Descent into Hell is found in B. REICKE, The
Disobedient Spirits and Christian Baptism: A Study of I Peter iii, 19 and
Its Context (1946). (II Peter
and Jude): For motivation for the writing of II Peter, see ERNST
KAESEMANN, "An Apologia for Primitive Christian Eschatology," in
Essays on New Testament Themes (1964).
(Johannine Epistles): For
speculations as to authorship, date, and nature of the situation of the
Johannine Epistles, see W.F. HOWARD, "The Common Authorship of the
Johannine Gospel and Epistles," Journal of Theological Studies (1947). (Revelation): Concerning liturgical style and content in Revelations,
see GUENTHER BORNKAMM, "On the Understanding of Worship; B," in Early
Christian Experience (1969). For a study of Revelation as a creative
revelatory poem with unity throughout, drawing upon apocalyptic imagery of
its time, see AUSTIN M. FARRER, A
Rebirth of Images (1949, reprinted 1963). A general survey of
apocalypticism and apocalypses from 200 BC into the early Christian era is
found in DAVID S. RUSSELL (op. cit.).
EDGAR HENNECKE, Neutestamentliche Apokryphen in deutscher Übersetzung (1959;
Eng. trans., New Testament
Apocrypha, 2 vol., 1963-65), a standard work; MONTAGUE R. JAMES, The Apocryphal New Testament (1924, reprinted 1955), convenient but
obsolete; R.M. GRANT, D.N. FREEDMAN, and W.R. SCHOEDEL, The Secret Sayings of Jesus (1960); B. PICK, The Apocryphal Acts of Paul, Peter, John, Andrew and Thomas (1909);
for Greek texts, see R.A. LIPSIUS and M. BONNET, Acta Apostolorum Apocryphe. A Greek papyrus (late 3rd century) of
the Acts of Paul was edited by C. SCHMIDT in Praxeis Paulou (1936); he notes other papyrus fragments. The Seneca
letters were edited by C.W. BARLOW, Epistolae
Seneca ad Paulum et Pauli ad Senecam (quae
vocantur) (1938).
ABRAHAM Z. IDELSOHN, The Jewish Liturgy and Its Development (1932, reprinted 1967);
JOSEPH H. HERTZ, The Authorized
Daily Prayer Book, rev. ed. (1948), Hebrew and English with historical
notes and commentary; FAN S. NOLI, Three
Liturgies of the Eastern Orthodox Church (1955); DONALD ATTWATER, Eastern
Catholic Worship (1945), eight Uniate liturgies in English; JOSEF A.
JUNGMANN, Missarum Sollemnia: Eine Genetische Erklärung der römischen
Messe, 2 vol. (1958; Eng. trans., The
Mass of The Roman Rite: Its Origins and Development, abridged ed.,
1959); CLEMENT J. McNASPY, Our
Changing Liturgy (1966), reforms following Vatican II; GREGORY DIX, The
Shape of the Liturgy (1945); BARD THOMPSON, Liturgies of the Western Church (1961), includes the main Protestant
traditions.
The
Cambridge History of the Bible, 3 vol.
(1963-70), includes contributions by specialists on biblical
interpretation from pre-Christian times to the present day. J. BARR, Old and New in Interpretation (1966), discusses the relation between
the Old and New Testaments and examines critically some of the
interpretative principles favoured by exegetes and theologians; another
work on this subject is E.C. BLACKMAN, Biblical
Interpretation (1957). C.E. BRAATEN, History
and Hermeneutics (1966), discusses the relevance of the
historical-critical method to theological study and the idea of revelation
through history; F.F. BRUCE, Biblical
Exegesis in the Qumran Texts (1959), examines the interpretative
principles followed by biblical commentaries and other documents among the
Dead Sea Scrolls. The major work on the theme of salvation-history in the
Bible is O. CULLMANN, Salvation in
History (1967). C.H. DODD, According
to the Scriptures (1952), shows the various ways in which the
Christian interpretation of important areas of the Old Testament provided
the substructure of New Testament theology. F.W. FARRAR, History
of Interpretation (1886, reprinted 1961), provides a classical survey
of biblical exegesis from the early rabbinical period to the 19th century;
R.M. GRANT, A Short History of the Interpretation of the Bible, rev. ed. (1963),
is probably the best work of its kind. B. LINDARS, New Testament Apologetic (1962), studies the Old Testament
quotations in the New Testament as evidence, in their text and
interpretation, for the developing life and thought of the primitive
church. J.M. ROBINSON and J.B. COBB (eds.), The
New Hermeneutic (1964), expounds modern hermeneutical concerns. B.
SMALLEY, The Study of the Bible in the Middle Ages, 2nd rev. ed. (1952),
remains the standard work on early medieval exegesis. G. VERMES, Scripture
and Tradition in Judaism (1961), gives an account of the interaction
of the written text and oral tradition in Jewish exegesis of the
pre-Christian and early rabbinical age. An outline of the history of
biblical interpretation and of the main exegetical trends of the mid-20th
century is presented in J.D. WOOD, The
Interpretation of the Bible (1958); A. RICHARDSON and W. SCHWEITZER
(eds.), Biblical Authority for Today
(1951), discusses the difficulties of applying biblical ethics to some
of the most urgent concerns of the modern world. |
