John, Gospel According to,
fourth of the four New Testament narratives recounting the life
and death of Jesus Christ; John's is the only one of the four
not considered among the Synoptic Gospels
(i.e., those presenting a common view). Although the
Gospel is ostensibly written by John, "the beloved
disciple" of Jesus, there has been considerable discussion
of the actual identity of the author. The language of the Gospel
and its well-developed theology suggest that the author may have
lived later than John and based his writing on John's teachings
and testimonies. Moreover, the facts that several episodes in
the life of Jesus are recounted out of sequence with the
Synoptics and the final chapter appears to be a later addition
suggest that the text may be a composite. The Gospel's place and
date of composition are also uncertain; many scholars suggest
that it was written at Ephesus, in Asia Minor, in about AD 100
for the purpose of communicating the truths about Christ to
Christians of Hellenistic background. |
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John's Gospel differs from the Synoptic Gospels in several
ways: it covers a different time span than the others; it
locates much of Jesus' ministry in Judea; and it portrays Jesus
discoursing at length on theological matters. The major
difference, however, lies in John's overall purpose. The author
of John's Gospel tells us that he has chosen not to record many
of the symbolic acts of Jesus and has instead included certain
episodes in order that his readers may understand and share in
the mystical union of Christ's church, that they "may
believe that Jesus is the Christ, the Son of God, and that
believing you may have life in his name" (20:30). This
motive pervades the narrative, as do a kind of mystic symbolism
and repeated emphasis on the incarnation. The author begins his
account with a pronouncement on the incarnation that clearly
intimates Genesis ("In the beginning was the Word, and the
Word was with God, and the Word was God."). The author
continually adds interpretative comments of his own to clarify
Jesus' motives. In the narration of certain miraculous deeds,
for example, the feeding of the 5,000 (6:1-15), which appears in
all four Gospels, John's version is explained as symbolic of a
deeper spiritual truth ("I am the bread of life; . .
."). Throughout John's Gospel, Jesus openly presents
himself as the divine Son of God, not hiding his identity as he
does in Mark. Thus, the author of John's Gospel does not merely
narrate a series of events but singles out details that support
an ordered theological interpretation of those events. |
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