Judges, Book of,
an Old Testament book that, along with Deuteronomy, Joshua, I and II Samuel, and
I and II Kings, belongs to a specific historical tradition (Deuteronomic
history) that was first committed to writing about 550 BC, during the Babylonian
Exile. The judges to whom the title refers were charismatic leaders who
delivered Israel from a succession of foreign dominations after their conquest
of Canaan, the Promised Land.
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The introduction is an account of the conquest of Canaan (1:1-2:5) and a
characterization of the period of the judges (2:6-3:6). The main body of the
book consists of narratives about the judges. The book concludes with
supplements about the migration of the tribe of Dan to the north (chapters
17-18) and about the sins of the Benjaminites (chapters 19-21). |
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Because the author was an exile in Babylonia, foreign domination was a matter
of deep concern. The retelling of Israel's experiences during the period of the
judges is thus coloured by the experiences of the present. The historian
emphasized that Israel's subjugation to foreign powers and its loss of freedom
and prosperity were caused by the people's worship of Canaanite gods. Recurring
throughout the book is the stereotyped formula: "The people of Israel did
what was evil in the sight of the Lord . . . and he sold them into the hand of.
. . ." After each period of subjection, the historian introduces another
formula: "But when the people of Israel cried to the Lord, the Lord raised
up a deliverer for the people. . . ." Clearly, the historian schematized
the accounts of the judges according to an apostasy-deliverance pattern. This
arrangement of historical materials was designed to influence a course of action
for the deliverance of the Israelites held captive in Babylonia. In addition to
the apostasy-deliverance schema, the historian takes the history of individual
tribes and gives an "all Israel" scope. This technique likewise
reflects the author's exilic perspective, for the deliverance of all Israel, he
believes, is possible if the people return to their worship of Yahweh.
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