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(Old Testament Apocrypha)

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Books of Maccabees

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Introduction

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Maccabees, The Books of the, Maccabees also spelled MACHABEES, four books, none of which is in the Hebrew Bible but all of which appear in some manuscripts of the Septuagint. The first two books only are part of canonical scripture in the Septuagint and the Vulgate (hence are canonical to Roman Catholicism and Eastern Orthodoxy) and are included in the Protestant Apocrypha. ¸¶Ä«º£¿À¼­(Books of Maccabees), È÷ºê¸® ¼º¼­¿¡´Â ¾øÁö¸¸ 70ÀÎ ¿ª ±×¸®½º¾î ¼º¼­ÀÎ ¼ÁÅõ¾Æ±äŸ ¸î¸î »çº»(ÞÐÜâ)¿¡ ½Ç·Á ÀÖ´Â 4±ÇÀÇ Ã¥ÀÌ´Ù. 1¡¤2±Ç¸¸ÀÌ ¼ÁÅõ¾Æ±äŸ¿Í ºÒ°¡Å¸(Vulgata) ¼º¼­ÀÇ Á¤°æ(ïáÌè)¿¡ ¼ÓÇÑ´Ù. µû¶ó¼­ 1¡¤2±ÇÀº ·Î¸¶ °¡Å縯 ±³È¸¿Í µ¿¹æÁ¤±³È¸ÀÇ Á¤°æ¿¡ Æ÷ÇÔµÇÁö¸¸ °³½Å±³ÀÇ °æ¿ì¿¡´Â ¿Ü°æ(èâÌè)¿¡ ¼ÓÇÑ´Ù.

The First Book of the Maccabees.

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I Maccabees presents a historical account of political, military, and diplomatic events from the time of Judaea's relationship with Antiochus IV Epiphanes of Syria (reigned 175-164/163 BC) to the death (135/134 BC) of Simon Maccabeus, high priest in Jerusalem. It describes the refusal of Mattathias to perform pagan religious rites, the ensuing Jewish revolt against Syrian hegemony, the political machinations whereby Demetrius II of Syria granted Judaea its independence, and the election of Simon as both high priest and secular ruler of the Judaean Jews. I Maccabees is the only contemporary source for the civil wars in Judaea, and the only surviving one for Judaean-Syrian relations after the reign of Antiochus IV. The historical integrity of the book, which was compiled from official written sources, oral tradition, and eyewitness reporting, is attested to by the absence of almost all of the conventions of the Hellenistic rhetorical school of historiography and by its uncritical use by the later Jewish historian Josephus. The author of I Maccabees, likely the Hasmonean court historian, wrote his history during the high priesthood (135/134-104 BC) of John Hyrcanus I, son and successor of Simon.

¸¶Ä«º£¿À 1¼­¿¡´Â À¯´ë ½Ã´ëÀÇ ½Ã¸®¾Æ ¿Õ ¾ÈƼ¿ÀÄÚ½º 4¼¼ ¿¡ÇÇÆÄ³×½º(BC 175~164/ 163 ÀçÀ§)¿ÍÀÇ °ü°è¿¡¼­ºÎÅÍ ¿¹·ç»ì·½ÀÇ ´ëÁ¦»çÀå ½Ã¸ó ¸¶Ä«º£¿ÀÀÇ Á×À½(BC 135/134)¿¡ À̸£±â±îÁöÀÇ Á¤Ä¡Àû¡¤±º»çÀû¡¤¿Ü±³Àû »ç°ÇµéÀÇ ¿ª»ç°¡ ±â¼úµÇ¾î ÀÖ´Ù. ¸¶Å¸½Ã¾Æ½º°¡ ºñ(Þª)À¯´ë±³ Á¾±³ÀǽÄÀ» °ÅºÎÇÑ ÀÏ, ½Ã¸®¾ÆÀÇ ÆÐ±Ç¿¡ ÀúÇ×ÇÑ À¯´ëÀÎÀÇ ÀÕµû¸¥ ¹Ý¶õ, ½Ã¸®¾ÆÀÇ µ¥¸ÞÆ®¸®¿ì½º 2¼¼°¡ À¯´ëÀÇ µ¶¸³À» ÀÎÁ¤ÇÏ°Ô ¸¸µç Á¤Ä¡Àû Ã¥µ¿, ½Ã¸óÀÌ À¯´ë Áö¹æ¿¡ »ç´Â À¯´ëÀεéÀÇ ´ëÁ¦»çÀåÀÌÀÚ ¼¼¼Ó ÅëÄ¡ÀÚ·Î ¼±ÃâµÈ »ç°ÇµéÀÌ ¼­¼úµÇ¾î ÀÖ´Ù. ¸¶Ä«º£¿À 1¼­´Â À¯´ë ³»¶õ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ´ç´ëÀÇ À¯ÀÏÇÑ ÀÚ·áÀ̸ç, ¾ÈƼ¿ÀÄÚ½º 4¼¼ ÅëÄ¡ ÀÌÈÄÀÇ À¯´ë-½Ã¸®¾Æ °ü°è¿¡ ´ëÇÑ À¯ÀÏÇÑ ÀÚ·á·Î ³²¾Æ ÀÖ´Ù. °ø½Ä ¹®¼­ÀÚ·á, ±¸Àü Àü½Â, ¸ñ°ÝÀÚµéÀÇ Áõ¾ð µîÀ» Á¾ÇÕÇØ ÆíÂùÇÑ ÀÌ Ã¥ÀÇ ¿ª»çÀûÀÎ Á¤È®¼ºÀº ¿ª»ç ±â¼ú(ÑÀâû)¿¡¼­ »óÅõÀûÀÎ ±×¸®½º¾î½Ä °úÀåÀ» °ÅÀÇ Ã£¾Æº¼ ¼ö ¾øÀ¸¸ç, ³ªÁß¿¡ À¯´ë ¿ª»ç°¡ÀÎ ¿ä¼¼Çª½º°¡ ÀÌ Ã¥À» ¾Æ¹«·± ºñÆÇ¾øÀÌ »ç¿ëÇÑ »ç½Ç·Î º¸¾Æ ÃæºÐÈ÷ Áõ¸íÀÌ µÈ´Ù. ¸¶Ä«º£¿À 1¼­ÀÇ ÀúÀÚ´Â ÇϽº¸ó ¿Õ°¡ÀÇ ±ÃÁ¤ ¿ª»ç°¡·Î ÃßÃøµÇ¸ç, ¾º¾îÁø ½Ã±â´Â ½Ã¸óÀÇ ¾ÆµéÀÌÀÚ ÈİèÀÚÀÎ ¿äÇÑ È÷¸£Ä«´©½º 1¼¼°¡ ´ëÁ¦»çÀåÀ̾ú´ø ¶§(BC 135/134~ 104)¿´À» °ÍÀÌ´Ù.
Outline of Contents °³¿ä
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
Persecution and the revolt of Mattathias
1.1-2.70
¸¶µûµð¾ÆÀÇ ¹ÚÇØ¿Í ¹Ý¶õ
The leadership of Judas Maccabeus
3.1-9.22
À¯´Ù½º ¸¶Ä«º£¿ÀÀÇ Áöµµ·Â
The leadership of Jonathan
9.23-12.53
Á¶³ª´ÜÀÇ Áöµµ·Â
The leadership of Simon
13.1-16.24
½Ã¸óÀÇ Áöµµ·Â

The Second Book of the Maccabees.

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II Maccabees focuses on the Jews' revolt against Antiochus and concludes with the defeat of the Syrian general Nicanor in 161 BC by Judas Maccabeus, the hero of the work. In general, its chronology coheres with that of I Maccabees. An unknown editor, the "Epitomist," used the factual notes of a historian, Jason of Cyrene, to write this historical polemic. Its vocabulary and style indicate a Greek original. ¸¶Ä«º£¿À 2¼­´Â ¾ÈƼ¿ÀÄÚ½º¿¡ ´ëÇ×ÇÑ À¯´ë ¹Ý¶õ¿¡ ÃÊÁ¡À» ¸ÂÃß°í, ÀÌ Ã¥ÀÇ ÁÖÀΰøÀÎ À¯´Ù ¸¶Ä«º£¿À½º°¡ ½Ã¸®¾ÆÀÇ À屺 ´Ï°¡³ë¸£¸¦ BC 161³â¿¡ °ÝÅðÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ¸·Î ³¡À» ¸Î°í ÀÖ´Ù. ÀϹÝÀûÀ¸·Î ¸¶Ä«º£¿À 2¼­ÀÇ ¿¬´ë±â´Â 1¼­ÀÇ ¿¬´ë±â¿Í ÀÏÄ¡ÇÑ´Ù. À̸§À» ¾Ë ¼ö ¾ø´Â ÆíÁýÀÚÀÎ '¹ßÃéÀÛ°¡'(Epitomist)´Â ÀÌ ¿ª»çÀûÀÎ ³íÀï°Å¸®¸¦ ¾²±â À§ÇØ Å°·¹³×ÀÇ ¾ß¼ÕÀ̶ó´Â ¿ª»ç°¡ÀÇ »ç½Ç±â·ÏÀ» ÀÌ¿ëÇß´Ù. ÀÌ Ã¥ÀÇ ¾îÈÖ¿Í ¹®Ã¼·Î ¹Ì·ç¾îº¼ ¶§ ¿ø·¡ ±×¸®½º¾î·Î ¾º¾îÁø µíÇÏ´Ù.
Outline of Contents °³¿ä
¸¶Ä«º£¿À2¼­(2 Maccabees)
1
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Letters to the Jews of Egypt and Preface
1.1-2.32
ÀÌÁýÆ®ÀÇ À¯´ëÀε鿡 ´ëÇÑ ÆíÁöµé°ú ¸Ó¸®¸»
Struggle for the high priesthood
3.1-4.50
´ë Á¦»çÀåÁ÷À» ÇâÇÑ ÅõÀï
Antiochus Epiphanes and the persecution of the Jews
5.1-7.42
¾ÈƼ¿ÀÄÚ½º ¿¡ÇÇÆÄ³×½º¿Í À¯´ëÀÎÀÇ ¹ÚÇØ
The victories of Judas
8.1-15.39
À¯´Ù½ºÀÇ ½Â¸®µé

The Third Book of the Maccabees.

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III Maccabees has no relation to the other three books of Maccabees, all of which deal with the revolt of Judaea against Antiochus IV Epiphanes. It purports to be a historical account of the repression and miraculous salvation of Egyptian Jewry during the reign (221-205 BC) of Ptolemy IV Philopator. Ptolemy supposedly threatened the Jews with loss of citizenship after Palestinian Jews refused to permit him to enter the sanctuary of the Temple of Jerusalem. He relented after angels intervened on behalf of the Jews.

´Ù¸¥ 3±ÇÀÇ ¸¶Ä«º£¿À¼­¿Í ÀüÇô °ü·ÃÀÌ ¾øÀ¸¸ç ¾ÈƼ¿ÀÄÚ½º 4¼¼ ¿¡ÇÇÆÄ³×½º¿¡ ´ëÇ×ÇÑ À¯´ë ¹Ý¶õÀÌ ÁÖ·Î ´Ù·ç¾îÁ® ÀÖ´Ù. ÇÁÅç·¹¸¶ÀÌ¿À½º 4¼¼ ÇÊ·ÎÆÄÅ丣(BC 221~205 ÀçÀ§) ÅëÄ¡ ¾Æ·¡ ÀÖ´ø ÀÌÁýÆ® À¯´ëÀεéÀÌ ´çÇÑ ¾Ð¹Ú°ú ±âÀûÀûÀÎ ±¸¿øÀ» ¿ª»çÀûÀ¸·Î ¼³¸íÇÏ·Á´Â Àǵµ¸¦ ´ã°í ÀÖ´Ù. ÇÁÅç·¹¸¶ÀÌ¿À½º´Â ÆÈ·¹½ºÅ¸Àο¡ »ç´Â À¯´ëÀεéÀÌ ÀÚ½ÅÀ» ¿¹·ç»ì·½ ¼ºÀüÀÇ ¼º¼Ò¿¡ ¸ø µé¾î°¡°Ô ÇÏÀÚ ÀÌÁýÆ® À¯´ëÀεéÀÇ ½Ã¹Î±ÇÀ» »©¾Ñ°Ú´Ù°í À§ÇùÇßÀ¸³ª õ»ç°¡ À¯´ëÀεéÀ» À§ÇØ °³ÀÔÇÑ µÚ¿¡¾ß ¸¶À½À» µ¹ÀÌÄ×´Ù.
¸¶Ä«º£¿À3¼­(3 Maccabees)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7

The Fourth Book of the Maccabees.

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IV Maccabees has scanty historical information and belongs to the Maccabees series only because it deals with the beginning of the persecution of Jews by Antiochus IV Epiphanes. It possibly was written during the reign of the emperor Caligula (AD 37-41). Throughout the early Christian period, IV Maccabees was wrongly attributed to the 1st-century-AD Jewish historian Josephus. The work's main religious theme is that the martyr's sufferings vicariouly expiated the sins of the entire Jewish people.

¿ª»çÀûÀÎ »ç½Ç¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ±â·ÏÀº °ÅÀÇ ¾ø°í ´Ù¸¸ À¯´ëÀεéÀÌ ¾ÈƼ¿ÀÄÚ½º 4¼¼ ¿¡ÇÇÆÄ³×½º¿¡°Ô °íÅëÀ» ¹Þ±â ½ÃÀÛÇÏ´Â ºÎºÐÀ» ´Ù·ç¾ú´Ù´Â ÀÌÀ¯ ¶§¹®¿¡ ¸¶Ä«º£¿À¼­¿¡ ¼ÓÇÏ°Ô µÇ¾ú´Ù. Ä®¸®±¼¶ó ȲÁ¦(AD 37~41 ÀçÀ§) ÅëÄ¡ ¶§ ¾º¾îÁø °ÍÀ¸·Î ÃßÃøµÈ´Ù. ÃÊ´ë ±³È¸ ½Ã´ë¿¡´Â 1¼¼±âÀÇ À¯´ë ¿ª»ç°¡ÀÎ ¿ä¼¼Çª½º°¡ ¸¶Ä«º£¿À 4¼­¸¦ ½è´Ù°í À߸ø »ý°¢Çϰí ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. ÀÌ Ã¥ÀÇ ½Å¾ÓÀûÀÎ ÁÖÁ¦´Â ¼ø±³ÀÚµéÀÇ °í³­ÀÌ À¯´ëÀÎ ÀüüÀÇ Á˸¦ ´ë¼ÓÇÑ´Ù´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù.

The Maccabees books were preserved only by the Christian church. Augustine wrote in The City of God that they were preserved for their accounts of the martyrs. This suggests that in antiquity, IV Maccabees, dealing almost exclusively with martyrdom, may have been the most highly regarded. ¸¶Ä«º£¿À¼­´Â ±×¸®½ºµµ±³ ±³È¸¿¡¼­¸¸ º¸Á¸µÇ°í ÀÖ´Ù. ¾Æ¿ì±¸½ºÆ¼´©½º´Â ¡´½Å±¹ The City of God¡µ¿¡¼­ ÀÌ Ã¥µéÀÌ º¸Á¸µÇ´Â ÀÌÀ¯´Â ¼ø±³Àڵ鿡 °üÇÑ À̾߱Ⱑ ³ª¿À±â ¶§¹®À̶ó°í Çß´Ù. ÀÌ´Â ÁÖ·Î ¼ø±³¿¡ ´ëÇØ ´Ù·é ¸¶Ä«º£¿À 4¼­°¡ °í´ë¿¡ °¡Àå ³ôÀÌ Æò°¡µÇ¾úÀ¸¸®¶ó´Â °ÍÀ» ½Ã»çÇÑ´Ù.
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
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