Theology
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Theology,
meaning literally the study of God, is a discipline of religious thought that is
restricted in its narrower sense, because of origination and format, to
Christianity, but in its broader sense, because of its themes, to other
religions. The themes of theology are God, man, the world, salvation, and
eschatology (or the study of last times).
The concept of theology that is
applicable as a science in all religions and that is therefore neutral is
difficult to distill and determine. The problem lies in the fact that theology
as a concept had its origins in the tradition of the Greeks but that it obtained
its content and method only within Christianity. Thus, theology, because of its
peculiarly Christian profile, is not readily transferable in its narrow sense to
any other religion. In its broader thematic concerns, theology as a subject
matter is germane to other religions. (see also
Greek philosophy)
The Greek philosopher
Plato (c.
428-348/347 BC), with whom the concept emerges for the first time,
associated with the term theology a polemical intention--as did his pupil
Aristotle. For Plato theology described the mythical, which he allowed may have
a temporary pedagogical significance that is beneficial to the state but is to
be cleansed from all offensive and abstruse elements with the help of political
legislation. This identification of theology and mythology
also remained customary in the later Greek thought. In distinction to
philosophers, "theologians" (as, for example, the poets of myth--e.g.,
the 8th-century-BC Greeks Hesiod and Homer--or the cultic servants of the
oracle at Delphi [Greece] and the rhetors of the Roman cult of emperor worship)
testified to and proclaimed that which they viewed as divine. Theology thus
became significant as the means of proclaiming the gods, of confessing to them,
and of teaching and "preaching" this confession. In this practice of
"theology" by the Greeks lies the prefiguration of what later would be
known as theology in the history of Christianity. In spite of all the
contradictions and nuances that were to emerge in the understanding of this
concept in various Christian confessions and schools of thought, a formal
criterion remains constant: theology is the attempt of adherents of a faith
to represent their statements of belief consistently, to explicate them out of
the basis (or fundamentals) of their faith, and to assign to such statements
their specific place within the context of all other worldly relations (e.g., nature and history) and spiritual processes (e.g.,
reason and logic). (see also
religious belief)
Here, then, the above indicated
difficulty becomes apparent. In the first place, theology is a spiritual or
religious attempt of "believers" to explicate their faith. In this
sense it is not neutral and is not attempted from the perspective of removed
observation--in distinction to a general history of religions. The implication
derived from the religious approach is that it does not provide a formal and
indifferent scheme devoid of presuppositions within which all religions could be
subsumed. In the second place, theology is influenced by its origins in the
Greek and Christian traditions, with the implication that the transmutation of
this concept to other religions is endangered by the very circumstances of
origination. If one attempts, nevertheless, such a transmutation--and if one
then speaks of a theology of primitive religions and of a theology of Buddhism--one
must be aware of the fact that the concept "theology," which is
uncustomary and also inadequate in those spheres, is applicable only to a very
limited extent and in a very modified form. This is because some Eastern
religions have atheistic qualities and provide no access to the theos ("god") of theology. If one nonetheless speaks of
theology in religions other than Christianity or Greek religion, he implies--in
formal analogy to what has been observed above--the way in which representatives
of other religions understand themselves.
If theology explicates the way in which
the believer understands his faith--or, if faith is not a dominating quality,
the way in which a religion's practitioners understand their religion--this
implies that it claims to be normative, even if the claim does not, as in Hinduism
and Buddhism, culminate in the pretention to be absolutely authoritative.
The normative element in these religions arises simply out of the authority of a
divine teacher, or a revelation
(e.g., a vision or auditory
revelation), or of any other kind of spiritual encounter over against which one
feels committed. The newly evolving discipline of the history of religions,
which encompasses also religious psychology, religious sociology, and religious
phenomenology as well as philosophy of religion, has emancipated itself from the
normative aspect in favour of a purely empirical analysis. This empirical
aspect, which corresponds to the modern conception of science, can be applied
only if it functions on the basis of objectifiable (empirically verifiable)
entities. Revelation of the kind of event that would have to be characterized as
transcendent, however, can never be understood as such an objectifiable entity.
Only those forms of religious life that are positive and arise out of experience
can be objectified. Wherever such forms are given, the religious man is taken as
the source of the religious phenomena that are to be interpreted. Understood in
this manner, the history of religions represents a necessary step in the process
of secularization. Nevertheless, it cannot be said that theology and the history
of religions only contradict one another. The "theologies"--for want
of a better term--of the various religions are concerned with religious
phenomena, and the adherents of the religions of the more advanced cultures are
themselves constrained--especially at a time of increasing cultural
interdependency--to take cognizance of and to interpret theologically the fact
that besides their own religion there are many others. In this regard, then,
there are not only analytical but also theological statements concerning
religious phenomena, particularly in regard to the manner in which such
statements are encountered in specific primitive or high religions. Thus, the
objects of the history of religions and those of theology cannot be clearly
separated. They are merely approached with different categories and criteria. If
the history of religions does not surrender its neutrality, since such a
surrender would thereby reduce the discipline to anthropology in an ideological
sense (e.g., religion understood as
mere projection of the psyche or of societal conditions), theology will
recognize the history of religions as a science providing valuable material and
as one of the sciences in the universe of sciences. (see also
empirical method)
The relationship of theology to
philosophy is much more difficult to determine, because it is much more
complicated. The problems can here only be mentioned. If one does not adhere to
the narrow concept of philosophy that reduces it positivistically to logic or
epistemology (theory of knowledge) but rather understands philosophy as the
discipline that attempts to explicate the totality of being, the difference
between this latter interpretation of philosophy in relation to theology becomes
apparent. If theology is responsible to an authority that initiates its
thinking, speaking, and witnessing--e.g., a
document containing revealed truth, as well as the spiritual testimony related
to it--philosophy bases its arguments on the ground of timeless evidence, an
evidence with which autonomous reason
understands itself to be confronted. Since, on the other hand, theology also
uses reason and systematically develops its tenets--however much its critical
reflections are based on religious convictions--there are many common areas that
have partly complementary significance but that partly also lead to polemical
tensions.
Just as in the case of religions
themselves, so also their theological reflections are not limited to a special
religious sphere, separated from common life. Whoever speaks of God and the gods
speaks at the same time of man and of the meaning of existence. He makes
therewith statements about the world, its conditions of being created, its
estrangement from the purpose of creation (e.g.,
sin), and its determined goal (eschatology or view of the last times). Out
of these statements result normative directives for life in the world, not only
for the purpose of gaining access to salvation but also for concrete ethical
behaviour in the context of the I-Thou (or person to person) relationship, of
the clan, of the nation, and of society. In ancient times, all aspects of life (e.g.,
relationship between the sexes, hygiene, work, and other aspects) were
determined religiously and permeated by cultic forms and practices. In this
regard, every religion contains the totality of being that its
"theology" intends to express--if one also includes certain rudiments
of reflection in primitive religion in the concept "theology." (see
also soteriology,
ethics)
In primitive
religions the tribe represents the pivot around which all world relations
turn. The primeval (or mythical) time to which the tribe traces its own origins
is also the time of salvation and fulfillment. Therefore, primitive religions
primarily concern themselves with the ancestral cult. Involved in tribal
concerns in the realm of religious thought are conceptions of mana
(spiritual power, or force); i.e., the
teaching that tribal heads, medicine men, and sorcerers are subjects of special
charisma (spiritual power or influence) and more potent powers of life. In
Eastern religions, as in Western religions, this understanding is infinitely
refined, developed, and theologically reflected. In regard to the relationship
of man to the world, many Eastern religions (especially Hinduism) have a
definite skeptically tinged negative view of all reality, which is especially
pronounced in contrast to the Christian doctrine of creation. Though this
doctrine points to a "happy event" in Christianity, the call to life
and reality is understood in Eastern thought in the opposite manner: (see also
creation myth)
To be man implies being cut off from
all true reality. Creation should have never happened, and its faults should be
eliminated as soon as possible. . . . The illusion that I am is a calamity. Not
death is to be explained, but rather birth. (Stephen Neill).
Since theology does not remain
restricted to transcendent statements and to an esoteric and sacred realm, and
since it rather encompasses all worldly dimensions (cosmology, anthropology,
historiology, and other areas), it has always had important significance for
cultural evolution and general intellectual life. Western historians hardly need
to be reminded of the fact that the Old Testament prophetic theology of history
(e.g., the 8th-century-BC Hebrew
prophets Amos and Isaiah) has decisively influenced the origins of the concept history
and, indeed, has made this concept possible in the first place. On Old Testament
theology of history is based the understanding of history as a linear process,
as directed to a goal (i.e., the
Kingdom of God), and as qualified by the characteristic of singularity. This
view of history contrasts with a cyclical understanding of successive events; i.e.,
the view that history repeats itself. The fact that university and school
were originally initiated by the church (as is still very often the case in
mission fields) is based on the fact that theology has thematized in its various
subjects the various dimensions of life (nature, history, ethics, and other
disciplinary areas). Also, much of modern philosophy has emerged out of
theological themes and categories--in such modern thinkers as the existential
philosophers Martin Heidegger and Jean-Paul Sartre and even in the Communist
thinker Karl Marx remnants of this fact are still observable. Modern philosophy
has, by and large, only gradually emancipated itself from this theological
origin, but this emancipation also has taken place in a manner that has retained
the dialectical relationship of theology and philosophy. That theological
questions in the modern age of secularism are less openly posed than in the time
of the Middle Ages does not reduce their lasting significance. They always
reemerge, often in disguised form, such as in the quest for the meaning of life
and existence or in the nihilistic resignation over against that quest;
furthermore, they reemerge in the quest for the dignity of human existence, the
inviolability of life, the determination of human rights, and many other such
questions. A theologian such as the German-American thinker Paul
Tillich has investigated specifically the secular realm in view of the
relevance of these latent theological questions that are posed by modern man in
his relationship to a constantly changing world. (see also
history, philosophy of)
The themes discussed by theology are of
universal dimensions. They encompass the doctrine of God, of man, and of the
world. Even when no "doctrine of God" exists in the strict sense of
the term, as in the case of what are sometimes called "atheistic"
religions (e.g., certain forms of
Hinduism and Buddhism), man and the world are understood in the context of
finality and therefore have religious aspects. The inclusion of the world in
theological discussion also implies that behaviour in the world--that is,
ethics--is included in theology; in some areas (e.g., Confucianism)
this aspect gains a dominating position. Ethical conceptions--derived from
theological concepts in the broad meaning of theology--are developed in
contradictory forms: they can lead to ascetic world denial but also to a
definite world affirmation. The first form is realized in Buddhism and Hinduism,
the second in Confucianism. In Christianity both forms are represented. The
theological theme of the relation of man and the world has been described by the
17th-century French scientist and thinker Blaise
Pascal as the doctrine of the "dignity and poverty of man"--i.e., the doctrine of creation and fall--and, related to this, the
proclamation of salvation and the presentation of a path to salvation. This path
leads, in the various religions, into greatly diverging directions. It can be
placed under the exclusive direction of divine grace (as in Amida Buddhism and
in Protestant Christianity); it can be left to the activity and initiative of
man (as in Confucianism); or it can be characterized by a combination of the two
principles (as in Zen Buddhism and in the Roman Catholic combination of grace
and merit). Finally, theology also includes among its various themes statements
concerning the process and goal of history (eschatology), especially concerning
the relation of secular history and history of salvation.
The vastness of theological interests
and aspects implies that theology can master the material with which it is
confronted only within a broad spectrum of partial disciplines. Since theology
is based on authority (revelation), and since this authority
is documented in the Holy Scriptures (especially in Christianity), it is
constrained to engage in philological and historical studies of these sources
and, related to these studies, also with hermeneutical
(critical interpretive) questions. This historical task broadens into a concern
with the history and tradition of the religion that a particular theology
represents. In this concern many difficult and controversial questions arise,
including whether and to what extent the canon (scriptural standard) of the
sources of revelation is glossed over and modified by tradition and what
normative value the modifying tradition has or should have. These problems play
an important part in the relationship between Protestantism and Catholicism,
even though the problems are also treated independently by each confession.
The question of truth posed by theology
requires the constitution of a discipline that specifically concerns itself with
fundamental questions (systematic theology). Its task can be determined in the
following manner: (1) It has to develop the totality of religious teachings (dogmatics,
or the doctrine of faith). (2)
It has to interpret man's existence in the world and, related to this, to
determine the norms ( ethics
derived from faith) for action in the world--e.g., for the disposition toward one's fellow man and toward
societal and political structures and institutions. (3) It further has to
represent its claim to truth
in the context of confrontation with other claims to truth and with other
criteria of verification (apologetics, polemics). As part of this concern,
theology's task is to explain reasonably, in view of historical relativism, the
absolute claim of the truth that it represents. Related to this is the
modern-day task of coordinating its doctrine of creation or its doctrine of the
revelation of the transcendent (e.g., the
Christ event in Christianity)
with the worldview of modern natural science and its thesis of the immanency of
being--i.e., of being that is
self-contained. Another aspect of this task is the confrontation with other
religions' claim to truth, which can lead to vastly different results:
either--this is noted only as an example--it can lead to the thesis of the
complementary positions of individual religions and therefore to tolerance (as,
for example, in Hinduism as well as in some schools in the West) or to one's own
religion's claim to be absolute (as in Christianity, at least among the most
important of its representatives). But also, in the last mentioned situation,
such a claim is widely modified. It can manifest itself by a total rejection of
other religions as "devil's work," but it can also be expressed in an
interpretation of other religions as first steps to and as seeds of a religious
development, the completion of which it knows itself to be.
The vast dimension of theological themes
implies that theology is, with its many disciplines, a microcosmic image of the
university. Even though it is a science in which the believers or the adherents
of a particular religion explicate and critically analyze the truth that is
represented by them, it nevertheless has to remain free within the framework of
this commitment, and it has to fulfill the responsibility of its scientific task
on the basis of its own autonomy. The opposite of this freedom would arise when
an institution (e.g., the church)
restricted the range of theological inquiry with normative claims, forcing the
discipline therewith to assume ideological functions. The struggle concerning
the freedom and limitations of theology--i.e.,
concerning responsible criticism and authority--is a struggle that has
accompanied the history of theology from the very beginnings to the present. (H.Th.) |
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BIBLIOGRAPHY. FRIEDRICH SCHLEIERMACHER, Brief
Outline of Theology as a Field of Study, trans. by TERENCE N. TICE, 2nd ed.
(1988; originally published in German, 1811, and 2nd ed., 1830), provides an
overview of theology as a whole and in all its parts from a liberal Protestant
perspective. KARL RAHNER and HERBERT VORGRIMLER, Theological
Dictionary (1965; originally published in German, 1961); and JOHN
MACQUARRIE, Twentieth-Century Religious
Thought, 4th ed. (1988), together cover a vast range of topics and themes of
theology, past and present. WALTER A. ELWELL (ed.), Evangelical Dictionary of Theology (1984), considers differing
viewpoints on theological theories. GERHARD VON RAD, Old Testament Theology, 2 vol. (1962-65; originally published in
German, 1957-60); and RUDOLF K. BULTMANN, Theology
of the New Testament, 2 vol. (1951-55, reissued in 1 vol., 1970; originally
published in German, 1948-53), are the most important texts dealing with Holy
Scripture in modern times.
THOMAS AQUINAS, The "Summa Theologica" of St. Thomas Aquinas, trans. from
Latin, 22 vol. (1912-25); and JOHN CALVIN, Institutes
of the Christian Religion, trans. from Latin, ed. by JOHN T. McNEILL, 2 vol.
(1960), are editions of probably the two most important classical statements of
Roman Catholic and Reformed theology. MARTIN LUTHER, Christian
Liberty, trans. from German, rev. ed. (1957, reissued 1988), while less
systematic, does give a condensed statement of the Lutheran position. ARTHUR A.
COHEN and PAUL MENDES-FLOHR (eds.), Contemporary
Jewish Religious Thought: Original Essays on Critical Concepts, Movements, and
Beliefs (1987), provides a summary of Jewish belief. An introduction to the
world of Orthodox theology can be found in KALLISTOS WARE, The
Orthodox Way (1979, reissued 1993).
MIRCEA ELIADE, The Myth of the Eternal Return (1954, reissued 1991; originally
published in French, 1949); and OSCAR CULLMANN, Christ and Time, rev. ed. (1962; originally published in German,
1946), deal with Christianity as a historical religion in contrast to
nonhistorical interpretations of religion. ADOLF HARNACK, History of Dogma, 7 vol. (1894-99, reissued in 4 vol., 1976;
originally published in German, 3rd improved and enlarged ed., 3 vol., 1887-90),
is the classic study of the history of Christian theology in relation to Greek
thought. JAROSLAV PELIKAN, The Christian
Tradition, 5 vol. (1971-89), is the most important history of Christian
doctrine since Harnack, from whose analysis he differs on many points: Pelikan
takes a more balanced view of the relationship between Christianity and Greek
philosophy and is, on the whole, more sympathetic to the contributions of the
Catholic and Orthodox traditions. Two works by KARL BARTH, Protestant
Thought from Rousseau to Ritschl (1959, reprinted 1987; originally published
in German, 1947), and Church Dogmatics,
5 vol. in 14 (1936-77; originally published in German, 1932-70); and two by PAUL
TILLICH, Perspectives on 19th and 20th
Century Protestant Theology (1967), and Systematic
Theology, 3 vol. (1951-63), represent two very different treatments of the
Protestant tradition, the first conservative and evangelical, the second
progressive and in dialogue with modern science and philosophy. HANS URS VON
BALTHASAR, The Glory of the Lord, 7
vol. (1983-91); and KARL RAHNER, Foundations
of Christian Faith: An Introduction to the Idea of Christianity (1978,
reissued 1989; originally published in German, 1976), provide a comparable
exposure to the diversity of Catholic perspectives. RICHARD P. McBRIEN, Catholicism,
new ed. completely rev. and updated (1994), summarizes Roman Catholic theology
in an easily accessible style. JUAN LUIS SEGUNDO, Theology
and the Church, trans. from Spanish, rev. ed. (1987), is an excellent brief
introduction to the debate around liberation theology and to other struggles in
contemporary Catholic theology. Two works by theologians, LEONARDO BOFF and
CLODOVIS BOFF, Introducing Liberation
Theology (1987; originally published in Portuguese, 1986); and GUSTAVO GUTIÉRREZ,
A Theology of Liberation: History,
Politics, and Salvation, rev. ed. (1995; originally published in Spanish,
1971), have been especially influential among partisans of this theology.
The disciplines of the history and the
phenomenology of religions are introduced and illustrated by RUDOLF OTTO, The
Idea of the Holy, 2nd ed. (1950, reissued 1980; originally published in
German, 9th ed., 1922); and MIRCEA ELIADE, A
History of Religious Ideas, 3 vol. (1978-85; originally published in French,
1976-83). Among the more recent anthropological studies of religion, CLIFFORD
GEERTZ, The Interpretation of Cultures (1975, reissued 1993), has been
especially influential among theologians. GREGORY BAUM, Religion and Alienation (1975), is a theologian's introduction to
the sociological study of religion and pays considerable attention to
theological implications. GEORGE A. LINDBECK, The Nature of Doctrine: Religion and Theology in a Postliberal Age (1984),
argues for a postmodern cultural-linguistic interpretation of dogma. ELIZABETH
A. JOHNSON, She Who Is: The Mystery of God
in Feminist Theological Discourse (1992), brings a feminist viewpoint to the
study of Christian theology. (H.Th.
/Ed.) |
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Àü¸Á»ç, 1991
- ½ÅÇÐÀÔ¹® 1¡¤2 : º£½ºÅ͸¸, ÀÌÁ¤¹è ¿ª, ´ëÇѱ⵶±³¼È¸,
1987, 1989
- ½ÅÇÐÀÔ¹® : Á¶Çؼö, ±âµ¶±³¹®¼¼±±³È¸, 1986
- ½ÅÇаú ½Å¾Ó : Áö¿ø¿ë ¿Ü Æí, ÄÁÄÝµð¾Æ»ç, 1986
- ½ÅÇдëÀü : T. ¾ÆÄû³ª½º, Á¤ÀÇä ¿ª, ¼º¹Ù¿À·ÎÃâÆÇ»ç, 1985
- ½ÅÇבּ¸°³·Ð : °Ô¸£Çϸ£Æ® ¿¡º§¸µ, ¹Ú±Ù¿ø ¿ª,
´ëÇѱ⵶±³ÃâÆÇ»ç, 1982
- Twentieth-Century Religious Thought, 2nd rev. ed. : John
Macquarrie, 1981
- Theological Dictionary : Karl Rahner¡¤Herbert Vorgrimerm, 1965
- ¼º¼½ÅÇÐ
- ±¸¾à½ÅÇÐ : ±¸´ö°ü, ´ëÇѱ⵶±³¼È¸, 1991
- ±¸¾à¼º¼½ÅÇÐ : µ¥À̺ñµå Èù½¼, ÀÌÈÄÁ¤ ¿ª, ÄÁÄÝµð¾Æ»ç,
1985
- ¼º¼°³·Ð : ±èÈñº¸, Á¾·Î¼Àû, 1985
- ¼º¼Çؼ®ÇÐ : Çã¹öÆ® ¸ÞÀ̾î, ¾öÇö¼· ¿ª, ÄÁÄÝµð¾Æ»ç,
1984
- ½Å±¸¾àÁß°£»ç : ·¹ÀÌ¸Õµå ¼³¹ö±×, ±èÀÇõ ¿ª,
±âµ¶±³¹®¼¼±±³È¸, 1984
- »ý¸í³ª¹«¿Í °¡½Ã´ýºÒ - Çö´ëÀÎÀ» À§ÇÑ ±¸¾à¼º¼ Ç®ÀÌ :
ÀåÀϼ±, Àü¸Á»ç, 1980
- ½Å¾à¼º¼½ÅÇÐ : R. Bultmann, ÇãÇõ ¿ª, ¼º±¤¹®È»ç, 1976
- ½Å¾à¼º¼°³·Ð : ±èö¼Õ¡¤¹Úâȯ¡¤¾Èº´¹« °øÀú,
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- °ø°üº¹À½Àü½Â»ç : R. ºÒÆ®¸¸, R. ºÒÆ®¸¸, ´ëÇѱ⵶±³¼È¸,
1971
- ¼º°æÇü¼º»ç : ¹Úâȯ, ´ëÇѱ⵶±³¼È¸, 1969
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- ¿ª»ç½ÅÇÐ : Á¦ÇÁ¸® ºê·Î¹Ð¸®, ¼¿ø¸ð ¿ª,
Å©¸®½ºÃ®´ÙÀÌÁ¦½ºÆ®, 1992
- Á¶Á÷½ÅÇа³·Ð : G. ¾Æ¿ï·», ±è°ü¼® ¿ª, ´ëÇѱ⵶±³¼È¸,
1991
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´ëÇѱ⵶±³¼È¸, 1991
- ±³È¸»ç : J. W. C. ¿Ïµå, ÀÌÀå½Ä ¿ª, ´ëÇѱ⵶±³¼È¸, 1991
- ±âµ¶±³»ç»ó»ç ¥°¡¤¥± : ÀÌÀå½Ä, ´ëÇѱ⵶±³¼È¸, 1991
- ±âµ¶±³À±¸®ÇÐ : R. ´ÏºÎ¾î, ³ëÁøÁØ ¿ª, Àº¼º, 1991
- ºÒÆ®¸¸ÀÇ ½ÇÁ¸·ÐÀû ½ÅÇÐ : ½´¹ÌÅ»½º, º¯¼±È¯ ¿ª,
´ëÇѱ⵶±³¼È¸, 1991
- ±³ÀÇÇÐ : H. G. Pohlman, ÀÌ½Å°Ç ¿ª, Çѱ¹½ÅÇבּ¸¼Ò, 1989
- ±×¸®½ºµµ¿Í ½Ã°£ : O. Äð¸¸, ±è±Ù¼ö ¿ª, ³ª´Ü, 1988
- ¿ª»ç½ÅÇа³·Ð »ó¡¤Áß¡¤ÇÏ : G. W. ºê·Î¸»¸®, ±èÇØ¿¬ ¿ª,
Àº¼ºÃâÆÇ»ç, 1988
- Á¶Á÷½ÅÇÐ »ó¡¤ÇÏ : P. Æ¿¸®È÷, ±è°æ¼ö ¿ª, ¼º±¤¹®È»ç, 1986
- ±âµ¶±³¿Í ¿ª»ç : H. ¹öÅÍÇʵå, ÁÖÀç¿ë ¿ª,
´ëÇѱ⵶±³ÃâÆÇ»ç, 1984
- ½ÅÇבּ¸ÀÔ¹® : F. Schleiermacher, ±è°æÀ硤¼±Çѿ롤¹Ú±Ù¿ø
°ø¿ª, ´ëÇѱ⵶±³ÃâÆÇ»ç, 1983
- ½ÅÇÐÇØÁ¦ - Á¶Á÷½ÅÇÐÀÔ¹® : H. ¿ÀÆ®, ±è±¤½Ä ¿ª,
Çѱ¹½ÅÇבּ¸¼Ò, 1974
- The Myth of the Eternal Return : Mircea Elide, 1954(reissued 1974)
- History of Dogma, 7 vol. : Adolf von Harnack, 1895-1900(reissued
1976)
- ½Çõ½ÅÇÐ
- ½Çõ½ÅÇа³·Ð : Á¤¼º±¸, ÃѽŴëÇÐ ÃâÆÇºÎ, 1991
- ½Çõ½ÅÇÐ : D. S. ºê¶ó¿ì´×, À̱âÃá ¿ª, ´ëÇѱ⵶±³ÃâÆÇ»ç,
1986
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´ëÇѱ⵶±³¼È¸, 1991
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1992
- ½¶¶óÀÌ¿¡¸£¸¶ÇãÀÇ ½ÅÇлç»ó : ¸ñâ±Õ, Çѱ¹½ÅÇבּ¸¼Ò,
1991
- 19, 20¼¼±â ÇÁ·ÎÅ×½ºÅºÆ® »ç»ó»ç : Æú Æ¿¸®È÷, ¼Û±âµæ ¿ª,
Çѱ¹½ÅÇבּ¸¼Ò, 1991
- Çö´ëÀÇ ½ÅÇлç»ó : ±è±¤½Ä, ´ëÇѱ⵶±³¼È¸, 1990
- Çö´ë½ÅÇÐÀÇ ¼±±¸ÀÚµé : ¸ÅŲÅä½Ã, ±èÀçÁØ ¿ª,
´ëÇѱ⵶±³¼È¸, 1990
- Çö´ë½ÅÇÐÀÇ µ¿Çâ : W. È£´ø, ±è¼ºÈ¯ ¿ª, ´ëÇѱ⵶±³¼È¸,
1990
- ÇØ¹æ½ÅÇÐÀÇ ¿Ã¹Ù¸¥ ÀÌÇØ : ºÐµµÃâÆÇ»ç ÆíÁýºÎ Æí,
ºÐµµÃâÆÇ»ç, 1984
- Çö´ë½ÅÇÐÀÇ Àü¸Á : ±è¿µÇÑ, ´ëÇѱ⵶±³ÃâÆÇ»ç, 1984
- ¾Æ½Ã¾ÆÀÎÀÇ ½É¼º°ú ½ÅÇÐ »ó¡¤Áß¡¤ÇÏ : ¼Ûõ¼º,
ºÐµµÃâÆÇ»ç, 1982
- ¹ÎÁß°ú Çѱ¹½ÅÇÐ : NCC ½ÅÇבּ¸À§¿øÈ¸ Æí,
Çѱ¹½ÅÇבּ¸¼Ò, 1982
- Ä® ¹Ù¸£Æ®ÀÇ ±³È¸±³ÀÇÇÐ : ¿ÀÆ® º£¹ö, ±è±¤½Ä ¿ª,
´ëÇѱ⵶±³ÃâÆÇ»ç, 1976
- ½Å·Ð : ¸®Ãú, ¹ÚÁ¾È ¿ª, ½Åžç»ç, 1975
- Perspectives on 19th and 20th Century Protestant Theology : Paul
Tillich, 1967
- Protestant Thought from Rousseau to Ritschl : Karl Barth, 1959
(reissued 1971)
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