Scripture
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°æÀü (Ìèîð)
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scripture,
also called SACRED SCRIPTURE, the revered texts, or Holy Writ, of the world's
religions. Scriptures comprise a large part of the literature of the world.
They vary greatly in form, volume, age, and degree of sacredness; but their
common attribute is that their words are regarded by the devout as sacred.
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°æÀü (Ìèîð, scripture), Sacred Scripture¶ó°íµµ
ÇÔ. ¼¼°è ¿©·¯ Á¾±³ÀÇ Á¸ÁßÀ» ¹Þ´Â º»¹®À̳ª °Å·èÇÑ ¹®¼. °æÀüÀº ¼¼°è ¹®Çп¡¼ »ó´ç ºÎºÐÀ» Â÷ÁöÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù.
Çü½Ä°ú ºÐ·®, ¿¬´ë ¹× ½Å¼º½ÃÇÏ´Â Á¤µµ´Â ¸Å¿ì ´Ù¾çÇÏÁö¸¸
°øÅëÀûÀΠƯÁúÀº ¹Ï´Â ÀÚµéÀÌ °æÀüÀÇ ¸»À» ¼º½º·¯¿î
°ÍÀ¸·Î ¿©±ä´Ù´Â Á¡ÀÌ´Ù. |
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Sacred
words differ from ordinary
words in that they are believed either to possess and convey spiritual and
magical powers or to be the means through which a divine being or other sacred
reality is revealed to men in phrases and sentences full of power and truth.
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¼º½º·¯¿î ¸»Àº ¿µÀûÀÌ°í ¸¶¼úÀûÀÎ ÈûÀ» °£Á÷Çϰí ÀÖ°í
¶Ç Àü´ÞÇϸç, ´É·Â°ú Áø¸®·Î °¡µæÇÑ ±¸ÀýÀ̳ª ¹®Àå ¼Ó¿¡¼
½ÅÀûÀÎ Á¸À糪 ´Ù¸¥ ½Å¼ºÇÑ ½Çü¸¦ Àΰ£¿¡°Ô °è½ÃÇÏ´Â
¼ö´ÜÀ̶ó°í ¹Ï´Â´Ù´Â Á¡¿¡¼ ÀÏ»óÀûÀÎ ¸»°ú ±¸º°µÈ´Ù. |
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Most
sacred scriptures were originally oral and were passed down through
memorization from generation to generation until they were finally committed
to writing. A few are still preserved orally, such as the hymns of the
American Indians (now being recorded by anthropologists). Many bear the
unmistakable marks of their oral origin and can best be understood when
recited aloud; in fact, it is still held by many Hindus and Buddhists that
their scriptures lack, when read silently, the meaning and significance they
have when recited aloud, for the human voice is believed to add to the recited
texts dimensions of truth and power not readily grasped by the solitary
reader. (see also oral literature)
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´ëºÎºÐ °æÀüÀº ¿ø·¡ ±¸¼úÀ̾ú°í, ¹®ÀÚ·Î Á¤ÂøµÇ±â±îÁö´Â
±â¾ïÀ» ÅëÇØ ¼¼´ë¿¡¼ ¼¼´ë·Î ÀüÇØÁ³´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ¾Æ¸Þ¸®Ä«
Àεð¾ðÀÇ Âù¹Ì°¡¿Í °°ÀÌ ¾ÆÁ÷µµ ±¸¼ú·Î ÀüÇØ ³»·Á¿À´Â
°Íµµ ÀÖ´Ù(Áö±ÝÀº ÀηùÇÐÀڵ鿡 ÀÇÇØ¼¸¸ ä·ÏµÇ°í ÀÖÀ½).
°æÀü¿¡´Â ÃÖÃÊÀÇ ±¸¼úÀÌ ¿ÏÀüÇÏ°Ô Ç¥ÇöµÇ¾î ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, Å«
¼Ò¸®·Î ³¶¼ÛÇÒ ¶§ °¡Àå Àß ÀÌÇØÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ½ÇÁ¦·Î ¿©·¯
ÈùµÎ±³µµ¿Í ºÒ±³µµ´Â °æÀüÀ» Á¶¿ëÈ÷ ÀÐÀ» ¶§ ±× Àǹ̳ª
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ÀÌÀ¯´Â »ç¶÷ÀÇ À½¼ºÀº Ȧ·Î Àо ½±°Ô Æ÷ÂøÇÏÁö
¸øÇÏ´Â Èû°ú Áø¸®ÀÇ Â÷¿øÀ» ³¶¼ÛµÇ´Â º»¹®¿¡ ´õÇØÁشٰí
¹Ï¾ú±â ¶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù. |
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Not
all scriptures, however, were originally oral, nor were they in all parts
directly effectual in rituals that sought the granting of magical and
spiritual powers. The greater part of recorded scripture has either a
narrative or an expository character. The types of sacred and semisacred texts
are, in fact, many and varied. Besides magical runes (ancient Germanic
alphabet characters) and spells from primitive and ancient sources, they
include hymns, prayers, chants, myths, stories about gods and heroes, epics,
fables, sacred laws, directions for the conduct of rituals, the original
teachings of major religious figures, expositions of these teachings, moral
anecdotes, dialogues of seers and sages, and philosophical discussions. In
fact, scriptures include every form of literature capable of expressing
religious feeling or conviction.
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¹®ÀÚ(°í´ë °Ô¸£¸¸¾î ¾ËÆÄºª)¿Í ¿ø½Ã½Ã´ë³ª °í´ë ÀÚ·á¿¡¼
º¼ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ÁÖ¹® À̿ܿ¡µµ °æÀü¿¡´Â Âù¼Û, ±âµµ, Âù°¡, ½ÅÈ,
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Types
of sacred literature vary in authority and degree of sacredness. The centrally
important and most holy of the sacred texts have in many instances been
gathered into canons
(standard works of the faith), which, after being determined either by general
agreement or by official religious bodies, become fixed--i.e., limited to certain works that are alone viewed as fully
authoritative and truly beyond all further change or alteration. The works not
admitted to the canons (those of a semisacred or semicanonical character) may
still be quite valuable as supplementary texts.
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È®Á¤µÇ°í À̰͸¸ÀÌ À¯ÀÏÇÑ ±ÇÀ§¸¦ Áö´Ñ °ÍÀ¸·Î, Àý´ë
º¯ÈµÇ°Å³ª ¼öÁ¤µÉ ¼ö ¾ø´Â °ÍÀ¸·Î ±ÔÁ¤ÇÑ´Ù. Á¤°æÀ¸·Î ÀÎÁ¤¹ÞÁö ¸øÇÑ Ã¥(¹Ý[Úâ]Á¤°æÀû ¼º°ÝÀÇ Ã¥)µµ
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A
striking instance of making a distinction between canonical and semicanonical
scriptures occurs in Hinduism.
The Hindu sacred literature is voluminous and varied; it contains ancient
elements and every type of religious literature that has been listed, except
historical details on the lives of the seers and sages who produced it. Its
earliest portions, namely, the four ancient Vedas
(hymns) seem to have been provided by Indo-Aryan families in northwest India
in the 2nd millennium BC. These and the supplements to them composed after
1000 BC, the Brahmanas
(commentaries and instruction in ritual), the Aranyakas (forest books of ascetics), and the Upanisads
(philosophical treatises), are considered more sacred than any later writings.
They are collectively referred to as Shruti
("heard"; i.e.,
communicated by revelation); whereas the later writings are labelled Smrti
("remembered"; i.e.,
recollected and reinterpreted at some distance in time from the original
revelations). The former are canonical and completed, not to be added to nor
altered, but the latter are semicanonical and semisacred. (see also Aranyakas)
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´ú ½Å¼º½ÃµÈ´Ù. |
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Buddhist
sacred literature recollects Gautama Buddha's life and teaching in the 6th
century BC and first appeared in the dialect called Pali, allied to the
Magadhi that he spoke. As time passed, and his movement spread
beyond India, Buddhism adopted as its medium Sanskrit, the Indian classical
language that was widely used in the ancient Orient. A distinction arose
between the Theravada (or "Way of the Elders"), preserved in
Pali and regarded as canonical, and the vast number of works written in
Sanskrit within the more widely dispersed Buddhism called by its adherents Mahayana
(the "Greater Vehicle"). The Mahayana works were later
translated and further expanded in Tibetan, Chinese, and Japanese.
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Whether
the basic texts of indigenous Chinese religion should be called sacred, in the
sense of Holy Writ, is open to question. Neither classical Taoism
nor Confucianism can be said
to have been based on revelation; the texts of these faiths were originally
viewed as human wisdom, books written by men for men. They acquired authority,
actually a canonical status, however, that caused them to be regarded with
profound reverence and thus, in effect, as sacred. This certainly was true of
the revered Taoist book, the Tao-te
Ching ("Classic of the Way of Power"), and of the Wu Ching ("Five Classics") and the Ssu Shu ("Four Books") of Confucianism.
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¿©±â¿¡ ¼ÓÇÑ´Ù. |
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The
most precisely fixed canons are those that have been defined by official
religious bodies. The Jewish canon, known to Christians as the Old
Testament, was fixed by a synod of rabbis held at Yavneh, Palestine,
about AD 90. The semisacred books that were excluded were labelled by
Christians the Apocrypha
(Greek: "hidden away"). Roman Catholicism later included them in its
canon. Jesus, the founder of Christianity, left nothing in writing, but he so
inspired his followers that they preserved his sayings and biographical
details about him in oral form until they were written down in the four
Gospels. To these were added the letters of St. Paul and others, and the Book
of Revelation to John, the whole forming a sacred canon called the New Testament, which was ecclesiastically
sanctioned by the end of the 4th century AD. There was also a New
Testament Apocrypha, but it did not achieve canonical status because of
numerous spurious details. (see also Hebrew Bible)
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¡´±¸¾à¼º¼¡µ·Î
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¿¸° ¶øºñµéÀÇ Á¾±³È¸ÀÇ¿¡¼ Á¤¸®µÇ¾ú´Ù. Á¤°æ¿¡¼ Á¦¿ÜµÈ
¹Ý(Úâ)°æÀüÀûÀΠåÀ» ±×¸®½ºµµ±³ÀεéÀº ¡´¿Ü°æ
Apocrypha¡µ(±×¸®½º¾î·Î '°¨Ãß¾îÁö´Ù')À̶ó°í ºÎ¸¥´Ù. ·Î¸¶
°¡Å縯Àº ÈÄ¿¡ À̰͵éÀ» Á¤°æ¿¡ Æ÷ÇÔ½ÃÄ×´Ù. ±×¸®½ºµµ±³ÀÇ
â½ÃÀÚÀÎ ¿¹¼ö´Â ±ÛÀ» ³²±âÁö´Â ¾Ê¾ÒÁö¸¸ ÃßÁ¾Àڵ鿡°Ô
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µÇ¾úÀ¸¸ç, 4¼¼±â¸»¿¡ ±³È¸ÀÇ ½ÂÀÎÀ» ¹Þ¾Ò´Ù. ½Å¾à ¿Ü°æµµ
ÀÖÀ¸³ª Àǽɽº·¯¿î »çÇ×µéÀÌ ¸¹¾Æ Á¤°æÀÇ ÁöÀ§¸¦ ¾òÁö
¸øÇß´Ù. |
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Where
no religious body has provided sanction or authorization, scriptures have had
to stand on their own authority. Muslims believe that the Qur`an does
this easily. The Qur`an,
their only sacred canon or standard of faith, authenticates itself, they
believe, by its internal self-evidencing power, for it is composed of the very
words of God communicated to Muhammad and recited by him without
addition or subtraction. This faith of Muslims in the Qur`an is similar
to that of Fundamentalist Christians who believe that the Bible, as God's
word, is verbally inspired from beginning to end. (see also Islam)
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Á¾±³´Üü°¡ ±ÇÀ§¸¦ ºÎ¿©Çϰųª ½ÂÀÎÀ» ÇÏÁö
¾Ê¾Æµµ °æÀü ÀÚü°¡ °ð ±ÇÀ§°¡ µÉ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. À̽½¶÷±³µµµéÀº
¡´ÄÚ¶õ¡µÀÌ
½º½º·Î ±ÇÀ§¸¦ Áö´Ñ Ã¥À̶ó°í ¹Ï´Â´Ù. ±×µéÀº À¯ÀÏÇÑ
Á¤°æÀÌ¸ç ½Å¾ÓÀÇ ±âÁØÀÎ ÄÚ¶õÀÌ ÇÏ´À´ÔÀÌ ¸ðÇϸ޵忡°Ô
Á÷Á¢ ÇϽЏ»¾¸À̰í À̸¦ ¸ðÇϸ޵尡 ÷°¡Çϰųª »èÁ¦ÇÏÁö
¾Ê°í ÀüÇÑ °ÍÀ̹ǷΠ±× ÀÚü°¡ ½º½º·Î¸¦ ÀÔÁõÇÏ´Â ´É·ÂÀ»
°®°í ÀÖ´Â °æÀüÀ̶ó°í ¹Ï´Â´Ù. ÄÚ¶õ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ
À̽½¶÷±³µµµéÀÇ ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ¹ÏÀ½Àº ÇÏ´À´ÔÀÇ ¸»¾¸ÀÎ ¼º¼´Â
óÀ½ºÎÅÍ ³¡±îÁö ¹®ÀÚ ±×´ë·Î ¿µ°¨À» ¹Þ¾Æ ¾´ °ÍÀ̶ó°í
»ý°¢ÇÏ´Â ±×¸®½ºµµ±³ ±Ùº»ÁÖÀÇÀÚµéÀÇ ½Å¾Ó°ú ºñ½ÁÇÏ´Ù. |
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There
exists a large body of literature that possesses less of the aura of true
scripture than the works just noted. They are interpretations about divine
truth and divine commands, or stories that illustrate how persons, exalted or
lowly, have acted (with or without awareness) in response to a divine
stimulus. They are, in effect, supportive of true scripture.
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Áö±Ý±îÁö ¼³¸íÇÑ °Íº¸´Ù´Â °æÀüÀÇ ¼º°ÝÀÌ ¾àÇÑ ¹®Çåµéµµ
¸¹´Ù. ½ÅÀÇ Áø¸®³ª ¸í·ÉÀ» ÇØ¼®Çϰųª, ¼þ°íÇÑ
»ç¶÷À¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ¹ÌõÇÑ »ç¶÷±îÁö ¸ðµç »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ½ÅÀÇ Àڱؿ¡
¾î¶»°Ô ¹ÝÀÀÇϴ°¡¸¦ (ÀǽÄÀûÀÌµç ¹«ÀǽÄÀûÀ̵ç) ¼³¸íÇÑ
±Ûµµ ÀÖ´Ù. ½ÇÁ¦·Î ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ±ÛµéÀº °æÀüÀÇ º¸Á¶ ¿ªÇÒÀ» ÇÑ´Ù. |
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An
outstanding instance is the Talmud,
a compendium of law, lore, and commentary that to many Jews has very nearly
the authority of the Mosaic Torah (the Law, or the Pentateuch). Indeed, in the
postbiblical rabbinical writings it was generally considered a second Torah,
complementing the Written Law of Moses. Another instance is provided by the
Christian Church. Its major creeds
have, at one time or another, been regarded as infallible statements, to
depart from which would be heresy. This is particularly true of the Apostles'
Creed and the three "ecumenical creeds" of Nicaea (325),
Constantinople (381), and Chalcedon (451). Roman Catholics add to these the
papal decrees summarizing in credal form the conclusions of the councils of
the Roman Catholic Church concerning the sacraments, transubstantiation (the
changing of the substance of the bread and wine in the mass into the body and
blood of Christ), confession, the immaculate conception of the Virgin Mary,
papal infallibility, and the assumption of the body and soul of the Virgin
Mary to heaven. More or less binding for Protestants are their distinctive
statements of faith: the Augsburg
Confession of 1530 (Lutheran), the Heidelberg
Catechism of 1563 (Reformed), the Westminster
Confession of 1646 and Shorter Westminster Catechism of 1647
(Presbyterian), and others.
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¶øºñµéÀÇ ±ÛÀ» º¸¸é ÀϹÝÀûÀ¸·Î ¡´Å»¹«µå¡µ¸¦ ¸ð¼¼ÀÇ ¼º¹®
À²¹ýÀ» º¸ÃæÇÏ´Â Á¦2ÀÇ Åä¶ó·Î °£ÁÖÇß´Ù. ¶Ç´Ù¸¥ ¿¹¸¦
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½ÅÁ¶'°¡ ÀüÇüÀûÀÎ ¿¹ÀÌ´Ù. ·Î¸¶ °¡Å縯¿¡¼´Â ¿©±â¿¡
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Çü»óÀº ±×´ë·Î À־ º»ÁúÀº ¿¹¼öÀÇ »ì°ú ÇÇ·Î º¯ÇÑ´Ù°í
º¸´Â °Í), °íÇØ¼º»ç, µ¿Á¤³à ¸¶¸®¾ÆÀÇ ¹«¿øÁËÀ׿³,
±³È²ÀÇ ¹«·ù¼º, ±×¸®°í µ¿Á¤³à ¸¶¸®¾ÆÀÇ À°Ã¼¿Í ¿µÈ¥ÀÇ
½Âõ µî¿¡ °üÇÑ ·Î¸¶ °¡Å縯 °øÀÇȸÀÇ °áÁ¤À» ½ÅÁ¶ÀÇ
ÇüÅ·Π¿ä¾àÇÑ, ±³È²ÀÇ ±³·ÉµéÀ» µ¡ºÙ¿´´Ù. °³½Å±³ÀÇ °æ¿ì
¾î´À Á¤µµ ±¸¼Ó·ÂÀÌ ÀÖ°í Æ¯Â¡ÀûÀÎ °ÍÀº 1530³âÀÇ
¡´¾Æ¿ì±¸½ººÎ¸£Å© ½Å¾Ó°í¹é¡µ(·çÅͱ³), 1563³â¡´ÇÏÀ̵¨º£¸£Å©
±³¸®¹®´ä¡µ(°³Çõ±³È¸), 1646³â ¡´¿þ½ºÆ®¹Î½ºÅͽžӰí¹é¡µ,
1647³âÀÇ ¡´¼Ò±³¸®¹®´ä¡µ(Àå·Î±³) µîÀÌ´Ù. |
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During
the last seven centuries in the West, some religious writings have attained a
semisacred, if not a fully sacred, status: Imitatio Christi of Thomas à Kempis (1379/80-1471); John
Bunyan's (1628-88) Pilgrim's Progress; Mary
Baker Eddy's (1821-1910) Science and
Health with a Key to the Scriptures; and the reputed discovery of Joseph
Smith (1805-44), the Book of Mormon.
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°ú°Å 7¼¼±â µ¿¾È ¼¾ç¿¡¼´Â ¿ÏÀüÈ÷ ¼º½º·´Áö´Â ¾ÊÁö¸¸
¹Ý(Úâ)°æÀü Á¤µµ·Î ÀÎÁ¤¹ÞÀº ½Å¾Ó Àú¼µéÀÌ ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. Å丶½º
¾ÆÄÍÇǽº(1379/80~1471)ÀÇ ¡´±×¸®½ºµµ¸¦ º»¹Þ¾Æ Imitatio Christ¡µ,
Á¸ ¹ö´Ï¾ð(1628~88)ÀÇ ¡´Ãµ·Î¿ªÁ¤ Pilgrim's Progress¡µ, ¸Þ¸®
º£ÀÌÄ¿ ¿¡µð(1821~1910)ÀÇ ¡´¼º¼¿¡ ÇØ´äÀ» µÐ °úÇаú °Ç°
Science and Health with a Key to Scriptures¡µ, Á¶ÁöÇÁ ½º¹Ì½º(1805~44)°¡
¹ß°ßÇÑ °ÍÀ¸·Î ¾Ë·ÁÁø ¡´¸ð¸£¸ó°æ¡µ µîÀÌ ±× ¿¹ÀÌ´Ù. |
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