Islam

회교

• I. Introduction
• II. THE FOUNDATIONS OF ISLAM
  • 1. Muhammad: the Prophet and his message
    • 1) LIFE AND WORKS
      • i) Prophetic call and early religious activity.
      • ii) Opposition at Mecca.
      • iii) The emigration from Mecca to Medina.
      • iv) The first five years at Medina.
      • v) The winning of the Meccans.
      • vi) The closing years: the unification of Arabia.
      • vii) March to the Syrian border.
    • 2) CHARACTER AND ACHIEVEMENTS
    • 3) THE LEGACY OF MUHAMMAD
  • 2. Sources of Islamic doctrinal and social views
  • 3. Islamic scripture: the Qur`an
    • 1) FORM
    • 2) DOCTRINES OF THE QUR`AN
      • i) God.
      • ii) The universe.
      • iii) Man.
      • iv) Satan, sin, and repentance.
      • v) Prophecy.
      • vi) Eschatology.
      • vii) Social service.
    • 3) ORIGINS AND COMPILATION OF THE QUR`AN
      • i) Muslim tradition.
      • ii) Views of those outside Islam.
    • 4) INTERPRETATIONS
    • 5) TRANSLATIONS
  • 4. Hadith, traditions of the Prophet
    • 1) NATURE AND ORIGINS
    • 2) HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT
      • i) Literary tradition in pre-Islamic Arabia.
      • ii) Developments of the 1st and 2nd centuries AH.
      • iii) 3rd century AH and subsequent developments.
    • 3) THE SCIENCE OF HADITH
      • i) Form of Hadith and criteria of authentication.
      • ii) Classifications.
    • 4) THE COMPILATIONS
    • 5) SECTARIAN VARIATIONS
    • 6) SIGNIFICANCE OF HADITH
  • 5. Fundamental practices and institutions of Islam
    • 1) THE FIVE PILLARS
      • i) The shahadah, or profession of faith.
      • ii) Prayer.
      • iii) The zakat.
      • iv) Fasting.
      • v) The hajj.
    • 2) SACRED PLACES AND DAYS
      • i) Shrines of Sufi saints.
      • ii) The mosque.
      • iii) Holy days.
• III. ISLAMIC THOUGHT
  • 1. Origins, nature, and significance of Islamic theology
    • 1) EARLY DEVELOPMENTS
    • 2) THE HELLENISTIC LEGACY
  • 2. Theology and sectarianism
    • 1) THE KHAWARIJ
    • 2) THE MU'TAZILAH
    • 3) THE SUNNAH
      • i) The way of the majority.
      • ii) Tolerance of diversity.
      • iii) Influence of Al-Ash'ari and al-Maturidi.
    • 4) THE SHI'AH
      • i) Isma'ilis.
      • ii) Related sects.
      • iii) The Sufis.
    • 5) OTHER GROUPS
      • i) The Ahmadiyah.
      • ii) The "Black Muslims."
  • 3. Islamic mysticism, Sufism
    • 1) HISTORY
      • i) Classical mysticism.
      • ii) Rise of fraternal orders.
    • 2) SUFI LITERATURE
    • 3) SUFI THOUGHT AND PRACTICE
      • i) Important aspects.
      • ii) The path.
      • iii) Symbolism in Sufism.
    • 4) THEOSOPHICAL SUFISM
    • 5) SUFI ORDERS
      • i) Organization.
      • ii) Discipline and ritual.
      • iii) Function and role in Islamic society.
      • iv) Geographical extent of Sufi orders.
    • 6) SIGNIFICANCE
  • 4. Islamic philosophy
    • 1) THE EASTERN PHILOSOPHERS
      • i) Background and scope of philosophical interest in Islam.
      • ii) Relation to the Mu'tazilah and interpretation of theological issues.
        • 1. The teachings of al-Kindi.
        • 2. The teachings of Abu Bakr ar-Razi.
      • iii) The teachings of al-Farabi.
        • 1. Political philosophy and the study of religion.
        • 2. Interpretation of Plato and Aristotle.
        • 3. The analogy of religion and philosophy.
        • 4. Impact on Isma'ili theology.
      • iv) The teachings of Avicenna.
        • 1. The "Oriental Philosophy."
        • 2. Distinction between essence and existence and the doctrine of creation.
        • 3. The immortality of individual souls.
        • 4. Philosophy, religion, and mysticism.
    • 2) THE WESTERN PHILOSOPHERS
      • i) Background and characteristics of the western Muslim philosophical tradition.
      • ii) The teachings of Ibn Bajjah.
        • 1. Theoretical science and intuitive knowledge.
        • 2. Unconcern of philosophy with reform.
      • iii) The teachings of Ibn Tufayl.
        • 1. The philosopher as a solitary individual.
        • 2. Concern for reform.
        • 3. The hidden secret of Avicenna's "Oriental Philosophy."
      • iv) The teachings of Averroës.
        • 1. Philosophy.
        • 2. The divine law.
        • 3. Theology.
  • 5. The new wisdom: synthesis of philosophy and mysticism
    • 1) PHILOSOPHY, TRADITIONALISM, AND THE NEW WISDOM
      • i) Philosophy.
      • ii) Traditionalism and the new wisdom.
      • iii) Characteristic features of the new wisdom.
      • iv) Critiques of Aristotle in Islamic theology.
      • v) Synthesis of philosophy and mysticism.
    • 2) PRIMARY TEACHERS OF THE NEW WISDOM
      • i) The teachings of as-Suhrawardi.
      • ii) The teachings of Ibn al-'Arabi.
      • iii) The teachings of Twelver Shi'ism and the school of Esfahan.
        • 1. The teachings of Mir Damad.
        • 2. The teachings of Mulla Sadra.
    • 3) IMPACT OF MODERNISM
• IV. THE CULTURE OF ISLAM
  • 1. Islamic Law, Shari'ah
    • 1) NATURE AND SIGNIFICANCE OF ISLAMIC LAW
    • 2) HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF SHARI'AH LAW
      • i) Development of different schools of law.
      • ii) Later developments.
    • 3) THE SUBSTANCE OF TRADITIONAL SHARI'AH LAW
      • i) Penal law.
      • ii) Law of transactions.
      • iii) Family law.
      • iv) Succession law.
      • v) Procedure and evidence.
    • 4) LAW IN CONTEMPORARY ISLAM
      • i) The scope of Shari'ah law and the mode of its administration.
      • ii) Reform of Shari'ah law.
  • 2. Social and ethical principles
    • 1) FAMILY LIFE
    • 2) THE STATE
    • 3) EDUCATION
    • 4) CULTURAL DIVERSITY
  • 3. Religion and the arts
    • 1) THE VISUAL ARTS
    • 2) MUSIC
    • 3) LITERATURE
    • 4) ARCHITECTURE
  • 4. Islamic myth and legend
    • 1) SOURCES AND VARIATIONS
      • i) The Qur`an and non-Islamic influences.
      • ii) The mystics.
    • 2) TYPES OF MYTH AND LEGEND
      • i) Cosmogony and eschatology.
      • ii) Tales and legends concerning religious figures.
        • 1. Muhammad.
        • 2. Other Qur`anic figures.
        • 3. Mystics and other later figures.
      • iii) Mythologization of secular tales.
      • iv) Tales and beliefs about numbers and letters.
    • 3) ILLUSTRATION OF MYTH AND LEGEND
    • 4) SIGNIFICANCE AND MODERN INTERPRETATIONS
• V. Bibliography
  • 1. Islam. General works:
  • 2. Education:
  • 3. Political theory and institutions:
  • 4. Islamic arts:
  • 5. Muhammad.
  • 6. Primary sources:
  • 7. The Qur`an.
  • 8. Hadith.
  • 9. Theology and philosophy.
  • 10. Islamic mysticism.
  • 11. History:
  • 12. Sufi literature:
  • 13. Sufi thought and practice:
  • 14. Theosophical Sufism:
  • 15. Sufi orders:
  • 16. Islamic law.
  • 17. Islamic myth and legend.

I. Introduction

Islam is a major world religion belonging to the Semitic family; it was promulgated by the Prophet Muhammad in Arabia in the 7th century AD. The Arabic term islam, literally "surrender," illuminates the fundamental religious idea of Islam--that the believer (called a Muslim, from the active particle of islam) accepts "surrender to the will of Allah (Arabic: God)." Allah is viewed as the sole God--creator, sustainer, and restorer of the world. The will of Allah, to which man must submit, is made known through the sacred scriptures, the Qur`an (Koran), which Allah revealed to his messenger, Muhammad. In Islam Muhammad is considered the last of a series of prophets (including Adam, Noah, Jesus, and others), and his message simultaneously consummates and abrogates the "revelations" attributed to earlier prophets.

Retaining its emphasis on an uncompromisng monotheism and a strict adherence to certain essential religious practices, the religion taught by Muhammad to a small group of followers spread rapidly through the Middle East to Africa, Europe, the Indian subcontinent, the Malay Peninsula, and China. Although many sectarian movements have arisen within Islam, all Muslims are bound by a common faith and a sense of belonging to a single community.

This article deals with the founding of Islam by Muhammad, the fundamental beliefs and practices of the religion, and the connection of religion and society in the Islamic world. The history of the various peoples who embraced Islam is covered in the article ISLAMIC WORLD .