Hinduism

힌두교

• I. Introduction
• II. General nature and characteristic features
  • 1. COMMON CHARACTERISTICS OF HINDU BELIEF
    • 1) Authority of the Veda and the Brahman class.
    • 2) Doctrine of atman-brahman.
    • 3) Ahimsa: non-injury.
    • 4) Doctrines of transmigration and karma.
    • 5) Concepts of istadevata and Trimurti.
    • 6) Ashramas: the four stages of life.
  • 2. THREE MARGAS: PATHS TO SALVATION
• III. The history of Hinduism
  • 1. SOURCES OF HINDUISM
    • 1) Indo-European sources.
      • i) Indo-Iranian sources.
      • ii) Indigenous sources.
    • 2) Non-Indo-European sources.
      • i) The Dravidian hypothesis.
      • ii) Other sources.
      • iii) The process of "Sanskritization."
  • 2. THE PREHISTORIC PERIOD (3RD AND 2ND MILLENNIA BC)
    • 1) Indigenous prehistoric religion.
    • 2) Religion in the Indus Valley civilization.
    • 3) Survival of archaic religious practices.
  • 3. THE VEDIC PERIOD (2ND MILLENNIUM-7TH CENTURY BC)
  • 4. CHALLENGES TO BRAHMANISM (7TH-2ND CENTURY BC)
  • 5. EARLY HINDUISM (2ND CENTURY BC-4TH CENTURY AD)
    • 1) The rise of the major sects: Vaishnavism, Shaivism, and Shaktism.
    • 2) The development of temples.
    • 3) The spread of Hinduism in Southeast Asia and the Pacific.
    • 4) Indian religious influence in the Mediterranean world.
  • 6. THE RISE OF DEVOTIONAL HINDUISM (4TH-11TH CENTURY)
  • 7. HINDUISM UNDER ISLAM (11TH-19TH CENTURY)
    • 1) The challenge of Islam and popular religion.
    • 2) Temple complexes.
    • 3) Sectarian movements.
    • 4) Bhakti movements.
  • 8. THE MODERN PERIOD (19TH-20TH CENTURY)
    • 1) Hindu reform movements.
      • i) Brahmo Samaj.
      • ii) Arya Samaj.
    • 2) New religious movements.
      • i) Ramakrishna Mission.
      • ii) Theosophical Society.
      • iii) Aurobindo Ashram.
      • iv) Other reform movements.
    • 3) The struggle for independence.
      • i) Mahatma Gandhi.
      • ii) The religious situation after independence.
    • 4) Hinduism outside India.
• IV. Sacred texts
  • 1. VEDAS
    • 1) Importance of the Vedas.
    • 2) The components of the Veda.
    • 3) The Rigveda.
    • 4) Elaborations of text and ritual: the later Vedas.
      • i) The Yajurveda and Samaveda.
      • ii) The Atharvaveda.
    • 5) The Brahmanas and Aranyakas.
    • 6) Vedic religion.
      • i) Cosmogony and cosmology.
      • ii) Theology.
      • iii) Ethical and social doctrines.
      • iv) The sacred: nature, man, and God.
      • v) Vedic and Brahmanic rites.
    • 7) The Upanishads.
  • 2. SUTRAS, SHASTRAS, AND SMRITIS
    • 1) The Vedangas.
    • 2) Dharma Sutra and Dharma Shastra.
    • 3) Smriti texts.
  • 3. EPICS AND PURANAS
    • 1) The Mahabharata.
    • 2) The Ramayana.
    • 3) The Bhagavadgita.
    • 4) The Puranas.
      • i) Cosmogony.
      • ii) Cosmology.
    • 5) Myths of time and eternity.
    • 6) Myths of the gods.
      • i) Bhagavata-Purana.
  • 4. VAISHNAVISM AND ShAIVISM
    • 1) Vaishnavism.
    • 2) Saivism.
    • 3) Myths of culture heroes.
    • 4) Myths of holy rivers and places.
  • 5. PHILOSOPHICAL TEXTS
    • 1) Mysticism.
    • 2) Philosophical sutras and the rise of the six schools of philosophy.
  • 6. TANTRISM
    • 1) Tantric traditions and Shaktism.
      • i) Shaiva Agamas.
      • ii) Vaishnava Samhitas.
      • iii) Shakta Tantras.
    • 2) Nature of Tantric tradition.
    • 3) Tantric and Shakta views of nature, man, and the sacred.
    • 4) Tantric ritual and magical practices.
    • 5) Tantric and Shakta ethical and social doctrines.
  • 7. VERNACULAR LITERATURES
    • 1) Hindu mythology in contemporary India.
  • 8. FOLK HINDUISM
    • 1) General characteristics of folk traditions.
    • 2) Regional varieties of folk religion.
    • 3) Folk and tribal myths.
• V. Rituals, social practices, and institutions
  • 1. SACRIFICE AND WORSHIP
    • 1) Domestic rites.
      • i) Samskaras: rites of passage.
      • ii) Daily offerings.
      • iii) Other private rites.
    • 2) Temple worship.
      • i) Temples.
      • ii) Puja.
    • 3) Shaiva rites.
    • 4) Vaishnava rites.
  • 2. SACRED TIMES AND PLACES
    • 1) Festivals.
    • 2) Pilgrimages and fairs.
  • 3. RITUAL AND SOCIAL STATUS
    • 1) Castes.
    • 2) Religious orders and holy men.
      • i) Initiation.
      • ii) Yoga.
      • iii) Sectarian symbols.
• VI. Cultural expressions: visual arts, theatre, and dance
  • 1. TYPES OF SYMBOLS
    • 1) Yantra and mandala.
    • 2) Lingam and yoni.
    • 3) Visual theology in icons.
  • 2. THE ARTS
    • 1) Religious principles in sculpture and painting.
    • 2) Religious organization of sacred architecture.
    • 3) Theatre and dance.
• VII. The place of Hinduism in world religions
  • 1. HINDUISM AND OTHER RELIGIONS OF INDIAN ORIGIN
    • 1) Buddhism.
    • 2) Jainism.
  • 2. HINDUISM AND ISLAM
  • 3. HINDUISM AND CHRISTIANITY
• VIII. Bibliography

I. Introduction

The term Hinduism refers to the civilization of the Hindus (originally, the inhabitants of the land of the Indus River). Introduced in about 1830 by British writers, it properly denotes the Indian civilization of approximately the last 2,000 years, which evolved from Vedism, the religion of the Indo-European peoples who settled in India in the last centuries of the 2nd millennium BC.

Because it integrates a variety of elements, Hinduism constitutes a complex but largely continuous whole and has religious, social, economic, literary, and artistic aspects. As a religion, Hinduism is a composite of diverse doctrines, cults, and ways of life.