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Religion
Á¾±³ ޹æ
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Zwingli, Huldrych
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Ã÷ºù±Û¸®
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Introduction
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Zwingli,
Huldrych,
Huldrych also spelled ULRICH (b. Jan. 1, 1484, Wildhaus in the Toggenburg,
Sankt Gallen, Switz.--d. Oct. 11, 1531, near Kappel), the most important
reformer in the Swiss Protestant Reformation
and the only major reformer of the 16th century whose movement did not evolve
into a church. Like Martin Luther, he accepted the supreme authority of the
Scriptures, but he applied it more rigorously and comprehensively to all
doctrines and practices. (see also Index:
Switzerland)
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Ã÷ºù±Û¸®(Huldrych Zwingli),
Huldrych´Â Ulrich¶ó°íµµ
¾¸. 1484. 1. 1 ½ºÀ§½º ÀåũƮ°¥·»
Åä°ÕºÎ¸£Å© ºôÆ®ÇϿ콺~1531. 10. 11 Ä«Æç ±Ùó. Á¾±³ °³Çõ°¡.
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Zwingli
was the son of a free peasant who was a village magistrate. His mother,
Margaret Meili, was the sister of the abbot of Fischingen in Thurgau, and his
uncle Bartholomäus Zwingli was priest of Wildhaus and later dean of
Wesen. Huldrych went to school at Wesen, then Basel (1494), and Bern (1496),
where his master, Heinrich Wölflin, inspired in him an enthusiasm for the
classics and a love of music. The Dominicans were interested in his musical
gifts and almost enticed him to enter a convent. But his father and uncle
dissuaded him, and, instead, he moved on to university studies at Vienna
(1498) and then Basel (1502), where he was graduated in 1504.
Supported
by teaching, he read theology and was deeply influenced by the lectures of the
teacher and Reformer Thomas Wyttenbach. Ordained to the priesthood, he went,
in 1506, to Glarus, where he proved a good pastor, encouraged education,
commenced studying Greek and even Hebrew, and read widely in the Church
Fathers. He was sympathetic toward the Renaissance movement and valued his
correspondence with Erasmus. Service as chaplain with the Swiss Army led him
to oppose the mercenary system. His stand provoked hostility at Glarus, and in
1516 he moved to a new charge at Einsiedeln, where he enjoyed both wide
opportunities for preaching to the many pilgrims and fine facilities for study
at the convent. Zwingli afterwards dated his evangelical understanding of the
Scriptures from the period of transition to Einsiedeln. The difficulties at
Glarus gave to this development a more than academic significance.
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Zwingli
at once began to preach his new convictions. Apart from topical criticism of
abuses, he did not at first attack traditional positions, being content to
expound the regular Gospel passages. A minor indulgence crisis arose in 1518,
but Zwingli's witty castigation of the abuse found ecclesiastical favour and,
finally, a titular honour by the papacy, from which he also drew a chaplaincy
pension.
In
1518, despite much opposition, he was appointed people's priest at the Grossmünster
(Great Minster) at Zürich. The post gave him little income or official
influence but great scope for preaching. He commenced a series of expositions
of the New Testament enlivened by topical application. Serious plague in 1519
found him faithful in his ministry, and his own illness and recovery, followed
by his brother's death in 1520, deepened the spiritual and theological
elements in his thinking and teaching that had hitherto been overshadowed to
some degree by the humanistic. In 1520 he secured permission from the city's
governing council to preach the "true divine scriptures," and the
resulting sermons helped to stir revolts against fasting and clerical celibacy
that initiated the Swiss Reformation (1522). In pursuance of his view of the
supremacy of Scripture, Zwingli preached his now famous sermons at the
Oetenbach convent and, despite local opposition to many of his ideas, he
secured fresh authorization from his bishop to continue preaching. A tract On
Meats and a printed version of the Oetenbach addresses, The
Clarity and Certainty of the Word of God, appeared in 1522.
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Ã븮È÷ Á¾±³°³ÇõÀÇ ½Â¸®
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The
year 1523 was crucial in the Zürich
Reformation. In preparation for a disputation with the vicar general of
Constance (Konstanz), arranged for January in the town hall of Zürich,
Zwingli published his challenging 67 Artikel.
His main contentions were adopted by most priests in the district and, in
consequence, the celibacy of clergy came to be flouted, liturgical reform was
begun, and a plan for the reform of the Grossmünster was drafted. A key
part of this program was the reconstitution of the cathedral school as both a
grammar school and a theological seminary to train Reformed pastors. The
question of removing the images from the churches provoked a second
disputation in October, in which Zwingli and his most intimate friend and
fellow Reformer Leo Jud carried the day. Successive steps taken during 1524
and 1525 included the removal of images, the suppression of organs, the
dissolution of religious houses, the replacement of the mass by a simple
Communion service, the reform of the baptismal office, the introduction of
prophesyings or Bible readings, the reorganization of the ministry, and the
preparation of a native version of the Bible (the Zürcher
Bibel appeared in 1529). Zwingli fostered the movement not only by his
preaching and influence on the council but also by his various writings--e.g., On Education, On
Baptism, On the Lord's Supper, and especially the comprehensive Commentary
on True and False Religion (1525). He was publicly married to Anna
Reinhard on April 2, 1524. |
1523³âÀº Ã븮È÷ Á¾±³°³Çõ¿¡¼ÀÇ °áÁ¤ÀûÀÎ ÇØ¿´´Ù.
Ã븮È÷ÀÇ ¸¶À»È¸°ü(ÀÇ»ç´ç¡¤¹ýÁ¤¡¤°øÈ¸´çÀ» °âÇÔ)¿¡¼ 1¿ù
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°µ¶ÀÌ µµÀÔµÇ°í ¸ñȸ»ç¿ªÀÌ ÀçÁ¶Á÷µÇ¾úÀ¸¸ç, ¸ð±¹¾îÆÇ
¼º¼º»À» ÁغñÇß´Ù(¡´Ã븮È÷ ¼º¼ Zürcher Bible¡µ°¡ 1529³â¿¡
ÃâÆÇµÊ). Ã÷ºù±Û¸®´Â ¼³±³¸¦ Çϰí ÇùÀÇȸ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¿µÇâ·ÂÀ»
Çà»çÇÏ´Â ÇÑÆí¡´±³À°, ¼¼·Ê, ÁÖÀÇ ¸¸Âù¿¡ °üÇÏ¿© On Education,
On Baptism, On the Lord's Supper¡µ¿Í ƯÈ÷ Æ÷°ýÀûÀÎ ¡´Áø½ÇÇÑ
Á¾±³¿Í °ÅÁþ Á¾±³¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¼³¸í Commentary on True and False Religion¡µ(1525)
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2ÀÏ ±×´Â ¾È³ª ¶óÀÎÇϸ£Æ®¿Í Á¤½ÄÀ¸·Î °áÈ¥Çß´Ù. |
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Ã÷ºù±Û¸®ÀÇ ³íÁ¦µé
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From
the city of Zürich the movement quickly spread not only to the canton of
Zürich but to neighbouring cantons as well. Aided by the learned Roman
Catholic theologian Johann Eck,
the five forest cantons of Luzern, Zug, Schwyz, Uri, and Unterwalden resisted
the new trend, but important centres like Basel
and Bern declared for
Zwingli. Zwingli himself, assisted by his fellow Swiss Reformer Heinrich
Bullinger, took part in a disputation at Bern (1528) that formally
introduced the principles of the Reformation to that city. The main theses he
put forth were (1) that the church is born of the Word of God and has Christ
alone as its head; (2) that its laws are binding only insofar as they agree
with the Scripture; (3) that Christ alone is man's righteousness; (4) that the
Holy Scripture does not teach Christ's corporeal presence in the bread and
wine at the Lord's Supper; (5) that the mass is a gross affront to the
sacrifice and death of Christ; (6) that there is no biblical foundation for
the mediation or intercession of the dead, for purgatory, or for images and
pictures; and (7) that marriage is lawful to all. With the friendly cantons of
Basel and Bern, Zürich negotiated a Christian Civic Alliance (or League)
based on the treaty by which Basel had been received into the Swiss
confederacy but also including a common profession of faith.
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From
1525 Zwingli's work was hampered by disagreements, both within Switzerland and
with the Lutherans outside.
In Zürich itself an extremist group quickly became dissatisfied with the
Zwinglian program, desiring the abolition of tithes, a severance of the state
connection, the creation of a pure or gathered church of true believers (those
who have experienced a conversion according to the moral beliefs and precepts
of the New Testament), and the consequent ending of infant Baptism.
Disputations were held with the leaders of the Anabaptist group in January and
March 1525, but these were abortive. The first rebaptisms took place in
February, and widespread propaganda was initiated. Seeing its authority
flouted, the council imprisoned the leaders and finally, after a further
useless disputation in November 1525, brought them under a capital sentence.
In theological refutation of the movement, Zwingli wrote a special work, On
Baptism (1525), in which his main emphasis was on the significance of
water Baptism as a covenant sign. During the following years he devoted many
other tracts to the subject, culminating in his Tricks
of the Catabaptists (1527). |
1525³âºÎÅÍ Ã÷ºù±Û¸®ÀÇ È°µ¿Àº ½ºÀ§½º ±¹³»¿¡¼´Â ¹°·Ð
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½ÅÇÐÀû ¹Ý·ÐÀ¸·Î Ã÷ºù±Û¸®´Â Ưº°Àú¼ÀÎ ¡´¼¼·Ê¿¡
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Meanwhile,
his thinking and practice in relation to the mass had led to a sharp
disagreement with Martin Luther.
The two agreed in rejecting the eucharistic sacrifice. They also agreed in
rejecting the medieval notion of a change of substance in the sacrament.
Luther, however, felt himself bound by the words "This is my body"
to teach the real presence of Christ's body and blood not in place of, but in,
with, and under the bread and wine. Zwingli, on the other hand, convinced that
the word "is" has the force of "signifies," did not
maintain a "real" presence but simply the divine presence of Christ
or his presence to the believer by the power of the Holy Spirit, as signified
by the elements. He stated his views in two Latin tracts (1525) and the more
popular work, On the Lord's Supper (1526).
Luther and his supporters responded with much acrimony, refusing to see in the
Swiss movement a true work of evangelical reformation. Through the good
offices of Philip the Magnanimous, landgrave of Hesse, the Colloquy
of Marburg (1529) was arranged with a view to reconciliation; Luther,
Zwingli, and Martin Bucer all participated. Cordial agreement was reached on
most issues, but the critical gulf remained in relation to the sacramental
presence, and Luther refused the hand of fellowship extended by Zwingli and
Bucer. (see also Index: transubstantiation)
Zwingli
would undoubtedly have welcomed agreement with Luther for political as well as
theological reasons, for he saw a growing danger in the isolation of the
Reforming cantons. The forest cantons had organized themselves against the
alliance, and there was a real threat of imperial intervention. In offensive
defense, the alliance attacked the forest cantons at Kappel, 10 miles south of
Zürich in 1529, and enforced terms on the opposing districts. Attempts
also were made to link up with Strassburg and allied reforming cities, but
these were at first unsuccessful despite the help of Hesse. The results of
division were seen at the Diet of
Augsburg (1530), in which the evangelical groups presented three
different confessions, including Zwingli's Fidei Ratio.
Lacking
other friends, Zwingli turned to Venice and France, partly in view of their
political hostility to the empire, partly in the hope of persuading the rulers
to accept evangelical views. His Exposition of the Faith (1531) was addressed to Francis I of France
to clear up misunderstandings and enlist his sympathy. The project faded,
however, and in 1531 Zwingli urged on the alliance a further reduction of the
forest cantons. Instead, Bern initiated a useless policy of economic sanctions
that simply provoked the foresters to attack Zürich in October 1531. In
the resultant Second War of Kappel, Zwingli accompanied the Zürich forces
as chaplain and was killed in the battle, the spot where he fell being now
marked by an inscribed boulder. (see also Index:
Kappel Wars)
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The
later preoccupation of Zwingli with ecclesiastical politics should not obscure
his true contribution to faith and order. He accepted the supreme authority of
the Scripture, although he applied it rigorously to all doctrines and
practices. He laid influential stress on the divine sovereignty, though this
was tempered by a milder view of original sin and a wide hope of salvation.
His rejection of the sacraments as means of obtaining grace and as forms of
intervention between the soul and God underlay the deepened conception of
other Reformation leaders such as Bullinger, Pietro Martire Vermigli, and John
Calvin. If he accepted lay authority in church government as exerted through
the council, his personal influence averted both the subservient Erastianism
(the supremacy of lay authority in ecclesiastical matters) of Lutheranism and
exhausting conflict, as at Geneva. Obvious defects of disjointedness and
intellectualism mark his writings. Behind them, however, lay an open, warm,
and friendly disposition, and they embody a boldly striking attempt to rethink
all Christian doctrine in consistently biblical terms. (G.W.B.)
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Æò½ÅµµÀÇ ±ÇÀ§¸¦ Áß½ÃÇÏ´Â ±¹°¡±Ç·ÂÁö»óÁÖÀÇ) ¹×
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Àú¼úÀº È®½ÇÈ÷ Áö¸®¸ê·ÄÇϰí ÁÖÁöÁÖÀÇÀûÀÌÁö¸¸, ±×µé
À̸鿡´Â °³¹æÀûÀÌ°í µû¶æÇÏ°í ¿ìÈ£ÀûÀÎ °æÇâÀÌ ¼û¾î
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Editions
of Zwingli's works include the Opera, published at Zürich in four volumes (1545 et
seq.); the Werke, edited M. Schuler and J. Schulthess, published at Zürich
in eight volumes (1828-42); and the Huldreich
Zwinglis sämtliche Werke in the Corpus
Reformatorum (Berlin, 1904 et seq.).
English translations available include Selected
Works of Huldreich Zwingli, edited and with notes by S.M. Jackson (1901); Latin
Works and the Correspondence of Huldreich Zwingli, edited by Jackson and
others and published in three volumes (1912-29); and Zwingli
and Bullinger in the "Library of Christian Classics" (1953).
The
standard works (all entitled Huldreich
Zwingli) are by J.M. Schuler (1818); R. Christoffel (1854; Eng. trans., Zwingli;
or, The Rise of the Reformation in Switzerland, 1858); and R. Stähelin,
2 vol. (1895-97). Among the best modern biographies is that of O. Farner, 4
vol. (1943-60), who also wrote a briefer account in 1918 (Eng. trans., Zwingli
the Reformer, 1952, reprinted 1968). Perhaps the most comprehensive
biography in English is G.R. Potter, Zwingli
(1976); another ambitious English version was written by S.M. Jackson, Huldreich
Zwingli, the Reformer of German Switzerland (1901, reprinted 1969); a
fourth interesting life is J.H. Rilliet, Zwingli,
le troisième homme de la Réforme (1959; Zwingli,
Third Man of the Reformation, 1964). For Zwingli's theology, see W. Köhler,
Zwingli und Luther (1924); and J.M.
Usteri, Zwinglis Tauflehre (1882). A
deeper appreciation of Zwingli the theologian rather than the humanist may be
found especially in A. Rich, Die Anfänge
der Theologie Huldrych Zwinglis (1949). For a brief but penetrating study
of Zwingli's liturgical contribution, see F. Schmidt-Clausing, Zwinglis
liturgische Formulare (1970). Among the various specialized studies of
Zwingli, see especially C. Garside, Jr., Zwingli
and the Arts (1966); R.C. Walton, Zwingli's
Theocracy (1967); and F. Schmidt-Clausing, Zwinglis
Humor (1968).
¡¡
Âêºù±Û¸® - ±×ÀÇ »ý¾Ö¿Í »ç¿ª : Ulrich Gärber, ¹ÚÁ¾¼÷ ¿ª,
¾Æ°¡ÆäÃâÆÇ»ç, 1993
Á¾±³°³Çõ°¡µé : K. ¾Æ¶õÆ®, ±èÈï¼ö ¿ª, ´ëÇѱ⵶±³¼È¸,
1991
Á¾±³°³Çõ»ç : À¯½ºÅä °ïÀß·¹½º, ¼¿µÀÏ ¿ª, Àº¼º, 1988
Zwingli : G. R. Potter, Cambridge Univ. Press, 1976
Zwinglis liturgische Formulare : F. Schmidt-Clausing, 1970
Huldreich Zwingle, 4 vol. : O. Farner, 1943-60
Die Anfäge der Theologie Huldrych Zwinglis : A. Rich, 1949
Zwingli und Luther : W. Köhler, 1924
Huldreich Zwingli, 2 vol. : R. Stähelin, 1895-97
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