|
|
|
|
|
Religion
Á¾±³ ޹æ
|
|
sacrament
|
¼º·ÊÀü (á¡ÖÉîð)
|
|
|
|
Introduction
sacrament,
religious sign or symbol, especially associated with the Christian Church,
in which a sacred or spiritual power is believed to be transmitted through
material elements viewed as channels of divine grace.
(see also Christianity,
sacred and profane)
In ancient societies, unseen divine
or sacred powers were generally regarded as responsible for both the
maintenance and the disruption of order in everyday life. Among early agriculturalists
and herders, the fertility of the soil, beneficence of the weather, and
succession of the seasons became the focuses of sacramental practices
designed to ensure their continuation, such as the rites of spring and
feasts of harvest. Inasmuch as the cycle of the individual life was seen to
reflect the natural order, sacramental ceremonies were conducted to promote
successful passage from one status to another.
Though the conception of the
sacramental principle is ancient and widespread, it acquired in Christianity
a unique significance. There it became the fundamental system and
institution for the perpetuation of the union of God and man in the person
of Jesus Christ through
the visible organization and constitution of the church,
which was viewed as the mystical body of Christ.
¡¡
|
°³¿ä
¼º»ç(á¡ÞÀ)¶ó°íµµ ÇÔ.Á¾±³ÀûÀΠǥÁö ¶Ç´Â »ó¡. ƯÈ÷ ±×¸®½ºµµ±³ ±³È¸¿Í °ü·ÃÀÌ ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, °Å·èÇϰųª
¿µÀûÀÎ ±Ç´ÉÀÌ ½ÅÀÇ ÀºÃÑÀÇ Åë·Î·Î °£ÁֵǴ ¹°ÁúÀû
¿ä¼ÒµéÀ» ÅëÇØ Àü´ÞµÇ´Â °ÍÀ¸·Î ¹Ï´Â´Ù. °í´ë »çȸ¿¡¼´Â
ÀϹÝÀûÀ¸·Î º¸ÀÌÁö ¾Ê´Â ½ÅÀ̳ª ½Å¼ºÇÑ ÈûµéÀÌ ÀÏ»ó»ýȰÀ»
À¯ÁöÇϰųª ÆÄ±«ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ¸·Î º¸¾Ò´Ù. ÃÊ±â ³ó°æ¹Îµé°ú
À¯¸ñ¹Îµé »çÀÌ¿¡¼ º½ÀÇ ÀǽÄÀ̳ª Ãß¼ö °¨»ç¿Í °°Àº ¼º·Ê´Â
ÅäÁöÀÇ ºñ¿Á, ÁÁÀº ±âÈÄ, °èÀýÀÇ ¼øÈ¯ µîÀ» Áö¼Ó½ÃŰ´Â µ¥
¸ñÀûÀÌ ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. ±×µéÀº °³ÀÎ »ý¸íÀÇ ÁֱⰡ ÀÚ¿¬ Áú¼¸¦
¹Ý¿µÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù°í º¸°í ÇÑ ´Ü°è¿¡¼ ´Ù¸¥ ´Ü°è·Î ¼º°øÀûÀ¸·Î
³ª¾Æ°¡±â À§ÇØ ¼º·Ê¸¦ ÁýÇàÇß´Ù. ¼º·ÊÀü ¿ø¸®¿¡ ´ëÇÑ °³³äÀº
¾ÆÁÖ ¿À·¡ÀüºÎÅÍ »ý°å°í ³Î¸® ÆÛÁ® ÀÖ¾úÁö¸¸,
±×¸®½ºµµ±³¿¡¼´Â µ¶Æ¯ÇÑ Àǹ̰¡ µÇ¾ú´Ù. ±×¸®½ºµµ±³¿¡¼
¼º·ÊÀüÀº ±³È¸¶ó´Â °¡½ÃÀû Á¶Á÷°ú ±¸Á¶¸¦ ÅëÇØ ¿¹¼ö
±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ ÀÎ°Ý ¾È¿¡¼ ÇÏ´À´Ô°ú »ç¶÷ÀÇ ¿¬ÇÕÀ»
¿µ¼Ó½Ã۱â À§ÇÑ ±Ùº»ÀûÀΠüÁ¦¿Í Á¦µµ°¡ µÇ¾ú´Ù.
±×¸®½ºµµ±³´Â ±³È¸¸¦ ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ ½Åºñ½º·¯¿î ¸öÀ¸·Î º¸¾Ò±â
¶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù. |
|
According to the New Testament,
Jesus instituted and commanded various practices, among them baptism,
a common meal, the washing of
feet, anointing, and the casting out of demons. Some of these were continued by
Christians; some were dropped; still others were adopted and attributed to
the institution of Christ. Consideration of all these rites and ordinances
led to the development of the concept "sacrament," but both the
definition and the exact number remained fluid well beyond the end of the
1st millennium of church history. (see also ucharist, anointing
of the sick)
As set forth by Peter
Lombard, codified by Thomas
Aquinas, and promulgated by the Council
of Trent, the sacraments were said to be seven in number (baptism,
confirmation, Eucharist, penance, anointing or extreme unction, holy orders
or ordination, and matrimony) and to be efficacious signs of the grace of
God instituted by Christ for permanent observance by the church. The Reformation
questioned both the definition and the number of sacraments in scholastic
theology, as well as the use of sacraments in medieval piety, liturgy, and
churchmanship.
|
¡´½Å¾à¼º¼¡µ¿¡ µû¸£¸é ¿¹¼ö´Â ¿©·¯ ÀǽÄÀ» Á¦Á¤Çϰí
½ÃÇàÇϵµ·Ï Çߴµ¥, ±× °¡¿îµ¥´Â ¼¼·Ê¡¤°øµ¿½Ä»ç¡¤¼¼Á·½Ä(á©ðëãÒ)¡¤±â¸§ºÎÀ½¡¤±Í½ÅÃàÃâÀÌ
ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. ±×¸®½ºµµ±³ÀεéÀº ÀÌ °¡¿îµ¥ ¸î °¡Áö´Â °è¼Ó
½ÃÇàÇß°í ¸î °¡Áö´Â Áß´ÜÇßÀ¸¸ç, ±×¹ÛÀÇ ´Ù¸¥ Àǽĵ鵵
±×¸®½ºµµ°¡ Á¦Á¤ÇÑ °ÍÀ̶ó ÇÏ¿© äÅÃÇß´Ù. ÀÌ ¸ðµç Àǽİú
±Ô·ÊÀÇ ¶æÀ» ±íÀÌ »ý°¢ÇÔ¿¡ µû¶ó '¼º·ÊÀü'ÀÇ °³³äµµ
¹ßÀüÇßÁö¸¸, 1,000³â ÀÌÈÄ¿¡µµ ¼º·ÊÀüÀÇ ÀÇ¹Ì¿Í Á¾·ù´Â
È®Á¤µÇÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù. ÆäÅ׷罺 ·Ò¹Ù¸£µÎ½º°¡ Á¦±âÇϰí Å丶½º
¾ÆÄû³ª½º°¡ Áý´ë¼ºÇßÀ¸¸ç Æ®¸®¿£Æ®
°øÀÇȸ°¡ °øÆ÷ÇÑ ¹Ù¿¡ µû¸£¸é, ¼º·ÊÀüÀÇ Á¾·ù¿¡´Â 7°¡Áö(¼¼·Ê¼º»ç¡¤°ßÁø¼º»ç¡¤¼ºÃ¼¼º»ç[¼ºÂù½Ä]¡¤°í¹é¼º»ç¡¤º´ÀÚ¼º»ç¡¤½Åǰ¼º»ç[¼ºÁ÷ÀÓ¸í½Ä]¡¤È¥Àμº»ç)°¡
ÀÖ´Ù. À̰͵éÀº ±×¸®½ºµµ°¡ ±³È¸¿¡ ¿µ¿øÈ÷ Áö۵µ·Ï
Á¦Á¤ÇØÁØ ÇÏ´À´ÔÀÇ È¿·ÂÀÖ´Â »ó¡µéÀ̶ó°í ÇÑ´Ù. Á¾±³°³ÇõÀº
½ºÄݶó ½ÅÇÐÀÌ °¡¸£Ä£ ¼º·ÊÀüÀÇ Á¤ÀÇ¿Í Á¾·ù¿¡ ´ëÇØ Àǹ®À»
Á¦±âÇßÀ¸¸ç, Áß¼¼ÀûÀÎ ½Å¾Ó¡¤¿¹¹è¡¤¼ºÁ÷ ü°è¿¡ ¼º·ÊÀüÀ»
»ç¿ëÇÏ´Â °Í¿¡µµ Àǹ®À» Á¦±âÇß´Ù. |
Sacraments
as signs
|
»ó¡À¸·Î¼ÀÇ ¼º·ÊÀü
|
|
Theologians in the Platonic
tradition, for whom the entire external world of things is a
"sign" or "symbol" of the spiritual world, have very
little difficulty regarding baptism, Eucharist, etc., as signs of the
efficacious presence of God; they have more difficulty extricating these
signs from the welter of symbols all about them. For quite different
reasons, radical Protestants,
who object to traditional ideas of the sacraments as a means of grace, also
face the issue of finding a qualitative distinction between the sacraments
and other signs, as, for example, the cross. Augustine
transcended his Neoplatonic propensities to develop a theory of signs and
sacraments, defining the latter as "the visible form of an invisible
grace"; even very radical Protestants treat baptism and the Eucharist
with utmost seriousness; much of the history of Roman
Catholic sacramental theology since the Reformation has been marked
by the combination of the traditional stress upon the sacraments as means of
grace with a further clarification of the difference between this stress and
any "magical" interpretation of the effect of the sacraments. The
differences among Christians on this issue remain profound and in many ways
basic; no less significant, however, is the rapprochement between the
Protestants who seek to avoid the rationalism of a theory of "mere
symbols" and the Roman Catholics who seek to avoid the superstition of
a theory of "efficacity apart from the disposition of the
recipient."
¡¡
|
ÇöóÅæ öÇÐ ÀüÅëÀ» À̾î¹ÞÀº ½ÅÇÐÀÚµéÀº ¹°Áú¼¼°è
Àüü¸¦ ¿µÀû ¼¼°èÀÇ 'Ç¥Áö' ¶Ç´Â '»ó¡'À¸·Î ÀÌÇØÇ߱⠶§¹®¿¡
¼¼·Ê¿Í ¼ºÂù½Ä µîÀ» ÇÏ´À´ÔÀÇ À¯È¿ÇÑ ÀÓÀçÀÇ »ó¡µé·Î
¹Þ¾ÆµéÀÌ´Â µ¥ ¾î·Á¿òÀÌ ¾ø¾ú´Ù. ¿ÀÈ÷·Á À̵鿡°Ô ¾î·Á¿ü´ø
°ÍÀº ¼·Î µÚ¾ôÇô ÀÖ´Â »ó¡µé¿¡¼ Ç¥ÁöµéÀ» ±¸ºÐÇØ³»´Â
ÀÏÀ̾ú´Ù. ÀüÇô ´Ù¸¥ ÀÌÀ¯¿¡¼ ¼º·ÊÀüÀÌ ÀºÃÑÀÇ ¼ö´ÜÀ̶ó´Â
ÀüÅëÀûÀÎ °³³äµéÀ» ¹è°ÝÇÑ ±ÞÁøÀûÀÎ °³½Å±³µµµéµµ
½ÊÀÚ°¡ °°Àº Ç¥Áöµé°ú ¼º·ÊÀüÀÇ ÁúÀûÀÎ Â÷À̸¦ ¹ß°ßÇØ¾ß ÇÒ
¹®Á¦¿¡ Á÷¸éÇÑ´Ù. ¾Æ¿ì±¸½ºÆ¼´©½º´Â
½ÅÇöóÅæ öÇÐÀÇ °æÇâµéÀ» ³Ñ¾î¼¼ Ç¥Áöµé°ú ¼º·ÊÀü¿¡
°üÇÑ ÀÌ·ÐÀ» ¹ßÀü½Ã۰í, ¼º·ÊÀüÀ» 'º¸ÀÌÁö ¾Ê´Â ÀºÃÑÀÇ
º¸ÀÌ´Â Çü½Ä'À̶ó°í Á¤ÀÇÇß´Ù. ¸Å¿ì ±ÞÁøÀûÀÎ °³½Å±³µµµéµµ
¼¼·Ê¿Í ¼ºÂùÀ» ´ë´ÜÈ÷ ½ÅÁßÇÏ°Ô ´Ù·é´Ù. ±×¸®°í Á¾±³°³Çõ
ÀÌ·¡ ·Î¸¶ °¡Å縯±³È¸´Â
Á¾Àü´ë·Î ¼º·ÊÀüÀ» ÀºÃÑÀÇ ¼ö´ÜÀ¸·Î °Á¶Çϸ鼵µ À̰°Àº
°Á¶Á¡°ú ¼º·ÊÀüÀÇ È¿°ú¿¡ ´ëÇÑ 'ÁÖ¼úÀû' ÇØ¼® »çÀÌ¿¡´Â
ºÐ¸íÇÑ Â÷À̰¡ ÀÖ´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ¹àÈ÷°í ÀÖ´Ù. ±×¸®½ºµµ±³µµµéÀº
ÀÌ ¹®Á¦¿¡ ´ëÇØ ¾ÆÁ÷µµ Å« °ßÇØ Â÷À̸¦ º¸À̰í ÀÖ´Ù. ±×°ÍÀº
¿©·¯ °¡Áö ¸é¿¡¼ ±Ùº»ÀûÀÎ Â÷ÀÌÀÌ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ¼º·ÊÀüÀ» '´Ü¼øÇÑ
»ó¡µé'·Î º¸´Â ÇÕ¸®ÁÖÀÇÀûÀÎ ÀÌ·ÐÀ» ȸÇÇÇÏ´Â
°³½Å±³µµµé°ú '¹Þ´Â »ç¶÷ÀÇ »óÅÂ¿Í ¹«°üÇÑ È¿·Â'À̶ó´Â
¹Ì½ÅÀûÀÎ ÀÌ·ÐÀ» ȸÇÇÇÏ´Â ·Î¸¶ °¡Å縯±³µµµéÀÌ ÈÇØ¸¦
Çϰí ÀÖ´Ù´Â °ÍÀº ¸Å¿ì Àǹ̽ÉÀåÇÏ´Ù. |
Sacraments
as institutions of Christ
|
±×¸®½ºµµ°¡ Á¦Á¤ÇÑ Á¦µµµé·Î¼ÀÇ
¼º·ÊÀü
|
|
Part of almost every definition of a
sacrament is the requirement that it have been, in some sense,
"instituted by Christ." Of the seven sacraments accepted by Eastern
Orthodoxy and Roman Catholicism, such institution can be
incontrovertibly documented from the New Testament for only two, baptism and
the Eucharist. During the debates of the 16th and 17th centuries, the
language of the New Testament was strained by both sides in an effort to
prove that the historical Jesus really did, or really could not have,
instituted marriage, ordination, etc., as sacraments.
¡¡
|
¼º·ÊÀü¿¡ °üÇÑ °ÅÀÇ ¸ðµç Á¤ÀÇ¿¡¼ ºüÁöÁö ¾Ê´Â ³»¿ëÀº
¼º·ÊÀüÀ» '±×¸®½ºµµ°¡ Á¦Á¤Çß´Ù'´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. µ¿¹æÁ¤±³È¸¿Í
·Î¸¶ °¡Å縯 ±³È¸°¡ ¹Þ¾ÆµéÀÌ´Â 7¼º»ç °¡¿îµ¥
¡´½Å¾à¼º¼¡µ¸¦ ÅëÇØ ±×¸®½ºµµ°¡ Á¦Á¤ÇÑ Á¦µµÀÓÀ» ÀÔÁõÇÒ
¼ö ÀÖ´Â °ÍÀº ¼¼·Ê¿Í ¼ºÂù½Ä 2°¡Áö»ÓÀÌ´Ù. 16~17¼¼±â¿¡
¼º·ÊÀü¿¡ °üÇÑ ³íÀïÀÌ ¹ú¾îÁö´Â µ¿¾È °³½Å±³¿Í ·Î¸¶ °¡Å縯
±³È¸ ¾ç Áø¿µÀº ¿ª»çÀû ¿¹¼ö°¡ ½ÇÁ¦·Î È¥Àΰú ¼ºÁ÷ÀÓ¸í µîÀ»
¼º·ÊÀüÀ¸·Î Á¦Á¤Çߴ°¡ÀÇ ¿©ºÎ¸¦ ÀÔÁõÇϱâ À§ÇØ
¡´½Å¾à¼º¼¡µ ¿ë¾î¸¦ ¸¹ÀÌ »ç¿ëÇß´Ù. |
|
Protestant biblical scholarship
eventually came to recognize that even the accounts of the institution of
the Eucharist by Christ are, in their present form at least, products of the
recollection of the early Christian community rather than verbatim
transcripts of the sayings of the historical Jesus. Roman Catholic theology
likewise surrendered the effort to find explicit historical support for each
of the seven sacraments in such sayings and concentrated instead on the
implicit significance of the very establishment of the church: Christ
instituted the sacraments in a theological sense, even though there is no
way of proving that the historical Jesus instituted them in a historical
sense.
|
°³½Å±³ ¼º¼ÇÐÀÚµéÀº ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ ¼ºÂù½Ä Á¦Á¤»çÁ¶Â÷
Àû¾îµµ ÇöÀçÀÇ ÇüÅ·δ ¿ª»çÀû ¿¹¼ö°¡ ¸»ÇÑ °ÍÀ» ±×´ë·Î
Àü´ÞÇÑ °ÍÀ̶ó±âº¸´Ù´Â Ãʱ⠱׸®½ºµµ±³ °øµ¿Ã¼°¡ Àç¼öÁýÇÑ
»ê¹°À̶ó°í ÀνÄÇϱ⿡ À̸£·¶´Ù. ¸¶Âù°¡Áö·Î ·Î¸¶ °¡Å縯
½ÅÇеµ 7¼º»ç ÇϳªÇϳªÀÇ ºÐ¸íÇÑ ¿ª»çÀû ±Ù°Å¸¦ ¿¹¼ö°¡ ÇÑ
¸»µé¿¡¼ ãÀ¸·Á´Â ³ë·ÂÀ» Æ÷±âÇϰí, ´ë½Å ±³È¸ÀÇ ¼³¸³
ÀÚü°¡ °®´Â ÇÔÃàÀûÀÎ Àǹ̿¡ °ü½ÉÀ» ÁýÁßÇß´Ù. ¿ª»çÀû
¿¹¼ö°¡ ¿ª»çÀûÀÎ Àǹ̿¡¼ ¼º·ÊÀüÀ» Á¦Á¤Çß´Ù´Â °ÍÀ»
Áõ¸íÇÒ ±æÀº ¾øÁö¸¸, ±×¸®½ºµµ´Â ½ÅÇÐÀûÀÎ ¶æÀ» °¡Áö°í
¼º·ÊÀüÀ» Á¦Á¤Çß´Ù´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. |
|
|
|
- Âü°í¹®Çå (¼º·ÊÀü)¡¡
- ½ÅÀÇ¿Í ¼º·ÊÀü : E. ÄÉÁ¦¸¸, Àü°æ¿¬ ¿ª, ´ëÇѱ⵶±³¼È¸,
1991
- ¼ºÃ¼¼º»ç : ¹Úµµ½Ä, °¡Å縯ÃâÆÇ»ç, 1991
- ¼º·Ê·Ð-º¹À½ÁÖÀÇ ½ÅÇÐ(ÇÏÁö Á¶Á÷½ÅÇÐ 4) : A. ÇÏÁö,
°í¿µ¹Î ¿ª, ±âµ¶±³¹®»ç, 1981
- ±³È¸¿Í ¼º»ç : ½ºÄÌ·¹º£¿¢Áî, ±è¿µÈ¯ Æí¿ª, ¼º½ÅÃâÆÇ»ç,
1981
- ¼º»ç¶õ ¹«¾ùÀΰ¡? : A. M. ·ÎÄÉ, ÃÖÀÍö ¿ª, °¡Å縯ÃâÆÇ»ç,
1967
- ±³¸®°ÀÇ-¼º»çÆí : ´ö¿ø¼öµµ¿øÆí¡¤¹ßÇà, 1943
- Sacrifice and Sacrament : E. O. James, 1962
- Sacraments of Simple Folk : R. R. Marett, 1933
- Lectures on the Religion of the Semites, 3rd ed. : W. R. Smith,
1927
- The Christian Sacraments : O. C. Quick, 1927(reprinted continually
to 1952)
- History of Sacrament in Relation to Thought and Progress : A.
Gardner, 1921
- Lectures on the Church and the Sacraments : P. T. Forsyth, 1917
|
| ¡¡ |
¡¡ |
|
|
|
|
|
|
¡¡ |
¡¡ |