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Religion

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sacrament

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Introduction

sacrament, religious sign or symbol, especially associated with the Christian Church, in which a sacred or spiritual power is believed to be transmitted through material elements viewed as channels of divine grace. (see also  Christianity, sacred and profane)

In ancient societies, unseen divine or sacred powers were generally regarded as responsible for both the maintenance and the disruption of order in everyday life. Among early agriculturalists and herders, the fertility of the soil, beneficence of the weather, and succession of the seasons became the focuses of sacramental practices designed to ensure their continuation, such as the rites of spring and feasts of harvest. Inasmuch as the cycle of the individual life was seen to reflect the natural order, sacramental ceremonies were conducted to promote successful passage from one status to another.

Though the conception of the sacramental principle is ancient and widespread, it acquired in Christianity a unique significance. There it became the fundamental system and institution for the perpetuation of the union of God and man in the person of Jesus Christ through the visible organization and constitution of the church, which was viewed as the mystical body of Christ.

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According to the New Testament, Jesus instituted and commanded various practices, among them baptism, a common meal, the washing of feet, anointing, and the casting out of demons. Some of these were continued by Christians; some were dropped; still others were adopted and attributed to the institution of Christ. Consideration of all these rites and ordinances led to the development of the concept "sacrament," but both the definition and the exact number remained fluid well beyond the end of the 1st millennium of church history. (see also ucharist, anointing of the sick)

As set forth by Peter Lombard, codified by Thomas Aquinas, and promulgated by the Council of Trent, the sacraments were said to be seven in number (baptism, confirmation, Eucharist, penance, anointing or extreme unction, holy orders or ordination, and matrimony) and to be efficacious signs of the grace of God instituted by Christ for permanent observance by the church. The Reformation questioned both the definition and the number of sacraments in scholastic theology, as well as the use of sacraments in medieval piety, liturgy, and churchmanship.

¡´½Å¾à¼º¼­¡µ¿¡ µû¸£¸é ¿¹¼ö´Â ¿©·¯ ÀǽÄÀ» Á¦Á¤ÇÏ°í ½ÃÇàÇϵµ·Ï Çߴµ¥, ±× °¡¿îµ¥´Â ¼¼·Ê¡¤°øµ¿½Ä»ç¡¤¼¼Á·½Ä(á©ðëãÒ)¡¤±â¸§ºÎÀ½¡¤±Í½ÅÃàÃâÀÌ ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. ±×¸®½ºµµ±³ÀεéÀº ÀÌ °¡¿îµ¥ ¸î °¡Áö´Â °è¼Ó ½ÃÇàÇß°í ¸î °¡Áö´Â Áß´ÜÇßÀ¸¸ç, ±×¹ÛÀÇ ´Ù¸¥ Àǽĵ鵵 ±×¸®½ºµµ°¡ Á¦Á¤ÇÑ °ÍÀ̶ó ÇÏ¿© äÅÃÇß´Ù. ÀÌ ¸ðµç Àǽİú ±Ô·ÊÀÇ ¶æÀ» ±íÀÌ »ý°¢ÇÔ¿¡ µû¶ó '¼º·ÊÀü'ÀÇ °³³äµµ ¹ßÀüÇßÁö¸¸, 1,000³â ÀÌÈÄ¿¡µµ ¼º·ÊÀüÀÇ ÀÇ¹Ì¿Í Á¾·ù´Â È®Á¤µÇÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù. ÆäÅ׷罺 ·Ò¹Ù¸£µÎ½º°¡ Á¦±âÇϰí Å丶½º ¾ÆÄû³ª½º°¡ Áý´ë¼ºÇßÀ¸¸ç Æ®¸®¿£Æ® °øÀÇȸ°¡ °øÆ÷ÇÑ ¹Ù¿¡ µû¸£¸é, ¼º·ÊÀüÀÇ Á¾·ù¿¡´Â 7°¡Áö(¼¼·Ê¼º»ç¡¤°ßÁø¼º»ç¡¤¼ºÃ¼¼º»ç[¼ºÂù½Ä]¡¤°í¹é¼º»ç¡¤º´ÀÚ¼º»ç¡¤½Åǰ¼º»ç[¼ºÁ÷ÀÓ¸í½Ä]¡¤È¥Àμº»ç)°¡ ÀÖ´Ù. À̰͵éÀº ±×¸®½ºµµ°¡ ±³È¸¿¡ ¿µ¿øÈ÷ Áö۵µ·Ï Á¦Á¤ÇØÁØ ÇÏ´À´ÔÀÇ È¿·ÂÀÖ´Â »ó¡µéÀ̶ó°í ÇÑ´Ù. Á¾±³°³ÇõÀº ½ºÄݶó ½ÅÇÐÀÌ °¡¸£Ä£ ¼º·ÊÀüÀÇ Á¤ÀÇ¿Í Á¾·ù¿¡ ´ëÇØ Àǹ®À» Á¦±âÇßÀ¸¸ç, Áß¼¼ÀûÀÎ ½Å¾Ó¡¤¿¹¹è¡¤¼ºÁ÷ ü°è¿¡ ¼º·ÊÀüÀ» »ç¿ëÇÏ´Â °Í¿¡µµ Àǹ®À» Á¦±âÇß´Ù.

Sacraments as signs

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Theologians in the Platonic tradition, for whom the entire external world of things is a "sign" or "symbol" of the spiritual world, have very little difficulty regarding baptism, Eucharist, etc., as signs of the efficacious presence of God; they have more difficulty extricating these signs from the welter of symbols all about them. For quite different reasons, radical Protestants, who object to traditional ideas of the sacraments as a means of grace, also face the issue of finding a qualitative distinction between the sacraments and other signs, as, for example, the cross. Augustine transcended his Neoplatonic propensities to develop a theory of signs and sacraments, defining the latter as "the visible form of an invisible grace"; even very radical Protestants treat baptism and the Eucharist with utmost seriousness; much of the history of Roman Catholic sacramental theology since the Reformation has been marked by the combination of the traditional stress upon the sacraments as means of grace with a further clarification of the difference between this stress and any "magical" interpretation of the effect of the sacraments. The differences among Christians on this issue remain profound and in many ways basic; no less significant, however, is the rapprochement between the Protestants who seek to avoid the rationalism of a theory of "mere symbols" and the Roman Catholics who seek to avoid the superstition of a theory of "efficacity apart from the disposition of the recipient."

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Sacraments as institutions of Christ

±×¸®½ºµµ°¡ Á¦Á¤ÇÑ Á¦µµµé·Î¼­ÀÇ ¼º·ÊÀü

Part of almost every definition of a sacrament is the requirement that it have been, in some sense, "instituted by Christ." Of the seven sacraments accepted by Eastern Orthodoxy and Roman Catholicism, such institution can be incontrovertibly documented from the New Testament for only two, baptism and the Eucharist. During the debates of the 16th and 17th centuries, the language of the New Testament was strained by both sides in an effort to prove that the historical Jesus really did, or really could not have, instituted marriage, ordination, etc., as sacraments.

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¼º·ÊÀü¿¡ °üÇÑ °ÅÀÇ ¸ðµç Á¤ÀÇ¿¡¼­ ºüÁöÁö ¾Ê´Â ³»¿ëÀº ¼º·ÊÀüÀ» '±×¸®½ºµµ°¡ Á¦Á¤Çß´Ù'´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. µ¿¹æÁ¤±³È¸¿Í ·Î¸¶ °¡Å縯 ±³È¸°¡ ¹Þ¾ÆµéÀÌ´Â 7¼º»ç °¡¿îµ¥ ¡´½Å¾à¼º¼­¡µ¸¦ ÅëÇØ ±×¸®½ºµµ°¡ Á¦Á¤ÇÑ Á¦µµÀÓÀ» ÀÔÁõÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â °ÍÀº ¼¼·Ê¿Í ¼ºÂù½Ä 2°¡Áö»ÓÀÌ´Ù. 16~17¼¼±â¿¡ ¼º·ÊÀü¿¡ °üÇÑ ³íÀïÀÌ ¹ú¾îÁö´Â µ¿¾È °³½Å±³¿Í ·Î¸¶ °¡Å縯 ±³È¸ ¾ç Áø¿µÀº ¿ª»çÀû ¿¹¼ö°¡ ½ÇÁ¦·Î È¥Àΰú ¼ºÁ÷ÀÓ¸í µîÀ» ¼º·ÊÀüÀ¸·Î Á¦Á¤Çߴ°¡ÀÇ ¿©ºÎ¸¦ ÀÔÁõÇϱâ À§ÇØ ¡´½Å¾à¼º¼­¡µ ¿ë¾î¸¦ ¸¹ÀÌ »ç¿ëÇß´Ù.

Protestant biblical scholarship eventually came to recognize that even the accounts of the institution of the Eucharist by Christ are, in their present form at least, products of the recollection of the early Christian community rather than verbatim transcripts of the sayings of the historical Jesus. Roman Catholic theology likewise surrendered the effort to find explicit historical support for each of the seven sacraments in such sayings and concentrated instead on the implicit significance of the very establishment of the church: Christ instituted the sacraments in a theological sense, even though there is no way of proving that the historical Jesus instituted them in a historical sense.

°³½Å±³ ¼º¼­ÇÐÀÚµéÀº ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ ¼ºÂù½Ä Á¦Á¤»çÁ¶Â÷ Àû¾îµµ ÇöÀçÀÇ ÇüÅ·δ ¿ª»çÀû ¿¹¼ö°¡ ¸»ÇÑ °ÍÀ» ±×´ë·Î Àü´ÞÇÑ °ÍÀ̶ó±âº¸´Ù´Â Ãʱ⠱׸®½ºµµ±³ °øµ¿Ã¼°¡ Àç¼öÁýÇÑ »ê¹°À̶ó°í ÀνÄÇϱ⿡ À̸£·¶´Ù. ¸¶Âù°¡Áö·Î ·Î¸¶ °¡Å縯 ½ÅÇеµ 7¼º»ç ÇϳªÇϳªÀÇ ºÐ¸íÇÑ ¿ª»çÀû ±Ù°Å¸¦ ¿¹¼ö°¡ ÇÑ ¸»µé¿¡¼­ ãÀ¸·Á´Â ³ë·ÂÀ» Æ÷±âÇϰí, ´ë½Å ±³È¸ÀÇ ¼³¸³ ÀÚü°¡ °®´Â ÇÔÃàÀûÀÎ Àǹ̿¡ °ü½ÉÀ» ÁýÁßÇß´Ù. ¿ª»çÀû ¿¹¼ö°¡ ¿ª»çÀûÀÎ Àǹ̿¡¼­ ¼º·ÊÀüÀ» Á¦Á¤Çß´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» Áõ¸íÇÒ ±æÀº ¾øÁö¸¸, ±×¸®½ºµµ´Â ½ÅÇÐÀûÀÎ ¶æÀ» °¡Áö°í ¼º·ÊÀüÀ» Á¦Á¤Çß´Ù´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù.

  • Âü°í¹®Çå (¼º·ÊÀü)¡¡
    • ½ÅÀÇ¿Í ¼º·ÊÀü : E. ÄÉÁ¦¸¸, Àü°æ¿¬ ¿ª, ´ëÇѱ⵶±³¼­È¸, 1991
    • ¼ºÃ¼¼º»ç : ¹Úµµ½Ä, °¡Å縯ÃâÆÇ»ç, 1991
    • ¼º·Ê·Ð-º¹À½ÁÖÀÇ ½ÅÇÐ(ÇÏÁö Á¶Á÷½ÅÇÐ 4) : A. ÇÏÁö, °í¿µ¹Î ¿ª, ±âµ¶±³¹®»ç, 1981
    • ±³È¸¿Í ¼º»ç : ½ºÄÌ·¹º£¿¢Áî, ±è¿µÈ¯ Æí¿ª, ¼º½ÅÃâÆÇ»ç, 1981
    • ¼º»ç¶õ ¹«¾ùÀΰ¡? : A. M. ·ÎÄÉ, ÃÖÀÍö ¿ª, °¡Å縯ÃâÆÇ»ç, 1967
    • ±³¸®°­ÀÇ-¼º»çÆí : ´ö¿ø¼öµµ¿øÆí¡¤¹ßÇà, 1943
    • Sacrifice and Sacrament : E. O. James, 1962
    • Sacraments of Simple Folk : R. R. Marett, 1933
    • Lectures on the Religion of the Semites, 3rd ed. : W. R. Smith, 1927
    • The Christian Sacraments : O. C. Quick, 1927(reprinted continually to 1952)
    • History of Sacrament in Relation to Thought and Progress : A. Gardner, 1921
    • Lectures on the Church and the Sacraments : P. T. Forsyth, 1917
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