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Religion

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Revivalism

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revivalism, generally, renewed religious fervour within a Christian group, church, or community, but primarily a movement in some Protestant churches to revitalize the spiritual ardour of their members and win new adherents. Revivalism in its modern form can be attributed to that shared emphasis in Anabaptism, Puritanism, German Pietism, and Methodism in the 16th, 17th, and 18th centuries on personal religious experience, the priesthood of all believers, and holy living, in protest against established church systems that seemed excessively sacramental, priestly, and worldly. (see also Protestantism) ½Å¾ÓºÎÈï¿îµ¿ (ãáäæÝ¥ýéê¡ÔÑ, revivalism), ÀϹÝÀûÀ¸·Î ±×¸®½ºµµ±³ ´Üü, ±³È¸, °øµ¿Ã¼ÀÇ ½Å¾ÓÀû ¿­ÀǸ¦ »õ·Ó°Ô ÇÏ´Â ¿îµ¿À¸·Î, ÀϺΠ°³½Å±³ ±³È¸¿¡¼­´Â ÁÖ·Î ±³ÀεéÀÇ ¿µÀû ¿­Á¤À» ´Ù½Ã ºÒ·¯ÀÏÀ¸Å°°í, ¾Æ¿ï·¯ »õ·Î¿î ±³ÀÎÀ» ¾òÀ¸·Á´Â ¿îµ¿À» ¶æÇÑ´Ù. ¿À´Ã³¯°ú °°Àº ÇüÅÂÀÇ ºÎÈï¿îµ¿Àº Áö³ªÄ¡°Ô ÀǽÄÀûÀÌ°í ¼ºÁ÷ÀÚ Áß½ÉÀÌ¸ç ¼¼¼ÓÀûÀÎ ±â¼º ±³È¸ üÁ¦¿¡ ¹Ý¹ßÇÏ¿©, °³ÀÎÀÇ ½Å¾ÓÀû üÇè, ¸¸ÀλçÁ¦Á÷(Ø¿ìÑÞÉð®òÅ), °Å·èÇÑ »îÀ» °­Á¶ÇÑ 16~18¼¼±âÀÇ Àç¼¼·ÊÆÄ¡¤Ã»±³µµ¡¤µ¶Àϰæ°ÇÁÖÀÇ¡¤°¨¸®±³ÀÇ ÁÖÀåÀ» °øÀ¯ÇÑ ºÎÈï¿îµ¿¿¡¼­ ½ÃÀ۵Ǿú´Ù°í º¼ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. 
Of the groups that contributed to the revival tradition, the Anabaptists were severely persecuted, and only a few survived the 16th-century Reformation. In England, however, the Puritans protested against the sacramentalism and ritualism of the Church of England in the 17th century, and many migrated to America, where they continued their fervour for experiential religion and devout living. The Puritan fervour waned toward the end of the 17th century, but the Great Awakening (q.v.; c. 1720-50), America's first great revival, under the leadership of Jonathan Edwards, George Whitefield, and others, revitalized religion in the North American colonies. The Great Awakening was a part of a larger religious revival that was also influential in Europe and Great Britain. In Germany and Scandinavia, Lutheranism was revitalized by the movement known as Pietism. The British revival led by John Wesley and others eventually resulted in the Methodist church. ºÎÈï¿îµ¿ÀÇ ÀüÅë¿¡ ±â¿©ÇÑ ´Üü Áß Àç¼¼·ÊÆÄ´Â ½ÉÇÑ ¹ÚÇØ¸¦ ¹Þ¾Æ 16¼¼±â Á¾±³°³Çõ ¶§¿¡´Â ¼Ò¼ö¸¸ ³²¾Æ ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. ±×·¯³ª 17¼¼±â ¿µ±¹¿¡¼­´Â û±³µµµéÀÌ ¿µ±¹ ¼º°øÈ¸ÀÇ ¼º»çÁ¦µµ(á¡ÞÀð¤Óø)¿Í ÀǽÄÁÖÀÇ(ëðãÒñ«ëù)¿¡ ´ëÇ×Çß°í, ¸¹Àº »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ¾Æ¸Þ¸®Ä«·Î ÀÌÁÖÇÏ¿© üÇèÀû ½Å¾Ó°ú °æ°ÇÇÑ »ýȰ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¿­Á¤À» À¯ÁöÇß´Ù. û±³µµÀÇ ¿­Á¤Àº 17¼¼±â ¸»¿±¿¡ À̸£·¯ Á¡Â÷ ½Ãµé¾úÁö¸¸, ¾Æ¸Þ¸®Ä« ÃÖÃÊÀÇ ´ëºÎÈï¿îµ¿ÀÎ ´ë°¢¼º¿îµ¿(1720°æ~50)ÀÌ Á¶³Ê¼± ¿¡µå¿öÁî, Á¶Áö È­ÀÌÆ®Çʵ带 ºñ·ÔÇÑ ¿©·¯ »ç¶÷µéÀÇ Àεµ·Î ºÏ¾Æ¸Þ¸®Ä« ½Ä¹ÎÁö¿¡ ½Å¾ÓÀÇ È°±â¸¦ »õ·Ó°Ô ºÒ¾î³Ö¾ú´Ù. ´ë°¢¼º¿îµ¿Àº À¯·´°ú ´ë¿µÁ¦±¹¿¡µµ ¿µÇâÀ» ³¢Ä£ ±¤¹üÀ§ÇÑ Á¾±³ ºÎÈï¿îµ¿ÀÇ ÀϺο´´Ù. µ¶Àϰú ½ºÄ­µð³ªºñ¾Æ¿¡¼­´Â °æ°ÇÁÖÀÇ·Î ¾Ë·ÁÁø ÀÌ ¿îµ¿ÀÌ ·çÅͱ³¿¡ »ý±â¸¦ ºÒ¾î³Ö¾ú°í, Á¸ ¿þ½½¸®¿Í ±×¿ÜÀÇ Àι°µéÀÌ ÁÖµµÇÑ ¿µ±¹ÀÇ ºÎÈï¿îµ¿À¸·Î °á±¹ °¨¸®±³°¡ »ý°Ü³µ´Ù.
Toward the end of the 18th century another revival, known as the Second Great Awakening (c. 1795-1835), began in the United States. During this revival, meetings were held in small towns and the large cities throughout the country, and the unique frontier institution known as the camp meeting (q.v.) began. The Second Great Awakening produced a great increase in church membership, made soul winning the primary function of the ministry, and stimulated several moral and philanthropic reforms, including temperance, emancipation of women, and foreign missions. 18¼¼±â ¸»¿± ¹Ì±¹¿¡¼­´Â Á¦2Â÷ ´ë°¢¼º¿îµ¿(1795~ 1835)À¸·Î ¾Ë·ÁÁø ¶Ç ÇϳªÀÇ ºÎÈï¿îµ¿ÀÌ ½ÃÀ۵Ǿú´Ù. ÀÌ ºÎÈï¿îµ¿ ±â°£Áß ¹Ì±¹ Àü¿ªÀÇ Áß¼Ò µµ½Ã¿Í ´ëµµ½Ã¿¡¼­ Áýȸ°¡ ¿­·ÈÀ¸¸ç, ¾ß¿µ Áýȸ·Î ¾Ë·ÁÁø µ¶Æ¯ÇÑ ÇÁ·ÐƼ¾î Á¦µµ°¡ ½ÃÀ۵Ǿú´Ù. Á¦2Â÷ ´ë°¢¼º¿îµ¿À¸·Î ±³ÀÎ ¼ö°¡ Å©°Ô ´Ã¾ú°í, ¿µÈ¥±¸¿øÀ» ¸ñȸÀÇ °¡Àå Áß¿äÇÑ Á÷¹«·Î »ï°Ô µÇ¾úÀ¸¸ç, ÀýÁ¦¡¤¿©¼ºÇØ¹æ¡¤ÇØ¿Ü¼±±³ µîÀ» Æ÷ÇÔÇÑ ¿©·¯ ºÐ¾ß¿¡ °ÉÃÄ µµ´öÀûÀÌ°í ¹Ú¾ÖÀûÀÎ °³ÇõÀÌ È°¹ßÇÏ°Ô ÀϾ´Ù.
After 1835 professional revivalists traveled through the towns and cities of the United States and Great Britain, organizing annual revival meetings at the invitation of local pastors who wanted to reinvigorate their churches. In 1857-58 a "prayer meeting revival" swept U.S. cities following a financial panic. It indirectly instigated a revival in Northern Ireland and England in 1859-61. 1835³â ÀÌÈÄ ¿©·¯ Àü¹® ºÎÈï»çµéÀº Àڱ⠱³È¸¿¡ ´Ù½Ã »ý±â¸¦ ºÒ¾î³Ö¾îÁֱ⸦ ¹Ù¶ó´Â Áö¿ª ±³È¸ ¸ñ»çµéÀÇ ÃÊûÀ» ¹Þ¾Æ ¹Ì±¹°ú ¿µ±¹ÀÇ Å©°í ÀÛÀº µµ½ÃµéÀ» µ¹¾Æ´Ù´Ï¸ç ¿¬Â÷ ºÎÈïÁýȸ¸¦ Á¶Á÷Çß´Ù. 1857~58³â¿¡´Â °æÁ¦°øÈ²¿¡ µÚÀ̾î '±âµµ ºÎÈïÁýȸ'°¡ ¹Ì±¹ µµ½ÃµéÀ» ÈÛ¾µ¾ú´Ù. ±× ¿­±â´Â °£Á¢ÀûÀ¸·Î 1859~61³â¿¡ ºÏ¾ÆÀÏ·£µå¿Í À×±Û·£µåÀÇ ºÎÈï¿îµ¿À» ºÎÃß°å´Ù.
The preaching tour of the American lay evangelist Dwight L. Moody through the British Isles in 1873-75 marked the beginning of a new surge of Anglo-U.S. revivalism. In his subsequent revival activity, Moody perfected the highly businesslike techniques that characterized the urban mass evangelistic campaigns of early 20th-century professional revivalists such as Reuben A. Torrey, Billy Sunday, and others. The interdenominationally supported revivalism of Moody and his imitators in 1875-1915 constituted, in part, a conscious cooperative effort by the Protestant churches to alleviate the unrest of urban industrial society by evangelizing the masses and, in part, an unconscious effort to counter the challenge to Protestant orthodoxy brought on by the new critical methods of studying the Bible and by modern scientific ideas concerning the evolution of man.  1873~75³â ¹Ì±¹ÀÇ Æò½Åµµ º¹À½ÀüµµÀÚ µå¿ÍÀÌÆ® L. ¹«µð°¡ ¿µ±¹À» µ¹¾Æ´Ù´Ï¸ç ¹úÀÎ Àüµµ·Î ¿µ±¹°ú ¹Ì±¹ ºÎÈï¿îµ¿¿¡ »õ·Î¿î ¹°°áÀÌ ÀϾ´Ù. ¹«µð´Â °è¼ÓµÈ ºÎÈï Ȱµ¿À» ÅëÇØ ·çºó A. Åä·¹ÀÌ, ºô¸® ¼±µ¥ÀÌ µî 20¼¼±â ÃÊ¿± Á÷¾÷ ºÎÈï¿îµ¿°¡µéÀÇ µµ½Ã ´ëÁß ÀüµµÁýȸÀÇ Æ¯Â¡ÀÌ µÈ °íµµÀÇ »ç¾÷°¡ÀûÀÎ ¼ö¿ÏÀ» ¿Ïº®ÇÏ°Ô ¹ßÈÖÇß´Ù. 1875~ 1915³â ¹«µð¿Í ±×¸¦ ¸ð¹æÇÑ ºÎÈï»çµéÀÌ Ãʱ³ÆÄÀûÀÎ µµ¿òÀ» ¹Þ¾Æ ¹úÀÎ ºÎÈï¿îµ¿Àº, ÇÑÆíÀ¸·Î´Â ´ëÁßÀ» º¹À½È­ÇÔÀ¸·Î½á µµ½Ã »ê¾÷»çȸÀÇ ¼Ò¿ä¸¦ ¿ÏÈ­½Ã۱â À§ÇÑ °³½Å±³ ±³È¸µéÀÇ ÀǽÄÀûÀÎ Çù·Â ¿îµ¿ÀÌ µÇ¾ú°í, ´Ù¸¥ ÇÑÆíÀ¸·Î´Â ÇÁ·ÎÅ×½ºÅºÆ® Á¤Åë½ÅÇп¡ ºÒ¾î´ÚÄ£ »õ·Î¿î ºñÆòÀû ¼º¼­¿¬±¸¹æ¹ý°ú ÁøÈ­·ÐÀÇ µµÀü¿¡ ¸Â¼­´Â ¹«ÀǽÄÀûÀÎ ³ë·ÂÀÌ µÇ¾ú´Ù.
In the first half of the 20th century most educated Protestant churchmen lost interest in revivalism. After World War II, however, a renewed interest in mass evangelism appeared and was especially evident in the widespread support given to the revival "crusades" of the American Southern Baptist evangelist Billy Graham and various regional revivalists. 20¼¼±â Àü¹Ý¿¡ ÇÁ·ÎÅ×½ºÅºÆ® Áö½ÄÀÎ ½ÅÀÚµéÀº ´ëºÎºÐ ºÎÈï¿îµ¿¿¡ °ü½ÉÀ» ±â¿ïÀÌÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù. ±×·¯³ª Á¦2Â÷ ¼¼°è´ëÀü ÈÄ¿¡´Â ´ëÁß ÀüµµÁýȸ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ °ü½ÉÀÌ »õ·ÎÀÌ ÀϾÀ¸¸ç, À̰°Àº °ü½ÉÀº ƯÈ÷ ¹Ì±¹ ³²Ä§·Ê±³ º¹À½ÀüµµÀÚ ºô¸® ±×·¹À̾ö°ú ¿©·¯ Áö¿ª ºÎÈï¿îµ¿°¡µéÀÌ ½Å¾ÓºÎÈï '½ÊÀÚ±º'¿îµ¿¿¡ ½ñÀº ¿­Á¤¿¡¼­ µÎµå·¯Áö°Ô ³ªÅ¸³µ´Ù.
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