Revivalism
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| revivalism,
generally, renewed religious fervour within a Christian group, church, or
community, but primarily a movement in some Protestant churches to
revitalize the spiritual ardour of their members and win new adherents.
Revivalism in its modern form can be attributed to that shared emphasis in
Anabaptism, Puritanism, German Pietism, and Methodism in the 16th, 17th, and
18th centuries on personal religious experience, the priesthood of all
believers, and holy living, in protest against established church systems
that seemed excessively sacramental, priestly, and worldly. (see also Protestantism) |
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revivalism),
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| Of the groups that contributed to the revival
tradition, the Anabaptists were severely
persecuted, and only a few survived the 16th-century Reformation. In
England, however, the Puritans protested
against the sacramentalism and ritualism of the Church of England in the
17th century, and many migrated to America, where they continued their
fervour for experiential religion and devout living. The Puritan fervour
waned toward the end of the 17th century, but the Great
Awakening (q.v.; c. 1720-50), America's first great
revival, under the leadership of Jonathan Edwards, George Whitefield, and
others, revitalized religion in the North American colonies. The Great
Awakening was a part of a larger religious revival that was also
influential in Europe and Great Britain. In Germany and Scandinavia,
Lutheranism was revitalized by the movement known as Pietism. The British
revival led by John Wesley and others eventually resulted in the Methodist
church. |
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»ý°Ü³µ´Ù. |
| Toward the end of the 18th century another
revival, known as the Second Great Awakening
(c. 1795-1835), began in the United States. During this revival,
meetings were held in small towns and the large cities throughout the
country, and the unique frontier institution known as the camp
meeting (q.v.) began. The Second Great Awakening produced
a great increase in church membership, made soul winning the primary
function of the ministry, and stimulated several moral and philanthropic
reforms, including temperance, emancipation of women, and foreign missions. |
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°³ÇõÀÌ È°¹ßÇÏ°Ô ÀϾ´Ù. |
| After 1835 professional revivalists traveled
through the towns and cities of the United States and Great Britain,
organizing annual revival meetings at the invitation of local pastors who
wanted to reinvigorate their churches. In 1857-58 a "prayer meeting
revival" swept U.S. cities following a financial panic. It indirectly
instigated a revival in Northern Ireland and England in 1859-61. |
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À×±Û·£µåÀÇ ºÎÈï¿îµ¿À» ºÎÃß°å´Ù. |
| The preaching tour of the American lay evangelist
Dwight L. Moody through the British
Isles in 1873-75 marked the beginning of a new surge of Anglo-U.S.
revivalism. In his subsequent revival activity, Moody perfected the highly
businesslike techniques that characterized the urban mass evangelistic
campaigns of early 20th-century professional revivalists such as Reuben A.
Torrey, Billy Sunday, and others. The interdenominationally supported
revivalism of Moody and his imitators in 1875-1915 constituted, in part, a
conscious cooperative effort by the Protestant churches to alleviate the
unrest of urban industrial society by evangelizing the masses and, in part,
an unconscious effort to counter the challenge to Protestant orthodoxy
brought on by the new critical methods of studying the Bible and by modern
scientific ideas concerning the evolution of man. |
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| In the first half of the 20th century most
educated Protestant churchmen lost interest in revivalism. After World War
II, however, a renewed interest in mass evangelism appeared and was
especially evident in the widespread support given to the revival
"crusades" of the American Southern Baptist evangelist Billy
Graham and various regional revivalists. |
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