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Religion
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Puritanism
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û±³µµÁÖÀÇ (ôèÎçÓùñ«ëù)¡¡
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Puritanism,
a religious reform movement in the late 16th and 17th centuries which sought to
"purify" the Church of England from remnants of Roman Catholic
"popery" that the Puritans claimed had been retained after the
religious settlement reached early in the reign of Queen Elizabeth I. Puritans
became noted for a spirit of moral and religious earnestness that determined
their whole way of life, and they sought through church reform to make their
lifestyle the pattern for the whole nation. Their efforts to transform the
nation led to civil war in England and to the founding of colonies in America as
working models of the Puritan way of life. |
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½Ç¿ë¸ðÇüÀ¸·Î ¹Ì±¹ ½Ä¹ÎÁö¸¦ °Ç¼³ÇÏ°Ô µÇ¾ú´Ù. |
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King Henry VIII separated the Church of
England from Rome in 1534, and the cause of Protestantism advanced rapidly under
Edward VI (reigned 1547-53). During the reign of Queen Mary (1553-58), however, England
returned to Roman Catholicism, and many Protestants were martyred or forced into
exile. Many of the exiles found their way to Geneva, where John Calvin's church
provided a working model of a disciplined church. Out of this experience also
came the two most popular books in Elizabethan England--the Geneva Bible and
John Foxe's Book of Martyrs--which
provided a view of England as an elect nation chosen by God to complete the work
of the Reformation. Thus, Elizabeth's accession was enthusiastically welcomed by
these Protestants in 1558, but her settlement disappointed those who sought
extensive reform, and they were unable to achieve their objectives in the
Convocation, the primary governing body of the church. |
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Many of these Puritans--as they came to
be known during a controversy over vestments in the 1560s--sought parliamentary
support for an effort to institute a presbyterian form of polity for the Church
of England. Other Puritans, concerned with the long delay in reform, decided
upon a "reformation without tarrying for any." These "Separatists"
repudiated the state church and formed voluntary congregations based on a
covenant with God and among themselves. Both groups, but especially the
Separatists, were repressed by the establishment. Denied the opportunity to
reform the established church, English Puritanism turned to preaching,
pamphlets, and a variety of experiments in religious expression and in social
behaviour and organization. Its successful growth also owed much to patrons
among the nobility and in Parliament and its control of colleges and
professorships at Oxford and Cambridge. |
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Puritan hopes were again raised when the
Calvinist James VI of Scotland
succeeded Elizabeth as James I of England in 1603. But at the Hampton Court
Conference in 1604 he dismissed the Puritans' grievances with the phrase
"no bishop, no king." Puritans remained under pressure. Some were
deprived of their positions; others got by with minimal conformity; and still
others, who could not accept compromise, fled England. The pressure for
conformity increased under Charles I
(1625-49) and his archbishop, William Laud. Nevertheless, the Puritan spirit
continued to spread, and when civil war broke out between Parliament and Charles
in the 1640s, Puritans seized the opportunity to urge Parliament and the nation
to renew its covenant with God. Parliament called together a body of clergy to
advise it on the government of the church, but this body--the Westminster
Assembly--was so badly divided that it failed to achieve reform of church
government and discipline. Meanwhile, the New
Model Army, which had defeated the royalist forces, feared that the
Assembly and Parliament would reach a compromise with King Charles that would
destroy their gains for Puritanism, so it seized power and turned it over to its
hero, Oliver Cromwell. The
religious settlement under Cromwell's Commonwealth allowed for a limited
pluralism that favoured the Puritans. A number of radical Puritan groups
appeared, including the Levellers,
the Diggers, the Fifth
Monarchy Men, and the Quakers
(the only one of lasting significance). |
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After Cromwell's death in 1658,
conservative Puritans supported the restoration of King Charles II and a
modified episcopal polity. However, they were outmaneuvered by those who
reinstituted Laud's strict episcopal pattern. Thus, English Puritanism entered a
period known as the Great Persecution.
English Puritans made a final unsuccessful attempt to secure their ideal of a
comprehensive church during the Glorious Revolution, but England's religious
solution was defined in 1689 by the Act of Toleration, which continued the
established church as episcopal but also tolerated dissenting groups. (see also Toleration Act) |
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The Puritan ideal of realizing the Holy
Commonwealth by the establishment of a covenanted community was carried to the
American colony of Virginia by
Thomas Dale, but the greatest opportunity came in New
England. The original pattern of church organization in the Massachusetts
Bay colony was a "middle way" between presbyterianism and Separatism,
yet in 1648 four New England Puritan colonies jointly adopted the Cambridge
Platform, establishing a congregational form of church government. |
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ÇÑ Ã»±³µµµéÀÇ ÀÌ»óÀº Åä¸Ó½º µ¥ÀÏ¿¡ ÀÇÇØ ¾Æ¸Þ¸®Ä«
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ÃëÇß´Ù. |
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The New England Puritans fashioned the
civil commonwealth according to the framework of the church. Only the elect
could vote and rule. When this raised problems for second-generation residents,
they adopted the Half-Way Covenant,
which permitted baptized, moral, and orthodox persons to share the privileges of
church membership. Other variations of the Puritan experiment were established
in Rhode Island by Roger Williams, who was banished from the Massachusetts Bay
colony, and in Pennsylvania by the Quaker
William Penn. |
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»çȸ¿¡¼µµ °øÈÁ¤À» ½Ç½ÃÇß°í ÇÏ´À´ÔÀÇ ¼±¹Î¸¸ÀÌ
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°ÅÁÖÀڵ鿡°Ô ¹®Á¦°¡ µÇÀÚ ºÒ¿ÏÀü ¼¾àÀ» äÅÃÇߴµ¥,
ÀÌ´Â ¼¼·Ê¸¦ ¹Þ°í µµ´öÀûÀ̰í Á¤Åë ½Å¾ÓÀ» °¡Áø »ç¶÷Àº
±³µµÀÇ Æ¯±ÇÀ» ´©¸± ¼ö ÀÖµµ·Ï Çã¿ëÇÏ´Â ³»¿ëÀ̾ú´Ù.
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Ææ½Çº£À̴Ͼƿ¡¼ °¢°¢ û±³µµÀû ½ÇÇèÀ» Çß´Ù. |
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Puritanism may be defined primarily by
the intensity of the religious experience that it fostered. Puritans believed
that conversion was necessary to redeem one from one's sinful condition, that
God had chosen to reveal salvation through preaching, and that the Holy Spirit
rather than reason was the energizing instrument of salvation. This naturally
led to the rejection of much that was characteristic of contemporary Anglican
preaching and ritual. In its place the Puritans emphasized plain preaching that
drew on images from scripture and from everyday experience. Still, because of
the importance of preaching, the Puritans placed a premium on a learned
ministry. The conversion experience that was characteristic of Puritans combined
with the doctrine of predestination inherited from Calvinism to produce a sense
of themselves as elect spirits
chosen by God to revolutionize history.
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°áÇյǾî ÀڽŵéÀÌ ¿ª»ç¸¦ Çõ¸íÀûÀ¸·Î º¯È½Ã۶ó°í
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¡¡ |
- Âü°í¹®Çå (û±³µµÁÖÀÇ)
- û±³µµÁ¤½Å : ¾Ë·» Ä«µç, ¹Ú¿µÈ£ ¿ª,
±âµ¶±³¹®¼¼±±³È¸, 1993
- û±³µµ ½Å¾Ó : ¸¶Æ¾ ·ÎÀ̵å Á¸½º, ¼¹®° ¿ª, »ý¸íÀÇ
¸»¾¸»ç, 1990
- û±³µµ½ÅÇÐ : ¿¡µå¿öµå Èù½¼, ¹Ú¿µÈ£ ¿ª,
±âµ¶±³¹®¼¼±±³È¸, 1989
- Á¾±³Àû ±ÞÁø»ç»ó : ¸²Èñ¿Ï, Áý¹®´ç, 1985
- The Puritan Experiment£ºNew England and Society from Bradford to
Edwards : Francis J. Bremer, 1976
- The Elizabethan Puritan Movement : Patrick Collinson, 1967
- Society and Puritanism in Pre-Revolutionary England :
Christopher Hill, 1964 (reissued 1986)
- The Intellectual Life of Colonial New England, 2nd ed. : Samuel
Eliot Morison, 1956 (reprinted 1980)
- The Rise of Puritanism£ºor, The Way to the New Jerusalem as Set
Forth in Pulpit and Press from Thomas Cartwright to John Liburne and
John Milton, 1570-1643 : William Haller, 1938(reissued 1984)
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