|
Leveler,
also spelled LEVELLER, member of a republican and democratic faction in
England during the period of the Civil Wars and Commonwealth. The name
Levelers was given by enemies of the movement to suggest that its supporters
wished to "level men's estates."
The Leveler movement originated in
1645-46 among radical supporters of Parliament in and around London. The
Civil War had been waged in the name of Parliament and people: the Levelers
demanded that real sovereignty should be transferred to the House of Commons
(to the exclusion of king and lords); that manhood suffrage, a
redistribution of seats, and annual or biennial sessions of Parliament
should make that legislative body truly representative; and that government
should be decentralized to local communities. They put forward a program of
economic reform in the interests of small property holders--complete
equality before the law, the abolition of trading monopolies, the reopening
of enclosed land, security of land tenure for copyholders, no conscription
(impressment) or billeting, drastic law reform, the abolition of tithes (and
so of a state church), and complete freedom of religious worship and
organization. Disappointed by Parliament's attitude, the Levelers turned
directly to the people--and to the New Model Army.
In April 1647 the army rank and file
elected agitators who were largely influenced by Leveler ideas. The generals
had to accept an army council that included these ordinary soldiers, as well
as officers. At Putney, in October 1647, this representative body discussed
the Agreement of the People, a document presented by the Levelers as a new
social contract to refound the state that had been dissolved by Parliament's
victory in the Civil War. The Putney debates on this document ended in
deadlock, however, and the generals restored discipline in the army by
force. In March 1649, John Lilburne and other Leveler leaders were
imprisoned. A mutiny of Leveler troops in London was suppressed, and in May
a more serious revolt was put down in Oxfordshire. That was the end of the
Levelers as an organized political force.
The Levelers never won national
support. Their sea-green colours held London's streets, and the troops
listened to them eagerly, but propaganda was difficult among a population
used to taking its ideas from the church and the landed aristocracy. The
Leveler failure to capture the support of the army was decisive. But had
they been allowed time to educate a democratic electorate, their program was
well calculated to appeal to peasant farmers and artisans--the overwhelming
majority of the people. Their ideas were more likely to command widespread
support than had those of the communistic Diggers, for they also sought to
appeal to men of small property and independence. Their appeal to reason
against arguments drawn from precedent or biblical authority marks a
milestone in political thought, and the pamphlets of some of their leaders
are important in the evolution of popular English prose. Some of their
social ideas were taken over by the Quakers.
¡¡ |
â©øÁ÷ï (Levelers, Levellers¶ó°íµµ ¾¸.). ¿µ±¹ ³»¶õ(û±³µµÇõ¸í)°ú °øÈ±¹(Commonwealth) ½Ã±â¿¡
°øÈÁÖÀÇÀû¡¤¹ÎÁÖÀû ¿îµ¿À» ÃßÁøÇÑ Áý´Ü.
¼öÆòÆÄ¶ó´Â À̸§Àº ÀÌ ¿îµ¿ÀÌ '»ç¶÷µéÀÇ Àç»êÀ» ±ÕµîÇϰÔ'
ÇÏ·Á ÇÑ´Ù´Â Á¡À» ³ªÅ¸³»±â À§ÇØ Àû´ëÁø¿µÀÇ »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ºÙÀÎ
°ÍÀÌ´Ù. ¼öÆòÆÄ ¿îµ¿Àº 1645~46³â ·±´ø°ú ±× ÁÖº¯Áö¿ª¿¡¼
ÀÇȸ¸¦ ÁöÁöÇÏ´Â ±ÞÁø¼¼·Â °¡¿îµ¥¼ ½ÃÀ۵Ǿú´Ù. ´ç½Ã
³»¶õÀº ÀÇȸ¿Í ±¹¹ÎÀÇ À̸§À» °É°í ÁøÇàµÇ°í ÀÖ¾úÀ¸¸ç,
¼öÆòÆÄ´Â ½ÇÁúÀûÀÎ ÁÖ±ÇÀÌ ±¹¿Õ°ú ±ÍÁ·µéÀ» ¹èÁ¦Çϰí
ÇÏ¿øÀ¸·Î À̾çµÇ¾î¾ß ÇÑ´Ù°í ¿ä±¸Çß´Ù. ¶ÇÇÑ ¼ºÀÎ ³²ÀÚÀÇ
º¸Åë¼±°Å±Ç, ÀǼ®ÀÇ ÀçºÐ¹è, 1~2³â¸¶´Ù ÀÇȸ¸¦ ¿¾î
ÀÔ¹ý±â°üÀÌ ÁøÁ¤ÇÑ ´ëÀDZⱸ°¡ µÇ¾î¾ß ÇÑ´Ù´Â Á¡, Á¤ºÎÀÇ
±ÇÇÑÀ» Áö¹æ°øµ¿Ã¼·Î ºÐ»êÇÒ °Í µîÀ» ÁÖÀåÇß´Ù. ¼Ò±Ô¸ð
Àڻ갡µéÀÇ Æí¿¡ ¼¼ °æÁ¦°³Çõ¾Èµéµµ ³»³õ¾Ò´Âµ¥, Áï
¹ý·ü»óÀ¸·Î ¿ÏÀüÇÑ Æòµî, »ó°Å·¡ µ¶Á¡ÀÇ ÆóÁö, ÀÎŬ·ÎÀú
¿îµ¿À¸·Î ÁýÁßµÈ ÅäÁöÀÇ Àç°³¹æ, µî±â ¼ÒÀÛ³ó¿¡ ´ëÇÑ
Â÷Áö±âÇÑÀÇ º¸Áõ, ¡º´(¡¹ß) ¹× ±º¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¼÷½Ä Á¦°ø ±ÝÁö,
°¡È¤ÇÑ ¹ý·üÀÇ °³Á¤, 1/10¼¼ÀÇ ÆóÁö(¶ÇÇÑ ±¹±³È¸ ½ÊÀÏÁ¶ÀÇ
ÆóÁö), ½Å¾Ó°ú °á»çÀÇ ¿ÏÀüÇÑ ÀÚÀ¯ µîÀ» ¿ä±¸Çß´Ù. ÀÇȸÀÇ
ŵµ¿¡ ½Ç¸ÁÇÑ ¼öÆòÆÄ´Â ±¹¹Î°ú ½ÅÇü±º(New Model Army)¿¡°Ô
Á÷Á¢ È£¼ÒÇϱ⠽ÃÀÛÇß´Ù.
1647³â 4¿ù ±º´ëÀÇ ÀϹݺ´»çµéÀº ¼öÆòÆÄÀÇ »ç»ó¿¡ Å©°Ô
¿µÇâÀ» ¹Þ°í ÀÖ´ø ¼±Àü¿øµéÀ» ¼±ÃâÇß´Ù. ±ºÀ强µéÀº
Àå±³»Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ÀϹݻ纴 ¼±Àü¿øÀÌ Æ÷ÇÔµÈ
±º»çÆòÀÇȸ¸¦ ¼ö¿ëÇØ¾ß¸¸ Çß´Ù. ±º»çÆòÀÇȸ´Â 1647³â 10¿ù
ÆÛÆ®´Ï¿¡¼ ÀιÎÇùÁ¤¿¡ °üÇØ ³íÀÇÇߴµ¥, ÀÌ ÀιÎÇùÁ¤Àº
û±³µµÇõ¸í¿¡¼ ÀÇȸ°¡ ½Â¸®ÇÔ¿¡ µû¶ó ÇØÃ¼µÇ¾î¹ö¸° ±¹°¡¸¦
ÀçÇü¼ºÇϱâ À§ÇÑ »õ·Î¿î »çȸÀû Çù¾àÀ¸·Î¼, ¼öÆòÆÄ¿¡ ÀÇÇØ
Á¦½ÃµÈ °ÍÀ̾ú´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ÆÛÆ®´Ï¿¡¼ ÀιÎÇùÁ¤¿¡ °üÇÑ
³íÀÇ´Â ±³Âø»óÅ¿¡ ºüÁ³À¸¸ç À屺µéÀº ¹«·ÂÀ¸·Î ±º ³»ºÎÀÇ
±ÔÀ²À» ȸº¹½ÃÄ×´Ù. 1649³â 3¿ù Á¸ ¸±¹ø°ú ¼öÆòÆÄÀÇ ´Ù¸¥
ÁöµµÀÚµéÀÌ Åõ¿ÁµÇ¾úÀ¸¸ç, ·±´ø¿¡¼ ¹ß»ýÇÑ ¼öÆòÆÄ
º´»çµéÀÇ ¹Ý¶õµµ Áø¾ÐµÇ¾ú´Ù. °°Àº ÇØ 5¿ù ¿Á½ºÆÛµå¼Å¿¡¼
Á»´õ ½É°¢ÇÑ Æøµ¿ÀÌ ÀϾÀ¸³ª ¿ª½Ã Áø¾ÐµÊÀ¸·Î½á
Á¶Á÷ÈÇÑ Á¤Ä¡¼¼·ÂÀ¸·Î¼ ¼öÆòÆÄ ¿îµ¿Àº ¸·À» ³»·È´Ù.
¼öÆòÆÄ´Â ÇÑ ¹øµµ Àü±¹ÀûÀÎ ÁöÁö¸¦ ¹ÞÁö´Â ¸øÇß´Ù.
¼öÆòÆÄÀÇ ÇØ·Ï»ö(úÖàßä) ±ê¹ßÀÌ ·±´øÀÇ ½Ã°¡Áö¿¡ ÈÖ³¯¸®°í
º´»çµéÀº ¼öÆòÆÄÀÇ ÁÖÀå¿¡ ±Í¸¦ ±â¿ï¿´À¸³ª, ±³È¸¿Í
ÅäÁö±ÍÁ·µéÀÇ »ç»ó¿¡ ¿µÇâÀ» ¹Þ¾Æ¿Â »ç¶÷µéÀ» ´ë»óÀ¸·Î
È¿°úÀûÀÎ ¼±ÀüȰµ¿À» Æì±â¿¡´Â ¾î·Á¿òÀÌ ¸¹¾Ò´Ù. ±ºÀÇ
ÁöÁö¸¦ ¾ò¾î³»´Â µ¥ ½ÇÆÐÇß´Ù´Â °ÍÀÌ ¼öÆòÆÄ¿¡°Ô´Â
°áÁ¤ÀûÀÎ ¾àÁ¡À̾ú´Ù. ±×·¯³ª À¯±ÇÀÚµéÀ» ¹ÎÁÖÀûÀÎ
»ç»óÀ¸·Î ±³À°½Ãų ½Ã°£Àû ¿©À¯°¡ ÀÖ¾ú´õ¶ó¸é ±¹¹ÎÀÇ Àý´ë
´Ù¼ö¸¦ Â÷ÁöÇÏ´Â ³ó¹Î°ú ÀåÀε鿡°Ô ¼öÆòÆÄÀÇ °èȹÀÌ
È£¼Ò·Â ÀÖ°Ô À¯Æ÷µÇ¾úÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ¼öÆòÆÄ´Â ¼Ò±Ô¸ð Àڻ갡¿Í
ÀÚ¿µ¾÷ÀÚÀÇ ÁöÁöµµ ¾òÀ¸·Á°í ³ë·ÂÇ߱⠶§¹®¿¡ °ø»êÁÖÀÇ
¼º°ÝÀÇ µð°Å½º ¿îµ¿º¸´Ù Æø³ÐÀº ÁöÁö¸¦ ¾ò¾úÀ» °¡´É¼ºÀÌ
³ô´Ù. ¼öÆòÆÄ°¡ °ü·Ê³ª ¼º¼ÀÇ ±ÇÀ§¿¡¼ ³ª¿Â ÁÖÀå¿¡
ÀÇÁ¸ÇÏÁö ¾Ê°í À̼º¿¡ È£¼ÒÇÑ °ÍÀº Á¤Ä¡»ç»ó»ç¿¡¼ ÇϳªÀÇ
ÀÌÁ¤Ç¥·Î Æò°¡µÇ°í ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ÀϺΠÁöµµÀÚµéÀÇ ÆÊÇ÷¿Àº
¿µ±¹ÀÇ ´ëÁßÀûÀÎ »ê¹®ÀÇ ¹ß´Þ°úÁ¤¿¡¼ Áß¿äÇÑ ¼º°ÝÀ»
Áö´Ñ´Ù. ±×µéÀÇ »çȸ»ç»ó Áß ÀϺδ ÄùÀÌÄ¿±³µµµé¿¡°Ô
¿µÇâÀ» ÁÖ¾ú´Ù.
|