Great Awakening
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| Great Awakening,
religious revival in the British American colonies mainly between about 1720
and the 1740s. It was a part of the religious ferment that swept western
Europe in the latter part of the 17th century and early 18th century,
referred to as Pietism and Quietism in continental Europe among Protestants
and Roman Catholics and as Evangelicalism in England under the leadership of
John Wesley (1703-91). |
´ë°¢¼º¿îµ¿ (ÓÞÊÆá¥ê¡ÔÑ, Great Awakening),
ÁÖ·Î 1720~40³â´ë »çÀÌ¿¡ ¿µ±¹ÀÇ ¾Æ¸Þ¸®Ä« ½Ä¹ÎÁֵ鿡¼
ÀÏ¾î³ ½Å¾ÓºÎÈï¿îµ¿ÀÌ´Ù. ÀÌ ¿îµ¿Àº 17¼¼±â¸»¿¡¼ 18¼¼±âÃÊ ¼À¯·´À» ÈÛ¾µ°í °£
Á¾±³¿îµ¿ÀÇ ÀϺηΠÀ¯·´¿¡¼´Â °³½Å±³µµ¿Í ·Î¸¶
°¡Å縯±³µµ »çÀÌ¿¡¼ ÀÏ¾î³ °æ°ÇÁÖÀÇ¡¤Á¤ÀûÁÖÀÇ¿Í
°ü·ÃÀÌ ÀÖ°í, ¿µ±¹¿¡¼´Â Á¸ ¿þ½½¸®(1703~91)°¡ À̲ö
º¹À½ÁÖÀÇ¿Í °ü·ÃÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù. |
| A number of conditions in the colonies often cited as preparing the way
for the revival include an arid rationalism in New England, formalism in
liturgical practices, as among the Dutch Reformed in the Middle Colonies,
and the neglect of pastoral supervision in the South. The revival took place
primarily among the Dutch Reformed, Congregationalists, Presbyterians,
Baptists, and some Anglicans, almost all of whom were Calvinists. The Great
Awakening may be seen, therefore, as a development toward an evangelical Calvinism. |
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ÀϺΠ¼º°øÈ¸ µî¿¡¼ ÀϾÀ¸¸ç ÀÌµé ´ëºÎºÐÀÌ ÁÖ·Î
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Ä®¹ðÁÖÀǰ¡ ¹ßÀüÇÑ ÇüŶó°í º¼ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. |
| The revival preachers emphasized the
"terrors of the law" to sinners, the unmerited grace of God, and
the "new birth" in Jesus Christ. One of the great figures of the
movement was George
Whitefield, an Anglican priest who was influenced by John Wesley
but was himself a Calvinist. Visiting America in 1739-40, he preached up and
down the colonies to vast crowds in open fields, because no church building
would hold them. Although he gained many converts, he was attacked, as were
other revival clergy, for criticizing the religious experience of others,
for stimulating emotional excesses and dangerous religious delusions, and
for breaking into and preaching in settled parishes without proper
invitation by ecclesiastical authorities. |
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¼³±³ÇÑ´Ù´Â ÀÌÀ¯·Î ºñÆÇÀ» ¹Þ¾Ò´Ù. |
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Jonathan Edwards was the great academician and apologist of the
Great Awakening. A Congregational pastor at Northampton, Conn., he preached
justification by faith alone with remarkable effectiveness. He also
attempted to redefine the psychology of religious experience and to help
those involved in the revival to discern what were true and false works of
the Spirit of God. His chief opponent was Charles
Chauncy, a liberal pastor of the First Church in Boston, who
wrote and preached against the revival, which he considered an outbreak of
extravagant emotion. |
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¹Ý´ëÇÏ´Â ±ÛÀ» ¾²°í ¼³±³¸¦ Çß´Ù. |
| The Great Awakening stemmed the tide of
Enlightenment rationalism among a great many people in the colonies. One of
its results was division within denominations, for some members supported
the revival and others rejected it. The revival stimulated the growth of
several educational institutions, including Princeton, Brown, and Rutgers
universities and Dartmouth College. The increase of dissent from the
established churches during this period led to a broader toleration, and the
democratization of the religious experience was an impulse that fed the
fervour that resulted in the American Revolution. |
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»ý±ä ¿Á¤Àº ¹Ì±¹Çõ¸íÀ» ÀÏÀ¸Å°´Â °è±â°¡ µÇ¾ú´Ù. |
| Edwards maintained that the Spirit of God
withdrew from Northampton in the 1740s, and some supporters found that the
revival came to an end in that decade. |
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°¨¸®±³¿Í ħ·Ê±³ÀÇ ¼ºÀå°ú ´É·ÂÀ» Ű¿öÁÖ´Â ¼ö´ÜÀÌ µÇ¾ú´Ù. |
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A revival known as the Second Great Awakening
began in New England in the 1790s. Generally less emotional than the Great
Awakening, the Second Awakening led to the founding of colleges and
seminaries and to the organization of mission societies. Kentucky was also
influenced by a revival during this period. The custom of camp-meeting
revivals developed out of the Kentucky revival and was an influence on the
American frontier during the 19th century.
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