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Martin Bucer

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Bucer also spelled BUTZER (b. Nov. 11, 1491, Schlettstadt, Alsace--d. Feb. 28, 1551, England), Protestant Reformer, mediator, and liturgical scholar best known for his ceaseless attempts to make peace between conflicting reform groups. He influenced not only the development of Calvinism but also the liturgical development of the Anglican Communion. (see also Protestantism, Reformation, Lutheranism)

ºÎó (Martin Bucer), Bucer´Â Butzer¶ó°íµµ ¾¸. 1491. 11. 11 ¾ËÀÚ½º ½¶·¹Æ®½´Å¸Æ®~1551. 2. 28 À×±Û·£µå. ÇÁ·ÎÅ×½ºÅºÆ® Á¾±³°³ÇõÀÚ, ÁßÀçÀÚ, Àü·ÊÇÐÀÚ. ¼­·Î ´ë¸³Çϰí ÀÖ´ø Á¾±³°³Çõ Áý´Üµé »çÀÌ¿¡¼­ È­ÇØ¸¦ À§ÇØ ²÷ÀÓ¾øÀÌ ³ë·ÂÇÑ °ÍÀ¸·Î À¯¸íÇÏ´Ù. Ä®¹ðÁÖÀǻӸ¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ¼º°øÈ¸ÀÇ ¿¹¹èÀÇ½Ä ¹ßÀü¿¡µµ ¿µÇâÀ» ³¢ÃÆ´Ù.

Bucer entered the Dominican monastic order in 1506. He was sent to study at the University of Heidelberg, Germany, where he became acquainted with the works of the great Humanist scholar Erasmus and of Martin Luther, the founder of the Protestant Reformation. In 1521 Bucer withdrew from the Dominicans and entered the service of the count palatine of the Rhine, one of the seven electors of the Holy Roman emperor. The following year he became pastor of Landstuhl, where he married a former nun. Excommunicated by the church in 1523, he made his way to Strassburg, where his parents' citizenship assured him of protection. His personal charm, intellectual abilities, and zeal eventually gained him a position of leadership in Strassburg and southern Germany. 1506³â µµ¹Ì´ÏÄí½º ¼öµµÈ¸¿¡ °¡ÀÔÇß°í, ±×µÚ µ¶ÀÏ ÇÏÀ̵¨º£¸£Å©´ëÇб³¿¡ À¯ÇÐÇÏ¿© À§´ëÇÑ Àι®ÁÖÀÇ ÇÐÀÚ ¿¡¶ó½º¹«½º¿Í ÇÁ·ÎÅ×½ºÅºÆ® Á¾±³°³Çõ ÁöµµÀÚ ¸¶¸£Æ¾ ·çÅÍÀÇ Àú¼­µéÀ» Åë´ÞÇß´Ù. 1521³â µµ¹Ì´ÏÄí½º ¼öµµÈ¸¿¡¼­ Å»ÅðÇÏ°í ½Å¼º ·Î¸¶ Á¦±¹ ȲÁ¦ÀÇ 7ÀÎ ¼±Á¦ÈÄ(àÔð¨ý¥) °¡¿îµ¥ ÇϳªÀÎ ¶óÀÎÀÇ ÆÈ¶óƾ ¹éÀÛÀ» µµ¿Í ÀÏÇß´Ù. À̵ëÇØ ¶õÆ®½´ÅøÀÇ ÁÖÀÓ»çÁ¦°¡ µÇ¾ú°í, ±×°÷¿¡¼­ Àü¿¡ ¼ö³à¿´´ø ¿©Àΰú °áÈ¥Çß´Ù. 1523³â ±³È¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ÆÄ¹®´çÇÑ µÚ ½ºÆ®¶ó½ººÎ¸£·Î °¡¼­ ºÎ¸ðÀÇ ½Ã¹Î±Ç¿¡ ÈûÀÔ¾î º¸È£¹ÞÀ¸¸ç ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ Àΰݡ¤Áö½Ä¡¤¿­Á¤À» ÀÎÁ¤¹Þ¾Æ ½ºÆ®¶ó½ººÎ¸£¿Í µ¶ÀÏ ³²ºÎÀÇ ÁöµµÀÚ°¡ µÇ¾ú´Ù.

Under the influence of Erasmus, he had accepted the ideals of Christian Humanism and the Renaissance, which called for a rebirth of what the Humanists believed was the true good, the original rightness, in man and society.

¿¡¶ó½º¹«½º¿¡°Ô ¿µÇâÀ» ¹Þ¾Æ ±×¸®½ºµµ±³ Àι®ÁÖÀÇ¿Í ¸£³×»ó½ºÀÇ ÀÌ»óÀ» ¹Þ¾Æµé¿© ÀÏ¹Ý Àι®ÁÖÀÇÀÚµéÀÌ ¸»ÇÏ´Â Àΰ£°ú »çȸ ¾ÈÀÇ ÂüµÈ ¼±(à¼), º»¿¬ÀÇ ÀÇ(ëù)ÀÇ °Åµì³²À» ¿ä±¸Çß´Ù. 
When caught up in the enthusiasm of the Reformation that was rapidly spreading in northern Europe, Bucer became a Protestant Reformer. He envisioned a renewal of man and society that was based on his earlier Humanist views, and he believed that such a renewal would result from the preaching of the true gospel and from faithful adherence to the divinely given pattern of living found in the Bible. This reform through conversion, piety, and discipline found its fullest expression in the massive program for the reformation of England that he presented to King Edward VI of England in 1551.  ±×´Â À¯·´ ºÏºÎ¿¡ ±Þ¼ÓÈ÷ ÆÛÁö°í ÀÖ´ø Á¾±³°³ÇõÀÇ ¿­Á¤¿¡ »ç·ÎÀâÇô ÇÁ·ÎÅ×½ºÅºÆ® Á¾±³°³ÇõÀÚ°¡ µÇ¾ú´Ù. ±×´Â ÀÌÀü¿¡ ÀÚ½ÅÀÌ Ç°°í ÀÖ´ø Àι®ÁÖÀÇ °ßÇØ¿¡ ¹ÙÅÁÀ» µÐ Àΰ£°ú »çȸÀÇ ¼â½ÅÀ» ¸¶À½¼Ó¿¡ ±×·ÈÀ¸¸ç, ÂüµÈ º¹À½À» ÀüÇÏ°í ¼º¼­¸¦ ÅëÇØ ÇÏ´À´ÔÀÌ ÁֽŠ»îÀÇ ÇüŸ¦ Ãæ½ÇÈ÷ µû¸£¸é ±×°ÍÀÌ ÀÌ·ç¾îÁú °ÍÀ̶ó°í ¹Ï¾ú´Ù. ȸ°³¡¤°æ°Ç¡¤ÈÆ·ÃÀ» ÅëÇÑ ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ °³ÇõÀº ±×°¡ 1551³â À×±Û·£µåÀÇ ¿Õ ¿¡µå¿öµå 6¼¼¿¡°Ô Á¦ÃâÇÑ ¿µ±¹ Á¾±³°³ÇõÀ» À§ÇÑ ±¤¹üÀ§ÇÑ °èȹ¼­¿¡ ÃæºÐÈ÷ Ç¥ÇöµÇ¾ú´Ù.
Bucer's adopted city, Strassburg, lay between the area influenced by the most important Swiss Reformer, Huldrych Zwingli--southern Germany and Switzerland--and the area influenced by Luther--northern Germany. After 1524 Luther and Zwingli clashed over the meaning of the words, "This is my body," a central phrase in the liturgy of the Lord's Supper. Summoned to Marburg by the landgrave, Philip of Hesse, in 1529, the two leading Reformers and other Reformers engaged in a colloquy to settle the dispute. Luther held to the traditional view that Christ was really present in the bread and wine of the sacrament of the Lord's Supper; Zwingli espoused a spiritual interpretation that was common among the Humanists; Bucer believed that the two opposing views could be reconciled. But when, at the end of the colloquy, Zwingli and Bucer proffered their hands in fellowship to Luther, he refused. (see also transubstantiation) ±×¸¦ ¹Þ¾ÆµéÀÎ µµ½Ã ½ºÆ®¶ó½ººÎ¸£´Â ´ç½Ã ¸Å¿ì À¯¸íÇÑ ½ºÀ§½º Á¾±³°³ÇõÀÚ ¿ï¸®È÷ Ã÷ºù±Û¸®ÀÇ ¿µÇâÀ» ¹ÞÀº µ¶ÀÏ ³²ºÎ ¹× ½ºÀ§½º¿Í, ·çÅÍ¿¡°Ô ¿µÇâÀ» ¹ÞÀº µ¶ÀÏ ºÏºÎÀÇ Áß°£¿¡ ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. 1524³â ÀÌÈÄ ·çÅÍ¿Í Ã÷ºù±Û¸®´Â ¼ºÂù¿¹½Ä¿¡¼­ Áß½ÉÀÌ µÇ´Â "À̰ÍÀº ³» ¸öÀÌ´Ï"¶ó´Â ±¸ÀýÀÇ ¶æÀ» ³õ°í ³íÀïÀ» ¹ú¿´´Ù. 1529³â Çì¼¾ÀÇ ¹éÀÛ¿µÁÖ Çʸ®ÇÁ¿¡°Ô ¼ÒȯÀ» ¹ÞÀº ÀÌ µÎ »ç¶÷°ú ±×¹ÛÀÇ °³ÇõÀÚµéÀÌ ºÐÀï ÇØ°áÀ» À§ÇØ È¸´ãÀ» ¿­¾ú´Ù. ·çÅÍ´Â ±×¸®½ºµµ°¡ ¼ºÂù½ÄÀÇ »§°ú Æ÷µµÁÖ¿¡ ½ÇÁ¦·Î ÀÓÀçÇÑ´Ù´Â ÀüÅëÀûÀÎ °ßÇØ¸¦ ³»¼¼¿ü°í, Ã÷ºù±Û¸®´Â Àι®ÁÖÀÇÀÚµéÀÌ ³Î¸® ¹Þ¾ÆµéÀÌ´ø ¿µÀû ÇØ¼®À» ÁÖÀåÇßÀ¸¸ç, ºÎó´Â ´ë¸³µÇ´Â ÀÌ 2°¡Áö °ßÇØ¸¦ ÀÏÄ¡½Ãų ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù°í ¹Ï¾ú´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ȸ´ã ³¡¿¡ Ã÷ºù±Û¸®¿Í ºÎó°¡ ·çÅÍ¿¡°Ô ¿ìÀÇ(éÒëþ)ÀÇ ¾Ç¼ö¸¦ ûÇßÀ» ¶§ °ÅÀý´çÇß´Ù.
Believing that the rift between the two reform movements could be bridged, Bucer participated in nearly every conference on religious questions held in Germany and Switzerland between 1524 and 1548. In the various colloquies between Protestants and Catholics or between German Lutheran and Swiss Reform churchmen, Bucer often advocated the use of obscure language and ambiguous formulas when explicit agreement between the opposing parties was impossible to attain. His justification for the use of ambiguity was that he believed that the essential goal was the reform of the people and the doctrinal issues could be worked out later. At Basel, in 1536, Bucer participated in the writing of the First Helvetic Confession, a document that was considered by many Reformed theologians to veer too much toward Luther's views, especially regarding the Lord's Supper. At Wittenberg, Ger., in the same year, Bucer took part in a conference between Lutheran and Reformed theologians. Philipp Melanchthon, a Lutheran Humanist theologian with whom he has often been compared, also attended the conference. It appeared for a time as though Bucer and Melanchthon were about to achieve their goal of ending the dispute over the Lord's Supper, a dispute that had split the Reformation on the Continent into two major groups. Luther, in satisfaction over the apparent agreement that Bucer and Melanchthon had helped to bring about, declared, "We are one, and we acknowledge and receive you as our dear brethren in the Lord." Bucer is reported to have shed tears at Luther's words. Melanchthon subsequently drew up the Wittenberg Concord incorporating the agreement, but, to Bucer's and Melanchthon's disappointment, it failed to effect a lasting union. The Swiss were unhappy that Bucer had made concessions that leaned toward the doctrine of the real presence, and some thought that he should formally recant his statements as they were incorporated in the Wittenberg Concord. ºÎó´Â ÀÌ µÎ °³Çõ¿îµ¿À» ÁßÀçÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù°í ¹Ï°í 1524~48³â¿¡ µ¶Àϰú ½ºÀ§½º¿¡¼­ ¿­¸° °ÅÀÇ ¸ðµç Á¾±³È¸ÀÇ¿¡ Âü¿©Çß´Ù. ÇÁ·ÎÅ×½ºÅºÆ®¿Í °¡Å縯, ȤÀº µ¶ÀÏ ·çÅÍÆÄ¿Í ½ºÀ§½º °³ÇõÆÄ ¼ºÁ÷ÀÚµé »çÀÌ¿¡ ¹ú¾îÁø ¿©·¯ ȸÀÇ¿¡¼­ ºÎó´Â ¾çÃøÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ¸í¹éÇÑ ÀÇ°ß ÀÏÄ¡¸¦ ¾ò¾î³¾ ¼ö ¾øÀ» °æ¿ì¿¡´Â ºÒÈ®½ÇÇÑ ¿ë¾î¿Í ¸ðÈ£ÇÑ Ç¥ÇöÀ» ¾²ÀÚ°í ÁÖÀåÇϱ⵵ Çß´Ù. ±×°¡ ±×·¸°Ô ÁÖÀåÇÑ ÀÌÀ¯´Â ±Ã±ØÀûÀÎ ¸ñÇ¥°¡ »ç¶÷µéÀ» °³ÇõÇÏ´Â µ¥ ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ±³¸® ¹®Á¦´Â ÈÄ¿¡ Á¤ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖÀ» °ÍÀ̶ó°í ¹Ï¾ú±â ¶§¹®À̾ú´Ù. 1536³â¿¡ ¹ÙÁ©¿¡¼­ Á¦1Â÷ ÇﺣƼ¾Æ ½Å¾Ó°í¹é¼­¸¦ ÀÛ¼ºÇÏ´Â µ¥ Âü¼®Çߴµ¥, ÀÌ °í¹é¼­´Â ¼ºÂù ±³¸®¿¡¼­ Áö³ªÄ¡°Ô ·çÅÍÀÇ °ßÇØ ÂÊÀ¸·Î ±â¿ï¾ú´Ù´Â Æò°¡¸¦ ¹Þ¾Ò´Ù. ºÎó´Â °°Àº ÇØ µ¶ÀÏ ºñÅÙº£¸£Å©¿¡¼­ ¿­¸° ·çÅÍÆÄ ½ÅÇÐÀÚ¿Í °³ÇõÆÄ ½ÅÇÐÀÚ È¸ÀÇ¿¡ Âü¼®Çߴµ¥, ±× ȸÀÇ¿¡´Â ´ç½Ã ±×¿Í ÀÚÁÖ ºñ±³µÇ´ø ·çÅÍÆÄ Àι®ÁÖÀÇ ½ÅÇÐÀÚ Çʸ®ÇÁ ¸á¶õÈ÷Åæµµ Âü¼®Çß´Ù. óÀ½ ¾ó¸¶ µ¿¾È ºÎó¿Í ¸á¶õÈ÷ÅæÀº ´ë·úÀÇ Á¾±³°³ÇõÀ» Å©°Ô µÎ ÆÄ·Î °¥¶ó³õÀº ¼ºÂù ³íÀïÀ» ÇØ°áÇÑ µíÇß´Ù. À̸¦ º» ·çÅÍ´Â µÎ »ç¶÷ÀÇ ¿µÇâ¿¡ ÈûÀÔ¾î ¶Ñ·ÇÇÑ ÀÏÄ¡¸¦ ¾ò°Ô µÇ´Â °ÍÀ¸·Î ¿©±â°í ¸¸Á·ÇÏ¿© "¿ì¸®´Â ÇϳªÀÔ´Ï´Ù. ¿ì¸®´Â ¿©·¯ºÐÀ» ÁÖ ¾È¿¡¼­ ±ÍÇÑ ÇüÁ¦·Î ÀÎÁ¤ÇÏ°í ¹Þ¾ÆµéÀÔ´Ï´Ù"¶ó°í ¼±¾ðÇß´Ù. ºÎó´Â ·çÅÍÀÇ ÀÌ ¸»À» µè°í ´«¹°À» Èê·È´Ù°í ÇÑ´Ù. ±×µÚ ¸á¶õÈ÷ÅæÀº ÀÌ ÀÏÄ¡¸¦ ±¸Ã¼È­Çϱâ À§ÇØ ºñÅÙº£¸£Å© ÇùÁ¤ÀÇ ÃʾÈÀ» ÀÛ¼ºÇß´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ºÎó¿Í ¸á¶õÈ÷ÅæÀÇ Àǵµ¿Í´Â ´Þ¸® ±× ÇùÁ¤Àº Áö¼ÓÀûÀÎ ¿¬ÇÕÀ» ÀÌ·ç¾î³»Áö ¸øÇß´Ù. ½ºÀ§½ºÀεéÀº ºÎó°¡ ½ÇÁ¦Àû ÀÓÀçÀÇ ±³¸® ÂÊÀ¸·Î ¾çº¸ÇÑ µ¥ ´ëÇÏ¿© À¯°¨½º·´°Ô »ý°¢Çß°í, ¸î¸î »ç¶÷µéÀº ºñÅÙº£¸£Å© ÇùÁ¤¿¡ ´ã°Ü ÀÖ´Â ±×ÀÇ Áø¼úÀ» °ø½Ä Ã¶È¸ÇØ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù°í »ý°¢Çß´Ù.
Even though Bucer was criticized for his evasive approach and concealment of the issues in the controversies between the adherents of Zwingli and Luther, the civil authorities in many southern German areas sought his advice and guidance in arranging compromises based on edicts by local authorities. Since Bucer regarded these compromises as tailored to local circumstances, he soon was charged by all parties as having no conviction except that the end justifies the means. In his defense he claimed that each of these compromises was only a temporary measure, that he hoped that further changes gradually would be made. Bucer's policy of agreement by compromise was seen in a better light when it was applied to the problem of religious toleration. Under Bucer's policies there was less persecution of Anabaptists--the left wing of the early Reformers who espoused revolutionary concepts in political and social organization--and other minority groups in Strassburg than in most of Europe. ºÎó´Â Ã÷ºù±Û¸® ÃßÁ¾ÀÚµé°ú ·çÅÍÀÇ ÃßÁ¾ÀÚµéÀÌ ³íÀïÀ» ¹ú¿´À» ¶§ ±× »çÀÌ¿¡¼­ ³íÀïÀ» ÇÇÇϰí ÀïÁ¡µéÀ» °¨Ãá´Ù´Â ÀÌÀ¯·Î ºñÆÇÀ» ¹Þ¾ÒÁö¸¸, µ¶ÀÏ ³²ºÎÀÇ ¿©·¯ Á¦ÈĵéÀº Áö¿ª Á¦ÈĵéÀÌ ¸¸µç Ä¢·É¿¡ ±âÃÊÇÑ Å¸Çù¾ÈÀ» ¸¶·ÃÇϸ鼭 ºÎó¿¡°Ô ÀÚ¹®°ú Áöµµ¸¦ ±¸Çß´Ù. ºÎó´Â ÀÌ Å¸Çù¾ÈÀ» °¢ Áö¿ª ÇüÆí¿¡ ¸Â°Ô ¸¸µé¾ú´Ù°í »ý°¢ÇßÀ¸³ª, ¸ðµç ÆÄ¹ú·ÎºÎÅÍ ¸ñÀûÀÌ ¼ö´ÜÀ» Á¤´çÈ­ÇÑ´Ù´Â °Í ¿Ü¿¡´Â ¾Æ¹«·± ¼Ò½Åµµ ¾ø´Â »ç¶÷À̶ó´Â ºñ³­À» ¹Þ¾Ò´Ù. ÀÌ¿¡ ´ëÇØ ±×´Â ÀÌ Å¸Çù¾ÈÀº ÀϽÃÀûÀÎ Á¶Ä¡ÀÏ »ÓÀ̸ç, ±× ÀÌ»óÀÇ º¯È­°¡ Â÷Ãû ÀϾ±â¸¦ ¹Ù¶õ´Ù°í º¯¸íÇß´Ù. ºÎó°¡ ÃëÇÑ Å¸Çù¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ ÀÏÄ¡ Á¤Ã¥Àº Á¾±³ °ü¿ë ¹®Á¦¿¡¼­ ÁÁÀº °á°ú¸¦ °¡Á®¿Ô´Ù. ºÎóÀÇ Á¤Ã¥À» ¹Þ¾ÆµéÀÎ ½ºÆ®¶ó½ººÎ¸£ Áö¿ª¿¡¼­´Â ´Ù¸¥ À¯·´ Áö¿ª¿¡ ºñÇØ Àç¼¼·ÊÆÄ(Ãʱâ Á¾±³°³Çõ ÁÂÆÄ·Î¼­ Á¤Ä¡¡¤»çȸ Á¶Á÷¿¡¼­ Çõ¸íÀûÀÎ »ç»óÀ» ÁÖÀåÇÔ)¿Í ±×¹ÛÀÇ ¼Ò¼ö Áý´Ü¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¹ÚÇØ°¡ ´úÇß´Ù.
Bucer's policy of pragmatic solutions of problems proved to be especially controversial in the case of the bigamy of Philip of Hesse. Philip, the landgrave of Hesse who had given much support to Luther, Bucer, and other Reformers, had serious marital problems but thought it inadvisable to divorce his wife. Bucer aided Philip in persuading Luther, Melanchthon, and others to sanction a second wife for him on the basis of Old Testament plural marriages. In an effort to keep the scandal of Philip's bigamy secret, falsehoods were used, and the matter caused the Reformers' reputations much harm. ¹®Á¦¸¦ ½Ç¿ëÀûÀ¸·Î ÇØ°áÇÏ·Á´Â ºÎóÀÇ Á¤Ã¥Àº Çì¼¾ÀÇ Çʸ®ÇÁÀÇ ÁßÈ¥(ñìûæ) »ç°ÇÀ¸·Î ÀïÁ¡ÀÇ ´ë»óÀÌ µÇ¾ú´Ù. Çʸ®ÇÁ´Â ·çÅÍ, ºÎó¿Í ±×¹ÛÀÇ ¿©·¯ Á¾±³°³ÇõÀÚµéÀ» Áö¿øÇÑ Çì¼¾ÀÇ ¹éÀÛ¿µÁÖÀÏ »Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, °áÈ¥ »ýȰ¿¡ ½É°¢ÇÑ ¹®Á¦°¡ ÀÖ´Ù°í ÇØ¼­ Á¦3ÀÚÀÇ ÀÔÀå¿¡¼­ ±×¿¡°Ô ÀÌÈ¥Ç϶ó°í Ãæ°íÇÒ »óȲµµ ¾Æ´Ï¾ú´Ù. ºÎó´Â ¡´±¸¾à¼º¼­¡µÀÇ ÁßÈ¥ °ü½ÀÀ» ³»¼¼¿ö ·çÅÍ, ¸á¶õÈ÷Åæ°ú ±×¹ÛÀÇ »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô Çʸ®ÇÁÀÇ 2¹øÂ° ºÎÀÎÀ» ÀÎÁ¤ÇØ´Þ¶ó°í ¼³µæÇß´Ù. °á±¹ Çʸ®ÇÁÀÇ ÁßÈ¥À» ºñ¹Ð¿¡ ºÎÄ¡±â À§ÇØ °ÅÁþ ¹æ¹ýÀÌ »ç¿ëµÇ¾ú°í, ÀÌ ¹®Á¦·Î Á¾±³°³ÇõÀÚµéÀº ¸í¿¹¿¡ Å« ¼Õ»óÀ» ÀÔ¾ú´Ù.

Apart from promoting intra-Protestant union, Bucer had long dreamed of healing the Protestant-Catholic rift, and in an effort to bridge these differences he engaged in secret negotiations with certain liberal, reform-minded Catholics. The Holy Roman emperor Charles V, for political reasons, pursued similar aims. Fearing a Turkish invasion of central Europe, he wanted, at almost any price, to restore unity between the princes of Germany. He accordingly called for a colloquy between Catholics and Protestants at Regensburg in 1541. Charles selected three Catholic and three Protestant theologians (including Bucer) to discuss the anonymous Regensburg Book, which proposed steps toward Catholic-Protestant union. When Charles used Bucer's rather far-reaching concessions in his secret negotiations with the liberal Catholics as the basis for an official solution of the controversy over the Reformation, Bucer, taken by surprise, denied any participation in a scheme for union. Both Catholics and Protestants rejected the Regensburg Book. Charles settled the matter for a time by subduing the Protestant powers, which would not accept any religious compromise by military force, and by enforcing his own compromise scheme, the Augsburg Interim of 1548.

ºÎó´Â ÇÁ·ÎÅ×½ºÅºÆ® ³»ºÎÀÇ ÅëÀÏÀ» À§ÇØ ³ë·ÂÇÏ´Â ¿Ü¿¡µµ ¿À·§µ¿¾È ÇÁ·ÎÅ×½ºÅºÆ®¿Í °¡Å縯 »çÀÌÀÇ ºÐ¿­À» Ä¡À¯ÇÏ·Á´Â Èñ¸ÁÀ» ǰ°í ÀÖ¾úÀ¸¸ç, Â÷ÀÌÁ¡À» º¸¿ÏÇϰíÀÚ ÀÚÀ¯ÁÖÀÇÀûÀÌ°í °³ÇõÁöÇâÀûÀÎ ¸î¸î °¡Å縯 ¼ºÁ÷ÀÚµé°ú ¿©·¯ Â÷·Ê ºñ¹Ð Çù»óÀ» °¡Á³´Ù. ½Å¼º ·Î¸¶ Á¦±¹ ȲÁ¦ Ä«¸¦ 5¼¼´Â Á¤Ä¡ÀûÀÎ ÀÌÀ¯ ¶§¹®¿¡ °°Àº ¸ñÇ¥¸¦ Ãß±¸Çß´Ù. Åõ¸£Å©ÀεéÀÌ À¯·´ Áߺθ¦ ħÀÔÇØ¿Ã °ÍÀ» µÎ·Á¿öÇÑ ±×´Â ¾î¶² ´ë°¡¸¦ Ä¡¸£´õ¶óµµ µ¶ÀÏ Á¦ÈÄµé »çÀÌÀÇ ÅëÀÏÀ» ¿øÇ߱⠶§¹®¿¡ 1541³â ·¹°Õ½ººÎ¸£Å©¿¡¼­ °¡Å縯°ú ÇÁ·ÎÅ×½ºÅºÆ®ÀÇ È¸ÀǸ¦ ¼ÒÁýÇß´Ù. Ä«¸¦ 5¼¼´Â °¡Å縯 ½ÅÇÐÀÚ 3¸í°ú ÇÁ·ÎÅ×½ºÅºÆ® ½ÅÇÐÀÚ 3¸í(ºÎó¸¦ Æ÷ÇÔ)À» ¼±Á¤ÇÏ¿© °¡Å縯°ú ÇÁ·ÎÅ×½ºÅºÆ®ÀÇ ÀÏÄ¡¸¦ À§ÇÑ ¸î °¡Áö ´Ü°è¸¦ Á¦½ÃÇØ³õÀº À͸íÀÇ ·¹°Õ½ººÎ¸£Å©¼­(ßö)¸¦ °¡Áö°í ³íÀÇÇϵµ·Ï Çß´Ù. ºÎó°¡ ÀÚÀ¯ÁÖÀÇ °¡Å縯 ½ÅÇÐÀÚµé°úÀÇ ºñ¹Ð Çù»ó¿¡¼­ ¸¹ÀÌ ¾çº¸ÇÑ »ç½ÇÀ» Ä«¸¦ÀÌ ÀÌ¿ëÇÏ¿© Á¾±³°³Çõ ³íÀïÀ» °ø½ÄÀûÀ¸·Î ÇØ°áÇÏ·Á°í ÇÏÀÚ, Å©°Ô ³î¶õ ºÎó´Â ÀÏÄ¡ °èȹ¿¡ °¡´ãÇÑ »ç½ÇÀ» Àü¸é ºÎÀÎÇß´Ù. °¡Å縯°ú ÇÁ·ÎÅ×½ºÅºÆ® ¸ðµÎ ·¹°Õ½ººÎ¸£Å©¼­¸¦ °ÅºÎÇÏÀÚ, Ä«¸¦ 5¼¼´Â ¹«·ÂÀ» »ç¿ëÇÏ¿© Á¾±³ ŸÇùÀ» ¹Þ¾ÆµéÀÌ·Á°í ÇÏÁö ¾Ê´ø ÇÁ·ÎÅ×½ºÅºÆ® ¼¼·ÂÀ» ¾ï´©¸§À¸·Î½á, ¶ÇÇÑ ÀڱⰡ ¸¶·ÃÇÑ 1548³âÀÇ ¾Æ¿ìÅ©½ººÎ¸£Å© °¡½ÅÁ¶ÇùÁ¤À» ¸ÎÀ½À¸·Î½á Çѵ¿¾È ±× ¹®Á¦¸¦ °¡¶ó¾ÉÇû´Ù.
Although the Augsburg Interim did not concede much more to Catholicism than had some of his own earlier compromise solutions, Bucer vigorously opposed its acceptance by Strassburg. His view was that even a poor compromise was justified if it made some progress toward reform but that if Strassburg accepted the Augsburg Interim it would be a step backward. The armies of Charles, however, prevailed, and Strassburg discharged Bucer and several other Protestant ministers, all of whom were invited to England by the archbishop of Canterbury, Thomas Cranmer. There Bucer supported the offical, cautious reform program of Cranmer and the scholarly Nicholas Ridley against the more radical reform of the English Church urged by the Zwinglian John Hooper and the Scottish Reformer John Knox. The First Prayer Book of Edward VI (1549), the liturgical book of the newly reformed English Church that contained evidence of Lutheran influence, was submitted for formal criticism to Bucer, who could not speak English. His assessment, the Censura, delivered to the Bishop Ely a month before Bucer died, pointed out the vague Lutheranisms of the prayer book. The Second Prayer Book of Edward VI (1552), utilizing Bucer's criticism, offended the conservatives in the English Church and did not satisfy the more radical Reformers; it remained in force for about eight months. Bucer's influence as a mediator, however, continued to have its effect in subsequent attempts at compromise in the English Church in the 16th century. ºÎó´Â ¾Æ¿ìÅ©½ººÎ¸£Å© °¡½ÅÁ¶ÇùÁ¤ÀÌ ÀÌÀü¿¡ ÀÚ½ÅÀÌ ³»³õ¾Ò´ø ŸÇù¾Èº¸´Ù °¡Å縯¿¡ ´õ ¸¹ÀÌ ¾çº¸ÇÏÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´Âµ¥µµ ½ºÆ®¶ó½ººÎ¸£ ½Ã°¡ À̸¦ äÅÃÇÏ´Â °Í¿¡ ´ëÇØ ¿­·ÄÈ÷ ¹Ý´ëÇß´Ù. ºñ·Ï ºó¾àÇÑ Å¸Çù¾ÈÀÏÁö¶óµµ °³ÇõÀ» ÁöÇâÇÑ °ÍÀ̶ó¸é ¹Þ¾ÆµéÀÏ ¼ö ÀÖÁö¸¸, ¸¸ÀÏ ½ºÆ®¶ó½ººÎ¸£¿¡¼­ ¾Æ¿ìÅ©½ººÎ¸£Å© °¡½ÅÁ¶ÇùÁ¤À» ¹Þ¾ÆµéÀδٸé ÀÌ´Â ¿ÀÈ÷·Á Åðº¸ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ̶ó°í ÁÖÀåÇß´Ù. ±×·¯³ª Ä«¸¦ÀÇ ±º´ë ¾Õ¿¡¼­ ½ºÆ®¶ó½ººÎ¸£ ½Ã´Â ºÎó¿Í ´Ù¸¥ ¿©·¯ ÇÁ·ÎÅ×½ºÅºÆ® ¸ñ»çµéÀ» Ãß¹æÇßÀ¸¸ç, À̵éÀº ¸ðµÎ ĵÅͺ£¸® ´ëÁÖ±³ Åä¸Ó½º Å©·£¸ÓÀÇ ¹è·Á·Î ¿µ±¹À¸·Î °¬´Ù. ºÎó´Â ±×°÷¿¡¼­ Ã÷ºù±Û¸®ÆÄÀÎ Á¸ ÈÄÆÛ¿Í ½ºÄÚÆ²·£µå Á¾±³°³ÇõÀÚ Á¸ ³ì½º°¡ À̲ô´Â º¸´Ù ±ÞÁøÀûÀÎ ¿µ±¹±³È¸ °³Çõ¿îµ¿¿¡ ¸Â¼­, Å©·£¸Ó¿Í ÇÐÀÚ ´ÏÄÝ¶ó½º ¸®µé¸®°¡ Ãß±¸ÇÏ´ø °ø½ÄÀûÀÌ°í ½ÅÁßÇÑ °³Çõ °èȹÀ» ÁöÁöÇß´Ù. ¶ÇÇÑ ºÎó´Â ·çÅÍÆÄÀÇ ¿µÇâÀ» ¹ÞÀº ¿µ±¹±¹±³È¸ÀÇ »õ Àü·Ê¼­ ¡´¿¡µå¿öµå 6¼¼ÀÇ Á¦1±âµµ¼­ The First Prayer Book of Edward ¥µ¡µ(1549)¸¦ °ø½ÄÀûÀ¸·Î Æò°¡ÇØ´Þ¶ó´Â ºÎŹÀ» ¹Þ¾Ò´Ù. ±×´Â ¿µ¾î¸¦ ¸ô¶úÀ¸³ª Á×±â 1°³¿ù Àü¿¡ Æò°¡¼­ ¡´Ä˼ö¶ó Censura¡µ¸¦ ÁÖ±³ ¿¤¸®¿¡°Ô Á¦ÃâÇÏ¿© ±× Àü·Ê¼­°¡ Àº¿¬Áß¿¡ ·çÅÍ »ç»óÀ» Æ÷ÇÔÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù°í ÁöÀûÇß´Ù. ºÎóÀÇ Æò°¡¸¦ Âü°íÇÏ¿© ¸¸µç ¡´¿¡µå¿öµå 6¼¼ÀÇ Á¦2±âµµ¼­ The Second Prayer Book of Edward ¥µ¡µ(1552)´Â ¿µ±¹±¹±³È¸ º¸¼öÁÖÀÇÀÚµéÀÇ °¨Á¤À» »óÇÏ°Ô ÇßÀ¸¸ç, ±ÞÁøÀûÀÎ Á¾±³°³ÇõÀڵ鿡°Ôµµ ¸¸Á·À» ÁÖÁö ¸øÇßÀ¸³ª 8°³¿ù µ¿¾È »ç¿ëµÇ¾ú´Ù. ±×·¯³ª 16¼¼±â ¿µ±¹±¹±³È¸¿¡¼­ ÀÖ¾ú´ø ¸î Â÷·ÊÀÇ Å¸Çù¿¡¼­ ÁßÀçÀڷμ­ ºÎóÀÇ ¿µÇâ·ÂÀº °è¼ÓµÇ¾ú´Ù.

BIBLIOGRAPHY.

The standard biography in English is Hastings Eells, Martin Bucer (1931). Francois Wendel, Calvin: Sources et evolution de sa pensee religieuse (1950; Calvin: The Origins and Development of His Religious Thought, 1963), discusses Bucer's influence upon Calvin. Wilhelm Pauck (ed.), Melanchthon and Bucer, pp. 155-394 (1969), gives an English translation, with an excellent introduction and commentary, of Bucer's On the Kingdom of Christ, presented to King Edward VI for the reform of the whole of English society. Constantin Hopf, Martin Bucer and the English Reformation (1946), is a scholarly study of Bucer's role in England and is supplemented on liturgical matters by G.J. van de Poll, Martin Bucer's Liturgical Ideas (1944). Among the few monographs in English on Bucer's theology is W. Peter Stephens, The Holy Spirit in the Theology of Martin Bucer (1970). Each of the above works contains an extensive bibliography. The definitive edition of the collected works of Bucer is now in progress; the Latin works edited by Francois Wendel et al. (1955- ), and the German works edited by Robert Stupperich et al. (1960- ).

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