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Religion
Á¾±³ ޹æ
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Martin Bucer
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¸¶Æ¾ ºÎó
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| Bucer also spelled BUTZER (b. Nov. 11, 1491, Schlettstadt, Alsace--d. Feb.
28, 1551, England), Protestant Reformer, mediator, and liturgical scholar best
known for his ceaseless attempts to make peace between conflicting reform
groups. He influenced not only the development of Calvinism
but also the liturgical development of the Anglican
Communion. (see also Protestantism,
Reformation, Lutheranism) |
ºÎó (Martin Bucer), Bucer´Â Butzer¶ó°íµµ
¾¸. 1491. 11. 11 ¾ËÀÚ½º ½¶·¹Æ®½´Å¸Æ®~1551.
2. 28 À×±Û·£µå. ÇÁ·ÎÅ×½ºÅºÆ® Á¾±³°³ÇõÀÚ, ÁßÀçÀÚ, Àü·ÊÇÐÀÚ.
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¾Æ´Ï¶ó ¼º°øÈ¸ÀÇ ¿¹¹èÀÇ½Ä ¹ßÀü¿¡µµ ¿µÇâÀ» ³¢ÃÆ´Ù.
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| Bucer entered the Dominican monastic order in 1506. He was sent to study at
the University of Heidelberg, Germany, where he became acquainted with the works
of the great Humanist scholar Erasmus and of Martin
Luther, the founder of the Protestant Reformation. In 1521 Bucer
withdrew from the Dominicans and entered the service of the count palatine of
the Rhine, one of the seven electors of the Holy Roman emperor. The following
year he became pastor of Landstuhl, where he married a former nun.
Excommunicated by the church in 1523, he made his way to Strassburg, where his
parents' citizenship assured him of protection. His personal charm, intellectual
abilities, and zeal eventually gained him a position of leadership in Strassburg
and southern Germany. |
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Under the influence of Erasmus, he had
accepted the ideals of Christian Humanism and the Renaissance, which called for
a rebirth of what the Humanists believed was the true good, the original
rightness, in man and society.
|
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Àΰ£°ú »çȸ ¾ÈÀÇ ÂüµÈ ¼±(à¼), º»¿¬ÀÇ ÀÇ(ëù)ÀÇ °Åµì³²À»
¿ä±¸Çß´Ù. |
| When caught up in the enthusiasm of the Reformation that was rapidly
spreading in northern Europe, Bucer became a Protestant Reformer. He envisioned
a renewal of man and society that was based on his earlier Humanist views, and
he believed that such a renewal would result from the preaching of the true
gospel and from faithful adherence to the divinely given pattern of living found
in the Bible. This reform through conversion, piety, and discipline found its
fullest expression in the massive program for the reformation of England that he
presented to King Edward VI of England in 1551. |
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Ç¥ÇöµÇ¾ú´Ù. |
| Bucer's adopted city, Strassburg, lay between the area influenced by the most
important Swiss Reformer, Huldrych Zwingli--southern
Germany and Switzerland--and the area influenced by Luther--northern Germany.
After 1524 Luther and Zwingli clashed over the meaning of the words, "This
is my body," a central phrase in the liturgy of the Lord's
Supper. Summoned to Marburg by the landgrave, Philip of Hesse, in
1529, the two leading Reformers and other Reformers engaged in a colloquy to
settle the dispute. Luther held to the traditional view that Christ was really
present in the bread and wine of the sacrament of the Lord's Supper; Zwingli
espoused a spiritual interpretation that was common among the Humanists; Bucer
believed that the two opposing views could be reconciled. But when, at the end
of the colloquy, Zwingli and Bucer proffered their hands in fellowship to
Luther, he refused. (see also transubstantiation) |
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°ÅÀý´çÇß´Ù. |
| Believing that the rift between the two reform movements could be bridged,
Bucer participated in nearly every conference on religious questions held in
Germany and Switzerland between 1524 and 1548. In the various colloquies between
Protestants and Catholics or between German Lutheran and Swiss Reform churchmen,
Bucer often advocated the use of obscure language and ambiguous formulas when
explicit agreement between the opposing parties was impossible to attain. His
justification for the use of ambiguity was that he believed that the essential
goal was the reform of the people and the doctrinal issues could be worked out
later. At Basel, in 1536, Bucer participated in the writing of the First
Helvetic Confession, a document that was considered by many Reformed
theologians to veer too much toward Luther's views, especially regarding the
Lord's Supper. At Wittenberg, Ger., in the same year, Bucer took part in a
conference between Lutheran and Reformed theologians. Philipp
Melanchthon, a Lutheran Humanist theologian with whom he has often
been compared, also attended the conference. It appeared for a time as though
Bucer and Melanchthon were about to achieve their goal of ending the dispute
over the Lord's Supper, a dispute that had split the Reformation on the
Continent into two major groups. Luther, in satisfaction over the apparent
agreement that Bucer and Melanchthon had helped to bring about, declared,
"We are one, and we acknowledge and receive you as our dear brethren in the
Lord." Bucer is reported to have shed tears at Luther's words. Melanchthon
subsequently drew up the Wittenberg Concord incorporating the agreement, but, to
Bucer's and Melanchthon's disappointment, it failed to effect a lasting union.
The Swiss were unhappy that Bucer had made concessions that leaned toward the
doctrine of the real presence, and some thought that he should formally recant
his statements as they were incorporated in the Wittenberg Concord. |
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| Even though Bucer was criticized for his evasive approach and concealment of
the issues in the controversies between the adherents of Zwingli and Luther, the
civil authorities in many southern German areas sought his advice and guidance
in arranging compromises based on edicts by local authorities. Since Bucer
regarded these compromises as tailored to local circumstances, he soon was
charged by all parties as having no conviction except that the end justifies the
means. In his defense he claimed that each of these compromises was only a
temporary measure, that he hoped that further changes gradually would be made.
Bucer's policy of agreement by compromise was seen in a better light when it was
applied to the problem of religious toleration. Under Bucer's policies there was
less persecution of Anabaptists--the left
wing of the early Reformers who espoused revolutionary concepts in political and
social organization--and other minority groups in Strassburg than in most of
Europe. |
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´úÇß´Ù. |
| Bucer's policy of pragmatic solutions of problems proved to be especially
controversial in the case of the bigamy of Philip
of Hesse. Philip, the landgrave of Hesse who had given much support to Luther,
Bucer, and other Reformers, had serious marital problems but thought it
inadvisable to divorce his wife. Bucer aided Philip in persuading Luther,
Melanchthon, and others to sanction a second wife for him on the basis of Old
Testament plural marriages. In an effort to keep the scandal of Philip's bigamy
secret, falsehoods were used, and the matter caused the Reformers' reputations
much harm. |
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Á¾±³°³ÇõÀÚµéÀº ¸í¿¹¿¡ Å« ¼Õ»óÀ» ÀÔ¾ú´Ù. |
|
Apart from promoting intra-Protestant union, Bucer had long dreamed of
healing the Protestant-Catholic rift, and in an effort to bridge these
differences he engaged in secret negotiations with certain liberal,
reform-minded Catholics. The Holy Roman emperor Charles
V, for political reasons, pursued similar aims. Fearing a Turkish
invasion of central Europe, he wanted, at almost any price, to restore unity
between the princes of Germany. He accordingly called for a colloquy between
Catholics and Protestants at Regensburg in 1541. Charles selected three Catholic
and three Protestant theologians (including Bucer) to discuss the anonymous
Regensburg Book, which proposed steps toward Catholic-Protestant union. When
Charles used Bucer's rather far-reaching concessions in his secret negotiations
with the liberal Catholics as the basis for an official solution of the
controversy over the Reformation, Bucer, taken by surprise, denied any
participation in a scheme for union. Both Catholics and Protestants rejected the
Regensburg Book. Charles settled the matter for a time by subduing the
Protestant powers, which would not accept any religious compromise by military
force, and by enforcing his own compromise scheme, the Augsburg
Interim of 1548.
|
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¾ï´©¸§À¸·Î½á, ¶ÇÇÑ ÀڱⰡ ¸¶·ÃÇÑ 1548³âÀÇ ¾Æ¿ìÅ©½ººÎ¸£Å©
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| Although the Augsburg Interim did not concede much more to Catholicism than
had some of his own earlier compromise solutions, Bucer vigorously opposed its
acceptance by Strassburg. His view was that even a poor compromise was justified
if it made some progress toward reform but that if Strassburg accepted the
Augsburg Interim it would be a step backward. The armies of Charles, however,
prevailed, and Strassburg discharged Bucer and several other Protestant
ministers, all of whom were invited to England by the archbishop of Canterbury, Thomas
Cranmer. There Bucer supported the offical, cautious reform program
of Cranmer and the scholarly Nicholas Ridley against the more radical reform of
the English Church urged by the Zwinglian John Hooper and the Scottish Reformer
John Knox. The First Prayer Book of Edward VI
(1549), the liturgical book of the newly reformed English Church that
contained evidence of Lutheran influence, was submitted for formal criticism to
Bucer, who could not speak English. His assessment, the Censura, delivered
to the Bishop Ely a month before Bucer died, pointed out the vague Lutheranisms
of the prayer book. The Second Prayer Book of Edward
VI (1552), utilizing Bucer's criticism, offended the
conservatives in the English Church and did not satisfy the more radical
Reformers; it remained in force for about eight months. Bucer's influence as a
mediator, however, continued to have its effect in subsequent attempts at
compromise in the English Church in the 16th century. |
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Á¾±³°³ÇõÀÚ Á¸ ³ì½º°¡ À̲ô´Â º¸´Ù ±ÞÁøÀûÀÎ ¿µ±¹±³È¸
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Ãß±¸ÇÏ´ø °ø½ÄÀûÀÌ°í ½ÅÁßÇÑ °³Çõ °èȹÀ» ÁöÁöÇß´Ù. ¶ÇÇÑ
ºÎó´Â ·çÅÍÆÄÀÇ ¿µÇâÀ» ¹ÞÀº ¿µ±¹±¹±³È¸ÀÇ »õ Àü·Ê¼
¡´¿¡µå¿öµå 6¼¼ÀÇ Á¦1±âµµ¼ The First Prayer Book of Edward ¥µ¡µ(1549)¸¦
°ø½ÄÀûÀ¸·Î Æò°¡ÇØ´Þ¶ó´Â ºÎŹÀ» ¹Þ¾Ò´Ù. ±×´Â ¿µ¾î¸¦
¸ô¶úÀ¸³ª Á×±â 1°³¿ù Àü¿¡ Æò°¡¼ ¡´Ä˼ö¶ó Censura¡µ¸¦ ÁÖ±³
¿¤¸®¿¡°Ô Á¦ÃâÇÏ¿© ±× Àü·Ê¼°¡ Àº¿¬Áß¿¡ ·çÅÍ »ç»óÀ»
Æ÷ÇÔÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù°í ÁöÀûÇß´Ù. ºÎóÀÇ Æò°¡¸¦ Âü°íÇÏ¿© ¸¸µç
¡´¿¡µå¿öµå 6¼¼ÀÇ Á¦2±âµµ¼ The Second Prayer Book of Edward ¥µ¡µ(1552)´Â
¿µ±¹±¹±³È¸ º¸¼öÁÖÀÇÀÚµéÀÇ °¨Á¤À» »óÇÏ°Ô ÇßÀ¸¸ç,
±ÞÁøÀûÀÎ Á¾±³°³ÇõÀڵ鿡°Ôµµ ¸¸Á·À» ÁÖÁö ¸øÇßÀ¸³ª 8°³¿ù
µ¿¾È »ç¿ëµÇ¾ú´Ù. ±×·¯³ª 16¼¼±â ¿µ±¹±¹±³È¸¿¡¼ ÀÖ¾ú´ø ¸î
Â÷·ÊÀÇ Å¸Çù¿¡¼ ÁßÀçÀڷμ ºÎóÀÇ ¿µÇâ·ÂÀº °è¼ÓµÇ¾ú´Ù. |
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BIBLIOGRAPHY.
The standard biography in English is Hastings Eells, Martin Bucer (1931).
Francois Wendel, Calvin: Sources et evolution de sa pensee religieuse (1950;
Calvin: The Origins and Development of His Religious Thought, 1963),
discusses Bucer's influence upon Calvin. Wilhelm Pauck (ed.), Melanchthon and
Bucer, pp. 155-394 (1969), gives an English translation, with an excellent
introduction and commentary, of Bucer's On the Kingdom of Christ, presented
to King Edward VI for the reform of the whole of English society. Constantin
Hopf, Martin Bucer and the English Reformation (1946), is a scholarly
study of Bucer's role in England and is supplemented on liturgical matters by
G.J. van de Poll, Martin Bucer's Liturgical Ideas (1944). Among the few
monographs in English on Bucer's theology is W. Peter Stephens, The Holy
Spirit in the Theology of Martin Bucer (1970). Each of the above works
contains an extensive bibliography. The definitive edition of the collected
works of Bucer is now in progress; the Latin works edited by Francois Wendel et
al. (1955- ), and the German works edited by Robert Stupperich et al. (1960-
).
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