PROTESTANTISM

개신교 (改新敎)

Table of Contents

목차

• I. Introduction
• II. HISTORY OF THE PROTESTANT MOVEMENT
  • 1. The context of the late medieval church
  • 2. The continental Reformation: Germany, Switzerland, and France
    • 1) THE ROLE OF LUTHER
      • i) The indulgence system.
      • ii) Ninety-five Theses.
      • iii) Luther's manifesto.
      • iv) Diet of worms.
    • 2) RADICAL REFORMERS RELATED TO LUTHER'S REFORM
    • 3) ZWINGLI AND HIS INFLUENCE
      • i) The Anabaptists.
      • ii) Other groups.
    • 4) THE ROLE OF CALVIN
    • 5) CALVINISM IN FRANCE
  • 3. The Reformation in England and Scotland
    • 1) HENRY VIII AND THE SEPARATION FROM ROME
    • 2) THE ROLE OF JOHN KNOX
    • 3) THE RISE OF PURITANISM
      • i) Origins.
      • ii) Puritanism under the Stuarts (1603-49).
        • 1. Events under James I.
        • 2. Events under Charles I.
        • 3. Civil war.
      • iii) The age of Cromwell (1649-60).
      • iv) The Restoration (1660-85).
      • v) Puritanism in the English colonies.
        • 1. Virginia.
        • 2. Massachusetts Bay.
        • 3. Other colonies.
  • 4. The expansion of the Reformation in Europe
  • 5. Protestant renewal and the rise of the denominations
    • 1) THE SETTING FOR RENEWAL
      • i) Survival of a mystical tradition.
      • ii) Catholic recovery of Protestant territories.
      • iii) Protestant scholasticism.
    • 2) THE RISE OF PIETISM
      • i) Pietism in the 17th century.
      • ii) Pietism in the 18th century.
        • 1. Central Europe and England.
        • 2. Germany.
      • iii) 18th-century Pietism in Scandinavia, Russia, and America.
        • 1. Denmark/Norway.
        • 2. Sweden, Finland, and Russia.
        • 3. America.
    • 3) RATIONALISM
    • 4) EVANGELICALISM IN ENGLAND AND THE COLONIES
      • i) Methodism.
      • ii) The Great Awakening.
    • 5) LEGACIES OF THE AMERICAN AND FRENCH REVOLUTIONS
    • 6) MOVEMENTS TOWARD REUNION
    • 7) THE REVIVAL OF PIETISM
      • i) Germany.
      • ii) Denmark.
      • iii) Norway.
      • iv) Sweden.
      • v) North America.
    • 8) THE ERA OF PROTESTANT EXPANSION
      • i) Toleration.
      • ii) The rise of American Protestant influence in the world.
      • iii) The spread of missions.
    • 9) REVIVALISM IN THE 19TH CENTURY
    • 10) NEW ISSUES FACING PROTESTANTISM IN THE 19TH CENTURY
      • i) Churches and social change.
      • ii) Biblical criticism.
  • 6. Protestantism in the 20th century
    • 1) MAINSTREAM PROTESTANTISM
    • 2) CONSERVATIVE AND EVANGELISTIC FORMS OF PROTESTANTISM
      • i) Pentecostalism.
      • ii) Fundamentalism.
      • iii) Evangelicalism.
    • 3) THEOLOGICAL MOVEMENTS WITHIN PROTESTANTISM
    • 4) THE ECUMENICAL MOVEMENT
• III. THE PROTESTANT HERITAGE
  • 1. Teaching, worship, and organization
    • 1) COMMON PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICES OF THE MAGISTERIAL REFORMERS AND THEIR SUCCESSORS
      • i) Justification by grace through faith.
      • ii) The "priesthood of all believers."
      • iii) Authority of the Word.
      • iv) The ongoing reformation of the church.
      • v) Emphasis on the sacraments.
      • vi) Relationship between the community of the baptized and the political community.
      • vii) Modes of expression of the ideas of the magisterial Reformers and their successors.
    • 2) COMMON PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICES OF THE RADICAL REFORMERS AND THEIR SUCCESSORS
      • i) The gathered church.
      • ii) Relationships between church and state.
      • iii) Church discipline.
      • iv) Believers' baptism.
      • v) Doctrine of the ministry.
      • vi) The suffering of persecution.
      • vii) Doctrinal variations.
  • 2. Protestantism's influence in the modern world
    • 1) INFLUENCE ON NATIONALISM
    • 2) INFLUENCE ON THE ARTS
    • 3) ECUMENICAL CONCERNS
    • 4) CONCLUSION
• IV. THE MAJOR PROTESTANT DENOMINATIONS
  • 1. Lutheran churches
    • 1) HISTORY
      • i) The post-Reformation in Germany.
        • 1. Orthodoxy.
        • 2. Pietism.
        • 3. 19th-century developments.
      • ii) Lutheranism in eastern Europe and Scandinavia.
      • iii) Lutheranism in North America.
      • iv) Lutheranism in the 20th century.
    • 2) TEACHINGS
      • i) Lutheran Confessions.
      • ii) Justification.
      • iii) Human nature.
      • iv) Church, sacraments, and ministry.
      • v) Church and state.
      • vi) Scripture and tradition.
      • vii) Ethics.
      • viii) Controversies.
    • 3) WORSHIP AND ORGANIZATION
      • i) Liturgy and music.
      • ii) Education.
      • iii) Organization.
  • 2. Reformed and Presbyterian churches
    • 1) HISTORY
      • i) After the Reformation in Europe.
        • 1. Reformed churches in eastern Europe.
        • 2. Reformed churches in France.
        • 3. Reformed churches in Germany.
        • 4. Reformed churches in England and Wales.
        • 5. Reformed churches in Scotland and Ireland.
        • 6. Reformed churches in The Netherlands and Switzerland.
      • ii) Reformed and Presbyterian churches in the United States.
        • 1. The colonial period.
        • 2. The 19th century.
        • 3. The 20th century.
      • iii) Reformed and Presbyterian world mission.
        • 1. Asia.
        • 2. Africa.
        • 3. Other areas.
      • iv) Reformed Christians in the ecumenical movement.
    • 2) TEACHINGS
      • i) Doctrines.
      • ii) The church and the sacraments.
      • iii) Scripture and tradition.
      • iv) Church and state.
      • v) The sovereignty of God and double predestination.
    • 3) WORSHIP AND ORGANIZATION
      • i) Liturgy.
      • ii) Religious education.
      • iii) Present organization of Reformed and Presbyterian churches.
      • iv) Social ethics.
      • v) Types of Reformed piety.
  • 3. Anglican Communion
    • 1) HISTORY
      • i) Christianity in England.
      • ii) Developments in worldwide Anglicanism.
    • 2) TEACHINGS
      • i) Doctrinal views.
      • ii) The ministry.
    • 3) WORSHIP AND ORGANIZATION
      • i) Anglican worship.
      • ii) Comprehensiveness in doctrine and practice.
      • iii) Comprehensiveness in doctrine and practice.
      • iv) Internal developments.
      • v) Relations with other churches.
      • vi) World Anglicanism.
  • 4. Baptists
    • 1) HISTORY
      • i) Origins.
      • ii) Growth in England and abroad.
      • iii) Development in the United States.
        • 1. Colonial period.
        • 2. In the 19th century.
        • 3. Development of black churches.
        • 4. Developments in education.
        • 5. During the 20th century.
      • iv) Growth outside the United States.
    • 2) TEACHINGS
      • i) History.
      • ii) Contents.
    • 3) WORSHIP AND ORGANIZATION
  • 5. Congregationalists
    • 1) HISTORY
      • i) England.
      • ii) Wales, Ireland, and Scotland.
      • iii) United States.
    • 2) TEACHINGS
    • 3) WORSHIP AND ORGANIZATION
      • i) Practices.
      • ii) Polity.
      • iii) Congregationalism in the modern world.
  • 6. Friends
    • 1) HISTORY
      • i) The rise of Quakerism.
      • ii) The age of quietism.
      • iii) The impact of evangelicalism.
      • iv) The 20th century.
      • v) The influence of Quakers.
    • 2) TEACHINGS
    • 3) WORSHIP AND ORGANIZATION
      • i) The Inward Light.
      • ii) Polity.
      • iii) Quakerism and world Christianity.
  • 7. Methodists
    • 1) HISTORY
      • i) Origins.
      • ii) Methodism in America.
      • iii) Methodism in Canada.
    • 2) TEACHINGS
    • 3) WORSHIP AND ORGANIZATION
      • i) Patterns of service.
      • ii) Polity.
      • iii) Missions.
        • 1. World Methodism.
        • 2. Methodism in the world church.
  • 8. Disciples of Christ
    • 1) HISTORY
      • i) Origins.
      • ii) Controversy and separation.
      • iii) Disciples in the 20th century.
      • iv) Churches of Christ in the 20th century.
    • 2) TEACHINGS
    • 3) WORSHIP AND ORGANIZATION
      • i) Internal differences.
      • ii) Recent trends.
      • iii) Social issues.
  • 9. Unitarians and Universalists
    • 1) HISTORY
      • i) Servetus and Socinus.
      • ii) Unitarianism in Poland.
      • iii) Transylvanian Unitarianism.
      • iv) English Unitarianism.
      • v) American Unitarianism.
      • vi) Early Universalism.
      • vii) American Universalism.
    • 2) TEACHINGS
    • 3) WORSHIP AND ORGANIZATION
• V. Bibliography
  • 1. General:
  • 2. History:
  • 3. Lutheran churches:
  • 4. Reformed and Presbyterian churches:
  • 5. Anglican Communion:
  • 6. Baptists:
  • 7. Congregationalists:
  • 8. Friends:
  • 9. Methodists:
  • 10. Disciples of Christ:
  • 11. Unitarians and Universalists:
  • 12. Evangelicals, Fundamentalists, and Pentecostals:

I. INTRODUCTION

Protestantism, beginning in northern Europe in the early 16th century in reaction to medieval Roman Catholic doctrines and practices, became, along with Roman Catholicism and Eastern Orthodoxy, one of three major forces in Christianity. After a series of European religious wars, and especially in the 19th century, it spread rapidly in various forms throughout the world. Wherever Protestantism gained a foothold, it influenced, to a greater or lesser extent, the social, economic, political, and cultural life of the area.

This article treats the history of the Protestant movement and the teachings, practices, and organizational principles both common among and peculiar to the respective Protestant denominations. For further treatment of the life and works of the two principal Reformation leaders, see CALVINISM, CALVIN AND ; LUTHER . See also Micropædia for biographical treatment of other Reformers (e.g., John Knox; Thomas Müntzer; Huldrych Zwingli).