Society of Friends
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Ä£¿ìȸ (ÄùÀÌÄ¿Îç)
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Friends, Society of, also called FRIENDS CHURCH, byname QUAKERS,
Christian group that arose in the mid-17th century in England and the American
colonies, advocating direct inward apprehension of God without creeds, clergy,
or other ecclesiastical forms. |
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of Friends)], ¶ÇÇÑ [Ä£±¸µéÀÇ ±³È¸(Friends Church)]À¸·Î , Àϸí [ÄùÀÌÄ¿(Quakers)]·Î
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ÀÖ´Ù°í ÁÖÀåÇß´Ù.
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| Quakerism represents the extreme left wing of the 17th-century English
Puritan movement. The three chief emphases of its founder, George Fox (1624-91),
were the immediacy of Christ's teaching and guidance, the consequent irrelevance
of special buildings or ordained ministers, and the application of Christ's
teaching to the whole of life. The early Quakers gathered for worship
without liturgy or prearrangement of any kind, or any appointed preacher,
believing that out of an energetic and expectant silence God might use any one
of the worshipers as a minister. |
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Çϳª¸¦ ¼³±³ÀÚ·Î »ïÀ» °ÍÀ̶ó°í ¹Ï¾ú´Ù. |
| The rapid spread of Quakerism in the north of England was followed by a
vigorous expansive movement to London and the rest of England, to Scotland and
Ireland, to the continent of Europe, and to North America. The main centres of Quaker
missionary activity in the New World were New England, New Amsterdam and
Long Island, Maryland, Virginia, and the West Indies. Almost everywhere they
went, the Quakers met with persecution for what were considered
unconventional Christian practices. Although the Toleration Act (1689) brought
an end to the worst violence of persecution in Great Britain, many disabilities
long remained. |
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| During the 18th century,
Quaker thought felt the influence of two
conflicting tendencies. Quietism, on the one hand, advocated passivity and
self-abnegation in deference to divine direction, while the energy and theology
of Wesleyanism and other evangelical movements inspired a new fervour. This
tension precipitated several separations within Quakerism in the 18th and 19th
centuries, most notably in the United States, where followers of Elias
Hicks established a number of regional meetings. With the adoption of
revivalist methods, of a worship pattern with hymns and set sermons, and of paid
pastors, it was inevitable that opposition by traditionalist Friends should lead
to further divisions. By the beginning of the 20th century there were thus (1) a
group of "orthodox" or evangelical yearly meetings in fellowship, (2)
a group of "conservative" yearly meetings in fellowship following the
traditional Quaker patterns of worship, speech, and dress, and (3) a
group of Hicksite yearly meetings, rigorously separated from all other Quaker groups for 70 years, increasingly interested in "modern thought"
and suspected by other groups of being Unitarian in theology. During and after
World War I the barriers of suspicion were broken down and cooperation and
reunion among different branches ensued. |
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| The Quaker system of church government has remained substantially
unaltered since the time of George Fox. The principal unit is the monthly
meeting, a body usually meeting once a month and responsible for all matters of
membership, for finance and property, and for deliberation on concerns raised by
individual members or referred to it by superior meetings. The extreme austerity
characteristic of early Quaker worship services has been modified in many
areas with the adoption of hymn singing, set prayers, and prepared sermons.
Almost alone among Christian bodies, Friends have no form of outward observance
of the sacraments. They believe in a spiritual baptism and a spiritual
communion.
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Bibliography:
Victorian Quakers : Elizabeth Isichel, 1970
Handbook of the Religious Society of Friends, 5th ed. : Friends World
Committee For Consultation, 1967
The People Called Quakers : D. Elton Trueblood, 1966(reissued 1971)
The Beginnings of Quakerism, 2nd ed. rev. : William Charles
Braithwaite, Henry J. Cadbury (ed.), 1955(reissued 1979)
The Quakers in the American Colonies : Rufus M. Jones, 1911(reissued
1966)
¿µ±¹Çõ¸í°ú Á¾±³Àû ±ÞÁø»ç»ó : ÀÓÈñ¿Ï,
»õ´©¸®, 1993
¸»¾¸, ÄùÀÌÄ¿ 300³â
: ÇÔ¼®Çå, Çѱæ»ç,
1987
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