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Religion


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Society of Friends

Ä£¿ìȸ (ÄùÀÌÄ¿Îç)

Friends, Society of, also called FRIENDS CHURCH, byname QUAKERS, Christian group that arose in the mid-17th century in England and the American colonies, advocating direct inward apprehension of God without creeds, clergy, or other ecclesiastical forms.

[Ä£¿ìȸ(Society of Friends)], ¶ÇÇÑ [Ä£±¸µéÀÇ ±³È¸(Friends Church)]À¸·Î , Àϸí [ÄùÀÌÄ¿(Quakers)]·Î ºÒ¸®¸ç, 17¼¼±â Áß¹Ý ¿µ±¹°ú ½Ä¹ÎÁö ¾Æ¸Þ¸®Ä«¿¡¼­ ÀϾ ±×¸®½ºµµ±³ Áý´ÜÀ¸·Î¼­, À̵éÀº ½ÅÁ¶, ¼ºÁ÷ÀÚ, ¶Ç´Â ±â¼º±³È¸°¡ Áö´Ï°í ÀÖ´Â ±×¹ÛÀÇ ´Ù¸¥ Çü½Ä ¾øÀ̵µ ÇÏ´À´ÔÀ» Á÷Á¢ ³»ÀûÀ¸·Î ±ú´ÞÀ» ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù°í ÁÖÀåÇß´Ù.

Quakerism represents the extreme left wing of the 17th-century English Puritan movement. The three chief emphases of its founder, George Fox (1624-91), were the immediacy of Christ's teaching and guidance, the consequent irrelevance of special buildings or ordained ministers, and the application of Christ's teaching to the whole of life. The early Quakers gathered for worship without liturgy or prearrangement of any kind, or any appointed preacher, believing that out of an energetic and expectant silence God might use any one of the worshipers as a minister. ÄùÀÌÄ¿±³´Â 17¼¼±â ¿µ±¹ û±³µµ¿îµ¿ÀÇ ±ØÁÂÆÄ¿¡ ÇØ´çÇÑ´Ù. ÄùÀÌÄ¿ÀÇ Ã¢½ÃÀÚÀÎ Á¶Áö Æø½º(1624-91)ÀÇ ¼¼°¡Áö ÁÖµÈ °­Á¶µéÀº, ù° ±×¸®½ºµµ°¡ Á÷Á¢ °¡¸£Ä¡°í ÀεµÇÑ´Ù´Â °Í, µÑ° ±×·¯¹Ç·Î Ưº°ÇÑ °Ç¹°À̳ª ¾È¼ö¹ÞÀº ¼ºÁ÷ÀÚ°¡ ÇÊ¿ä¾ø´Ù´Â °Í, ¼Â° ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§À» »ýȰ Àüü¿¡ Àû¿ëÇØ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù.  Ãʱâ ÄùÀÌÄ¿±³µµµéÀº ¾î¶² Á¾·ùÀÇ ÀǽÄÀ̳ª »çÀü Áغñ ¾øÀÌ, ¶ÇÇÑ ¼³±³ÀÚ¸¦ Á¤ÇسõÁö ¾Ê°í ¿¹¹è¸¦ µå·È´Ù. ¿­Á¤°ú ±â´ë¸¦ °¡Áö°í Á¶¿ëÈ÷ ±â´Ù¸®°í ÀÖÀ¸¸é ÇÏ´À´ÔÀÌ ¿¹¹èÀÚµé °¡¿îµ¥ Çϳª¸¦ ¼³±³ÀÚ·Î »ïÀ» °ÍÀ̶ó°í ¹Ï¾ú´Ù.
The rapid spread of Quakerism in the north of England was followed by a vigorous expansive movement to London and the rest of England, to Scotland and Ireland, to the continent of Europe, and to North America. The main centres of Quaker missionary activity in the New World were New England, New Amsterdam and Long Island, Maryland, Virginia, and the West Indies. Almost everywhere they went, the Quakers met with persecution for what were considered unconventional Christian practices. Although the Toleration Act (1689) brought an end to the worst violence of persecution in Great Britain, many disabilities long remained. ÄùÀÌÄ¿±³°¡ ¿µ±¹ ºÏºÎ¿¡ ±Þ¼ÓÈ÷ ÆÛÁø µÚ, ¿­Á¤ÀûÀÌ°í ±¤¹üÀ§ÇÑ ¿îµ¿ÀÌ ·±´ø, À×±Û·£µå ³ª¸ÓÁö Áö¿ª, ½ºÄÚÆ²·£µå, ¾ÆÀÏ·£µå, À¯·´ ´ë·ú, ºÏ¾Æ¸Þ¸®Ä«¿¡ ÀÕ´Þ¾Æ ÀϾ´Ù. ½Å¼¼°è¿¡¼­ ÄùÀÌÄ¿±³ ¼±±³È°µ¿ÀÇ Áß½ÉÁö´Â ´ºÀ×±Û·£µå¡¤´º¾Ï½ºÅ׸£´ã¡¤·Õ¾ÆÀÏ·£µå¡¤¸Þ¸±·£µå¡¤¹öÁö´Ï¾Æ¡¤¼­ÀεµÁ¦µµ¿´´Ù. ÄùÀÌÄ¿ ±³µµµéÀº °¡´Â °÷¸¶´Ù, ±âÁ¸ÀÇ ±âµ¶±³ÀÇ ¿¹¹è ÇàÀ§µé°ú´Ù¸£´Ù´Â ÀÌÀ¯·Î ¹ÚÇØ¸¦ ¹Þ¾Ò´Ù. °ü¿ë¹ý(1689)À¸·Î ÀÎÇØ ¿µ±¹¿¡¼­ ÀÚÇàµÇ´ø ±Ø½ÉÇÑ ¹ÚÇØ´Â ±×ÃÆÀ¸³ª, ¹ýÀÇ Á¦¾àÀº ±×´ë·Î ³²¾Æ ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. 

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During the 18th century, Quaker thought felt the influence of two conflicting tendencies. Quietism, on the one hand, advocated passivity and self-abnegation in deference to divine direction, while the energy and theology of Wesleyanism and other evangelical movements inspired a new fervour. This tension precipitated several separations within Quakerism in the 18th and 19th centuries, most notably in the United States, where followers of Elias Hicks established a number of regional meetings. With the adoption of revivalist methods, of a worship pattern with hymns and set sermons, and of paid pastors, it was inevitable that opposition by traditionalist Friends should lead to further divisions. By the beginning of the 20th century there were thus (1) a group of "orthodox" or evangelical yearly meetings in fellowship, (2) a group of "conservative" yearly meetings in fellowship following the traditional Quaker patterns of worship, speech, and dress, and (3) a group of Hicksite yearly meetings, rigorously separated from all other Quaker groups for 70 years, increasingly interested in "modern thought" and suspected by other groups of being Unitarian in theology. During and after World War I the barriers of suspicion were broken down and cooperation and reunion among different branches ensued. ÄùÀÌÄ¿±³´Â 18¼¼±â¿¡ 2°¡Áö »óÃæµÇ´Â °æÇâÀÇ ¿µÇâÀ» ¹Þ°Ô µÇ¾ú´Ù. Áï, Á¤ÀûÁÖÀÇ´Â ½ÅÀÇ Àεµ¿¡ º¹Á¾ÇÏ´Â ¼Ò±ØÀûÀ̰í Àڱ⠺ÎÁ¤ÀûÀΠŵµ¸¦ Àå·ÁÇß´ø ¹Ý¸é, ¿þ½½¸®ÁÖÀÇÀÇ ¿­Á¤ ¹× ½ÅÇаú º¹À½ÁÖÀÇ ¿îµ¿Àº »õ·Î¿î ¿­±â¸¦ ºÒ·¯ÀÏÀ¸Ä×´Ù. ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ±äÀåÀÌ 18, 19¼¼±â ÄùÀÌÄ¿±³¿¡ ¿©·¯ ºÐ¿­À» ÀÏÀ¸Ä×´Ù. ºÐ¿­ÀÌ °¡Àå ½ÉÇß´ø ¹Ì±¹¿¡¼­´Â ¿¤¸®¾î½º Èø½ºÀÇ ÃßÁ¾ÀÚµéÀÌ  ¸¹Àº Áö¿ª ¿¬·Ê ¸ðÀÓÀ» ¸¸µé¾ú´Ù. À̵éÀº ºÎÈï¿îµ¿ ¹æ¹ýÀ» ¹Þ¾Æµé¿© ¿¹¹è ¶§ Âù¼Û°ú °íÁ¤µÈ ¼³±³ ¼ø¼­¸¦ µÎ°í, ±Þ·á¸¦ ¹Þ´Â ¸ñ»ç¸¦ ¼¼¿òÀ¸·Î½á ±×¿¡ ¹Ý¹ßÇÏ´Â ÀüÅëÀûÀÎ ÄùÀÌÄ¿±³µµµéÀÇ ÀÌÅ»À» ÇÇÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø¾ú´Ù. ±×·¯¹Ç·Î 20¼¼±âÃÊ¿¡´Â ´ÙÀ½ÀÇ ¼¼ ÆÄ°¡ Á¸ÀçÇß´Ù. ¨ç 'Á¤ÅëÆÄ' ¶Ç´Â 'º¹À½ÁÖÀÇÆÄ'´Â ¼­·Î°£¿¡ ¶Ç´Â ·±´ø ¹× ¾ÆÀÏ·£µå ±³µµµé°ú ¿¬·Ê ¸ðÀÓÀ» °¡Á³´Ù. ¨è 'º¸¼öÆÄ'´Â ¿ø·¡ ÄùÀÌÄ¿±³µµµéÀÇ ¿¹¹è¡¤¿¬¼³¡¤º¹Àå Çü½ÄÀ» µû¸£¸é¼­ ¿¬·Ê ¸ðÀÓÀ» °¡Á³´Ù. ¨é ' Èø½ºÆÄ'´Â 70³â°£ ´Ù¸¥ ÄùÀÌÄ¿±³µµµé°ú ¿ÏÀüÈ÷ ºÐ¸®µÇ¾úÀ¸¸ç, Á¡Á¡ ´õ 'Çö´ë »ç»ó'¿¡ °ü½ÉÀ» °¡Á³°í, ´Ù¸¥ ÆÄµé·ÎºÎÅÍ À¯´ÏÅ׸®¾ð ½ÅÇÐÀ» °¡Áö°í ÀÖ´Ù´Â ÀǽÉÀ» ¹Þ¾Ò´Ù. Á¦1Â÷ ¼¼°è´ëÀü µ¿¾È°ú ±×ÀÌÈÄ¿¡ ¿©·¯ ÄùÀÌÄ¿ ´Üüµé »çÀÌ¿¡ °¡·Î¸·Çô ÀÖ´ø ÀǽÉÀÇ À庮µéÀÌ ¹«³ÊÁö°í Çù·Â°ú À翬ÇÕÀÌ ÀÕ´Þ¾Ò´Ù. 
The Quaker system of church government has remained substantially unaltered since the time of George Fox. The principal unit is the monthly meeting, a body usually meeting once a month and responsible for all matters of membership, for finance and property, and for deliberation on concerns raised by individual members or referred to it by superior meetings. The extreme austerity characteristic of early Quaker worship services has been modified in many areas with the adoption of hymn singing, set prayers, and prepared sermons. Almost alone among Christian bodies, Friends have no form of outward observance of the sacraments. They believe in a spiritual baptism and a spiritual communion. ÄùÀÌÄ¿±³ÀÇ ±³È¸ Á¤Ä¡Ã¼Á¦´Â ±Ùº»ÀûÀ¸·Î´Â Á¶Áö Æø½º ½Ã´ë ÀÌ·¡ º¯ÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀº ä À¯ÁöµÇ¾ú´Ù. °¡Àå Áß¿äÇÑ ´ÜÀ§´Â ¿ù·Ê ¸ðÀÓÀ¸·Î¼­, ÀÌ ¸ðÀÓÀº 1°³¿ù¿¡ 1¹ø Á¤±âÀûÀ¸·Î ¸¸³ª ±³µµµéÀÇ ¸ðµç ¹®Á¦µé, ÀçÁ¤°ú Àç»ê, ±³µµµéÀÌ °³º°ÀûÀ¸·Î Á¦±âÇϰųª »óÀ§¸ðÀÓ¿¡ ÀÇ·ÚÇÑ °ü½É»ç¿¡ ´ëÇØ ³íÀÇÇÑ´Ù. Ãʱâ ÄùÀÌÄ¿±³ ¿¹¹èÀǽÄÀÇ ±ØÈ÷ ¾ö°ÝÇÑ ¼º°ÝÀº ¸¹Àº Áö¿ª¿¡¼­ Âù¼ÛÀ» ºÎ¸£°í, ±âµµ ¼ø¼­¸¦ ¸¶·ÃÇϰí, ¼³±³¸¦ ¹Ì¸® ÁغñÇÏ´Â ¹æ½ÄÀ» ¹Þ¾ÆµéÀÓÀ¸·Î½á ¼öÁ¤µÇ¾î¿Ô´Ù. ±×¸®½ºµµ±³ ±³ÆÄµé °¡¿îµ¥ ¼º·ÊÀüÀ» ¿ÜÀû Çü½ÄÀ¸·Î ÁؼöÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â ±³ÆÄ´Â °ÅÀÇ ÄùÀÌÄ¿±³»ÓÀÌ´Ù. ±×µéÀº ¿µÀûÀÎ ¼¼·Ê¿Í ¼ºÂùÀ» ¹Ï´Â´Ù.

ÄùÀÌÄ¿±³´Â ÇüÁ¦´Ü ¹× ¸Þ³ëÆÄ¿Í ÇÔ²² '¿ª»çÀûÀ¸·Î ÆòÈ­¸¦ Ãß±¸ÇÏ´Â ±³È¸µé'·Î ³Î¸® ¾Ë·ÁÁ® ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ÄùÀÌÄ¿±³´Â ÀüÀïÀÌ ÇÏ´À´ÔÀÇ ¶æ°ú ¹Ý´ëµÇ´Â °ÍÀ̶ó°í ²ÙÁØÈ÷ ÁÖÀåÇØ¿Ô´Ù. ÄùÀÌÄ¿±³´Â ¿©·¯ ¼¼´ë¿¡ °ÉÃÄ ³ë¿¹Á¦ öÆó, ¿©¼ºµéÀÇ ±Ç¸® ½ÅÀå, ±ÝÁÖ·É, »çÇüÁ¦µµ ÆóÁö, Çü¹ý °³Çõ, Á¤½Åº´Àڵ鿡 ´ëÇÑ º¸È£ µîÀ» ÁÖÀåÇØ¿Ô´Ù.

Bibliography:

Victorian Quakers : Elizabeth Isichel, 1970

Handbook of the Religious Society of Friends, 5th ed. : Friends World Committee For Consultation, 1967

The People Called Quakers : D. Elton Trueblood, 1966(reissued 1971)

The Beginnings of Quakerism, 2nd ed. rev. : William Charles Braithwaite, Henry J. Cadbury (ed.), 1955(reissued 1979)

The Quakers in the American Colonies : Rufus M. Jones, 1911(reissued 1966)

¿µ±¹Çõ¸í°ú Á¾±³Àû ±ÞÁø»ç»ó : ÀÓÈñ¿Ï, »õ´©¸®, 1993

¸»¾¸, ÄùÀÌÄ¿ 300³â : ÇÔ¼®Çå, Çѱæ»ç, 1987

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