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Jehovah's Witness

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Jehovah's Witness, an adherent of a millennialist sect that began in the United States in the 19th century and has since spread over much of the world; the group is an outgrowth of the International Bible Students Association founded in Pittsburgh, Pa., in 1872 by Charles Taze Russell. [¿©È£¿ÍÀÇ ÁõÀÎ]Àº õ³â¿Õ±¹·ÐÀ» ¹Ï´Â ÇÑ Á¾ÆÄ·Î¼­ 19¼¼±â ¹Ì±¹¿¡¼­ ½ÃÀÛÇÏ¿© ¼¼°è ¿©·¯ Áö¿ªÀ¸·Î ÆÛÁ®³ª°¬´Ù. 1872³â Âû½º Å×ÀÌÁî ·¯¼¿ÀÌ Ææ½Çº£ÀÌ´Ï¾Æ ÇÇÃ÷¹ö±×¿¡ ¼¼¿î '±¹Á¦¼º¼­¿¬±¸È¸'(International Bible Students Association)·Î ½ÃÀ۵Ǿú´Ù. 
The name Jehovah's Witnesses was adopted in 1931 by Russell's successor, Joseph Franklin Rutherford (Judge Rutherford; 1869-1942), who sought to reaffirm Jehovah (see Yahweh ) as the true God and to identify those who witness in this name as God's specially accredited followers. Rutherford equipped members with portable phonographs to play his "sermonettes" on the front porches and in the living rooms of prospective converts. Under his leadership, the democratic polity devised by Russell was replaced by a theocratic system directed from the society's headquarters in Brooklyn, N.Y. '¿©È£¿ÍÀÇ ÁõÀÎ'À̶ó´Â À̸§Àº 1931³â ·¯¼¿ÀÇ ÈÄÀÓÀÚ Á¶¼Á ÇÁ·©Å¬¸° ·¯´õÆÛµå(ÆÇ»ç ·¯´õÆÛµå£º1869~1942) ÀçÀӽà »ç¿ëÇϱ⠽ÃÀÛÇߴµ¥, ±×´Â ¿©È£¿Í(¡æ¾ßÈÑ)¸¦ ÂüµÈ ÇÏ´À´ÔÀ¸·Î ÀçÈ®¾ðÇϰí, ÀÌ À̸§À» Áõ°ÅÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ÇÏ´À´ÔÀÇ Æ¯º°ÇÑ ½ÅÀÓÀ» ¹Þ´Â ÃßÁ¾ÀÚµéÀÓÀ» ¹àÈ÷·Á°í ³ë·ÂÇß´Ù. ±×´Â ½Åµµµé¿¡°Ô ÈÞ´ë¿ë ÃàÀ½±â¸¦ ³ª´©¾îÁÖ¾î °³Á¾ÇÒ °¡´É¼ºÀÌ ÀÖ´Â »ç¶÷µéÀÇ Áý Çö°üÀ̳ª °Å½Ç¿¡¼­ ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ 'ªÀº ¼³±³µé'À» µé·ÁÁÖ°Ô Çß´Ù. ±×ÀÇ Áöµµ ¾Æ·¡ ·¯¼¿ÀÌ °í¾ÈÇÑ ¹ÎÁÖÁÖÀÇÀûÀÎ Á¶Á÷Àº ´º¿å ºê·çŬ¸°¿¡ ÀÖ´Â Çùȸ º»ºÎ°¡ °¨µ¶ÇÏ´Â ½ÅÁ¤(ãêïÙ) üÁ¦·Î ¹Ù²î¾ú´Ù.
Rutherford's policies were continued under his successor, Nathan Homer Knorr (1905-77), who established the Watch Tower Bible School of Gilead (South Lansing, N.Y.) to train missionaries and leaders, decreed that all the society's books and articles be published anonymously, and set up adult education programs to train Witnesses to deliver their own apologetical talks. Under Knorr's direction a group of Witnesses produced a new translation of the Bible. Knorr was succeeded by Frederick W. Franz. ÈÄÀÓÀÚÀÎ ³×À̼± È£¸Ó ³ë¾î(1905~77)´Â ·¯´õÆÛµåÀÇ Á¤Ã¥À» °è½ÂÇߴµ¥, ±×´Â '¿öÄ¡ Ÿ¿ö ±æ¸£¾Ñ ¼º¼­Çб³'(WatchTower Bible School of Gilead)(´º¿å »ç¿ì½º·£½Ì ¼ÒÀç)¸¦ ¼¼¿ö ¼±±³»ç¿Í ÁöµµÀÚ¸¦ ¾ç¼ºÇß°í, ÇùȸÀÇ ¸ðµç Ã¥°ú ³í¹®À» À͸íÀ¸·Î ¹ßÇàÇØ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù°í ±ÔÁ¤ÇßÀ¸¸ç, ¿©È£¿ÍÀÇ ÁõÀεéÀÌ ½º½º·ÎÀÇ ÈûÀ¸·Î Àüµµ¸¦ ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖµµ·Ï ¼ºÀα³À° °úÁ¤À» µÎ¾ú´Ù. ³ë¸£ÀÇ °¨µ¶ ¾Æ·¡ ¿©È£¿ÍÀÇ ÁõÀεéÀÇ ÇÑ Áý´ÜÀº ¼º¼­¸¦ »õ·Î ¹ø¿ªÇß´Ù. ÇÁ·¹´õ¸¯ W. ÇÁ·£Ã÷°¡ 1977³â¿¡ ³ë¾î¸¦ °è½ÂÇßÀ¸¸ç, 1992³â 12¿ù 30ÀÏ¿¡ ¹ÐÅÏ G. ÇîÿÀÌ ÈÄÀÓÀ¸·Î ¼±ÀӵǾú´Ù.
The Witnesses have little or no association with other denominations and maintain a complete separation from all secular governments. They regard world powers and political parties as the unwitting allies of Satan. For this reason they refuse to salute the flag of any nation or to perform military services and almost never vote in public elections. Their suspicion of Satan's wiles also extends to religious denominations, and for many years they disavowed the use of such terms as minister, church, or congregation in their organizational structure. ¿©È£¿ÍÀÇ ÁõÀεéÀº ´Ù¸¥ ±³´Ü°ú´Â °ÅÀÇ ¶Ç´Â ÀüÇô ±³·ùÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀ¸¸ç, ¸ðµç ¼¼¼Ó Á¤ºÎ·ÎºÎÅÍ Ã¶ÀúÈ÷ ºÐ¸®µÇ¾î ÀÖ´Ù. ±×µéÀº ¼¼»óÀÇ ±Ç·Â°ú Á¤´çµéÀÌ ¹«ÀÇ½Ä Áß¿¡ »çźÀ» µ½´Â µ¿¸ÍÀÚ¶ó°í °£ÁÖÇÑ´Ù. À̶§¹®¿¡ ¾î¶² ±¹°¡ÀÇ ±¹±â¿¡ ´ëÇØ¼­µç °æ·Ê¸¦ Çϰųª º´¿ª Àǹ«¸¦ ¼öÇàÇϱ⸦ °ÅºÎÇϰí, °ø°ø ¼±°Å¿¡ °ÅÀÇ Âü¿©ÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù. À̵éÀº ´Ù¸¥ ±³´Üµé±îÁöµµ »çźÀÇ ±³¹¦ÇÑ ¼ö´ÜÀÏ °ÍÀ̶ó´Â ÀǽÉÀ» ÇßÀ¸¸ç, ¿©·¯ ÇØ µ¿¾È ÀÚ±âµéÀÇ Á¶Á÷¿¡¼­ ¸ñ»ç¡¤±³È¸¡¤È¸Áß °°Àº ¿ë¾î¸¦ »ç¿ëÇÏÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù.
This attitude has changed, but they are still exclusive and insulated from the ecumenical movement of the 20th century. Their avowed goal is the establishment of God's Kingdom, the Theocracy, which they believe will emerge following Armageddon, their basis for this assumption being the apocalyptic books of the Bible, especially Daniel and the Book of Revelation. They regard these books as God's timetable for world affairs and as the only authentic insight into the destiny of man. According to apocalyptic calculation, Pastor Russell established 1874 as the year of Christ's "invisible return" and designated 1914 as the year of Christ's Second Coming and the end of the "times of the gentiles." Date setting and prophecy among the Witnesses have given way, however, to a more contemporary analysis of modern life based on world events and what they regard as signs of the times.  ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ Åµµ´Â º¯ÇßÀ¸³ª, 20¼¼±âÀÇ ¿¡Å¥¸Þ´ÏÄà ¿îµ¿¿¡ ´ëÇØ¼­´Â ¿©ÀüÈ÷ Æó¼âÀûÀÌ°í ´ÜÀýµÇ¾î ÀÖ´Ù. ±×µéÀÇ ¸ñÇ¥´Â ½ÅÁ¤±¹°¡ÀÎ ÇÏ´À´ÔÀÇ ¿Õ±¹ÀÇ ´Ù½º¸²À» ¹Þ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ÀÌ ¿Õ±¹ÀÇ ´Ù½º¸²Àº ¾Æ¸¶°Ùµ· ÀüÀï ´ÙÀ½¿¡ µîÀåÇÒ °ÍÀ¸·Î ¹ÏÀ¸¸ç, ÀÌ·¸°Ô ÃßÁ¤ÇÏ´Â ±Ù°Å·Î´Â ¼º¼­ÀÇ ¹¬½Ã¼­µé, ƯÈ÷ [´Ù´Ï¿¤]¡¤[¿äÇÑÀÇ ¹¬½Ã·Ï]À» µç´Ù. ±×µéÀº ÀÌ Ã¥µéÀÌ ¼¼°è»ç¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÇÏ´À´ÔÀÇ ½Ã°£°èȹǥÀ̸ç, Àΰ£ÀÇ ¿î¸í¿¡ ´ëÇØ À¯ÀÏÇÏ°Ô ±ÇÀ§¸¦ Áö´Ñ ÅëÂûÀ̶ó°í °£ÁÖÇÑ´Ù. ÀüµµÀÚ ·¯¼¿Àº ¹¬½Ã ¹®ÇÐÀûÀÎ °è»ê¿¡ µû¶ó 1874³âÀ» ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ 'º¸ÀÌÁö ¾Ê´Â À縲'ÀÇ ÇØ·Î, 1914³âÀ» ±×¸®½ºµµ°¡ À縲Çϰí 'À̹æÀÎ ½Ã´ë'¸¦ ¸¶°¨ÇÏ´Â ÇØ·Î Àâ¾Ò´Ù. ¿©È£¿ÍÀÇ ÁõÀεéÀº ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ¿¬´ë °è»ê°ú ¿¹¾ð¿¡ ÈûÀÔ¾î ¼¼°èÀÇ »ç°Çµé°ú ±×µéÀÌ ½Ã´ëÀÇ Ç¥Â¡µé·Î °£ÁÖÇÑ °Í¿¡ ±Ù°ÅÇÏ¿© Çö´ëÀÇ »îÀ» Á»´õ Çö½ÇÀûÀ¸·Î ºÐ¼®ÇÏ°Ô µÇ¾ú´Ù. 
Theologically they hold that Jesus Christ is God's agent in establishing the Theocracy and that through the Christ sinful man may be reconciled to Jehovah God. The concept of a literal hell is rejected, as is the inevitability of eternal life. Death in certain instances can mean total extinction. ½ÅÇÐÀûÀÎ ¸é¿¡¼­ ±×µéÀº ¿¹¼ö ±×¸®½ºµµ°¡ ½ÅÁ¤±¹°¡ÀÇ ÇÏ´À´ÔÀÇ ´ë¸®ÀÎÀ̸ç, ±×¸®½ºµµ¸¦ ÅëÇØ ÁËÀÎÀÌ ¿©È£¿Í ÇÏ´À´Ô°ú È­ÇØÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù°í ÁÖÀåÇÑ´Ù. ¹®ÀÚÀûÀÎ Áö¿Á °³³ä°ú ¿µ»ýÀÇ ºÒ°¡ÇǼºÀ» ¸ðµÎ ¹èôÇϸç, ¾î¶² °æ¿ì¿¡´Â Á×À½ÀÌ Ã¶ÀúÇÑ ¸êÀýÀ» ¶æÇÑ´Ù°í ÁÖÀåÇÑ´Ù.
Witnesses faced active persecution in Germany and other Axis countries during World War II as well as in several Allied countries where their work was banned. In the postcolonial era, they have encountered hostility in a number of new African nations whose nationalism conflicts with the Watch Tower idea of theocracy. ¿©È£¿ÍÀÇ ÁõÀεéÀº Á¦2Â÷ ¼¼°è´ëÀüÀÌ ¹ú¾îÁö°í ÀÖ´Â µ¿¾È µ¶Àϰú ±× µ¿¸Í±¹µé¿¡¼­ ¹ÚÇØ¸¦ ¹Þ¾ÒÀ¸¸ç ¿¬ÇÕ±¹µéÀº ±×µéÀÇ È°µ¿À» ±ÝÁöÇß´Ù. ½Ä¹ÎÁö½Ã´ë ÀÌÈÄ¿¡´Â ½Å±ÇÁ¤Ä¡¸¦ ³»¿ëÀ¸·Î ÇÏ´Â 'ÆÄ¼ö´ë' »ç»óÀÌ ¿©·¯ ¾ÆÇÁ¸®Ä« ½Å»ý±¹µéÀÇ ¹ÎÁ·ÁÖÀÇ¿Í ¸ÂÁö ¾Ê¾Ò±â ¶§¹®¿¡ Àû´ë½ÃµÇ¾ú´Ù. 
The Witnesses meet in churches called Kingdom Halls, baptize by immersion, insist upon a high moral code in personal conduct, disapprove of divorce except on grounds of adultery, oppose blood transfusions on a scriptural basis, and have won many cases in the U.S. courts establishing their right to speak and to witness in accordance with their belief.  ¿©È£¿ÍÀÇ ÁõÀεéÀº '¿Õ±¹È¸°ü'À̶ó°í ºÎ¸£´Â ±³È¸´ç¿¡¼­ Áýȸ¸¦ °¡Áö°í ħ·Ê¸¦ º£Ç®¸ç, °³Àο¡°Ô ³ôÀº ¼öÁØÀÇ µµ´öÀ» ¿ä±¸Çϸç, °£À½À» Á¦¿ÜÇÑ ´Ù¸¥ ¸ðµç »óȲ¿¡¼­ ÀÌÈ¥À» ÀÎÁ¤ÇÏÁö ¾Ê°í, ¼º¼­ÀûÀÎ ±Ù°Å·Î ¼öÇ÷À» °ÅºÎÇÑ´Ù. ¶ÇÇÑ ¹Ì±¹ ¹ýÁ¤µé¿¡ ¸¹Àº ¼Ò¼ÛÀ» Á¦±âÇØ ½Â¼ÒÇÔÀ¸·Î½á ÀÚ±âµéÀÇ ½Å³ä¿¡ µû¶ó ¸»Çϰí Áõ°ÅÇÒ ±Ç¸®¸¦ È®º¸Çß´Ù.
Most members of a local congregation, or "company," are kingdom publishers, who are expected to spend five hours a week at meetings in Kingdom Hall and spend as much time as circumstances permit in doorstep preaching. Pioneer publishers hold part-time secular jobs and try to devote 100 hours a month to religious service. Special pioneers are full-time, salaried employees of the society who should spend at least 150 hours a month in this work. Each Kingdom Hall has an assigned territory and each Witness a particular neighbourhood to canvass. The sect takes great pains to keep records of the number of visits, back calls, Bible classes, and books and magazines distributed. Áö¿ª ȸÁßÀÇ ´ëºÎºÐÀº ¿Õ±¹ ¼±Æ÷ÀÚµé·Î¼­, À̵鿡°Ô´Â 1ÁÖÀÏ¿¡ 5½Ã°£À» ¿Õ±¹È¸°ü Áýȸ¿¡ Âü¼®ÇÏ´Â °Í°ú ÇüÆíÀÌ Çã¶ôÇÏ´Â ´ë·Î ¸¹Àº ½Ã°£À» È£º° ¹æ¹® Àüµµ¿¡ »ç¿ëÇÒ °ÍÀÌ ±â´ëµÈ´Ù. °³Ã´ ¼±Æ÷ÀÚµé(ÆÄÀÌ¿À´Ï¾Æ)Àº ½Ã°£Á¦ ¼¼¼Ó Á÷¾÷À» °¡Áö¸ç, 1°³¿ù¿¡ 100½Ã°£À» Á¾±³ »ç¿ªÀ» À§ÇØ ÀÏÇÑ´Ù. Ưº° °³Ã´ÀÚµéÀº ½Çºñ º¸»óÀ» ¹Þ´Â ºÀ»çÀÚµé·Î¼­ 1°³¿ù¿¡ Àû¾îµµ 140½Ã°£À» Á¾±³ ºÀ»ç¿¡ »ç¿ëÇØ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. ȸÁ߸¶´Ù Á¤ÇØÁø ±¸¿ªÀÌ ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ÁõÀθ¶´Ù ÀüµµÇÒ ÀÌ¿ôµéÀÌ Á¤ÇØÁ® ÀÖ´Ù. ÀÌ Á¾ÆÄ´Â È£º°¹æ¹®, Àç¹æ¹®, ¼º¼­¿¬±¸, µµ¼­¿Í ÀâÁö º¸±ÞÀÇ ¼ö¸¦ ±â·ÏÇÏ¿© ¸Å¿ù º¸°íÇÑ´Ù.
Publishing activities include books, tracts, recordings, and periodicals, chief among which are a semimonthly magazine, the Watchtower, and its companion publication, Awake!, which during the early 1980s reached a circulation of more than 10,000,000 in some 80 languages. ÃâÆÇ Ȱµ¿¿¡´Â Ã¥, ¼ÒÃ¥ÀÚ, ³ìÀ½ Å×ÀÌÇÁ, Á¤±â°£Ç๰ µîÀÌ Æ÷ÇԵǸç, ±× °¡¿îµ¥ ´ëÇ¥ÀûÀÎ °ÍÀº ¿ù 2ȸ °£ÇàµÇ´Â [ÆÄ¼ö´ë The Watchtower]¿Í À¯»ç °£Ç๰ÀÎ [±ú¾î¶ó! Awake!]·Î, ÀÌ µÎ °£Ç๰Àº 1990³â´ëÃÊ¿¡ 112°³ ¾ð¾î·Î 1,500¸¸ ºÎ ÀÌ»ó º¸±ÞµÇ¾ú´Ù.

Of the three corporations that direct the activities of Jehovah's Witnesses, the most powerful is the Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania founded by Russell in 1884. The other two corporations are the Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society, Inc., of New York and the International Bible Students Association.

'¿©È£¿ÍÀÇ ÁõÀÎ'ÀÇ È°µ¿À» À̲ô´Â 3°³ ´Üü °¡¿îµ¥ ÁÖµÈ ´Üü´Â 1884³â ·¯¼¿ÀÌ ¼¼¿î 'Ææ½Çº£ÀÌ´Ï¾Æ ¿öÄ¡ Ÿ¿ö ¼º¼­Ã¥ÀÚÇùȸ'(Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania)ÀÌ´Ù. ´Ù¸¥ µÎ ´Üü´Â '´º¿å ¿öÄ¡ Ÿ¿ö ¼º¼­Ã¥ÀÚÇùȸ'(Watch tower Bible and Tract Society, Inc., of New York)¿Í '±¹Á¦¼º¼­¿¬±¸È¸'ÀÌ´Ù.

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 99°³ÀÇ ÁöºÎ ¾Æ·¡ 229°³ ±¹°¡¿Í Áö¿ª¿¡ 447¸¸¿© ¸í(1992 ÇöÀç)ÀÇ ÁõÀεéÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù. Çѱ¹¿¡´Â 1912³â¿¡ ¿©È£¿ÍÀÇ ÁõÀÎ ¼±±³»ç R. R. Ȧ¸®½ºÅÍ¿¡ ÀÇÇØ ÀüÆÄµÇ±â ½ÃÀÛ, ÇöÀç 1,352°³ ȸÁß¿¡ 7¸¸ 4,000¿© ¸íÀÇ ÁõÀεéÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù. ¿¹¼ö ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ Á×À½À» ±â³äÇÏ´Â ÁÖÀÇ ¸¸Âù°ú ±â³ä½ÄÀ» ¸Å³â À¯´ë·ÂÀ¸·Î ´Ï»ê ¿ù 14ÀÏ Àϸô ÈÄ¿¡ °ÅÇàÇϴµ¥ 1992³â¿¡´Â Çѱ¹¿¡¼­ 13¸¸ 1,859¸íÀÌ ¸ðÀ̱⵵ Çß´Ù. ¿ù 2ȸ ¹ßÇàÇÏ´Â [ÆÄ¼ö´ë]¿Í [Áö±ÝÀº ±ý ¶§ÀÌ´Ù]ÀÇ Çѱ¹¾îÆÇÀº ¸ÅÈ£ °¢ 25¸¸ ºÎ¾¿ ¹ßÇàµÇ°í ÀÖ´Ù.

Charles Taze Russell

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byname PASTOR RUSSELL (b. Feb. 16, 1852, Pittsburgh, Pa., U.S.--d. Oct. 31, 1916, Pampa, Texas), founder of the International Bible Students Association, forerunner of the Jehovah's Witnesses. Âû½º Å×ÀÌÁî ·¯¼¿, º°ÄªÀº Pastor Russell(·¯¼¿ ¸ñ»ç)À̸ç, 1852. 2. 16 ÇÇÃ÷¹ö±× Ãâ»ý~1916. 10. 31 ¹Ì±¹ ÅØ»ç½º ÆÔÆÛ¿¡¼­ »ç¸ÁÇÏ¿´À¸¸ç, ¿©È£¿ÍÀÇ ÁõÀÎÀÇ Àü½Å '±¹Á¦ ¼º¼­ ¿¬±¸ÀÚ Çùȸ'ÀÇ Ã¢¼³ÀÚÀÌ´Ù.
By the time he was 20, Russell had left both Presbyterianism and Congregationalism because he could not reconcile the idea of an eternal hell with God's mercy. He had drifted into skepticism when a chance encounter with some Adventists introduced him to the idea that the Bible could be used to predict God's plan of salvation, especially as the plan related to the end of the world. ·¯¼¿Àº ¿µ¿øÇÑ Áö¿Á¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ±³¸®¿Í ÇÏ´À´ÔÀÇ ÀÚºñ¿¡ °üÇÑ ±³¸®¸¦ Á¶È­½ÃŰÁö ¸øÇÏÀÚ 20¼¼°¡ µÇ¾úÀ» ¶§, Àå·Î±³¿Í ȸÁß±³È¸¸¦ ¸ðµÎ ¶°³µ´Ù. ±×°¡ ȸÀÇ¿¡ ºüÁ® ¹æÈ²ÇÏ´ø Áß ¿ì¿¬È÷ ¸¸³­ ¾î´À À縲ÆÄ ½Åµµ¿¡°Ô¼­ ¼º¼­°¡ ÇÏ´À´ÔÀÇ ±¸¿ø °èȹ, ƯÈ÷ ¼¼»óÀÇ Á¾¸»°ú °ü·ÃµÈ °èȹÀ» ¿¹¾ðÇÏ´Â µ¥ ÀÌ¿ëµÉ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù´Â »ý°¢À» óÀ½À¸·Î µè°Ô µÇ¾ú´Ù.

With the help of tutors, Russell managed to master the use of Hebrew and Greek dictionaries to study the Bible. The Scriptures fascinated him far more than did his haberdashery in Pittsburgh, and he left the business world to form his first Bible classes in 1872. Basing his judgment on complex biblical calculations, he preached from 1877 that Christ's "invisible return" had occurred in 1874 and that the end of the Gentile times would come in 1914, followed by war between capitalism and communism or socialism, after which God's kingdom by Christ would rule the earth. Russell (who was never ordained) dedicated his life and his fortune to preaching Christ's millennial reign. In 1879 he started a Bible journal, later called The Watchtower, and in 1884 he founded the Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society, which became a flourishing publishing business. His own books and booklets (notably seven volumes of Studies in the Scriptures) reached a circulation of 16 million copies in 35 languages, and 2,000 newspapers published his weekly sermons. Russell's movement survived the embarrassment caused by the apparent failure of his apocalyptic prediction, as well as the problems caused by his separation from his wife and numerous lawsuits.

°³Àα³»çµéÀÇ µµ¿òÀ¸·Î ¼º¼­¿¬±¸¸¦ À§ÇØ È÷ºê¸®¾î¿Í ±×¸®½º¾î »çÀü »ç¿ë¹ýÀ» Àß ÀÍÈ÷°í ³ªÀÚ, ±×´Â ÇÇÃ÷¹ö±×¿¡¼­ÀÇ ÀâÈ­»ó ¾÷¹«º¸´Ù ¼º¼­¿¡ ´õ ¸Å·áµÇ¾î, 1872³â ù ¼º¼­¿¬±¸È¸¸¦ ¸¸µé±â À§ÇØ »ç¾÷¿¡¼­ ¼ÕÀ» ¶Ã´Ù. ±×´Â 1877³âºÎÅÍ º¹ÀâÇÑ ¼º¼­ÀÇ °è»ê¹ý¿¡ ±Ù°ÅÇÏ¿© ÀÌ¹Ì 1874³â¿¡ ¿¹¼öÀÇ 'º¸ÀÌÁö ¾Ê´Â À縲'ÀÌ ÀϾÀ¸¸ç, 1914³â¿¡ ±³µµÀÇ ½Ã´ë°¡ ³¡³¯ °ÍÀ̰í, µÚµû¶ó ÀÚº»ÁÖÀÇ¿Í °ø»êÁÖÀÇ ¶Ç´Â »çȸÁÖÀÇ »çÀÌ¿¡ ÀüÀïÀÌ ÀϾ°í, ´ÙÀ½¿¡ ±×¸®½ºµµ°¡ ÀÌ ¶¥À» Áö¹èÇÏ´Â ÇÏ´À´ÔÀÇ ¿Õ±¹ÀÌ µµ·¡ÇÏ°Ô µÉ °ÍÀ̶ó°í ¼³±³Çß´Ù. ·¯¼¿Àº ¼ºÁ÷ÀÓ¸íÀ» ¹ÞÀº ÀÏÀº ¾øÁö¸¸ ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ Ãµ³â ¿Õ±¹À» ¼³±³ÇÏ´Â µ¥ ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ »ý¾Ö¿Í Àç»êÀ» ¹ÙÃÆ´Ù. 1879³â¿¡´Â ³ªÁß¿¡ [ÆÄ¼ö´ë The Watchtower]¶ó°í ºÒ¸®°Ô µÈ ¼º¼­ ½Å¹®À» â°£Çß°í, 1879³â¿¡´Â ÆÄ¼ö´ë ¼º¼­ ¼ÒÃ¥ÀÚȸ(Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society)¸¦ ¼³¸³ÇÏ¿© ÃâÆÇ »ç¾÷À» ¹øÃ¢½ÃÄ×´Ù. ±×°¡ ¾´ Ã¥°ú ¼ÒÃ¥ÀÚ(ƯÈ÷ 7±ÇÀ¸·Î µÈ [¼º¼­ ¿¬±¸])´Â 35°³±¹¾î·Î ¹ø¿ªµÇ¾î ¹ßÇàºÎ¼ö 1,600¸¸ ºÎ¿¡ À°¹ÚÇß°í, 2,000¿© °³ÀÇ ½Å¹®µéÀÌ ±×ÀÇ ÁÖÀÏ ¼³±³¸¦ ½Ç¾ú´Ù. ·¯¼¿ÀÇ ¿îµ¿Àº ±×ÀÇ °è½ÃÀû ¿¹¾ðÀÌ µé¾î¸ÂÁö ¾ÊÀ½À¸·Î ÀÎÇØ »ý°Ü³­ È¥¶õ°ú ±×ÀÇ ÀÌÈ¥, ¸¹Àº ¼Ò¼ÛÀ¸·Î ¾ß±âµÈ ¹®Á¦Á¡µé¿¡µµ ºÒ±¸ÇÏ°í ¿©ÀüÈ÷ °è¼ÓµÇ¾ú´Ù.


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