Jehovah's Witness
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Jehovah's
Witness, an adherent of a millennialist sect that
began in the United States in the 19th century and has since spread over
much of the world; the group is an outgrowth of the International Bible
Students Association founded in Pittsburgh, Pa., in 1872 by Charles
Taze Russell. |
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1872³â Âû½º Å×ÀÌÁî ·¯¼¿ÀÌ Ææ½Çº£ÀÌ´Ï¾Æ ÇÇÃ÷¹ö±×¿¡ ¼¼¿î '±¹Á¦¼º¼¿¬±¸È¸'(International
Bible Students Association)·Î ½ÃÀ۵Ǿú´Ù. |
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The name Jehovah's Witnesses was
adopted in 1931 by Russell's successor, Joseph Franklin Rutherford (Judge
Rutherford; 1869-1942), who sought to reaffirm Jehovah (see
Yahweh ) as the true God
and to identify those who witness in this name as God's specially accredited
followers. Rutherford equipped members with portable phonographs to play his
"sermonettes" on the front porches and in the living rooms of
prospective converts. Under his leadership, the democratic polity devised by
Russell was replaced by a theocratic system directed from the society's
headquarters in Brooklyn, N.Y. |
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Rutherford's policies were continued
under his successor, Nathan Homer Knorr (1905-77), who established the Watch
Tower Bible School of Gilead (South Lansing, N.Y.) to train missionaries and
leaders, decreed that all the society's books and articles be published
anonymously, and set up adult education programs to train Witnesses to
deliver their own apologetical talks. Under Knorr's direction a group of
Witnesses produced a new translation of the Bible. Knorr was succeeded by
Frederick W. Franz. |
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Bible School of Gilead)(´º¿å »ç¿ì½º·£½Ì ¼ÒÀç)¸¦ ¼¼¿ö
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¼±ÀӵǾú´Ù. |
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The Witnesses have little or no
association with other denominations and maintain a complete separation from
all secular governments. They regard world powers and political parties as
the unwitting allies of Satan. For this reason they refuse to salute the
flag of any nation or to perform military services and almost never vote in
public elections. Their suspicion of Satan's wiles also extends to religious
denominations, and for many years they disavowed the use of such terms as
minister, church, or congregation in their organizational structure. |
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°°Àº ¿ë¾î¸¦ »ç¿ëÇÏÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù. |
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This attitude has changed, but they
are still exclusive and insulated from the ecumenical movement of the 20th
century. Their avowed goal is the establishment of God's Kingdom, the Theocracy,
which they believe will emerge following Armageddon, their basis for this
assumption being the apocalyptic books of the Bible, especially Daniel and
the Book of Revelation. They regard these books as God's timetable for world
affairs and as the only authentic insight into the destiny of man. According
to apocalyptic calculation, Pastor Russell established 1874 as the year of
Christ's "invisible return" and designated 1914 as the year of
Christ's Second Coming and the end of the "times of the gentiles."
Date setting and prophecy among the Witnesses have given way, however, to a
more contemporary analysis of modern life based on world events and what
they regard as signs of the times. |
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Theologically they hold that Jesus
Christ is God's agent in establishing the Theocracy and that through the
Christ sinful man may be reconciled to Jehovah God. The concept of a literal
hell is rejected, as is the inevitability of eternal life. Death in certain
instances can mean total extinction. |
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¸êÀýÀ» ¶æÇÑ´Ù°í ÁÖÀåÇÑ´Ù. |
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Witnesses faced active persecution
in Germany and other Axis countries during World War II as well as in
several Allied countries where their work was banned. In the postcolonial
era, they have encountered hostility in a number of new African nations
whose nationalism conflicts with the Watch Tower idea of theocracy. |
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¹ÎÁ·ÁÖÀÇ¿Í ¸ÂÁö ¾Ê¾Ò±â ¶§¹®¿¡ Àû´ë½ÃµÇ¾ú´Ù. |
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The Witnesses meet in churches
called Kingdom Halls, baptize by immersion, insist upon a high moral code in
personal conduct, disapprove of divorce except on grounds of adultery,
oppose blood transfusions on a scriptural basis, and have won many cases in
the U.S. courts establishing their right to speak and to witness in
accordance with their belief. |
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½Å³ä¿¡ µû¶ó ¸»Çϰí Áõ°ÅÇÒ ±Ç¸®¸¦ È®º¸Çß´Ù. |
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Most members of a local
congregation, or "company," are kingdom publishers, who are
expected to spend five hours a week at meetings in Kingdom Hall and spend as
much time as circumstances permit in doorstep preaching. Pioneer publishers
hold part-time secular jobs and try to devote 100 hours a month to religious
service. Special pioneers are full-time, salaried employees of the society
who should spend at least 150 hours a month in this work. Each Kingdom Hall
has an assigned territory and each Witness a particular neighbourhood to
canvass. The sect takes great pains to keep records of the number of visits,
back calls, Bible classes, and books and magazines distributed. |
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º¸°íÇÑ´Ù. |
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Publishing activities include books,
tracts, recordings, and periodicals, chief among which are a semimonthly
magazine, the Watchtower,
and its companion publication, Awake!,
which during the early 1980s reached a circulation of more than 10,000,000
in some 80 languages. |
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°£ÇàµÇ´Â [ÆÄ¼ö´ë The Watchtower]¿Í À¯»ç °£Ç๰ÀÎ [±ú¾î¶ó!
Awake!]·Î, ÀÌ µÎ °£Ç๰Àº 1990³â´ëÃÊ¿¡ 112°³ ¾ð¾î·Î 1,500¸¸
ºÎ ÀÌ»ó º¸±ÞµÇ¾ú´Ù. |
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Of the three corporations that
direct the activities of Jehovah's Witnesses, the most powerful is the Watch
Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania founded by Russell in 1884.
The other two corporations are the Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society,
Inc., of New York and the International Bible Students Association.
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Charles Taze Russell
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Âû½º Å×ÀÌÁî ·¯¼¿
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byname PASTOR RUSSELL (b. Feb. 16,
1852, Pittsburgh, Pa., U.S.--d. Oct. 31, 1916, Pampa, Texas), founder of the
International Bible Students Association, forerunner of the Jehovah's
Witnesses.
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Âû½º Å×ÀÌÁî ·¯¼¿, º°ÄªÀº Pastor Russell(·¯¼¿
¸ñ»ç)À̸ç, 1852. 2. 16 ÇÇÃ÷¹ö±× Ãâ»ý~1916. 10. 31 ¹Ì±¹ ÅØ»ç½º
ÆÔÆÛ¿¡¼ »ç¸ÁÇÏ¿´À¸¸ç, ¿©È£¿ÍÀÇ ÁõÀÎÀÇ Àü½Å '±¹Á¦ ¼º¼
¿¬±¸ÀÚ Çùȸ'ÀÇ Ã¢¼³ÀÚÀÌ´Ù. |
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By the time he was 20, Russell had
left both Presbyterianism and Congregationalism because he could not
reconcile the idea of an eternal hell with God's mercy. He had drifted into
skepticism when a chance encounter with some Adventists introduced him to
the idea that the Bible could be used to predict God's plan of salvation,
especially as the plan related to the end of the world.
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ȸÁß±³È¸¸¦ ¸ðµÎ ¶°³µ´Ù. ±×°¡ ȸÀÇ¿¡ ºüÁ® ¹æÈ²ÇÏ´ø Áß
¿ì¿¬È÷ ¸¸³ ¾î´À À縲ÆÄ ½Åµµ¿¡°Ô¼ ¼º¼°¡ ÇÏ´À´ÔÀÇ ±¸¿ø
°èȹ, ƯÈ÷ ¼¼»óÀÇ Á¾¸»°ú °ü·ÃµÈ °èȹÀ» ¿¹¾ðÇÏ´Â µ¥
ÀÌ¿ëµÉ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù´Â »ý°¢À» óÀ½À¸·Î µè°Ô µÇ¾ú´Ù. |
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With the help of tutors, Russell
managed to master the use of Hebrew and Greek dictionaries to study the
Bible. The Scriptures fascinated him far more than did his haberdashery in
Pittsburgh, and he left the business world to form his first Bible classes
in 1872. Basing his judgment on complex biblical calculations, he preached
from 1877 that Christ's "invisible return" had occurred in 1874
and that the end of the Gentile times would come in 1914, followed by war
between capitalism and communism or socialism, after which God's kingdom by
Christ would rule the earth. Russell (who was never ordained) dedicated his
life and his fortune to preaching Christ's millennial reign. In 1879 he
started a Bible journal, later called The
Watchtower, and in
1884 he founded the Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society, which became a
flourishing publishing business. His own books and booklets (notably seven
volumes of Studies in the Scriptures)
reached a circulation of 16 million copies in 35 languages, and 2,000
newspapers published his weekly sermons. Russell's movement survived the
embarrassment caused by the apparent failure of his apocalyptic prediction,
as well as the problems caused by his separation from his wife and numerous
lawsuits.
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ù ¼º¼¿¬±¸È¸¸¦ ¸¸µé±â À§ÇØ »ç¾÷¿¡¼ ¼ÕÀ» ¶Ã´Ù. ±×´Â 1877³âºÎÅÍ
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