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member of the largest organized modern denomination of Adventism, a
millennialist Christian sect founded in the United States in the 19th
century. See
Adventist .
Adventist, member of any of a group of
Protestant Christian churches arising in the United States in the 19th
century and distinguished by their doctrinal belief that the personal,
visible return of Christ in glory (i.e.,
the Second Coming) is close at hand. Adventism is rooted in Hebrew and
Christian prophetism, messianism, and millennial expectations recorded in
the Bible. Adventists believe that at Christ's Second Coming he will
separate the saints from the wicked and inaugurate his millennial
(1,000-year) kingdom. See millennium .
It was in an atmosphere of millennialist revival in the United States
that William Miller (1782-1849), a founder of the Adventists, began to
preach. Miller, while an officer in the U.S. Army in the War of 1812, had
become a skeptic. After a conversion, he began to study the books of Daniel
and Revelation and to preach as a Baptist, the faith of his father. He
concluded that Christ would come sometime between March 21, 1843, and March
21, 1844, and was encouraged in his views by a number of clergymen and
numerous followers.
Miller was accused of fanaticism because of his millenarianism, and he
stressed the coming of Christ in conjunction with a fiery conflagration,
which distressed his hearers. Christ, however, did not return on the first
appointed date, so Miller and his followers set a second date, Oct. 22,
1844. The quiet passing of this day led to what is called the "Great
Disappointment" among Adventists and the convening of a Mutual
Conference of Adventists in 1845 to sort out problems. Those who met,
however, found it difficult to shape a confession and form a permanent
organization.
Among those who persisted after the failure of Miller's prophecy were
Joseph Bates, James White, and his wife, Ellen Harmon White. These
Adventists, called Millerites in the press, believed that Miller had set the
right date, but that they had interpreted what had happened incorrectly.
Reading Daniel, chapters 8 and 9, they concluded that God had begun the
"cleansing of the heavenly sanctuary"--i.e., an
investigative judgment that would be followed by the pronouncing and then
the execution of the sentence of judgment. What actually began in 1844,
then, in their view, was an examination of all of the names in the Book of
Life. Only after this was completed would Christ appear and begin his
millennial reign. Though they did not set a new date, they insisted that
Christ's advent was imminent. They also believed that observance of the
seventh day, Saturday, rather than Sunday, would help to bring about the
Second Coming. These Millerites founded an official denomination, the Seventh-day
Adventists, in 1863. Mrs. White was thought to have the gift of
prophecy, and she traveled and lectured widely in America, Europe, and
Australia and wrote prolifically.
Other Adventist bodies emerged in the 19th century as a direct or
indirect result of the prophecy of William Miller. These include the
Evangelical Adventists (1845), Life and Advent Union (1862), Church of God
(Seventh Day, 1866), Church of God General Conference (Abrahamic Faith,
1888), and the Advent
Christian Church. These Advent Christians do not accept the teachings
of Mrs. White as in any way prophetic. They also reject the teachings of the
Seventh-day Adventists about sabbath observance and dietary laws. They are
congregational in polity and coordinate work in the United States and
throughout the world through the Advent Christian General Conference of
America. In 1964 the Advent Christian Church united with the Life and Advent
Union.
Seventh-day Adventists share many basic beliefs held by most Christians.
They accept the authority of the Old and New Testaments. They are Arminian
(emphasizing human choice and God's election) rather than Calvinist
(emphasizing God's sovereignty) in their interpretation of Christ's
atonement, and they argue that his death was "provisionally and potentially for
all men," yet efficacious only for those who avail themselves of its
benefits. (see also Arminianism)
In addition to the emphasis upon the Second Advent of Christ, two other
matters set them apart from other Christians. First, they observe the
seventh day of the week, rather than the first day, as the sabbath. This
day, according to the Bible, was instituted by God since the Creation, and
the commandment concerning sabbath rest is a part of God's eternal law.
Second, they also avoid eating meat and taking narcotics and stimulants,
which they consider to be harmful. Though they appeal to the Bible for the
justification of these dietary practices, they maintain that these are based
upon the broad theological consideration that the body is the temple of the
Holy Spirit and should be protected.
Adventists stress tithing and therefore have a high annual giving per
capita that allows them to carry on worldwide missionary and welfare
programs. Because of their unwillingness to work on Saturday, they have
suffered some job discrimination.
Sending out its first missionary, John Nevins Andrews, in 1874,
Seventh-day Adventism eventually expanded into a worldwide movement, with
churches in nearly every country by the late 20th century. The Seventh-day
Adventists' emphasis on missionary work won their church many new adherents
in Latin America, the Caribbean, and sub-Saharan Africa, so that by the late
20th century the church had more than 5,500,000 members.
The General Conference, the church's main governing body, has its
headquarters in Takoma Park, Washington, D.C., where it was moved in 1903
from Battle Creek, Mich. The meeting of the General Conference is held
quadrennially and is made up of delegates from divisions, union and local,
that are also called conferences. These local conferences provide pastoral
oversight for the local congregations, which are governed by elected lay
elders and deacons. The General Conference supervises the work of evangelism
in more than 500 languages, a large parochial school system, and numerous
medical institutions called sanitariums, of which the first was established
in Battle Creek in 1866. Publishing houses are operated in many countries,
and Adventist literature is distributed door to door by volunteers. (J.H.Sm.)
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Le Roy Edwin Froom, The Prophetic Faith of Our Fathers, 4 vol.
(1946-54), is a rich description of Adventist literature by an Adventist.
Reference works include Arthur W. Spalding, Origin and History
of Seventh-Day Adventists, 4 vol. (1961-62); Gary Land (ed.), Adventism
in America: A History (1986); and Seventh-Day
Adventist Encyclopedia, rev. ed. (1976).
Copyright 1994-1999 Encyclop©¡dia Britannica
Miller,
William (b. Feb. 15, 1782, Pittsfield, Mass., U.S.--d. Dec. 20,
1849, Low Hampton, N.Y.), American religious enthusiast, leader of a
movement called Millerism that sought to revive belief that the bodily
arrival ("advent") of Christ was imminent.
Miller was a farmer, but he also held such offices as deputy sheriff and
justice of the peace. In the War of 1812 he served as a captain of the 30th
Infantry. After years of Bible study he began to preach in 1831 that the
present world would end "about the year 1843." He based this
belief primarily on a passage in the Book of Daniel (8:13-14). He published
a pamphlet in 1833 and a book of lectures in 1836, the first of many
publications. Principal organs of the Millerite movement were the Signs of the Times
(Boston) and the Midnight Cry (New York). Miller estimated that
between 50,000 and 100,000 believed in his views. When 1843 passed, some of
his associates set Oct. 22, 1844, as the date of the Second Coming. This
date brought the movement to a sharp climax. There is no historical
foundation for stories that the Millerites engaged in such fanatical
excesses as ascending hills, housetops, and trees in ascension robes. The
last general conference met at Albany, N.Y., April 1845. Belief in the
imminence of the advent was restated, but no date was set and no church
organization created.
There are two principal Adventist bodies today--the Advent Christian
Church, organized in 1861, and the much larger body of Seventh-day
Adventists, organized in 1863--and several small Adventist bodies.
Âü°í¹®Çå (À縲ÆÄ)
- Çѱ¹À縲±³È¸»ç¿¬±¸ : ÀÌ¿µ¸°,
¼±¸í¹®È»ç, 1968
- Çѱ¹À縲±³È¸»ç : ÀÌ¿µ¸°, ½ÃÁ¶»ç, 1965
- Adventism in America£ºA History : Gary Land (ed.), 1986
- Seventh-Day Adventist Encyclopedia, rev. ed. : Gary Land, 1976
- Origin and History of Seventh-Day Adventists, 4 vol. : Arthur W.
Spalding, 1961-62
- The Prophetic Faith of Our Fathers, 4 vol. : Le Roy Edwin Froom,
1946-54
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