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Jesus Christ
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¿¹¼ö ±×¸®½ºµµ
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| I.
INTRODUCTION
II. The
gospel tradition
SOURCES
Non-Christian
sources.
Christian
sources.
The
Pauline Letters.
The
Gospels.
TIMES
AND ENVIRONMENT
Political
conditions.
Religious
conditions.
The
Pharisees.
The
Sadducees.
The
scribes.
The
Zealots.
The
Essenes.
THE
LIFE AND MINISTRY OF JESUS
The
birth and family.
The
birth of Jesus.
The
family of Jesus.
The
ministry.
The
role of John the Baptist.
The
beginning of the ministry.
The
calling of the disciples.
The
Galilean period.
THE
MESSAGE OF JESUS
The
Kingdom of God.
The
will of God.
THE
SUFFERINGS AND DEATH OF JESUS IN JERUSALEM
THE
STORY OF JESUS AND FAITH IN JESUS
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I.
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¡¡
II.
º¹À½
Àü½Â
¡¡
ÀÚ·á
ºñ±âµ¶±³
ÀÚ·áµé.
±âµ¶±³
ÀÚ·áµé.
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ÆíÁöµé.
º¹À½¼.
½Ã´ë¿Í
ÁÖº¯ ¼¼°è
Á¤Ä¡Àû
»óȲ.
Á¾±³Àû
»óȲ.
¹Ù¸®»õ
ÆÄ.
»çµÎ°³
ÆÄ.
À²¹ýÇÐÀÚµé.
¿½É´ç.
¿¡¼¼³×
ÆÄ.
¿¹¼öÀÇ
»î°ú »ç¿ª
ź»ý°ú
°¡Á·.
¿¹¼öÀÇ
»ý.
¿¹¼öÀÇ
°¡Á·.
»ç¿ª.
¼¼·Ê¿äÇÑÀÇ
¿ªÇÒ.
»ç¿ªÀÇ
½ÃÀÛ.
Á¦ÀÚµéÀ»
ºÎ¸§.
°¥¸±¸®
½Ã±â.
¿¹¼öÀÇ
¸»¾¸
Çϳª´ÔÀÇ
³ª¶ó.
Çϳª´ÔÀÇ
¶æ.
¿¹·ç»ì·½¿¡¼
¿¹¼öÀÇ ¼ö³°ú Á×À½
¿¹¼ö
À̾߱â¿Í ¿¹¼ö¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ½Å¾Ó |
| III.
The
picture of Christ in the early church: The Apostles' Creed
¡¡
PREEXISTENCE
Jesus
Christ.
God's
only son.
The
Lord.
INCARNATION
AND HUMILIATION
Conceived
by the Holy Spirit, born of the Virgin Mary.
Suffered
under Pontius Pilate, was crucified, dead, and buried.
He
descended into hell.
GLORIFICATION
The
third day he rose again from the dead.
He
ascended into heaven, and sitteth on the right hand of God the father
almighty.
From
thence he shall come to judge the quick and the dead.
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III.
ÃʱⱳȸÀÇ
±×¸®½ºµµ»ó( »çµµ½Å°æ)
¼±Àç
¿¹¼ö
±×¸®½ºµµ.
Çϳª´ÔÀÇ
µ¶»ýÀÚ.
ÁÖ.
¼ºÀ°½Å°ú
°âÇã
¼º·ÉÀ¸·Î
À×ÅÂÇÏ»ç µ¿Á¤³à ¸¶¸®¾Æ¿¡°Ô¼ ³ª½Ã°í.
º»Æ¼¿À
ºô¶óµµ¿¡°Ô °í³À» ¹ÞÀ¸»ç ½ÊÀÚ°¡¿¡ ¸ø¹ÚÇô Á×À¸½Ã°í
Àå»çÇÑ Áö.
±×´Â
Áö¿Á¿¡ ³»·Á°¡½Ã¸ç.
¿µÈ
»çÈê
¸¸¿¡ Á×ÀºÀÚ °¡¿îµ¥¼ ´Ù½Ã »ì¾Æ³ª½Ã¸ç.
Çϴÿ¡
¿À¸£»ç Àü´ÉÇϽŠÇÏ´À´Ô ¿ìÆí¿¡ ¾É¾Æ °è½Ã´Ù°¡.
Àú¸®·Î¼
»ê ÀÚ¿Í Á×Àº ÀÚ¸¦ ½ÉÆÇÇÏ·¯ ¿À½Ã¸®¶ó. |
IV.
The
dogma of Christ in the ancient councils
¡¡
THE
COUNCILS OF NICAEA AND CONSTANTINOPLE
Early
heresies.
Nicaea.
Constantinople.
THE
COUNCILS OF EPHESUS AND CHALCEDON
The
parties.
The
settlement at Chalcedon.
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IV.
°í´ë
°øÀÇȸÀÇ ±×¸®½ºµµ ±³¸®
´ÏÄɾÆ
°øÀÇȸ¿Í ÄܽºÅºÆ¼³ëÇà °øÀÇȸ
ÃʱâÀÇ
À̴ܵé.
´ÏÄɾÆ
°øÀÇȸ.
ÄܽºÅºÆ¼³ëÇÃ
°øÀÇȸ.
¿¡Æä¼Ò½º
°øÀÇȸ¿Í Ä®Äɵ· °øÀÇȸ
´çÆÄµé.
Ä®Äɵ·
°øÀÇȸÀÇ ÇØ°á. |
|
V.
The
interpretation of Christ in Western faith and thought
¡¡
DOCTRINES
OF THE PERSON AND WORK OF CHRIST
The
medieval development.
The
Reformation and classical Protestantism.
THE
DEBATE OVER CHRISTOLOGY IN MODERN CHRISTIAN THOUGHT
Origins
of the debate.
The
19th century.
The
20th century.
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V.
¼¹æ
½Å¾Ó°ú »ç»ó¿¡¼ÀÇ ±×¸®½ºµµ ÇØ¼®
±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ
À§°Ý°ú »ç¿ª¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ±³¸®
Áß¼¼ÀÇ
¹ßÀü.
Á¾±³°³Çõ°ú
°íÀüÀû ÇÁ·ÎÅ×½ºÅºÆ¼Áò.
Çö´ë
±×¸®½ºµµ±³ »ç»óÀÇ ±×¸®½ºµµ·Ð ³íÀï
³íÀïÀÇ
±â¿øµé.
19
¼¼±â.
20
¼¼±â. |
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VI.
Bibliography
Times and environment:
The life and ministry of Jesus:
The message of Jesus:
The sufferings and death of Jesus:
The story of Jesus and faith in Jesus:
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°í´ë °øÀÇȸÀÇ ±×¸®½ºµµ ±³¸®
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The
main lines of orthodox
Christian teaching about the person of Christ were set by the New Testament
and the ancient creeds. But what was present there in a germinal form became
a clear statement of Christian doctrine
when it was formulated as dogma.
In one way or another, the first four ecumenical
councils were all concerned with the formulation of the dogma
regarding the person of Christ--his relation to the Father, and the relation
of the divine and the human in him. (see also Index:
Roman Catholicism)
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±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ À§°Ý¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Á¤Åë ±×¸®½ºµµ±³ÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§ÀÇ ÁÖµÈ ³ë¼±Àº [½Å¾à¼º¼]¿Í
°í´ë ½ÅÁ¶µé¿¡ ÀÇÇØ Çü¼ºµÇ¾ú´Ù. ±×·¯³ª Ãʱâ ÇüÅÂÀÇ °ÍÀÌ
±³¸®·Î¼ Á¤½ÄȵǾúÀ» ¶§ ¸í¹éÇÑ ±×¸®½ºµµ±³ ½ÅÁ¶ÀÇ
¼±¾ðÀ¸·Î µÇ¾ú´Ù. ¿©·¯
°¡Áö ¹æ½ÄÀ¸·Î óÀ½ 4¹øÀÇ Àü ±×¸®½ºµµ±³ °øÀÇȸ´Â ¸ðµÎ
±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ À§°Ý¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ±³¸®, Áï ±×¿Í ¼ººÎ¿ÍÀÇ °ü°è,
½Å¼º°ú ÀμºÀÇ °ü°èÀÇ Á¤½ÄÈ¿¡ °ü½ÉÀ» ±â¿ï¿´´Ù.(Âü°í:
·Î¸¶ Ä«Å縯)
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Such a
formulation became necessary because teachings arose within the Christian
community that seemed to threaten what the church believed and confessed
about Christ. Both the dogma and the heretical teachings against which the
dogma was directed are therefore part of the history of Jesus Christ.
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±×·¯ÇÑ
Á¤½ÄÈ´Â ±³È¸°¡ ±×¸®½ºµµ¿¡ ´ëÇØ ¹Ï°í °í¹éÇÏ´ø °ÍÀ»
À§ÇùÇÏ´Â °¡¸£Ä§µéÀÌ ±×¸®½ºµµ±³ °øµ¿Ã¼ ³»¿¡ »ý°å±â
¶§¹®¿¡ ÇÊ¿äÇÏ°Ô µÇ¾ú´Ù. ±×·¯¹Ç·Î ±³¸®¿Í ÀÌ¿¡ ´ëÇ×ÇÏ´Â
ÀÌ´ÜÀû °¡¸£Ä§µéÀº ¿¹¼ö ±×¸®½ºµµ ¿ª»çÀÇ ºÎºÐÀÌ´Ù.
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´ÏÄÉ¾Æ °øÀÇȸ¿Í ÄܽºÅºÆ¼³ëÇà °øÀÇȸ
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Ãʱâ À̴ܵé
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From
the outset, Christianity has had to contend with those who misinterpreted
the person and mission of Jesus. Both the New Testament and the early
confessions of the church referred and replied to such misinterpretations.
As the Christian movement gained adherents from the non-Jewish world, it had
to explain Christ in the face of new challenges. (see also Index:
heresy)
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óÀ½ºÎÅÍ ±×¸®½ºµµ±³´Â ¿¹¼öÀÇ Àΰݰú »ç¸íÀ» ¿ÀÇØÇÏ´Â
ÀÚµé°ú ½Î¿ö¾ß Çß´Ù. [½Å¾à¼º¼]¿Í ±³È¸ÀÇ Ãʱ⠽žӰí¹éÀº
±×·¯ÇÑ ¿ÀÇØ¸¦ ÁöÀûÇÏ°í ±×°Í¿¡ ÀÀ´äÇß´Ù. ºñÀ¯´ë
¼¼°è·ÎºÎÅÍ ÁöÁöÀÚµéÀ» ¸ðÀº ±×¸®½ºµµ ¿îµ¿ÀÎ ±×¸®½ºµµ±³´Â
»õ·Î¿î µµÀü¿¡ Á÷¸éÇÏ¿© ±×¸®½ºµµ¸¦ ¼³¸íÇØ¾ß¸¸ Çß´Ù. |
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These
misinterpretations touched both the question of his humanity and the matter
of his deity. A concern to safeguard the true humanity of Jesus led some
early Christians to teach that Jesus of Nazareth, an ordinary man, was
adopted as the Son of God in the moment of his baptism or after his
Resurrection; this heresy was called adoptionism. Gnostics and others wanted
to protect him against involvement in the world of matter, which they
regarded as essentially evil, and therefore taught that he had only an
apparent, not a real body; they were called docetists. Most of the struggle
over the person of Christ, however, dealt with the question of his relation
to the Father. Some early views were so intent upon asserting his identity
with the Father that the distinction of his person was lost and he became
merely a manifestation of the one God. Because of this idea of Christ as a
"mode" of divine self-manifestation, proponents of this view were
dubbed "modalists"; from an early supporter of the view it was
called "Sabellianism." Other interpretations of the person of
Christ in relation to God went to the opposite extreme. They insisted so
strenuously upon the distinctness of his person from that of the Father that
they subordinated him to the Father. Many early exponents of the doctrine of
the Logos were also subordinationists,
so that the Logos idea itself became suspect in some quarters. What was
needed was a framework of concepts with which to articulate the doctrine of
Christ's oneness with the Father and yet distinctness from the Father, and
thus to answer the question (Adolf von Harnack): "Is the Divinity which
has appeared on earth and reunited men with god identical with that supreme
Divinity which governs heaven and earth, or is it a demigod?" (see also
Index: Dynamic
Monarchianism, Docetism,
Modalistic Monarchianism)
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ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ¿ÀÇØ´Â ±×ÀÇ Àμº°ú ½Å¼ºÀÇ ¹®Á¦¿¡ °üÇÑ °ÍÀ̾ú´Ù.
¿¹¼öÀÇ Âü ÀμºÀ» º¸È£ÇÏ·Á´Â °ü½É¿¡¼ ÀϺÎÀÇ Ãʱâ
±×¸®½ºµµ±³ÀεéÀº º¸Åë »ç¶÷ÀÎ ³ªÀÚ·¿ ¿¹¼ö°¡ ¼¼·ÊÀÇ
¼ø°£¿¡, ¶Ç´Â ºÎȰ ÀÌÈÄ¿¡ ÇÏ´À´ÔÀÇ ¾çÀڷΠäÅõǾú´Ù°í
°¡¸£Ãƴµ¥, À̰ÍÀÌ ¾çÀÚ·ÐÀÌ´Ù. ¿µÁöÁÖÀÇÀÚµéÀº
º»·¡ ¾ÇÇÑ °ÍÀ¸·Î ¿©°ÜÁ³´ø ¹°Áú¼¼°è¿ÍÀÇ °ü°è¿¡¼ ±×¸¦
º¸È£ÇÏ·Á°í Çß´Ù. ±×·¡¼ ±×¸¦ °¡ÇöÀûÀÌ°í ½ÇÁ¦°¡ ¾Æ´Ñ
¸ö¸¸À» °¡Á³´Ù°í °¡¸£Ãƴµ¥, À̰ÍÀÌ °¡Çö·ÐÀÌ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª
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Àǽɽº·´°Ô µÇ¾ú´Ù. ±×¸®½ºµµ°¡ ¼ººÎ¿ÍÀÇ ÇϳªµÊ°ú
¼ººÎ·ÎºÎÅÍÀÇ ±¸º°¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ±³¸®¸¦ Á¤±³ÇÏ°Ô Ç¥ÇöÇÒ °³³äÀÇ
ƲÀÌ ÇÊ¿äÇß´Ù. ±×·¡¼ "Áö»ó¿¡ ³ªÅ¸³ª¼ »ç¶÷µéÀ»
ÇÏ´À´Ô°ú À翬ÇÕ½ÃÄ×´ø ½ÅÀº Çϴðú ¶¥À» ÁÖ°üÇÏ´Â ÃÖ°í
½Å°ú µ¿ÀÏÇѰ¡? ȤÀº ±×´Â ¹Ý½ÅÀΰ¡?"¶ó´Â Áú¹®(¾Æµ¹ÇÁ
Æù Çϸ£³ªÅ©)¿¡ ´ë´äÇØ¾ß¸¸ Çß´Ù. |
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´ÏÄÉ¾Æ °øÀÇȸ
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That
question forced itself upon the church through the teachings of Arius. He
maintained that the Logos was the first of the creatures, called into being
by God as the agent or instrument through which he was to make all things.
Christ was thus less than God, but more than man; he was divine, but he was
not God. To meet the challenge of Arianism,
which threatened to split the church, the newly converted emperor
Constantine convoked in 325 the first ecumenical council of the Christian
church at Nicaea. The private opinions of the attending bishops were
anything but unanimous, but the opinion that carried the day was that
espoused by the young presbyter Athanasius,
who later became bishop of Alexandria. The Council
of Nicaea determined that Christ was "begotten, not made,"
that he was therefore not creature but creator. It also asserted that he was
"of the same essence as the Father" (homoousios to patri). In this way it made clear its basic opposition
to subordinationism, even though there could be, and were, quarrels about
details. It was not equally clear how the position of Nicaea and of
Athanasius differed from modalism. Athanasius asserted that it was not the
Father nor the Holy Spirit, but only the Son that became incarnate as Jesus
Christ. But in order to assert this, he needed a more adequate terminology
concerning the persons in the Holy Trinity. So the settlement at Nicaea
regarding the person of Christ made necessary a fuller clarification of the
doctrine of the Trinity, and that clarification in turn made possible a
fuller statement of the doctrine of the person of Christ. (see also Index:
Nicene Creed)
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À§ÀÇ ¹°À½Àº ¾Æ¸®¿ì½ºÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§µéÀ» ÅëÇØ ±³È¸¿¡
Á¦±âµÇ¾ú´Ù. ±×´Â ·Î°í½º°¡ ÇÇÁ¶¹° Áß¿¡ óÀ½À̰í, ÇÏ´À´Ô¿¡
ÀÇÇØ ´ë¸®ÀÚ ¶Ç´Â µµ±¸·Î Á¸ÀçÇÏ°Ô µÇ¾î, ÇÏ´À´ÔÀº ±×¸¦
ÅëÇØ ¸¸¹°À» ¸¸µé¾ú´Ù°í ÁÖÀåÇß´Ù. ±×¸®½ºµµ´Â µû¶ó¼
ÇÏ´À´Ôº¸´Ù ¿µîÇÏ°í »ç¶÷º¸´Ù´Â ¿ì¿ùÇÏ´Ù. ±×´Â Àΰ£À»
ÃÊ¿ùÇÏÁö¸¸ ÇÏ´À´ÔÀº ¾Æ´Ï¾ú´Ù. ±³È¸¸¦ ºÐ¿½ÃŰ·Á°í
À§ÇùÇÏ´Â ¾Æ¸®¿ì½ºÁÖÀÇÀÇ
µµÀü¿¡ ´ëóÇϱâ À§ÇØ, ȸ½É(üÞãý)ÇÑ È²Á¦ ÄܽºÅºÆ¼´©½º´Â
325³â ´ÏÄɾƿ¡¼ Á¦1Â÷ ¿¡Å¥¸Þ´ÏÄà °øÀÇȸ¸¦ ¼ÒÁýÇß´Ù.
Âü¼®ÇÑ ÁÖ±³µéÀÇ °³ÀÎÀû ÀǰßÀº ÀÏÄ¡ÇÏÁö ¾Ê¾ÒÀ¸³ª, ÁÖµÈ
ÀǰßÀº ¾Ë·º»êµå¸®¾Æ ÁÖ±³°¡ µÈ ÀþÀº »çÁ¦ ¾ÆÅ¸³ª½Ã¿ì½º°¡
ÁÖâÇÑ °ÍÀ̾ú´Ù. ´ÏÄÉ¾Æ °øÀÇȸ´Â ±×¸®½ºµµ°¡ '¸¸µé¾îÁöÁö
¾Ê°í ³º¾ÆÁ³À¸¸ç' µû¶ó¼ ±×´Â ÇÇÁ¶¹°ÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó
âÁ¶ÀÚ¿´´Ù°í °áÁ¤Çß´Ù. ¶ÇÇÑ ±×´Â '¼ººÎ¿Í µ¿ÀϺ»Áú'(homoousios
to patri)À̶ó°í °áÁ¤µÇ¾ú´Ù. ¼¼ºÎÀûÀÎ °Í¿¡ ´ëÇØ¼´Â ³íÀïÀÌ
ÀÖ¾úÁö¸¸, ÀÌ·± ¹æ½ÄÀ¸·Î Á¾¼Ó·Ð¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¹Ý´ë ÀÔÀåÀ» ºÐ¸íÈ÷
Çß´Ù. ´ÏÄÉ¾Æ °øÀÇȸ¿Í ¾ÆÅ¸³ª½Ã¿ì½ºÀÇ ÀÔÀåÀÌ ¾çÅ·аú
¾î¶»°Ô ±¸ºÐµÇ´ÂÁö´Â ºÐ¸íÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Ù. ¾ÆÅ¸³ª½Ã¿ì½º´Â ¿¹¼ö
±×¸®½ºµµ·Î¼ ¼ºÀ°½ÅÇÑ °ÍÀº ¼ººÎ°¡ ¾Æ´Ï°í ¼º·Éµµ ¾Æ´Ï¸ç
¿ÀÁ÷ ¾ÆµéÀ̾ú´Ù°í ÁÖÀåÇß´Ù. À̰ÍÀ» ÁÖÀåÇϱâ À§Çؼ´Â
¼º»ïÀ§ÀÏüÀÇ À§°Ýµé¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ´õ ºÐ¸íÇÑ ¿ë¾î°¡ ÇÊ¿äÇßÀ¸¸ç,
±×·± Çʿ信 µû¶ó ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ À§°Ý ±³¸®¿¡ ´ëÇØ ´õ ¸í·áÇÑ
Áø¼úÀÌ °¡´ÉÇÏ°Ô µÇ¾ú´Ù. |
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ÄܽºÅºÆ¼³ëÇà °øÀÇȸ
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Nicaea
did not put an end to the controversies but only gave the parties a new
rallying point. Doctrinal debate was complicated by the rivalry among
bishops and theologians as well as by the intrusion of imperial politics
that had begun at Nicaea. Out of the post-Nicene controversies came that
fuller statement of the doctrine of the Trinity which was needed to protect
the Nicene formula against the charge of failing to distinguish adequately
between the Father and the Son. Ratified at the Council
of Constantinople in 381, but since lost, that statement apparently
made official the terminology developed by the supporters of Nicene
orthodoxy in the middle of the 4th century: one divine essence, three divine
persons (mia ousia, treis hypostaseis). The three persons, Father, Son, and
Holy Spirit, were distinct from one another but were equal in their eternity
and power. Now it was possible to teach, as Nicaea had, that Christ was
"of the same essence as the Father" without arousing the suspicion
of modalism. Although this doctrine seemed to make problematical the unity
of God, it did provide an answer to the first of the two issues confronted
by the church in its doctrine of the person of Christ--the issue of Christ's
relation to the Father. It now became necessary to clarify the second
issue--the relation of the divine and the human within Christ.
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´ÏÄÉ¾Æ °øÀÇȸ´Â ³íÀïµéÀ» Á¾°áÁöÀº °ÍÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó »õ·Î¿î
³íÀï°Å¸®¸¦ °¢ ºÐÆÄ¿¡°Ô ÁÖ¾ú´Ù. ±³¸®Àû ³íÀïÀº ´ÏÄɾƿ¡¼
½ÃÀÛµÈ È²Á¦ÀÇ Á¤Ä¡Àû °³ÀÔ°ú ¼·Î ¼÷Àû°ü°è¿¡ ÀÖ´Â ÁÖ±³ ¹×
½ÅÇÐÀڵ鿡 ÀÇÇØ º¹ÀâÇØÁ³´Ù. ´ÏÄÉ¾Æ °øÀÇȸ ÀÌÈÄ
³íÀïµé·ÎºÎÅÍ »ïÀ§ÀÏü ±³¸®¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Áø¼úÀÌ ³ª¿Ô´Âµ¥, À̰ÍÀº ¼ººÎ¿Í ¼ºÀÚ
»çÀ̸¦ ÀûÀýÈ÷ ±¸º°ÇÏ´Â µ¥ ½ÇÆÐÇß´Ù´Â ºñ³¿¡ ´ëÇØ ´ÏÄɾÆ
½ÅÁ¶¸¦ º¯È£Çϱâ À§ÇÑ °ÍÀ̾ú´Ù. 381³â ÄܽºÅºÆ¼³ëÇÃ
°øÀÇȸ´Â 4¼¼±â Áß¹Ý ´ÏÄÉ¾Æ Á¤ÅëÁÖÀǸ¦ ÁöÁöÇÏ´Â ÀÚµéÀÌ
¹ßÀü½ÃŲ ¿ë¾îµéÀ» ¸í¹éÈ÷ °ø½ÄÈÇß´Ù. Áï ÇϳªÀÇ º»Áú, 3À§°Ý(mia
ousia, treis hypostaseis)ÀÎ ¼ººÎ¡¤¼ºÀÚ¡¤¼º·ÉÀº ¼·Î ±¸º°µÇÁö¸¸
±×µéÀÇ ¿µ¿ø¼º°ú ´É·Â¿¡ À־ µ¿µîÇÏ´Ù. ¾çÅ·ÐÀ̶ó´Â
ÀǽÉÀ» ¾ß±âÇÏÁö ¾Ê°í, ±×¸®½ºµµ´Â '¼ººÎ¿Í µ¿ÀÏ º»Áú'À̶ó°í
°¡¸£Ä¡´Â °ÍÀÌ °¡´ÉÇß´Ù. ÀÌ ±³¸®·Î ÇÏ´À´ÔÀÇ ÅëÀϼº¿¡
¹®Á¦°¡ ÀÖ´Â °Íó·³ º¸ÀÌÁö¸¸, ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ À§°Ý ±³¸®¿¡¼
±³È¸°¡ Á÷¸éÇß´ø µÎ ³íÁ¦ Áß Ã³À½ °Í, Áï ±×¸®½ºµµ¿Í ¼ººÎÀÇ
°ü°è¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ´ë´äÀ» Á¦°øÇßÀ¸¸ç, 2¹øÂ° ³íÁ¦ÀÎ ±×¸®½ºµµ
¾È¿¡¼ÀÇ ½Å¼º°ú ÀμºÀÇ °ü°è¸¦ ¸í·áÈÇÏ´Â ¹®Á¦¸¸ ³²°Ô
µÇ¾ú´Ù. |
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¿¡Æä¼Ò½º °øÀÇȸ¿Í Ä®Äɵ· °øÀÇȸ
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By
excluding several extreme positions from the circle of orthodoxy, the
formulation of the doctrine of the Trinity
in the 4th century determined the course of subsequent discussion about the
person of Christ. It also provided the terminology for that discussion,
since 5th-century theologians were able to describe the relation between the
divine and the human Christ by analogy to the relation between the Father
and the Son in the Trinity. The term that was found to express this relation
in Christ was "nature," physis.
There were three divine persons in one divine essence; such was the
outcome of the controversies in the 4th century. But there were also two
natures, one of them divine and the other human, in the one person Jesus
Christ. Over the relation between these two natures the theologians of the
5th century carried on their controversy. (see also Index:
Chalcedon, Council of)
The
abstract questions with which they sometimes dealt in that controversy, some
of them almost unintelligible to a modern mind, must not be permitted to
obscure the fact that a basic issue of the Christian faith was at stake: how
can Jesus Christ be said to partake of both identity with God and
brotherhood with humanity?
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¿©±â¼´Â Á¤ÅëÁÖÀÇ Áý´Üµé·ÎºÎÅÍ ¸î °³ÀÇ ±Ø´ÜÀûÀÎ
ÀÔÀåµéÀ» ¹èÁ¦Çϰí 4¼¼±âÀÇ »ïÀ§ÀÏü ±³¸®¿¡ ´ëÇØ ¸íÈ®ÇϰÔ
Áø¼úÇÔÀ¸·Î½á ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ À§°Ý¿¡ ´ëÇØ °è¼ÓµÈ Åä·Ð°úÁ¤À»
°á·ÐÁö¾ú´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ±×°ÍÀº ¶ÇÇÑ Åä·Ð°Å¸®¸¦ Á¦°øÇߴµ¥,
¿Ö³ÄÇϸé 5¼¼±â ½ÅÇÐÀÚµéÀº »ïÀ§ÀÏü¿¡¼ ¼ººÎ¡¤¼ºÀÚÀÇ
°ü°è¿Í ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ ½Å¼º¡¤Àμº°úÀÇ °ü°è¸¦ À¯ºñ(ëºÝï)·Î½á
¼¼úÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ¾ú±â ¶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù. ±×¸®½ºµµ ¾È¿¡¼ ÀÌ °ü°è¸¦
Ç¥ÇöÇϱâ À§ÇØ »ç¿ëµÈ ¿ë¾î´Â 'º»¼º'(physis)À̾ú´Ù. ÇϳªÀÇ
º»Áú¿¡´Â 3°¡Áö À§°ÝÀÌ ÀÖ¾ú´Ù(4¼¼±â ³íÀïÀÇ °á°ú¿´À½).
±×·¯³ª ¿¹¼ö ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ ÇÑ À§°Ý¿¡´Â Çϳª´Â ½ÅÀûÀÌ°í ´Ù¸¥
Çϳª´Â Àΰ£ÀûÀÎ µÎ º»¼ºÀÌ ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. ÀÌ µÎ º»¼º°£ÀÇ °ü°è¿¡
´ëÇØ 5¼¼±â ½ÅÇÐÀÚµéÀº ³íÀïÇß´Ù. |
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´çÆÄµé
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During
the half century after the Council of Constantinople several major points of
emphasis developed in the doctrine of the person of Christ;
characteristically, these are usually defined by the episcopal see that
espoused them. There was a way of talking about Christ that was
characteristic of the see at Alexandria.
It stressed the divine character of all that Jesus Christ had been and done,
but its enemies accused it of absorbing the humanity of Christ in his
divinity. The mode of thought and language employed at Antioch, on the other
hand, emphasized the true humanity of Christ; but its opponents maintained
that in so doing it had split Christ into two persons, each of whom
maintained his individual selfhood while they acted in concert with each
other. Western theology was not as abstract as either of these alternatives.
Its central emphasis was a practical concern for human salvation and for as
irenic a settlement of the conflict as was possible without sacrificing that
concern. Even more than in the 4th century, considerations of imperial
politics were always involved in conciliar actions, together with the fear
in countries like Egypt that Constantinople might come to dominate them.
Thus a decision regarding the relation between the divine and the human in
Christ could be simultaneously a decision regarding the political situation.
Nevertheless, the settlements at which the councils of the 5th century
arrived may be and are regarded as normative in the church long after their
political setting has disappeared. (see also Index:
Antioch, School of)
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ÁÖ¿ä°Á¶Á¡µéÀÌ ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ À§°Ý ±³¸®¿¡¼ ¹ßÀüÇß´Ù.
¾Ë·º»êµå¸®¾Æ ±³±¸¿¡¼´Â ¿¹¼ö ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ ½ÅÀû Ư¡À»
°Á¶Çß´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ±× ´ëÀûµéÀº ±×°ÍÀÌ ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ ÀμºÀ»
½Å¼º¿¡ Èí¼ö½ÃŲ´Ù°í ºñ³Çß´Ù. ÇÑÆí ¾ÈÆ¼¿ÀÅ©¿¡¼ »ç¿ëÇÑ
»ç»ó°ú ¾ð¾î ¾ç½ÄÀº ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ ÀμºÀ» °Á¶Çß´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ±×
¹Ý´ëÀÚµéÀº ¾ÈƼ¿ÀÅ© ÇÐÆÄ°¡ °³º°ÀûÀÎ ¼º°ÝÀ» ÁÖÀåÇÏ´Â µÎ
Àΰݵé·Î ³ª´©¾ú´Ù°í ÁÖÀåÇß´Ù. ¼¹æ½ÅÇÐÀº ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ µÎ
´ë¾Èµé°ú °°ÀÌ Ãß»óÀûÀÌÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù. ÀÌ ½ÅÇÐÀÇ ÁÖµÈ °Á¶Á¡Àº
Àΰ£ÀÇ ±¸¿øÀ» À§ÇÑ ½ÇÁ¦Àû °ü½É¿¡ ÀÖ¾úÀ¸¸ç, ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ °ü½ÉÀ»
Èñ»ýÇÏÁö ¾Ê°í °¡´ÉÇÑ ÇÑ ÆòÈÀûÀ¸·Î °¥µîÀ» ÇØ°áÇÏ·Á°í
Çß´Ù. 4¼¼±â°¡ Áö³ª¼µµ ȲÁ¦´Â Ç×»ó ÈÇØÇÏ´Â ÇàÀ§¿¡
Âü¿©Çߴµ¥, ÀÌÁýÆ®¸¦ ºñ·ÔÇÑ ³ª¶óµéÀº ÄܽºÅºÆ¼³ëÇÃÀÌ
±×µéÀ» Áö¹èÇÏ°Ô µÉÁöµµ ¸ð¸¥´Ù´Â µÎ·Á¿òÀ» °®°í ÀÖ¾ú´Ù.
±×·¡¼ ±×¸®½ºµµ ¾È¿¡¼ÀÇ ½Å¼º°ú ÀμºÀÇ °ü°è¿¡ ´ëÇÑ
°áÁ¤Àº Á¤Ä¡Àû »óȲ¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ °áÁ¤À̶ó°í º¼ ¼öµµ ÀÖ´Ù.
±×·³¿¡µµ ºÒ±¸Çϰí 5¼¼±â °øÀÇȸÀÇ °áÁ¤Àº ±×µéÀÇ Á¤Ä¡ÀûÀÎ
»óȲÀÌ »ç¶óÁø ÀÌÈÄ¿¡µµ ¿À·¡µµ·Ï ±³È¸ÀÇ ±Ô¹üÀ¸·Î
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The
conflict between Alexandria and Antioch came to a head when Nestorius,
taking exception to the use of the title "Mother of God" or, more
literally, "God-Bearer" (Theotokos)
for the Virgin Mary, insisted that she was only "Christ-Bearer."
In this insistence the Antiochian emphasis upon the distinction between the
two natures in Christ made itself heard throughout the church. The
Alexandrian theologians responded by charging that Nestorius was dividing
the person of Christ, which they represented as so completely united that,
in the famous phrase of Cyril,
there was "one nature of the Logos which became incarnate." By
this he meant that there was only one nature, the divine, before the
Incarnation, but that after the Incarnation there were two natures
indissolubly joined in one person; Christ's human nature had never had an
independent existence. There were times when Cyril appeared to be saying
that there was "one nature of the incarnate Logos" even after the
Incarnation, but his most precise formulations avoided this language. (see
also Index: Nestorian)
The Council
of Ephesus in 431 was one in a series of gatherings called to settle
this conflict, some by one party and some by the other. The actual
settlement was not accomplished, however, until the calling of the Council
of Chalcedon in 451.
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¸íĪÀ» µ¿Á¤³à ¸¶¸®¾Æ¿¡°Ô »ç¿ëÇÏ´Â °Í¿¡ ÀÌÀǸ¦
Á¦±âÇÏ¸é¼ ±×³à´Â ¿ÀÁ÷ '±×¸®½ºµµ¸¦ ³ºÀº ÀÚ'¶ó°í ÁÖÀåÇßÀ»
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ÇÐÆÄ´Â ¿¹¼öÀÇ À§°ÝÀ» ¿ÏÀüÈ÷ ¿¬ÇÕ½ÃÄ״µ¥, ±×µéÀÇ ÀÔÀåÀº ۸±·ç½ºÀÇ
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¾È¿¡ ºÐ¸®µÉ ¼ö ¾øÀÌ ¿¬ÇÕµÈ µÎ º»¼ºÀÌ ÀÖ¾úÀ¸¸ç,
±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ º»¼ºÀº °áÄÚ µ¶¸³µÈ ½ÇÁ¸À» °®Áö ¸øÇß´Ù´Â
°ÍÀ̾ú´Ù. ¼ºÀ°½Å ÀÌÈÄ¿¡µµ '¼ºÀ°½ÅÇÑ ·Î°í½ºÀÇ ÇÑ º»¼º'ÀÌ
ÀÖ¾ú´Ù°í ۸±·ç½º°¡ ¸»ÇÏ´Â °Íó·³ º¸ÀÌ´Â ¶§µµ ÀÖ¾úÁö¸¸
±×´Â Á¤±³ÇÑ Ç¥ÇöÀ¸·Î ÀÌ ³»¿ëÀ» ÇÇÇß´Ù. 431³âÀÇ ¿¡Æä¼Ò½º
°øÀÇȸ´Â °¢ °èÆÄ¿¡¼ ¸î »ç¶÷¾¿ ¸ð¿© ÀÌ °¥µîÀ» ÇØ°áÇϱâ
À§ÇÑ È¸ÀÇ¿´´Ù. ±×·¯³ª 451³âÀÇ Ä®Äɵ· °øÀÇȸ°¡ ¼ÒÁýµÉ
¶§±îÁö´Â ½ÇÁ¦ÀûÀÎ ÇØ°áÀÌ ÀÌ·ç¾îÁöÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù. |
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The
basis of the settlement was the Western understanding of the two natures in
Christ, as formulated in the Tome
of Pope Leo I of Rome.
Chalcedon declared: "We all unanimously teach . . . one and the same
Son, our Lord Jesus Christ, perfect in deity and perfect in humanity . . .
in two natures, without being mixed, transmuted, divided, or separated. The
distinction between the natures is by no means done away with through the
union, but rather the identity of each nature is preserved and concurs into
one person and being." In this formula the valid emphases of both
Alexandria and Antioch came to expression; both the unity of the person and
the distinctness of the natures were affirmed. Therefore the decision of the
Council of Chalcedon has been the basic statement of the doctrine of the
person of Christ for most of the church ever since. The western part of the
church went on to give further attention to the doctrine of the work of
Christ. In the eastern
part of the church the Alexandrians and the Antiochians continued the
controversies that had preceded Chalcedon, but they clashed now over the
question of how to interpret Chalcedon. The controversy over the Monophysite
and the Monothelite
heresies was an effort to clarify the interpretation of Chalcedon, with the
result that the extremes of the Alexandrian position were condemned just as
the Nestorian extreme of the Antiochian had been. (see also Index:
Eastern Orthodoxy)
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ÇØ°áÀÇ ±âÃÊ´Â ·Î¸¶ÀÇ ±³È² ·¹¿À 1¼¼ÀÇ ±³¼¿¡¼
Á¶¹®ÈµÇ¾úµíÀÌ, ±×¸®½ºµµ ¾ÈÀÇ µÎ º»¼º¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¼¹æÀÇ
ÀÌÇØ¿´´Ù. Ä®Äɵ· °øÀÇȸ´Â "¿ì¸®´Â ¸ðµÎ ÀÏÄ¡ÇÏ¿©
°¡¸£Ä£´Ù¡¦¡¦ÇϳªÀ̸ç, µ¿ÀÏÇÑ ¾Æµé ¿ì¸®ÀÇ ÁÖ ¿¹¼ö
±×¸®½ºµµ´Â ½Å¼º¿¡¼ ¿ÏÀüÇϰí Àμºµµ ¿ÏÀüÇϸ硦¡¦È¥Çյǰųª
º¯ÁúµÇ°Å³ª ³ª´µ°Å³ª ȤÀº ºÐ¸®µÇÁö ¾Ê´Â µÎ º»¼ºÀ» Áö´Ï¸ç,
º»¼ºµé »çÀÌÀÇ ±¸ºÐÀº °áÄÚ ¿¬ÇÕÀ» ÅëÇØ ¾ø¾îÁöÁö ¾Ê°í
¿ÀÈ÷·Á °¢ º»¼ºÀÇ Æ¯¼ºÀÌ º¸Á¸µÇ°í ÇÑ Àΰݰú Á¸Àç·Î
Çù·ÂÇÑ´Ù"°í ¼±¾ðÇß´Ù. ÀÌ Á¶¹®¿¡¼ ¾Ë·º»êµå¸®¾Æ
ÇÐÆÄ¿Í ¾ÈƼ¿ÀÅ© ÇÐÆÄ°¡ °Á¶ÇÏ´Â °ÍµéÀÌ Ç¥ÇöµÇ¾ú´Âµ¥,
ÀΰÝÀÇ ÅëÀϼº°ú º»¼ºµéÀÇ ±¸ºÐÀÌ È®ÀεǾú´ø °ÍÀÌ´Ù.
±×·¯¹Ç·Î Ä®Äɵ· °øÀÇȸÀÇ °áÁ¤Àº ±× ÀÌÈÄ ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ
Àΰݱ³¸®¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ±âº»Àû Áø¼úÀÌ µÇ¾ú´Ù. ¼¹æ±³È¸ÃøÀº
±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ »ç¿ª±³¸®¿¡ ´õ ÁÖÀǸ¦ ±â¿ï¿´´Ù.
µ¿¹æ±³È¸Ãø¿¡¼ ¾Ë·º»êµå¸®¾Æ ÇÐÆÄ¿Í ¾ÈƼ¿ÀÅ© ÇÐÆÄ´Â
Ä®Äɵ· °øÀÇȸ ÀÌÀüÀÇ ³íÀïµéÀ» °è¼ÓÇß´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ±×µéÀº
¾î¶»°Ô Ä®Äɵ·À» ÇØ¼®ÇÒ °ÍÀÎÁöÀÇ ¹®Á¦·Î Ãæµ¹Çß´Ù.
´Ü¼º·Ð°ú ´ÜÀǷп¡ ´ëÇÑ ³íÀïÀº Ä®Äɵ·ÀÇ ÇØ¼®À» ¸í·áÇϰÔ
ÇÏ·Á´Â ³ë·ÂÀ̾ú´Ù. ±×°á°ú ¾Ë·º»êµå¸®¾Æ ÇÐÆÄÀÇ ±Ø´ÜµéÀº
¾ÈƼ¿ÀÅ© ÇÐÆÄÀÇ ±Ø´ÜÀÌ Á¤Á˵ǾúµíÀÌ Á¤Á˵Ǿú´Ù. |
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Emerging
from all this theological discussion was an interpretation of the person of
Christ that affirmed both his oneness with God and his oneness with humanity
while still maintaining the oneness of his person. Interestingly, the
liturgies of the church had maintained this interpretation at a time when
the theologians of the church were still struggling for clarity; and the
final solution was a scientifically precise restatement of what had been
present germinally in the liturgical piety of the church. In the formula of
Chalcedon that solution finally found the framework of concepts and of
vocabulary that it needed to become intellectually consistent. In one sense,
therefore, what Chalcedon formulated was what Christians had been believing
from the beginning; but in another sense it represented a development from
the earlier stages of Christian thought.
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ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ¸ðµç ½ÅÇÐÀû Åä·Ð¿¡¼ ³ª¿À´Â °ÍÀº À§°ÝÀÇ
ÅëÀϼºÀ» ÁÖÀåÇÏ¸é¼ ÇÏ´À´Ô°úÀÇ ÀÏÄ¡¼º°ú Àμº°úÀÇ
ÀÏÄ¡¼ºÀ» È®¾ðÇÑ ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ Àΰݿ¡ ´ëÇÑ ÇØ¼®À̾ú´Ù.
Èï¹Ì·Ó°Ôµµ ±³È¸ÀÇ Àü·Ê´Â ±³È¸ÀÇ ½ÅÇÐÀÚµéÀÌ Áø¼úÀÇ
¸í·áȸ¦ À§ÇØ ½Î¿ì°í ÀÖ¾úÀ» ¶§ ÀÌ ÇØ¼®À» ÁÖÀåÇϰí ÀÖ¾ú´Ù.
°á±¹ ±³È¸ÀÇ Àü·Ê ÃʱâºÎÅÍ ÇöÁ¸Çß¾ú´ø °Í¿¡ ´ëÇØ
ÀçÁø¼úÇÔÀ¸·Î½á ÇØ°áµÇ¾ú´Ù. Ä®Äɵ· °øÀÇȸ¿¡¼ Á¶¹®ÈÇÑ
°ÍÀº ±×¸®½ºµµ±³ÀεéÀÌ Ã³À½ºÎÅÍ ¹Ï°í ÀÖ¾ú´ø °ÍÀ̾ú´Ù.
±×·¯³ª ±×°ÍÀº ±×¸®½ºµµ±³ »ç»óÀÇ ¹ßÀüÀ» ³ªÅ¸³»´Â
°ÍÀ̱⵵ Çß´Ù. |
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With
the determination of the orthodox teaching of the church regarding the
person of Christ, it still remained necessary to clarify the doctrine of the
work of Christ. While it had been principally in the East that the
discussion of the former question was carried on--though with important
additions from the West, as we have seen--it was the Western Church that
provided the most detailed answers to the question: granted that this is
what Jesus Christ was, how are we to describe what it is that he did?
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±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ À§°Ý¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ±³È¸ÀÇ Á¤ÅëÀûÀÎ °¡¸£Ä§°ú ÇÔ²²
±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ »ç¿ª±³¸®¸¦ ¸íÈ®È÷ ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ ÇʼöÀûÀ¸·Î ³²¾Æ
ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. Åä·ÐÀÌ ÁÖ·Î µ¿¹æ¿¡¼ ÁøÇàµÇ¾î¿Ô´ø ¹Ý¸é, Áú¹®¿¡
´ëÇÑ °¡Àå »ó¼¼ÇÑ ´ë´äÀ» Á¦°øÇÑ °÷Àº ¼¹æ±³È¸¿´´Ù.
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Áß¼¼ÀÇ ¹ßÀü
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The
most representative spokesman of the Western Church on this question, as on
most others, was St. Augustine.
His deep understanding of the meaning of human sin
was matched by his detailed attention to the meaning of divine grace.
Central to that attention was his emphasis upon the humanity of Jesus Christ
as man's assurance of his salvation,
an emphasis to which he gave voice in a variety of ways. The humanity of
Christ showed how God elevated the humble; it was the link between the
physical nature of human beings and the spiritual nature of God; it was the
sacrifice which the human race offered to God; it was the foundation of a
new humanity, recreated in Christ as the old humanity had been created in
Adam--in these and other ways Augustine sought to describe the importance of
the Incarnation for the redemption of man. By combining this stress upon the
humanity of Christ as the Saviour with a doctrine of the Trinity that was
orthodox but nevertheless highly creative and original, St. Augustine put
his mark indelibly upon Western piety and theology, which, in Anselm and in
the reformers, sought further for adequate language in which to describe
God's deed of reconciliation in Jesus Christ. (see also Index:
Middle Ages)
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ÀνÄÇßÀ¸¸ç, ½ÅÀû ÀºÃÑÀÇ Àǹ̿¡ ´ëÇØ¼µµ ±íÀº °ü½ÉÀ»
°¡Á³´Ù. ±×´Â ¿¹¼ö ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ Àμº¿¡ ´ëÇØ °ü½ÉÀ» ±â¿ï¿´´Ù.
±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ ÀμºÀº ÇÏ´À´ÔÀÌ ¾î¶»°Ô ºñõÇÑ ÀÚ¸¦
³ô¿´´ÂÁö¸¦ º¸¿©ÁÖ¾ú´Ù. ±×°ÍÀº Àΰ£ÀÇ À°Ã¼Àû º»¼º°ú
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ÀÌ¿Í °°Àº ¿©·¯ ¹æ½Äµé·Î ¾Æ¿ì±¸½ºÆ¼´©½º´Â Àΰ£ÀÇ ±¸¼ÓÀ»
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During
the formative centuries of Christian dogma, there had been many ways of
describing that reconciliation, most of them having some precedent in
biblical speech. One of the most prominent pictures of the reconciliation
was that connected with the biblical metaphor of ransom: Satan
held the human race captive in its sin and corruptibility, and the death of
Christ was the ransom paid to the Devil as the price for setting mankind
free. A related metaphor was that of the victory of Christ: Christ entered
into mortal combat with Satan for the human race, and the winner was to be
lord; although the Crucifixion appeared to be Christ's capitulation to the
enemy, his Resurrection broke the power of the Devil and gave the victory to
Christ, granting to mankind gift of immortality. From the Old Testament and
the Epistle to the Hebrews came the image of Christ as the sacrificial
victim who was offered up to God as a means of stilling the divine anger.
From the sacrament of penance came the idea, most fully developed by St.
Anselm, that the death of Christ was a vicarious satisfaction rendered for
mankind. Like the New Testament, the Church Fathers could admonish their
hearers to learn from the death of Christ how to suffer patiently. They
could also point to the suffering and death of Christ as the supreme
illustration of how much God loves mankind. As in the New Testament,
therefore, so in the tradition of the church there were many figures of
speech to represent the miracle of the reunion between man and God effected
in the God-man Christ Jesus.
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º¸³½ ÆíÁö]¿¡´Â ÇÏ´À´ÔÀÇ ºÐ³ë¸¦ ¸ØÃß°Ô ÇÏ´Â ¼ö´ÜÀ¸·Î½á
ÇÏ´À´Ô¿¡°Ô ¹ÙÄ£ Èñ»ýÁ¦¹°·Î¼ÀÇ ±×¸®½ºµµ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ À̹ÌÁö°¡
³ª¿Â´Ù. ¼º ¾È¼¿¹«½ºÀÇ »ç»ó¿¡¼ °¡Àå Àß ¹ßÀüÇßµíÀÌ,
±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ Á×À½Àº Àηù¸¦ À§ÇØ ÁÖ¾îÁø ´ë¸®¸¸Á·À̶ó´Â
»ç»óÀÌ ³ª¿Â´Ù. ±³ºÎµéÀº ±×µéÀÇ Ã»Áߵ鿡°Ô ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ
Á×À½À¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ¾î¶»°Ô °í³À» ÂüÀ» ¼ö ÀÖ´ÂÁö¸¦ ¹è¿ì¶ó°í
ÈÆ°èÇÑ´Ù. ±×µéÀº ¶ÇÇÑ ¾ó¸¶³ª ÇÏ´À´ÔÀÌ Àηù¸¦
»ç¶ûÇÏ´ÂÁö¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÃÖ°íÀÇ ¿¹ÁõÀ¸·Î ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ ¼ö³°ú
Á×À½À» ÁöÀûÇÑ´Ù. ±×·¯¹Ç·Î [½Å¾à¼º¼]¿¡¼¿Í °°ÀÌ ±³È¸ÀÇ
ÀüÅë ¾È¿¡µµ ½ÅÀÎ(ãêìÑ) ¿¹¼ö ±×¸®½ºµµ ¾È¿¡¼ »ç¶÷°ú
ÇÏ´À´ÔÀ» À翬ÇÕ½ÃŰ´Â ±âÀûÀ» Ç¥ÇöÇÏ·Á´Â ¸¹Àº
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Common
to all these figures of speech was the desire to do two things
simultaneously: to emphasize that the reunion was an act of God, and to
safeguard the participation of man in that act. Some theories were so
"objective" in their emphasis upon the divine initiative that man
seemed to be almost a pawn in the transaction between God in Christ and the
Devil. Other theories so "subjectively" concentrated their
attention upon man's involvement and man's response that the full scope of
the redemption could vanish from sight. It was in Anselm
of Canterbury that Western Christendom found a theologian who could
bring together elements from many theories into one doctrine of the Atonement,
summarized in his book, Cur Deus homo?
According to this doctrine, sin was a violation of the honour of God.
God offered man life if he rendered satisfaction for that violation; but the
longer man lived, the worse the situation became. Only a life that was truly
human and yet had infinite worth would have been enough to give such a
satisfaction to the violated honour of God on behalf of the entire human
race. Such a life was that of Jesus Christ, whom the mercy of God sent as a
means of satisfying the justice of God. Because he was true man, his life
and death could be valid for men; because he was true God, his life and
death could be valid for all men. By accepting the fruits of his life and death, mankind
could receive the benefits of his satisfaction. With some relatively minor
alterations, Anselm's doctrine of Atonement passed over into the theology of
the Latin church, forming the basis of both Roman Catholic and orthodox
Protestant ideas of the work of Christ. It owed its acceptance to many
factors, not the least of them being the way it squared with the liturgy and
art of the West. The crucifix has become the traditional symbol of Christ in
the Western Church, reinforcing and being reinforced by the satisfaction
theory of the Atonement.
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ÇÏ´À´ÔÀÇ Á¤ÀǸ¦ ¸¸Á·½ÃŰ´Â ¼ö´ÜÀ¸·Î º¸³½ ¿¹¼ö
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Scholastic
theology, therefore, did not modify traditional ways of speaking about
either the person or the work of Christ as sharply as it did, for example,
some of the ways the Church Fathers had spoken about the presence of the
body and blood of Christ in the Eucharist. The major contribution of the
scholastic period to the Christian conception of Jesus Christ appears to lie
in the way it managed to combine theological and mystical elements.
Alongside the growth of Christological dogma and sometimes in apparent
competition with it was the development of a view of Christ that sought
personal union with him rather than accurate concepts about him. Such a view
of Christ appeared occasionally in the writings of Augustine, but it was in
men like Bernard of Clairvaux that it attained both its fullest expression
and its most adequate harmonization with the dogmatic view. The relation
between the divine and the human natures in Christ, as formulated in ancient
dogma, provided the mystic with the ladder he needed to ascend through the
man Jesus to the eternal Son of God, and through him to a mystical union
with the Holy Trinity; this had been anticipated in the mystical theology of
some of the Greek fathers. At the same time the dogma saved mysticism from
the pantheistic excesses to which it might otherwise have gone; for the
doctrine of the two natures meant that the humanity of the Lord was not an
expendable element in Christian piety, mystical or not, but its
indispensable presupposition and the continuing object of its adoration, in
union with his deity. As a matter of fact, another contribution of the
medieval development was the increased emphasis of St.
Francis of Assisi and his followers upon the human life of Jesus.
These brotherhoods cultivated a more practical and ethical version of
mystical devotion, to be distinguished from speculative and contemplative
mysticism. Their theme became the imitation of Christ in a life of humility
and obedience. With it came a new appreciation of that true humanity of
Christ which the dogma had indeed affirmed, but which theologians had been
in danger of reducing to a mere dogmatic concept. As Henry Thode and others
have suggested, this new appreciation is reflected in the way painters like
Giotto began to portray Jesus, in contrast with their Western predecessors
and especially with the stylized picture of Christ in Byzantine icon
painting. (see also Index: scholasticism)
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The
attitude of the reformers toward traditional conceptions of the person and
work of Christ was conservative. Insisting for both religious and political
reasons that they were orthodox, they altered little in the Christological
dogma. Martin Luther and
John Calvin gave the dogma a new meaning when they related it to their
doctrine of justification
by grace through faith. Because of his interpretation of sin as the
captivity of the will, Luther also revived the patristic metaphor of the
Atonement as the victory of Christ; it is characteristic of him that he
wrote hymns for both Christmas and Easter but not for Lent. The new
attention to the Bible that came with the Reformation created interest in
the earthly life of Jesus, while the Reformation idea of "grace
alone" and of the sovereignty of God even in his grace made the deity
of Christ a matter of continuing importance. (see also Index:
Protestantism)
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°ÅÀÇ º¯°æ½ÃŰÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù. ¸¶¸£Æ¾ ·çÅÍ¿Í
Àå Ä®¹ðÀº ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ À§°Ý°ú »ç¿ª¿¡ °üÇÑ ±³¸®¸¦ ÀºÃÑ¿¡
ÀÇÇÑ ÀÇÀα³¸®¿Í °ü·Ã½ÃŰ¸é¼ »õ·Î¿î Àǹ̸¦ ºÎ¿©Çß´Ù.
·çÅÍ´Â Á˸¦ ÀÇÁöÀÇ ³ë¿¹»óÅÂ·Î ÇØ¼®Ç߱⠶§¹®¿¡
±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ ½Â¸®·Î½áÀÇ ´ë¼ÓÀ̶ó´Â ±³ºÎÀû ÀºÀ¯¸¦
Àç»ý½ÃÄ×´Ù. ±×´Â Å©¸®½º¸¶½º¿Í ºÎȰÀý¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Âù¼ÛµéÀº
½èÁö¸¸ »ç¼øÀý¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Âù¼ÛµéÀº ¾²Áö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù. '¿ÀÁ÷
ÀºÃÑÀ¸·Î'¿Í ÀºÃÑ ¾È¿¡¼ ÇÏ´À´ÔÀÇ Áֱǿ¡ ´ëÇÑ Á¾±³°³Çõ
À̳äÀÌ ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ ½Å¼ºÀ» Áö¼ÓÀûÀ¸·Î Áß¿äÇÑ ¹®Á¦·Î
¸¸µé¾úÁö¸¸, ¼º¼¿¡ ´ëÇÑ »õ·Î¿î °ü½ÉÀ» °®°Ô µÊÀ¸·Î½á
¿¹¼öÀÇ Áö»ó »ý¾Ö¿¡ ´ëÇÑ °ü½ÉÀ» À̲ø¾î³Â´Ù. |
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In the
ideas about the Lord's Supper
set forth by Huldrych Zwingli,
Luther thought he saw a threat to the orthodox doctrine of Christ, and he
denounced those doctrines vehemently. As this controversy progressed, Luther
interpreted the ancient dogma of the two natures to mean that the
omnipresence of the divine nature was communicated to the human nature of
Christ, and that therefore Christ as both God and man was present everywhere
and at all times. Although he repudiated both Luther's and Zwingli's
theories, Calvin was persuaded that the ancient Christological dogma was
true to the biblical witness and he permitted no deviation from it. All this
is evidence for the significance that "Jesus Christ, true God begotten
of the Father from eternity, and also true man, born of the Virgin
Mary," to use Luther's formula, had in the faith and theology of all
the reformers.
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±³¸®¸¦ °Ý·ÄÈ÷ ºñ³Çß´Ù. ÀÌ ³íÀïÀÌ ÁøÀüµÊ¿¡ µû¶ó ·çÅÍ´Â
½Å¼ºÀÇ ÆíÀ缺ÀÌ ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ Àμº°ú ±³ÅëÇϰí, ±×·¯¹Ç·Î
½Å°ú Àΰ£À¸·Î¼ÀÇ ±×¸®½ºµµ´Â ¾ðÁ¦ ¾îµð¿¡¼³ª ÇöÁ¸ÇÑ´Ù´Â
°ÍÀ» º¸¿©ÁÖ±â À§ÇØ µÎ º»¼º¿¡ ´ëÇÑ °í´ëÀÇ ±³¸®¸¦ ÇØ¼®Çß´Ù.
Ä®¹ðÀº ·çÅÍ¿Í Ã÷ºù±Û¸®ÀÇ ÀÌ·ÐÀ» °ÅºÎÇßÁö¸¸, °í´ë
±×¸®½ºµµ·ÐÀÌ ¼º¼Àû Áõ¾ð¿¡ ÀÏÄ¡ÇÑ´Ù°í »ý°¢ÇÏ¿© ±×·ÎºÎÅÍ
¹þ¾î³ª´Â °ÍÀ» Çã¶ôÇÏÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù. "¿¹¼ö ±×¸®½ºµµ,
¿µ¿øÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ¼ººÎ¿¡°Ô¼ ³º¾ÆÁø Âü ÇÏ´À´Ô, µ¿Á¤³à
¸¶¸®¾Æ¿¡°Ô¼ Ãâ»ýÇÑ Âü Àΰ£"À̶ó´Â ·çÅÍÀÇ ±¸ÀýÀÌ
¸ðµç Á¾±³°³ÇõÀÚµéÀÇ ½Å¾Ó°ú ½ÅÇÐ ¾È¿¡ µé¾î ÀÖ¾ú´Âµ¥,
À̰ÍÀº ±× Á߿伺À» Áõ¸íÇØÁØ´Ù. |
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At one
point the theology of the reformers did serve to bring together several
facets of the biblical and the patristic descriptions of Jesus Christ. That
was the doctrine of the threefold office of Christ, systematized by Calvin
and developed more fully in Protestant orthodoxy: Christ as prophet, priest,
and king. Each of these symbolized the fulfillment of the Old Testament and
represented one aspect of the church's continuing life. Christ as prophet
fulfilled and elevated the prophetic tradition of the Old
Testament, while continuing to fulfill his prophetic office in the
ministry of the Word. Christ as priest brought to an end the sacrificial
system of the Old Testament by being both the priest and the victim, while
he continues to function as intercessor with and for the church. Christ as
king was the royal figure to whom the Old Testament had pointed, while
exercising his rule among men now through those whom he has appointed. In
each of the three, Protestants differed from one another according to their
theological, ethical, or liturgical positions. But the threefold office
enabled Protestant theology to take into account the complexity of the
biblical and patristic pictures of Christ as no oversimplified theory was
able to do, and it is probably the chief contribution of the reformers to
the theological formulation of the doctrine of the person and work of
Christ.
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Á¾±³°³ÇõÀÚµéÀÇ ½ÅÇÐÀº ¿¹¼ö ±×¸®½ºµµ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¼º¼Àû¡¤±³ºÎÀû
¼¼úÀÇ ¸î¸î Ãø¸éÀ» Á¾ÇÕÇߴµ¥, ±×°ÍÀº Ä®¹ð¿¡ ÀÇÇØ
ü°èȵǰí, °³½Å±³ Á¤ÅëÁÖÀÇ¿¡¼ ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ »ïÁßÁ÷(¿¹¾ðÀÚ¡¤Á¦»çÀ塤¿ÕÀ¸·Î¼ÀÇ
±×¸®½ºµµ)¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ±³¸®·Î ¹ßÀüÇß´Ù. À̰͵éÀº [±¸¾à¼º¼]ÀÇ
¿Ï¼ºÀ» »ó¡Çß°í, ±³È¸ÀÇ °è¼ÓµÇ´Â »îÀÇ ÇÑ Ãø¸éÀ» Ç¥ÇöÇß´Ù.
¿¹¾ðÀڷμ ±×¸®½ºµµ´Â ¸»¾¸»ç¿ª¿¡¼ ±×ÀÇ ¿¹¾ðÀû Á÷´ÉÀ»
°è¼Ó ¼öÇàÇÏ¸é¼ [±¸¾à¼º¼]ÀÇ ¿¹¾ðÀÚÀû ÀüÅëÀ» ¿Ï¼ºÇß´Ù.
Á¦»çÀåÀ¸·Î¼ÀÇ ±×¸®½ºµµ´Â ±³È¸¿Í ÇÔ²², ±³È¸¸¦ À§ÇØ
ÁßÀçÀڷμ ±â´ÉÀ» °è¼ÓÇÔ°ú µ¿½Ã¿¡ Á¦»çÀåÀÌ¸é¼ Á¦¹°ÀÌ
µÊÀ¸·Î½á [±¸¾à¼º¼]ÀÇ Èñ»ýÁ¦¸¦ Á¾½Ä½ÃÄ×´Ù. ¿ÕÀ¸·Î¼ÀÇ
±×¸®½ºµµ´Â ±×°¡ ÀÓ¸íÇÑ ÀÚµéÀ» ÅëÇÏ¿© »ç¶÷µé °¡¿îµ¥¼
ÅëÄ¡ÇÏ´Â ºÐÀ̾ú´Ù. °³½Å±³µµµéÀº ±×µéÀÇ ½ÅÇÐÀû¡¤À±¸®Àû
¶Ç´Â Àü·ÊÀû ÀÔÀå¿¡ µû¶ó ¼·Î¸¦ ±¸ºÐÇß´Ù. ±×·¯³ª »ïÁßÁ÷À»
ÅëÇØ °³½Å±³ ½ÅÇÐÀº Áö³ªÄ¡°Ô ´Ü¼øÈµÈ À̷еéÀÌ ¼³¸íÇÒ ¼ö
¾ø´Â ºÎºÐÀÎ ±×¸®½ºµµ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¼º¼Àû¡¤±³ºÎÀû ¹¦»çÀÇ
º¹ÇÕ¼ºÀ» ¼³¸íÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. ¶ÇÇÑ Á¾±³°³ÇõÀÚµéÀº
±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ À§°Ý°ú »ç¿ª±³¸®¸¦ ½ÅÇÐÀûÀ¸·Î Á¶¹®ÈÇÏ´Â µ¥
Áß¿äÇÑ °øÇåÀ» Çß´Ù. |
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Çö´ë ±×¸®½ºµµ±³ »ç»óÀÇ ±×¸®½ºµµ·Ð ³íÀï
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Few
Protestant theologians in the middle of the 20th century were willing to
endorse the ancient dogma of the two natures in Christ as unconditionally as
the reformers had done, for between the Reformation and modern theology
there intervened a debate over Christology that altered the perspective of
most Protestant denominations and theologians. By the 20th century there was
a wider gap between the theology of the reformers and that of many modern
Protestants than there had been between the theology of the reformers and
that of their Roman Catholic opponents.
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20¼¼±â Áß¹Ý °³½Å±³ ½ÅÇÐÀÚµé Áß¿¡´Â Á¾±³°³ÇõÀÚµéÀÌ
±×·¯Çß´ø °Íó·³, ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ µÎ º»¼º¿¡ ´ëÇÑ °í´ëÀÇ ±³¸®¸¦
¹«Á¶°ÇÀûÀ¸·Î ½ÂÀÎÇÏ´Â ½ÅÇÐÀÚ´Â °ÅÀÇ ¾ø¾ú´Ù. ¿Ö³ÄÇϸé
Á¾±³°³Çõ°ú Çö´ë½ÅÇÐ »çÀÌ¿¡´Â ¸ðµç °³½Å±³ ±³ÆÄ¿Í
½ÅÇÐÀÚµéÀÇ ½Ã°¢À» º¯°æ½ÃŲ ±×¸®½ºµµ·Ð ³íÀïÀÌ ³¢¾îµé¾î
Àֱ⠶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù. 20¼¼±â¿¡ À̸£·¯¼´Â Á¾±³°³ÇõÀÚµéÀÇ ½ÅÇаú
·Î¸¶ °¡Å縯ÀÇ ½ÅÇÐ »çÀÌÀÇ °£°Ýº¸´Ù Á¾±³°³ÇõÀÚµéÀÇ
½ÅÇаú Çö´ë °³½Å±³ ½ÅÇÐ »çÀÌÀÇ °£°ÝÀÌ ´õ Å©´Ù.
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³íÀïÀÇ ±â¿øµé
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The
earliest criticism of orthodox dogma came in the age of the Reformation, not
from the reformers but from the "left wing of the Reformation,"
from Michael Servetus
(1511?-53) and the Socinians.
This criticism was directed against the presence of nonbiblical concepts and
terms in the dogma, and it was intent upon safeguarding the true humanity of
Jesus as a moral example. There were many inconsistencies in this criticism,
such as the willingness of Servetus to call Jesus "Son of God" and
the Socinian custom of addressing prayer and worship to him. But it
illustrates the tendency, which became more evident in the Enlightenment, to
use the Reformation protest against Catholicism as a basis for a protest
against orthodox dogma as well. While that tendency did not gain much
support in the 16th century because of the orthodoxy of the reformers, later
criticism of orthodox Christology was able to wield the "Protestant
principle" against the dogma of the two natures on the grounds that
this was a consistent application of what the reformers had done. Among the
ranks of the Protestant laity, the hymnody and the catechetical instruction
of the Protestant churches assured continuing support for the orthodox
dogma. Indeed, the doctrine of Atonement by the vicarious satisfaction of
Christ's death has seldom been expressed as amply as it was in the hymns and
catechisms of both the Lutheran and the Reformed churches. During the period
of Pietism in the
Protestant churches, this loyalty to orthodox teaching was combined with a
growing emphasis upon the humanity of Jesus, also expressed in the hymnody
of the time.
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Á¾±³°³Çõ ½Ã´ë¿¡ Á¤Åë±³¸®¿¡ ´ëÇÑ °¡Àå ÃʱâÀÇ ºñÆÇÀº 'Á¾±³°³ÇõÀÇ
ÁÂÆÄ'ÀÎ ¹Ì°Ö ¼¼¸£º£Åõ½º(1511~53)¿Í
¼ÒŰ´©½ºÁÖÀÇÀÚµé·ÎºÎÅÍ ³ª¿Ô´Ù. ÀÌ ºñÆÇÀº ±³¸® ¾ÈÀÇ
ºñ¼º¼Àû °³³ä°ú ´Ü¾î¿¡ ´ëÇÑ °ÍÀ̾úÀ¸¸ç, ¶ÇÇÑ ±×°ÍÀº
µµ´öÀû ¸ð¹üÀ¸·Î¼ ¿¹¼öÀÇ Âü ÀμºÀ» º¸È£ÇÏ·Á´Â Àǵµ¸¦
°¡Áö°í ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ¼¼¸£º£Åõ½º´Â ¿¹¼ö¸¦ 'ÇÏ´À´ÔÀÇ ¾Æµé'·Î
ºÎ¸£·Á ÇßÀ¸¸ç, ¼ÒŰ´©½ºÁÖÀÇÀÚµéÀº ¿¹¼ö¿¡°Ô ±âµµ¿Í
¿¹¹è¸¦ µå¸®´Â µîÀÇ ¸ð¼øÀ» ³ªÅ¸³½´Ù. °¡Å縯¿¡ ´ëÇÑ
Á¾±³°³ÇõÀÇ ÀúÇ×À» Á¤Åë ±³¸®¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÀúÇ×ÀÇ ±âÃÊ·Î
»ç¿ëÇÏ·Á´Â °æÇâÀº °è¸ùÁÖÀÇ¿¡¼ ºÐ¸íÇÏ°Ô ³ªÅ¸³´Ù.
ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ °æÇâÀÌ Á¾±³°³ÇõÀÚµéÀÇ Á¤ÅëÁÖÀÇ ¶§¹®¿¡ 16¼¼±â¿¡´Â
¸¹Àº ÁöÁö¸¦ ¾òÁö ¸øÇßÁö¸¸, Á¤Åë ±×¸®½ºµµ·Ð¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÈÄ´ëÀÇ
ºñÆòÀº Á¾±³°³ÇõÀÚµéÀÌ ÀǵµÇß´ø °ÍÀÇ ÀϰüµÈ Àû¿ëÀ̶ó´Â
±Ù°Å¿¡¼, µÎ º»¼º±³¸®¿¡ ´ëÇ×ÇÏ¿© '°³½Å±³ ¿ø¸®'¸¦ »ç¿ëÇÒ
¼ö ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. °³½Å±³ ±³È¸ÀÇ Âù¼Û°¡¿Í ±³¸®¹®´ä ±³À°Àº
Á¤ÅëÁÖÀÇ ±³¸®¿¡ ´ëÇÑ °è¼ÓÀû Áö¿øÀ» º¸ÀåÇß´Ù. »ç½Ç»ó
±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ Á×À½À̶ó´Â ´ë¸®¸¸Á·¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ ´ë¼Ó±³¸®°¡ ·çÅÍ
±³È¸¿Í °³Çõ±³È¸ÀÇ Âù¼Û°ú ±³¸®¹®´ä¿¡¼Ã³·³ ³Î¸® ÃæºÐÇϰÔ
Ç¥ÇöµÈ °÷Àº ¾ø´Ù. °³½Å±³ °æ°ÇÁÖÀÇ ½Ã´ë¿¡ ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ Á¤ÅëÁÖÀÇ
°¡¸£Ä§Àº ¿¹¼öÀÇ Àμº¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Á¡ÁõµÇ´Â °Á¶¿Í °áÇյǾú°í,
±× ½Ã´ëÀÇ Âù¼Û°¡¿¡ Ç¥ÇöµÇ¾ú´Ù. |
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When
theologians began to criticize orthodox ideas of the person and work of
Christ, therefore, they met with opposition from the common people. Albert
Schweitzer dates the development of a critical attitude from the work of H.S.
Reimarus (1694-1768), but Reimarus was representative of the way the Enlightenment
treated the traditional view of Jesus. The books of the Bible were to be
studied just as other books are, and the life of Jesus was to be drawn from
them by critically sifting and weighing the evidence of the Gospels. The
Enlightenment thus initiated the modern interest in the life of Jesus, with
its detailed attention to the problem of the relative credibility of the
Gospel records. It has been suggested by some historians that the principal
target of Enlightenment criticism was not the dogma of the two natures but
the doctrine of the vicarious Atonement. The leaders of Enlightenment
thought did not make a sudden break with traditional ideas, but gave up
belief in miracles, the Virgin Birth, the Resurrection, and the Second
Advent only gradually. Their principal importance for the history of the
doctrine of Christ consists in the fact that they made the historical study
of the sources for the life of Jesus an indispensable element of any
Christology.
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±×·¯¹Ç·Î ½ÅÇÐÀÚµéÀÌ ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ À§°Ý°ú »ç¿ª¿¡ ´ëÇÑ
Á¤ÅëÁÖÀÇ À̳äÀ» ºñÆòÇϱ⠽ÃÀÛÇßÀ» ¶§, ±×µéÀº ÀϹÝ
»ç¶÷µéÀÇ ¹Ý´ë¿¡ Á÷¸éÇß´Ù. ¾Ëº£¸£ ½´¹ÙÀÌó´Â H. S.
¶óÀ̸¶·ç½º(1694~1768)ÀÇ ¿¬±¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ºñÆòÀû ŵµ°¡
¹ßÀüÇß´Ù°í º¸Áö¸¸, ¶óÀ̸¶·ç½º´Â ¿¹¼ö¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÀüÅëÀû
°ßÇØ¸¦ ´Ù·ç¾ú´ø °è¸ùÁÖÀÇ ¹æ½ÄÀ» ´ëº¯ÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷À̾ú´Ù.
¼º¼ÀÇ Ã¥µéÀº ´Ù¸¥ Ã¥µéó·³ ¿¬±¸µÇ¾î¾ß Çß°í, ¿¹¼öÀÇ
»ý¾Ö´Â º¹À½¼µéÀÇ Áõ¾ðÀ» ºñÆòÀûÀ¸·Î Á¶»çÇϰí
¼÷°íÇÔÀ¸·Î½á ±×·ÁÁ®¾ß Çß´Ù. °è¸ùÁÖÀÇ´Â º¹À½¼ ±â·ÏµéÀÇ
»ó´ëÀû ½Å·Ú¼ºÀÇ ¹®Á¦¿¡ ´ëÇØ ±íÀº °ü½ÉÀ» °¡Á³À¸¸ç, ¿¹¼öÀÇ
»ý¾Ö¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Çö´ëÀû °ü½ÉÀ» óÀ½À¸·Î Àϱú¿ü´Ù. ¾î¶²
¿ª»çÇÐÀÚµéÀº °è¸ùÁÖÀÇ ºñÆòÀÇ ´ë»óÀº µÎ º»¼º±³¸®°¡
¾Æ´Ï°í ´ë¸®Àû ´ë¼Ó±³¸®¶ó°í ÁÖÀåÇß´Ù. °è¸ùÁÖÀÇ
»ç»ó°¡µéÀº ÀüÅëÀû À̳ä°úÀÇ °ü°è¸¦ ´Ü¹ø¿¡ ²÷Áö ¾Ê°í, ±âÀû,
µ¿Á¤³à ź»ý, ºÎȰ, À縲¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¹ÏÀ½À» ¼¼È÷ Æ÷±âÇß´Ù.
±×¸®½ºµµ±³¸®»ç¿¡¼ ±×µéÀÇ Á߿伺Àº ¿¹¼öÀÇ »ý¾Ö¿¡ °üÇÑ
ÀÚ·á¿¡ ´ëÇØ ¿ª»çÀû ¿¬±¸¸¦ ½ÃµµÇßÀ¸¸ç, À̰ÍÀ»
±×¸®½ºµµ·ÐÀÇ ÇʼöºÒ°¡°áÇÑ ¿ä¼Ò·Î »ï¾Ò´Ù´Â »ç½Ç¿¡ ÀÖ´Ù. |
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19¼¼±â
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Although
the Enlightenment of the 18th century was the beginning of the break with
orthodox teachings about Jesus Christ, it was only in the 19th century that
this break attracted wide support among theologians and scholars in many
parts of Christendom--even, for a while, among the Modernists of the Roman
Catholic Church. Two works of the 19th century were especially influential
in their rejection of orthodox Christology. One was the Life of Jesus, first published in 1835 by David
Friedrich Strauss; the other, bearing the same title, was first
published by Ernest Renan
in 1863. Strauss's work paid more attention to the growth of Christian
ideas--he called them "myths"--about Jesus as the basis for the
picture we have in the Gospels, while Renan attempted to account for Jesus'
career by a study of his inner psychological life in relation to his
environment. Both works achieved wide circulation and were translated into
other languages, including English. They took up the Enlightenment
contention that the sources for the life
of Jesus were to be studied as other sources are, and what they
constructed on the basis of the sources was a type of biography in the
modern sense of the word. In addition to Strauss and Renan, the 19th century
saw the publication of a plethora of books about the life and teachings of
Jesus. Each new hypothesis regarding the problem of the Synoptic Gospels
implied a reconstruction of the life and message of Jesus. (see also Index:
"Life of Jesus," )
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ºñ·Ï 18¼¼±âÀÇ °è¸ùÁÖÀÇ´Â ¿¹¼ö ±×¸®½ºµµ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ
Á¤ÅëÁÖÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§À» ´ÜÀýÇÏ´Â ½ÃÀÛÀ̾úÁö¸¸, 19¼¼±â¿¡
¿Í¼´Â ¸¹Àº ±×¸®½ºµµ±³ ±¹°¡ÀÇ ½ÅÇÐÀÚ ¹× ÇÐÀÚ,
Çѵ¿¾ÈÀº ·Î¸¶ °¡Å縯 ±³È¸ÀÇ Çö´ëÁÖÀÇÀÚµéÀÇ ÁöÁö¸¦
¹Þ°Ô µÇ¾ú´Ù. ƯÈ÷ 19¼¼±â D. F. ½´Æ®¶ó¿ì½ºÀÇ [¿¹¼öÀÇ »ý¾Ö
Life of Jesus](1835)¿Í ¿¡¸£³×½ºÆ® ¸£³¶ÀÇ [¿¹¼öÀÇ »ý¾Ö Life of
Jesus](1863)´Â Á¤Åë ±×¸®½ºµµ·Ð¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ±×µéÀÇ °ÅºÎ¿¡
¿µÇâÀ» ³¢ÃÆ´Ù. ½´Æ®¶ó¿ì½ºÀÇ ¿¬±¸´Â ¿ì¸®°¡ º¹À½¼µé
¾È¿¡ °¡Áö°í ÀÖ´Â »ó(ßÀ)ÀÇ ±âÃÊÀÎ(±×°¡ '½Åȵé'À̶ó
ºÎ¸£´Â) ¿¹¼ö¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ±×¸®½ºµµ±³ »ç»óÀÇ ¼ºÀå¿¡ ´õ ¸¹Àº
°ü½ÉÀ» ±â¿ï¿´´Ù. ±× ¹Ý¸é ¸£³¶Àº »óȲ°ú ¿¬°üµÈ ¿¹¼öÀÇ
³»ºÎÀû¡¤½É¸®Àû »îÀ» ¿¬±¸ÇÏ¿© ¿¹¼öÀÇ °æ·ÂÀ» ¼³¸íÇÏ·Á°í
½ÃµµÇß´Ù. µÎ Ã¥Àº ³Î¸® ÀÐÇôÁ³°í ¿µ¾î¸¦ Æ÷ÇÔÇÑ ´Ù¸¥
¾ð¾îµé·Î ¹ø¿ªµÇ¾ú´Ù. ±×µéÀº ¿¹¼öÀÇ »ý¾Ö¸¦ À§ÇÑ
ÀÚ·áµéÀÌ ´Ù¸¥ ÀÚ·áµé°ú ¸¶Âù°¡Áö·Î ¿¬±¸µÇ¾î¾ß¸¸
ÇÑ´Ù´Â °è¸ùÁÖÀÇÀÇ ÁÖÀåÀ» µû¶ú°í, ±×µéÀÌ Á¦½ÃÇÑ °ÍÀº
±Ù´ëÀû Àǹ̿¡¼ Àü±â ÇüÅ¿´´Ù. ½´Æ®¶ó¿ì½º, ¸£³¶°ú
´õºÒ¾î 19¼¼±â¿¡´Â ¿¹¼öÀÇ »ý¾Ö¿Í °¡¸£Ä§¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Ã¥µéÀÌ
°úÀ× ÃâÆÇµÇ¾ú´Ù. °ø°üº¹À½¼µéÀÇ ¹®Á¦¿¡ ´ëÇÑ °¢±â
»õ·Î¿î °¡¼³Àº ¿¹¼öÀÇ »ý¾Ö¿Í ¸»¾¸ÀÇ Àç°ÇÀ» ÇÔÃàÇß´Ù. |
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The
fundamental assumption for most of this work on the life and teachings of
Jesus was a distinction between the "Jesus of history" and the
"Christ of faith." Another favourite way of putting the
distinction was to speak of the religion of
Jesus in antithesis to the religion about
Jesus. This implied that Jesus was a man like other men, but with a
heightened awareness of the presence and power of God. Then the dogma of the
church had mistaken this awareness for a metaphysical statement that Jesus
was the Son of God and had thus distorted the original simplicity of his
message. Some critics went so far as to question the very historicity of
Jesus, but even those who did not go that far questioned the historicity of
some of the sayings and deeds attributed to Jesus in the Gospels.
In part
this effort grew out of the general concern of 19th-century scholarsip with
the problem of history, but it also reflected the religious and ethical
assumptions of the theologians. Many of them were influenced by the moral
theories of Kant in their estimate of what was permanent about the teachings
of Jesus, and by the historical theories of Hegel in the way they related
the original message of Jesus to the Christian interpretations of that
message by later generations of Christians. The ideas of evolution and of
natural causality associated with the science of the 19th century also
played a part through the naturalistic explanations of the biblical
miracles. And the historians of dogma, climaxing in Adolf
von Harnack (1851-1931), used their demonstration of the dependence
of ancient Christology upon non-Christian sources for its concepts and
terminology to reinforce their claim that Christianity had to get back from
the Christ of dogma to the "essence of Christianity" in the
teachings of Jesus about the fatherhood of God and the brotherhood of man.
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ÀüÁ¦´Â '¿ª»çÀû ¿¹¼ö'¿Í '½Å¾ÓÀÇ ±×¸®½ºµµ' »çÀÌÀÇ
±¸ºÐÀ̾ú´Ù. ¶Ç´Ù¸¥ ±¸ºÐ¹æ½ÄÀº '¿¹¼öÀÇ Á¾±³'¸¦ '¿¹¼ö¿¡
´ëÇÑ Á¾±³'¿¡ Á¤¹Ý´ëµÇ´Â °ÍÀ¸·Î º¸´Â °ÍÀ̾ú´Ù. À̰ÍÀº
¿¹¼ö°¡ ÇÏ´À´ÔÀÇ ÇöÁ¸°ú ´É·ÂÀ» ÃÖ»óÀ¸·Î ÀνÄÇÑ »ç¶÷µé
°¡¿îµ¥ ÇÑ »ç¶÷À̾ú´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ÀǹÌÇß´Ù. ±×·¡¼ ±³È¸ÀÇ
±³¸®´Â ¿¹¼ö°¡ ÇÏ´À´ÔÀÇ ¾ÆµéÀ̾ú´Ù´Â ÇüÀÌ»óÇÐÀû Áø¼ú
¶§¹®¿¡ ÀÌ ÀνÄÀ» ¿ÀÇØÇß°í, ±×·¡¼ ±× ¸»¾¸ÀÇ º»·¡Àû
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Àǹ®½ÃÇÏ´Â µ¥±îÁö ³ª¾Æ°¬´Âµ¥, ±×·¸Áö ¾ÊÀº »ç¶÷µéµµ
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At the
beginning of the 20th century the most influential authorities on the New
Testament were engaged in this quest for the essence of Christianity and for
the Jesus of history. But that quest led in the early decades of the 20th
century to a revolutionary conclusion regarding the teachings of Jesus,
namely, that he had expected the end of the age to come shortly after his
death and that his teachings as laid down in the Gospels were an
"interim ethic," intended for the messianic community in the brief
span of time still remaining before the end. The effort to apply those
teachings in modern life was criticized as a dangerous modernization. This
thesis of the "consistent eschatology" in Jesus' message was
espoused by Johannes von Weiss
(1863-1914) and gained wide circulation through the writings of Albert
Schweitzer.
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20¼¼±âÃÊ [½Å¾à¼º¼]¿¡ ´ëÇÑ °¡Àå ¿µÇâ·Â ÀÖ´Â ±ÇÀ§ÀÚµéÀº
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°ü¿©Çߴµ¥, °á±¹Àº ¿¹¼öÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Çõ¸íÀûÀÎ °á·Ð¿¡
µµ´ÞÇß´Ù. Áï ¿¹¼ö´Â ±×ÀÇ Á×À½ ÀÌÈÄ °ð µµ·¡ÇÒ ½Ã´ëÀÇ
Á¾¸»À» ±â´ëÇß¾ú°í, º¹À½¼¿¡ ÀÖ´Â ±×ÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§µéÀº Á¾¸»
ÀÌÀüÀÇ ÂªÀº ±â°£ µ¿¾È ¸Þ½Ã¾Æ °øµ¿Ã¼¸¦ À§ÇÑ 'Áß°£ À±¸®'¿´´Ù´Â
°ÍÀÌ´Ù. Çö´ë»ýȰ¿¡ ÀÌ °¡¸£Ä§À» Àû¿ëÇÏ·Á´Â ³ë·ÂÀº À§ÇèÇÑ
Çö´ëÈ·Î ºñÆÇ¹Þ¾Ò´Ù. ¿¹¼öÀÇ ¸»¾¸ ¾È¿¡ ÀÖ´Â 'öÀúÇÑ
Á¾¸»·Ð'ÀÇ ÁÖÁ¦´Â ¿äÇϳ׽º Æù ¹ÙÀ̽º(1863~1914)¿¡ ÀÇÇØ
ÁÖÀåµÇ¾ú°í, ¾Ëº£¸£ ½´¹ÙÀÌóÀÇ ÀúÀÛµéÀ» ÅëÇØ ³Î¸®
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The
years surrounding World War I also saw the development of a new theory
regarding the composition of the Gospels. Because of its origin, this theory
is usually called form criticism
(German Formgeschichte). It
stressed the forms of the Gospel narratives--parables, sayings, miracle
stories, Passion accounts, etc.--as an indication of the oral tradition in
the Christian community out of which the narratives came. While the
attention of earlier scholars had been concentrated on the authenticity of
Jesus' teachings as transmitted in the Gospels, this new theory was less
confident of being able to separate the authentic from the later elements in
the Gospel records, though various proponents of it did suggest criteria by
which such a separation might be guided. The studies of form criticism made
a life of Jesus in the old biographical sense impossible, just as consistent
eschatology had declared impossible the codification of a universal ethic
from the teachings of Jesus. Some adherents of form criticism espoused an
extreme skepticism regarding any historical knowledge of Jesus' life at all,
but the work of men like Martin Dibelius and even Rudolf Bultmann showed
that such skepticism was not warranted by the conclusions of this study.
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Á¦1Â÷ ¼¼°è´ëÀüÀ» ÀüÈÄÇÏ¿© º¹À½¼µéÀÇ ±¸¼º¿¡ ´ëÇÑ
»õ·Î¿î ÀÌ·ÐÀÌ ³ª¿Ô´Ù. ÀÌ ÀÌ·ÐÀº º¸Åë ¾ç½ÄºñÆò(Formgeschichte)À¸·Î
ºÒ¸°´Ù. À̰ÍÀº ±×¸®½ºµµ±³ °øµ¿Ã¼ÀÇ ±¸ÀüÀü½ÂÀ» ÁöÁöÇÏ´Â
°ÍÀ¸·Î¼ º¹À½¼ ¼³ÈµéÀÇ ¾ç½Ä(ºñÀ¯¡¤¸»¾¸¡¤±âÀûÀ̾߱⡤¼ö³³»¿ë)À»
°Á¶ÇÑ´Ù. Ãʱâ ÇÐÀÚµéÀº º¹À½¼¿¡ ÀüÇØÁø ¿¹¼öÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§ÀÇ
ÁøÁ¤¼º¿¡ °ü½ÉÀ» ÁýÁßÇßÁö¸¸, ÀÌ »õ·Î¿î ÀÌ·ÐÀ¸·Î º¹À½¼
±â·ÏµéÀÇ ÈıâÀû ¿ä¼Òµé·ÎºÎÅÍ ÁøÁ¤ÇÑ °ÍÀ» ±¸ºÐÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ
°¡´ÉÇÏ´Ù°í È®½ÅÇÏÁö ¸øÇß´Ù. ºñ·Ï ÀÌ ÀÌ·ÐÀ» ÁöÁöÇÏ´Â ¸¹Àº
»ç¶÷µéÀÌ ±×·± ±¸ºÐÀ» ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ±âÁØÀ» Á¦°øÇßÁö¸¸,
¾ç½ÄºñÆòÀÇ ¿¬±¸´Â öÀúÇÑ Á¾¸»·ÐÀÌ ¿¹¼öÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§À¸·ÎºÎÅÍ
º¸ÆíÀû À±¸®¸¦ ¼º¹®È½ÃŰ´Â °ÍÀÌ ºÒ°¡´ÉÇÏ´Ù°í ¼±¾ðÇß´ø
°Íó·³, Àü±âÀû(îîÑÀîÜ) Àǹ̿¡¼ÀÇ ¿¹¼öÀÇ »ý¾Ö¸¦
ºÒ°¡´ÉÇÏ°Ô ¸¸µé¾ú´Ù. ¾î¶² ¾ç½ÄºñÆòÀÇ ÁöÁöÀÚµéÀº ¿¹¼ö
»ý¾Ö¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¾î¶°ÇÑ ¿ª»çÀû Áö½Äµµ °¡Áú ¼ö ¾ø´Ù´Â ±Ø´ÜÀûÀÎ
ȸÀÇÁÖÀǸ¦ °¡Á³´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ¸¶¸£Æ¾ µðº§¸®¿ì½º¿Í ·çµ¹ÇÁ
ºÒÆ®¸¸ °°Àº »ç¶÷µéÀº ±×·¯ÇÑ È¸ÀÇÁÖÀǸ¦ ¼ö±àÇÏÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù. |
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Influenced
by these trends in New Testament study, Protestant theology by the middle of
the 20th century was engaged in a reinterpretation of the Christology of the
early church. Some Protestant churches continued to repeat the formulas of
ancient dogma, but even there the critical study of the New Testament
documents was beginning to call those formulas into question. The struggles
of the evangelical churches in Germany under Adolf Hitler caused some
theologians to realize anew the power of the ancient dogma of the person of
Christ to sustain faith, and some of them were inclined to treat the dogma
with less severity. But even they acknowledged that the formulation of that
dogma in static categories of person, essence, and nature was inadequate to
the biblical emphasis upon actions and events rather than upon states of
being. Karl Barth for the Reformed tradition, Lionel Thornton for the
Anglican tradition, and Karl Heim for the Lutheran tradition were instances
of theologians trying to reinterpret classical Christology. While yielding
nothing of their loyalty to the dogma of the church, Roman Catholic
theologians like Karl Adam were also endeavouring to state that dogma in a
form that was meaningful to modern men. The doctrine of the work of Christ
was receiving less attention than the doctrine of Christ's person. In much
of Protestantism, the concentration of the 19th century upon the teachings
of Jesus had made it difficult to speak of more than the prophetic office.
The priestly office received least attention of all; and, therefore, despite
the support accorded to efforts like that of Gustaf Aulén to
reinterpret the metaphor of the Atonement as Christ's victory over his
enemies, Protestant theology in the middle of the 20th century was still
searching for a doctrine of the Atonement to match its newly won insights
into the doctrine of the person of Christ.
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In a
curious way, therefore, the figure of Jesus Christ has become both a unitive
and a divisive element in Christendom. All Christians are united in their
loyalty to him, even though they express their loyalty in a variety of
doctrinal and liturgical ways. But doctrine and liturgy also divide
Christian communions from one another. It has not been the official
statements about Christ that have differed widely among most communions.
What has become a sharp point of division is the amount of historical and
critical inquiry that is permitted where the person of Christ is involved.
Despite their official statements and confessions, most Protestant
denominations had indicated by the second half of the 20th century that they
would tolerate such inquiry, differ though they did in prescribing how far
it would be permitted to go. On the other hand, the exclusion of Modernism
by the Roman Catholic Church in 1907-10 drew definite limits beyond which
the theological use of the methods of critical inquiry was heretical. Within
those limits, however, Roman
Catholic biblical scholars were engaging in considerable critical
literary study, at the same time that critical Protestant theologians were
becoming more sympathetic to traditional Christological formulas.
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