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 °Ô½ÃÆÇ  °Ë»ö  ÀÚ·á½Ç  »çÀÌÆ®¸Ê  ¿¹¼ö¿Í³ª?

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Religion

Á¾±³ ޹æ

Jesus Christ

¿¹¼ö ±×¸®½ºµµ

I. INTRODUCTION

II. The gospel tradition

SOURCES

Non-Christian sources.

Christian sources.

The Pauline Letters.

The Gospels.

TIMES AND ENVIRONMENT

Political conditions.

Religious conditions.

The Pharisees.

The Sadducees.

The scribes.

The Zealots.

The Essenes.

THE LIFE AND MINISTRY OF JESUS

The birth and family.

The birth of Jesus.

The family of Jesus.

The ministry.

The role of John the Baptist.

The beginning of the ministry.

The calling of the disciples.

The Galilean period.

THE MESSAGE OF JESUS

The Kingdom of God.

The will of God.

THE SUFFERINGS AND DEATH OF JESUS IN JERUSALEM

THE STORY OF JESUS AND FAITH IN JESUS

I. ¼­·Ð

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II. º¹À½ Àü½Â

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ÀÚ·á

ºñ±âµ¶±³ ÀÚ·áµé.

±âµ¶±³ ÀÚ·áµé.

¹Ù¿ïÀÇ ÆíÁöµé.

º¹À½¼­.

½Ã´ë¿Í ÁÖº¯ ¼¼°è

Á¤Ä¡Àû »óȲ.

Á¾±³Àû »óȲ.

¹Ù¸®»õ ÆÄ.

»çµÎ°³ ÆÄ.

À²¹ýÇÐÀÚµé.

¿­½É´ç.

¿¡¼¼³× ÆÄ.

¿¹¼öÀÇ »î°ú »ç¿ª

ź»ý°ú °¡Á·.

¿¹¼öÀÇ »ý.

¿¹¼öÀÇ °¡Á·.

»ç¿ª.

¼¼·Ê¿äÇÑÀÇ ¿ªÇÒ.

»ç¿ªÀÇ ½ÃÀÛ.

Á¦ÀÚµéÀ» ºÎ¸§.

°¥¸±¸® ½Ã±â.

¿¹¼öÀÇ ¸»¾¸

Çϳª´ÔÀÇ ³ª¶ó.

Çϳª´ÔÀÇ ¶æ.

¿¹·ç»ì·½¿¡¼­ ¿¹¼öÀÇ ¼ö³­°ú Á×À½

¿¹¼ö À̾߱â¿Í ¿¹¼ö¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ½Å¾Ó

III. The picture of Christ in the early church: The Apostles' Creed

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PREEXISTENCE

Jesus Christ.

God's only son.

The Lord.

INCARNATION AND HUMILIATION

Conceived by the Holy Spirit, born of the Virgin Mary.

Suffered under Pontius Pilate, was crucified, dead, and buried.

He descended into hell.

GLORIFICATION

The third day he rose again from the dead.

He ascended into heaven, and sitteth on the right hand of God the father almighty.

From thence he shall come to judge the quick and the dead.

III. ÃʱⱳȸÀÇ ±×¸®½ºµµ»ó( »çµµ½Å°æ)

¼±Àç

¿¹¼ö ±×¸®½ºµµ.

Çϳª´ÔÀÇ µ¶»ýÀÚ.

ÁÖ.

¼ºÀ°½Å°ú °âÇã

¼º·ÉÀ¸·Î À×ÅÂÇÏ»ç µ¿Á¤³à ¸¶¸®¾Æ¿¡°Ô¼­ ³ª½Ã°í.

º»Æ¼¿À ºô¶óµµ¿¡°Ô °í³­À» ¹ÞÀ¸»ç ½ÊÀÚ°¡¿¡ ¸ø¹ÚÇô Á×À¸½Ã°í Àå»çÇÑ Áö.

±×´Â Áö¿Á¿¡ ³»·Á°¡½Ã¸ç.

¿µÈ­

»çÈê ¸¸¿¡ Á×ÀºÀÚ °¡¿îµ¥¼­ ´Ù½Ã »ì¾Æ³ª½Ã¸ç.

Çϴÿ¡ ¿À¸£»ç Àü´ÉÇϽŠÇÏ´À´Ô ¿ìÆí¿¡ ¾É¾Æ °è½Ã´Ù°¡.

Àú¸®·Î¼­ »ê ÀÚ¿Í Á×Àº ÀÚ¸¦ ½ÉÆÇÇÏ·¯ ¿À½Ã¸®¶ó.

IV. The dogma of Christ in the ancient councils

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THE COUNCILS OF NICAEA AND CONSTANTINOPLE

Early heresies.

Nicaea.

Constantinople.

THE COUNCILS OF EPHESUS AND CHALCEDON

The parties.

The settlement at Chalcedon.

IV. °í´ë °øÀÇȸÀÇ ±×¸®½ºµµ ±³¸®

´ÏÄÉ¾Æ °øÀÇȸ¿Í ÄܽºÅºÆ¼³ëÇà °øÀÇȸ

ÃʱâÀÇ À̴ܵé.

´ÏÄÉ¾Æ °øÀÇȸ.

ÄܽºÅºÆ¼³ëÇà °øÀÇȸ.

¿¡Æä¼Ò½º °øÀÇȸ¿Í Ä®Äɵ· °øÀÇȸ

´çÆÄµé.

Ä®Äɵ· °øÀÇȸÀÇ ÇØ°á.

V. The interpretation of Christ in Western faith and thought

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DOCTRINES OF THE PERSON AND WORK OF CHRIST

The medieval development.

The Reformation and classical Protestantism.

THE DEBATE OVER CHRISTOLOGY IN MODERN CHRISTIAN THOUGHT

Origins of the debate.

The 19th century.

The 20th century.

V. ¼­¹æ ½Å¾Ó°ú »ç»ó¿¡¼­ÀÇ ±×¸®½ºµµ ÇØ¼®

±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ À§°Ý°ú »ç¿ª¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ±³¸®

Áß¼¼ÀÇ ¹ßÀü.

Á¾±³°³Çõ°ú °íÀüÀû ÇÁ·ÎÅ×½ºÅºÆ¼Áò.

Çö´ë ±×¸®½ºµµ±³ »ç»óÀÇ ±×¸®½ºµµ·Ð ³íÀï

³íÀïÀÇ ±â¿øµé.

19 ¼¼±â.

20 ¼¼±â.

VI. Bibliography

Times and environment:

The life and ministry of Jesus:

The message of Jesus:

The sufferings and death of Jesus:

The story of Jesus and faith in Jesus:

The dogma of Christ in the ancient councils

°í´ë °øÀÇȸÀÇ ±×¸®½ºµµ ±³¸®

The main lines of orthodox Christian teaching about the person of Christ were set by the New Testament and the ancient creeds. But what was present there in a germinal form became a clear statement of Christian doctrine when it was formulated as dogma. In one way or another, the first four ecumenical councils were all concerned with the formulation of the dogma regarding the person of Christ--his relation to the Father, and the relation of the divine and the human in him. (see also Index: Roman Catholicism)

±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ À§°Ý¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Á¤Åë ±×¸®½ºµµ±³ÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§ÀÇ ÁÖµÈ ³ë¼±Àº [½Å¾à¼º¼­]¿Í °í´ë ½ÅÁ¶µé¿¡ ÀÇÇØ Çü¼ºµÇ¾ú´Ù. ±×·¯³ª Ãʱâ ÇüÅÂÀÇ °ÍÀÌ ±³¸®·Î¼­ Á¤½ÄÈ­µÇ¾úÀ» ¶§ ¸í¹éÇÑ ±×¸®½ºµµ±³ ½ÅÁ¶ÀÇ ¼±¾ðÀ¸·Î µÇ¾ú´Ù. ¿©·¯ °¡Áö ¹æ½ÄÀ¸·Î óÀ½ 4¹øÀÇ Àü ±×¸®½ºµµ±³ °øÀÇȸ´Â ¸ðµÎ ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ À§°Ý¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ±³¸®, Áï ±×¿Í ¼ººÎ¿ÍÀÇ °ü°è, ½Å¼º°ú ÀμºÀÇ °ü°èÀÇ Á¤½ÄÈ­¿¡ °ü½ÉÀ» ±â¿ï¿´´Ù.(Âü°í: ·Î¸¶ Ä«Å縯) 

Such a formulation became necessary because teachings arose within the Christian community that seemed to threaten what the church believed and confessed about Christ. Both the dogma and the heretical teachings against which the dogma was directed are therefore part of the history of Jesus Christ.

±×·¯ÇÑ Á¤½ÄÈ­´Â ±³È¸°¡ ±×¸®½ºµµ¿¡ ´ëÇØ ¹Ï°í °í¹éÇÏ´ø °ÍÀ» À§ÇùÇÏ´Â °¡¸£Ä§µéÀÌ ±×¸®½ºµµ±³ °øµ¿Ã¼ ³»¿¡ »ý°å±â ¶§¹®¿¡ ÇÊ¿äÇÏ°Ô µÇ¾ú´Ù. ±×·¯¹Ç·Î ±³¸®¿Í ÀÌ¿¡ ´ëÇ×ÇÏ´Â ÀÌ´ÜÀû °¡¸£Ä§µéÀº ¿¹¼ö ±×¸®½ºµµ ¿ª»çÀÇ ºÎºÐÀÌ´Ù.

THE COUNCILS OF NICAEA AND CONSTANTINOPLE

´ÏÄÉ¾Æ °øÀÇȸ¿Í ÄܽºÅºÆ¼³ëÇà °øÀÇȸ

Early heresies.

Ãʱâ À̴ܵé

 From the outset, Christianity has had to contend with those who misinterpreted the person and mission of Jesus. Both the New Testament and the early confessions of the church referred and replied to such misinterpretations. As the Christian movement gained adherents from the non-Jewish world, it had to explain Christ in the face of new challenges. (see also Index: heresy)

óÀ½ºÎÅÍ ±×¸®½ºµµ±³´Â ¿¹¼öÀÇ Àΰݰú »ç¸íÀ» ¿ÀÇØÇÏ´Â ÀÚµé°ú ½Î¿ö¾ß Çß´Ù. [½Å¾à¼º¼­]¿Í ±³È¸ÀÇ Ãʱ⠽žӰí¹éÀº ±×·¯ÇÑ ¿ÀÇØ¸¦ ÁöÀûÇÏ°í ±×°Í¿¡ ÀÀ´äÇß´Ù. ºñÀ¯´ë ¼¼°è·ÎºÎÅÍ ÁöÁöÀÚµéÀ» ¸ðÀº ±×¸®½ºµµ ¿îµ¿ÀÎ ±×¸®½ºµµ±³´Â »õ·Î¿î µµÀü¿¡ Á÷¸éÇÏ¿© ±×¸®½ºµµ¸¦ ¼³¸íÇØ¾ß¸¸ Çß´Ù. 
These misinterpretations touched both the question of his humanity and the matter of his deity. A concern to safeguard the true humanity of Jesus led some early Christians to teach that Jesus of Nazareth, an ordinary man, was adopted as the Son of God in the moment of his baptism or after his Resurrection; this heresy was called adoptionism. Gnostics and others wanted to protect him against involvement in the world of matter, which they regarded as essentially evil, and therefore taught that he had only an apparent, not a real body; they were called docetists. Most of the struggle over the person of Christ, however, dealt with the question of his relation to the Father. Some early views were so intent upon asserting his identity with the Father that the distinction of his person was lost and he became merely a manifestation of the one God. Because of this idea of Christ as a "mode" of divine self-manifestation, proponents of this view were dubbed "modalists"; from an early supporter of the view it was called "Sabellianism." Other interpretations of the person of Christ in relation to God went to the opposite extreme. They insisted so strenuously upon the distinctness of his person from that of the Father that they subordinated him to the Father. Many early exponents of the doctrine of the Logos were also subordinationists, so that the Logos idea itself became suspect in some quarters. What was needed was a framework of concepts with which to articulate the doctrine of Christ's oneness with the Father and yet distinctness from the Father, and thus to answer the question (Adolf von Harnack): "Is the Divinity which has appeared on earth and reunited men with god identical with that supreme Divinity which governs heaven and earth, or is it a demigod?" (see also Index: Dynamic Monarchianism, Docetism, Modalistic Monarchianism)   ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ¿ÀÇØ´Â ±×ÀÇ Àμº°ú ½Å¼ºÀÇ ¹®Á¦¿¡ °üÇÑ °ÍÀ̾ú´Ù. ¿¹¼öÀÇ Âü ÀμºÀ» º¸È£ÇÏ·Á´Â °ü½É¿¡¼­ ÀϺÎÀÇ Ãʱ⠱׸®½ºµµ±³ÀεéÀº º¸Åë »ç¶÷ÀÎ ³ªÀÚ·¿ ¿¹¼ö°¡ ¼¼·ÊÀÇ ¼ø°£¿¡, ¶Ç´Â ºÎȰ ÀÌÈÄ¿¡ ÇÏ´À´ÔÀÇ ¾çÀڷΠäÅõǾú´Ù°í °¡¸£Ãƴµ¥, À̰ÍÀÌ ¾çÀÚ·ÐÀÌ´Ù. ¿µÁöÁÖÀÇÀÚµéÀº º»·¡ ¾ÇÇÑ °ÍÀ¸·Î ¿©°ÜÁ³´ø ¹°Áú¼¼°è¿ÍÀÇ °ü°è¿¡¼­ ±×¸¦ º¸È£ÇÏ·Á°í Çß´Ù. ±×·¡¼­ ±×¸¦ °¡ÇöÀûÀÌ°í ½ÇÁ¦°¡ ¾Æ´Ñ ¸ö¸¸À» °¡Á³´Ù°í °¡¸£Ãƴµ¥, À̰ÍÀÌ °¡Çö·ÐÀÌ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ À§°Ý¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ´ëºÎºÐÀÇ ³íÀïÀº ¼ºÀÚ¿Í ¼ººÎÀÇ °ü°è¸¦ ´Ù·ç¾ú´Ù. ¾î¶² Ãʱ⠰ßÇØµéÀº ¼ººÎ¿ÍÀÇ µ¿ÀϼºÀ» ³Ê¹« ÀǵµÀûÀ¸·Î ÁÖÀåÇÏ¿© À§°ÝÀÇ ±¸º°ÀÌ »ó½ÇµÇ¾ú°í, ±×´Â ´Ü¼øÈ÷ ÇÏ´À´ÔÀÇ ÇÑ Çö½Ã°¡ µÇ¾ú´Ù. ±×¸®½ºµµ¸¦ ÇÏ´À´ÔÀÇ ÀÚ±â Çö½ÃÀÇ '¾çÅÂ'·Î º¸±â ¶§¹®¿¡ ÀÌ °ßÇØÀÇ ÁöÁöÀÚµéÀº '¾çÅ·ÐÀÚ'¶ó°í ºÒ¸®°Å³ª Ãʱâ ÁÖâÀÚÀÇ À̸§À» µû¼­ '»çº§¸®¿ì½ºÁÖÀÇÀÚ'¶ó°í ºÒ·È´Ù. ÇÏ´À´Ô°úÀÇ °ü°è ¼Ó¿¡¼­ ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ À§°Ý¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ´Ù¸¥ ÇØ¼®µéÀº ±Ø´ÜÀûÀÎ ¹Ý´ë ¹æÇâÀ¸·Î ±â¿ï¾îÁ³´Ù. ±×µéÀº ¸Å¿ì °­·ÂÇÏ°Ô ¼ººÎ¿Í ±×ÀÇ À§°ÝÀ» ±¸ºÐÇÏ¿© ¼ºÀÚ¸¦ ¼ººÎ¿¡°Ô Á¾¼Ó½ÃÄ×´Ù. ·Î°í½º ±³¸®ÀÇ Ãʱ⠴ëÇ¥ÀÚµéÀº Á¾¼Ó·ÐÀÚµéÀ̾ ·Î°í½º °³³ä ÀÚü°¡ ¾î¶² ºÐÆÄ¿¡¼­´Â Àǽɽº·´°Ô µÇ¾ú´Ù. ±×¸®½ºµµ°¡ ¼ººÎ¿ÍÀÇ ÇϳªµÊ°ú ¼ººÎ·ÎºÎÅÍÀÇ ±¸º°¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ±³¸®¸¦ Á¤±³ÇÏ°Ô Ç¥ÇöÇÒ °³³äÀÇ Æ²ÀÌ ÇÊ¿äÇß´Ù. ±×·¡¼­ "Áö»ó¿¡ ³ªÅ¸³ª¼­ »ç¶÷µéÀ» ÇÏ´À´Ô°ú À翬ÇÕ½ÃÄ×´ø ½ÅÀº Çϴðú ¶¥À» ÁÖ°üÇÏ´Â ÃÖ°í ½Å°ú µ¿ÀÏÇѰ¡? ȤÀº ±×´Â ¹Ý½ÅÀΰ¡?"¶ó´Â Áú¹®(¾Æµ¹ÇÁ Æù Çϸ£³ªÅ©)¿¡ ´ë´äÇØ¾ß¸¸ Çß´Ù.

Nicaea.

´ÏÄÉ¾Æ °øÀÇȸ

That question forced itself upon the church through the teachings of Arius. He maintained that the Logos was the first of the creatures, called into being by God as the agent or instrument through which he was to make all things. Christ was thus less than God, but more than man; he was divine, but he was not God. To meet the challenge of Arianism, which threatened to split the church, the newly converted emperor Constantine convoked in 325 the first ecumenical council of the Christian church at Nicaea. The private opinions of the attending bishops were anything but unanimous, but the opinion that carried the day was that espoused by the young presbyter Athanasius, who later became bishop of Alexandria. The Council of Nicaea determined that Christ was "begotten, not made," that he was therefore not creature but creator. It also asserted that he was "of the same essence as the Father" (homoousios to patri). In this way it made clear its basic opposition to subordinationism, even though there could be, and were, quarrels about details. It was not equally clear how the position of Nicaea and of Athanasius differed from modalism. Athanasius asserted that it was not the Father nor the Holy Spirit, but only the Son that became incarnate as Jesus Christ. But in order to assert this, he needed a more adequate terminology concerning the persons in the Holy Trinity. So the settlement at Nicaea regarding the person of Christ made necessary a fuller clarification of the doctrine of the Trinity, and that clarification in turn made possible a fuller statement of the doctrine of the person of Christ. (see also Index: Nicene Creed)   À§ÀÇ ¹°À½Àº ¾Æ¸®¿ì½ºÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§µéÀ» ÅëÇØ ±³È¸¿¡ Á¦±âµÇ¾ú´Ù. ±×´Â ·Î°í½º°¡ ÇÇÁ¶¹° Áß¿¡ óÀ½À̰í, ÇÏ´À´Ô¿¡ ÀÇÇØ ´ë¸®ÀÚ ¶Ç´Â µµ±¸·Î Á¸ÀçÇÏ°Ô µÇ¾î, ÇÏ´À´ÔÀº ±×¸¦ ÅëÇØ ¸¸¹°À» ¸¸µé¾ú´Ù°í ÁÖÀåÇß´Ù. ±×¸®½ºµµ´Â µû¶ó¼­ ÇÏ´À´Ôº¸´Ù ¿­µîÇÏ°í »ç¶÷º¸´Ù´Â ¿ì¿ùÇÏ´Ù. ±×´Â Àΰ£À» ÃÊ¿ùÇÏÁö¸¸ ÇÏ´À´ÔÀº ¾Æ´Ï¾ú´Ù. ±³È¸¸¦ ºÐ¿­½ÃŰ·Á°í À§ÇùÇÏ´Â ¾Æ¸®¿ì½ºÁÖÀÇÀÇ µµÀü¿¡ ´ëóÇϱâ À§ÇØ, ȸ½É(üÞãý)ÇÑ È²Á¦ ÄܽºÅºÆ¼´©½º´Â 325³â ´ÏÄɾƿ¡¼­ Á¦1Â÷ ¿¡Å¥¸Þ´ÏÄà °øÀÇȸ¸¦ ¼ÒÁýÇß´Ù. Âü¼®ÇÑ ÁÖ±³µéÀÇ °³ÀÎÀû ÀǰßÀº ÀÏÄ¡ÇÏÁö ¾Ê¾ÒÀ¸³ª, ÁÖµÈ ÀǰßÀº ¾Ë·º»êµå¸®¾Æ ÁÖ±³°¡ µÈ ÀþÀº »çÁ¦ ¾ÆÅ¸³ª½Ã¿ì½º°¡ ÁÖâÇÑ °ÍÀ̾ú´Ù. ´ÏÄÉ¾Æ °øÀÇȸ´Â ±×¸®½ºµµ°¡ '¸¸µé¾îÁöÁö ¾Ê°í ³º¾ÆÁ³À¸¸ç' µû¶ó¼­ ±×´Â ÇÇÁ¶¹°ÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó âÁ¶ÀÚ¿´´Ù°í °áÁ¤Çß´Ù. ¶ÇÇÑ ±×´Â '¼ººÎ¿Í µ¿ÀϺ»Áú'(homoousios to patri)À̶ó°í °áÁ¤µÇ¾ú´Ù. ¼¼ºÎÀûÀÎ °Í¿¡ ´ëÇØ¼­´Â ³íÀïÀÌ ÀÖ¾úÁö¸¸, ÀÌ·± ¹æ½ÄÀ¸·Î Á¾¼Ó·Ð¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¹Ý´ë ÀÔÀåÀ» ºÐ¸íÈ÷ Çß´Ù. ´ÏÄÉ¾Æ °øÀÇȸ¿Í ¾ÆÅ¸³ª½Ã¿ì½ºÀÇ ÀÔÀåÀÌ ¾çÅ·аú ¾î¶»°Ô ±¸ºÐµÇ´ÂÁö´Â ºÐ¸íÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Ù. ¾ÆÅ¸³ª½Ã¿ì½º´Â ¿¹¼ö ±×¸®½ºµµ·Î¼­ ¼ºÀ°½ÅÇÑ °ÍÀº ¼ººÎ°¡ ¾Æ´Ï°í ¼º·Éµµ ¾Æ´Ï¸ç ¿ÀÁ÷ ¾ÆµéÀ̾ú´Ù°í ÁÖÀåÇß´Ù. À̰ÍÀ» ÁÖÀåÇϱâ À§Çؼ­´Â ¼º»ïÀ§ÀÏüÀÇ À§°Ýµé¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ´õ ºÐ¸íÇÑ ¿ë¾î°¡ ÇÊ¿äÇßÀ¸¸ç, ±×·± Çʿ信 µû¶ó ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ À§°Ý ±³¸®¿¡ ´ëÇØ ´õ ¸í·áÇÑ Áø¼úÀÌ °¡´ÉÇÏ°Ô µÇ¾ú´Ù.

Constantinople.

ÄܽºÅºÆ¼³ëÇà °øÀÇȸ

Nicaea did not put an end to the controversies but only gave the parties a new rallying point. Doctrinal debate was complicated by the rivalry among bishops and theologians as well as by the intrusion of imperial politics that had begun at Nicaea. Out of the post-Nicene controversies came that fuller statement of the doctrine of the Trinity which was needed to protect the Nicene formula against the charge of failing to distinguish adequately between the Father and the Son. Ratified at the Council of Constantinople in 381, but since lost, that statement apparently made official the terminology developed by the supporters of Nicene orthodoxy in the middle of the 4th century: one divine essence, three divine persons (mia ousia, treis hypostaseis). The three persons, Father, Son, and Holy Spirit, were distinct from one another but were equal in their eternity and power. Now it was possible to teach, as Nicaea had, that Christ was "of the same essence as the Father" without arousing the suspicion of modalism. Although this doctrine seemed to make problematical the unity of God, it did provide an answer to the first of the two issues confronted by the church in its doctrine of the person of Christ--the issue of Christ's relation to the Father. It now became necessary to clarify the second issue--the relation of the divine and the human within Christ.   ´ÏÄÉ¾Æ °øÀÇȸ´Â ³íÀïµéÀ» Á¾°áÁöÀº °ÍÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó »õ·Î¿î ³íÀï°Å¸®¸¦ °¢ ºÐÆÄ¿¡°Ô ÁÖ¾ú´Ù. ±³¸®Àû ³íÀïÀº ´ÏÄɾƿ¡¼­ ½ÃÀÛµÈ È²Á¦ÀÇ Á¤Ä¡Àû °³ÀÔ°ú ¼­·Î ¼÷Àû°ü°è¿¡ ÀÖ´Â ÁÖ±³ ¹× ½ÅÇÐÀڵ鿡 ÀÇÇØ º¹ÀâÇØÁ³´Ù. ´ÏÄÉ¾Æ °øÀÇȸ ÀÌÈÄ ³íÀïµé·ÎºÎÅÍ »ïÀ§ÀÏü ±³¸®¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Áø¼úÀÌ ³ª¿Ô´Âµ¥, À̰ÍÀº ¼ººÎ¿Í ¼ºÀÚ »çÀ̸¦ ÀûÀýÈ÷ ±¸º°ÇÏ´Â µ¥ ½ÇÆÐÇß´Ù´Â ºñ³­¿¡ ´ëÇØ ´ÏÄÉ¾Æ ½ÅÁ¶¸¦ º¯È£Çϱâ À§ÇÑ °ÍÀ̾ú´Ù. 381³â ÄܽºÅºÆ¼³ëÇà °øÀÇȸ´Â 4¼¼±â Áß¹Ý ´ÏÄÉ¾Æ Á¤ÅëÁÖÀǸ¦ ÁöÁöÇÏ´Â ÀÚµéÀÌ ¹ßÀü½ÃŲ ¿ë¾îµéÀ» ¸í¹éÈ÷ °ø½ÄÈ­Çß´Ù. Áï ÇϳªÀÇ º»Áú, 3À§°Ý(mia ousia, treis hypostaseis)ÀÎ ¼ººÎ¡¤¼ºÀÚ¡¤¼º·ÉÀº ¼­·Î ±¸º°µÇÁö¸¸ ±×µéÀÇ ¿µ¿ø¼º°ú ´É·Â¿¡ À־´Â µ¿µîÇÏ´Ù. ¾çÅ·ÐÀ̶ó´Â ÀǽÉÀ» ¾ß±âÇÏÁö ¾Ê°í, ±×¸®½ºµµ´Â '¼ººÎ¿Í µ¿ÀÏ º»Áú'À̶ó°í °¡¸£Ä¡´Â °ÍÀÌ °¡´ÉÇß´Ù. ÀÌ ±³¸®·Î ÇÏ´À´ÔÀÇ ÅëÀϼº¿¡ ¹®Á¦°¡ ÀÖ´Â °Íó·³ º¸ÀÌÁö¸¸, ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ À§°Ý ±³¸®¿¡¼­ ±³È¸°¡ Á÷¸éÇß´ø µÎ ³íÁ¦ Áß Ã³À½ °Í, Áï ±×¸®½ºµµ¿Í ¼ººÎÀÇ °ü°è¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ´ë´äÀ» Á¦°øÇßÀ¸¸ç, 2¹øÂ° ³íÁ¦ÀÎ ±×¸®½ºµµ ¾È¿¡¼­ÀÇ ½Å¼º°ú ÀμºÀÇ °ü°è¸¦ ¸í·áÈ­ÇÏ´Â ¹®Á¦¸¸ ³²°Ô µÇ¾ú´Ù.

THE COUNCILS OF EPHESUS AND CHALCEDON  

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By excluding several extreme positions from the circle of orthodoxy, the formulation of the doctrine of the Trinity in the 4th century determined the course of subsequent discussion about the person of Christ. It also provided the terminology for that discussion, since 5th-century theologians were able to describe the relation between the divine and the human Christ by analogy to the relation between the Father and the Son in the Trinity. The term that was found to express this relation in Christ was "nature," physis. There were three divine persons in one divine essence; such was the outcome of the controversies in the 4th century. But there were also two natures, one of them divine and the other human, in the one person Jesus Christ. Over the relation between these two natures the theologians of the 5th century carried on their controversy. (see also Index: Chalcedon, Council of) The abstract questions with which they sometimes dealt in that controversy, some of them almost unintelligible to a modern mind, must not be permitted to obscure the fact that a basic issue of the Christian faith was at stake: how can Jesus Christ be said to partake of both identity with God and brotherhood with humanity?   ¿©±â¼­´Â Á¤ÅëÁÖÀÇ Áý´Üµé·ÎºÎÅÍ ¸î °³ÀÇ ±Ø´ÜÀûÀÎ ÀÔÀåµéÀ» ¹èÁ¦Çϰí 4¼¼±âÀÇ »ïÀ§ÀÏü ±³¸®¿¡ ´ëÇØ ¸íÈ®ÇÏ°Ô Áø¼úÇÔÀ¸·Î½á ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ À§°Ý¿¡ ´ëÇØ °è¼ÓµÈ Åä·Ð°úÁ¤À» °á·ÐÁö¾ú´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ±×°ÍÀº ¶ÇÇÑ Åä·Ð°Å¸®¸¦ Á¦°øÇߴµ¥, ¿Ö³ÄÇϸé 5¼¼±â ½ÅÇÐÀÚµéÀº »ïÀ§ÀÏü¿¡¼­ ¼ººÎ¡¤¼ºÀÚÀÇ °ü°è¿Í ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ ½Å¼º¡¤Àμº°úÀÇ °ü°è¸¦ À¯ºñ(ëºÝï)·Î½á ¼­¼úÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ¾ú±â ¶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù. ±×¸®½ºµµ ¾È¿¡¼­ ÀÌ °ü°è¸¦ Ç¥ÇöÇϱâ À§ÇØ »ç¿ëµÈ ¿ë¾î´Â 'º»¼º'(physis)À̾ú´Ù. ÇϳªÀÇ º»Áú¿¡´Â 3°¡Áö À§°ÝÀÌ ÀÖ¾ú´Ù(4¼¼±â ³íÀïÀÇ °á°ú¿´À½). ±×·¯³ª ¿¹¼ö ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ ÇÑ À§°Ý¿¡´Â Çϳª´Â ½ÅÀûÀÌ°í ´Ù¸¥ Çϳª´Â Àΰ£ÀûÀÎ µÎ º»¼ºÀÌ ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. ÀÌ µÎ º»¼º°£ÀÇ °ü°è¿¡ ´ëÇØ 5¼¼±â ½ÅÇÐÀÚµéÀº ³íÀïÇß´Ù.

The parties.

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During the half century after the Council of Constantinople several major points of emphasis developed in the doctrine of the person of Christ; characteristically, these are usually defined by the episcopal see that espoused them. There was a way of talking about Christ that was characteristic of the see at Alexandria. It stressed the divine character of all that Jesus Christ had been and done, but its enemies accused it of absorbing the humanity of Christ in his divinity. The mode of thought and language employed at Antioch, on the other hand, emphasized the true humanity of Christ; but its opponents maintained that in so doing it had split Christ into two persons, each of whom maintained his individual selfhood while they acted in concert with each other. Western theology was not as abstract as either of these alternatives. Its central emphasis was a practical concern for human salvation and for as irenic a settlement of the conflict as was possible without sacrificing that concern. Even more than in the 4th century, considerations of imperial politics were always involved in conciliar actions, together with the fear in countries like Egypt that Constantinople might come to dominate them. Thus a decision regarding the relation between the divine and the human in Christ could be simultaneously a decision regarding the political situation. Nevertheless, the settlements at which the councils of the 5th century arrived may be and are regarded as normative in the church long after their political setting has disappeared. (see also Index: Antioch, School of)   ÄܽºÅºÆ¼³ëÇà °øÀÇȸ ÀÌÈÄ ¹Ý¼¼±â µ¿¾È ¸î °³ÀÇ ÁÖ¿ä°­Á¶Á¡µéÀÌ ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ À§°Ý ±³¸®¿¡¼­ ¹ßÀüÇß´Ù. ¾Ë·º»êµå¸®¾Æ ±³±¸¿¡¼­´Â ¿¹¼ö ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ ½ÅÀû Ư¡À» °­Á¶Çß´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ±× ´ëÀûµéÀº ±×°ÍÀÌ ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ ÀμºÀ» ½Å¼º¿¡ Èí¼ö½ÃŲ´Ù°í ºñ³­Çß´Ù. ÇÑÆí ¾ÈÆ¼¿ÀÅ©¿¡¼­ »ç¿ëÇÑ »ç»ó°ú ¾ð¾î ¾ç½ÄÀº ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ ÀμºÀ» °­Á¶Çß´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ±× ¹Ý´ëÀÚµéÀº ¾ÈƼ¿ÀÅ© ÇÐÆÄ°¡ °³º°ÀûÀÎ ¼º°ÝÀ» ÁÖÀåÇÏ´Â µÎ Àΰݵé·Î ³ª´©¾ú´Ù°í ÁÖÀåÇß´Ù. ¼­¹æ½ÅÇÐÀº ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ µÎ ´ë¾Èµé°ú °°ÀÌ Ãß»óÀûÀÌÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù. ÀÌ ½ÅÇÐÀÇ ÁÖµÈ °­Á¶Á¡Àº Àΰ£ÀÇ ±¸¿øÀ» À§ÇÑ ½ÇÁ¦Àû °ü½É¿¡ ÀÖ¾úÀ¸¸ç, ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ °ü½ÉÀ» Èñ»ýÇÏÁö ¾Ê°í °¡´ÉÇÑ ÇÑ ÆòÈ­ÀûÀ¸·Î °¥µîÀ» ÇØ°áÇÏ·Á°í Çß´Ù. 4¼¼±â°¡ Áö³ª¼­µµ ȲÁ¦´Â Ç×»ó È­ÇØÇÏ´Â ÇàÀ§¿¡ Âü¿©Çߴµ¥, ÀÌÁýÆ®¸¦ ºñ·ÔÇÑ ³ª¶óµéÀº ÄܽºÅºÆ¼³ëÇÃÀÌ ±×µéÀ» Áö¹èÇÏ°Ô µÉÁöµµ ¸ð¸¥´Ù´Â µÎ·Á¿òÀ» °®°í ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. ±×·¡¼­ ±×¸®½ºµµ ¾È¿¡¼­ÀÇ ½Å¼º°ú ÀμºÀÇ °ü°è¿¡ ´ëÇÑ °áÁ¤Àº Á¤Ä¡Àû »óȲ¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ °áÁ¤À̶ó°í º¼ ¼öµµ ÀÖ´Ù. ±×·³¿¡µµ ºÒ±¸Çϰí 5¼¼±â °øÀÇȸÀÇ °áÁ¤Àº ±×µéÀÇ Á¤Ä¡ÀûÀÎ »óȲÀÌ »ç¶óÁø ÀÌÈÄ¿¡µµ ¿À·¡µµ·Ï ±³È¸ÀÇ ±Ô¹üÀ¸·Î ¿©°ÜÁ³´Ù.

The conflict between Alexandria and Antioch came to a head when Nestorius, taking exception to the use of the title "Mother of God" or, more literally, "God-Bearer" (Theotokos) for the Virgin Mary, insisted that she was only "Christ-Bearer." In this insistence the Antiochian emphasis upon the distinction between the two natures in Christ made itself heard throughout the church. The Alexandrian theologians responded by charging that Nestorius was dividing the person of Christ, which they represented as so completely united that, in the famous phrase of Cyril, there was "one nature of the Logos which became incarnate." By this he meant that there was only one nature, the divine, before the Incarnation, but that after the Incarnation there were two natures indissolubly joined in one person; Christ's human nature had never had an independent existence. There were times when Cyril appeared to be saying that there was "one nature of the incarnate Logos" even after the Incarnation, but his most precise formulations avoided this language. (see also Index: Nestorian)

The Council of Ephesus in 431 was one in a series of gatherings called to settle this conflict, some by one party and some by the other. The actual settlement was not accomplished, however, until the calling of the Council of Chalcedon in 451.  

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¾Ë·º»êµå¸®¾Æ¿Í ¾ÈƼ¿ÀÅ©¿ÍÀÇ °¥µîÀº ³×½ºÅ丮¿ì½º°¡ 'ÇÏ´À´ÔÀÇ ¾î¸Ó´Ï' ȤÀº ´õ¿í ¹®ÀÚÀûÀ¸·Î 'ÇÏ´À´ÔÀ» ³ºÀº ÀÚ'(Theotokos)¶ó´Â ¸íĪÀ» µ¿Á¤³à ¸¶¸®¾Æ¿¡°Ô »ç¿ëÇÏ´Â °Í¿¡ ÀÌÀǸ¦ Á¦±âÇϸ鼭 ±×³à´Â ¿ÀÁ÷ '±×¸®½ºµµ¸¦ ³ºÀº ÀÚ'¶ó°í ÁÖÀåÇßÀ» ¶§ ½ÃÀ۵Ǿú´Ù. ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ÁÖÀå¿¡¼­ ±×¸®½ºµµ ¾ÈÀÇ µÎ º»¼ºÀ» ±¸ºÐÇÑ ¾ÈƼ¿ÀÅ© ÇÐÆÄÀÇ ÁÖÀåÀÌ ¸ðµç ±³È¸·Î Èê·¯µé°Ô µÇ¾ú´Ù. ¾Ë·º»êµå¸®¾Æ ½ÅÇÐÀÚµéÀº ³×½ºÅ丮¿ì½º°¡ ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ À§°ÝÀ» ³ª´©°í ÀÖ´Ù°í ºñ³­Çß´Ù. ¾Ë·º»êµå¸®¾Æ ÇÐÆÄ´Â ¿¹¼öÀÇ À§°ÝÀ» ¿ÏÀüÈ÷ ¿¬ÇÕ½ÃÄ״µ¥, ±×µéÀÇ ÀÔÀåÀº ۸±·ç½ºÀÇ À¯¸íÇÑ ±¸Àý '¼ºÀ°½ÅÇÑ ·Î°í½ºÀÇ ÇÑ º»¼º'À¸·Î Ç¥ÇöµÈ´Ù. ÀÌ ±¸Àý·Î º¸¾Æ ۸±·ç½º°¡ ÀǹÌÇÏ´Â ¹Ù´Â ¼ºÀ°½Å ÀÌÀü¿¡´Â ¿ÀÁ÷ ÇÑ º»¼ºÀÎ ½Å¼ºÀÌ ÀÖ¾ú°í, ¼ºÀ°½Å ÀÌÈÄ¿¡´Â ÇÑ ÀÎ°Ý ¾È¿¡ ºÐ¸®µÉ ¼ö ¾øÀÌ ¿¬ÇÕµÈ µÎ º»¼ºÀÌ ÀÖ¾úÀ¸¸ç, ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ º»¼ºÀº °áÄÚ µ¶¸³µÈ ½ÇÁ¸À» °®Áö ¸øÇß´Ù´Â °ÍÀ̾ú´Ù. ¼ºÀ°½Å ÀÌÈÄ¿¡µµ '¼ºÀ°½ÅÇÑ ·Î°í½ºÀÇ ÇÑ º»¼º'ÀÌ ÀÖ¾ú´Ù°í ۸±·ç½º°¡ ¸»ÇÏ´Â °Íó·³ º¸ÀÌ´Â ¶§µµ ÀÖ¾úÁö¸¸ ±×´Â Á¤±³ÇÑ Ç¥ÇöÀ¸·Î ÀÌ ³»¿ëÀ» ÇÇÇß´Ù. 431³âÀÇ ¿¡Æä¼Ò½º °øÀÇȸ´Â °¢ °èÆÄ¿¡¼­ ¸î »ç¶÷¾¿ ¸ð¿© ÀÌ °¥µîÀ» ÇØ°áÇϱâ À§ÇÑ È¸ÀÇ¿´´Ù. ±×·¯³ª 451³âÀÇ Ä®Äɵ· °øÀÇȸ°¡ ¼ÒÁýµÉ ¶§±îÁö´Â ½ÇÁ¦ÀûÀÎ ÇØ°áÀÌ ÀÌ·ç¾îÁöÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù.

The settlement at Chalcedon.

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The basis of the settlement was the Western understanding of the two natures in Christ, as formulated in the Tome of Pope Leo I of Rome. Chalcedon declared: "We all unanimously teach . . . one and the same Son, our Lord Jesus Christ, perfect in deity and perfect in humanity . . . in two natures, without being mixed, transmuted, divided, or separated. The distinction between the natures is by no means done away with through the union, but rather the identity of each nature is preserved and concurs into one person and being." In this formula the valid emphases of both Alexandria and Antioch came to expression; both the unity of the person and the distinctness of the natures were affirmed. Therefore the decision of the Council of Chalcedon has been the basic statement of the doctrine of the person of Christ for most of the church ever since. The western part of the church went on to give further attention to the doctrine of the work of Christ. In the eastern part of the church the Alexandrians and the Antiochians continued the controversies that had preceded Chalcedon, but they clashed now over the question of how to interpret Chalcedon. The controversy over the Monophysite and the Monothelite heresies was an effort to clarify the interpretation of Chalcedon, with the result that the extremes of the Alexandrian position were condemned just as the Nestorian extreme of the Antiochian had been. (see also Index: Eastern Orthodoxy)   ÇØ°áÀÇ ±âÃÊ´Â ·Î¸¶ÀÇ ±³È² ·¹¿À 1¼¼ÀÇ ±³¼­¿¡¼­ Á¶¹®È­µÇ¾úµíÀÌ, ±×¸®½ºµµ ¾ÈÀÇ µÎ º»¼º¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¼­¹æÀÇ ÀÌÇØ¿´´Ù. Ä®Äɵ· °øÀÇȸ´Â "¿ì¸®´Â ¸ðµÎ ÀÏÄ¡ÇÏ¿© °¡¸£Ä£´Ù¡¦¡¦ÇϳªÀ̸ç, µ¿ÀÏÇÑ ¾Æµé ¿ì¸®ÀÇ ÁÖ ¿¹¼ö ±×¸®½ºµµ´Â ½Å¼º¿¡¼­ ¿ÏÀüÇϰí Àμºµµ ¿ÏÀüÇϸ硦¡¦È¥Çյǰųª º¯ÁúµÇ°Å³ª ³ª´µ°Å³ª ȤÀº ºÐ¸®µÇÁö ¾Ê´Â µÎ º»¼ºÀ» Áö´Ï¸ç, º»¼ºµé »çÀÌÀÇ ±¸ºÐÀº °áÄÚ ¿¬ÇÕÀ» ÅëÇØ ¾ø¾îÁöÁö ¾Ê°í ¿ÀÈ÷·Á °¢ º»¼ºÀÇ Æ¯¼ºÀÌ º¸Á¸µÇ°í ÇÑ Àΰݰú Á¸Àç·Î Çù·ÂÇÑ´Ù"°í ¼±¾ðÇß´Ù. ÀÌ Á¶¹®¿¡¼­ ¾Ë·º»êµå¸®¾Æ ÇÐÆÄ¿Í ¾ÈƼ¿ÀÅ© ÇÐÆÄ°¡ °­Á¶ÇÏ´Â °ÍµéÀÌ Ç¥ÇöµÇ¾ú´Âµ¥, ÀΰÝÀÇ ÅëÀϼº°ú º»¼ºµéÀÇ ±¸ºÐÀÌ È®ÀεǾú´ø °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ±×·¯¹Ç·Î Ä®Äɵ· °øÀÇȸÀÇ °áÁ¤Àº ±× ÀÌÈÄ ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ Àΰݱ³¸®¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ±âº»Àû Áø¼úÀÌ µÇ¾ú´Ù. ¼­¹æ±³È¸ÃøÀº ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ »ç¿ª±³¸®¿¡ ´õ ÁÖÀǸ¦ ±â¿ï¿´´Ù. µ¿¹æ±³È¸Ãø¿¡¼­ ¾Ë·º»êµå¸®¾Æ ÇÐÆÄ¿Í ¾ÈƼ¿ÀÅ© ÇÐÆÄ´Â Ä®Äɵ· °øÀÇȸ ÀÌÀüÀÇ ³íÀïµéÀ» °è¼ÓÇß´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ±×µéÀº ¾î¶»°Ô Ä®Äɵ·À» ÇØ¼®ÇÒ °ÍÀÎÁöÀÇ ¹®Á¦·Î Ãæµ¹Çß´Ù. ´Ü¼º·Ð°ú ´ÜÀǷп¡ ´ëÇÑ ³íÀïÀº Ä®Äɵ·ÀÇ ÇØ¼®À» ¸í·áÇÏ°Ô ÇÏ·Á´Â ³ë·ÂÀ̾ú´Ù. ±×°á°ú ¾Ë·º»êµå¸®¾Æ ÇÐÆÄÀÇ ±Ø´ÜµéÀº ¾ÈƼ¿ÀÅ© ÇÐÆÄÀÇ ±Ø´ÜÀÌ Á¤Á˵ǾúµíÀÌ Á¤Á˵Ǿú´Ù.
Emerging from all this theological discussion was an interpretation of the person of Christ that affirmed both his oneness with God and his oneness with humanity while still maintaining the oneness of his person. Interestingly, the liturgies of the church had maintained this interpretation at a time when the theologians of the church were still struggling for clarity; and the final solution was a scientifically precise restatement of what had been present germinally in the liturgical piety of the church. In the formula of Chalcedon that solution finally found the framework of concepts and of vocabulary that it needed to become intellectually consistent. In one sense, therefore, what Chalcedon formulated was what Christians had been believing from the beginning; but in another sense it represented a development from the earlier stages of Christian thought.   ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ¸ðµç ½ÅÇÐÀû Åä·Ð¿¡¼­ ³ª¿À´Â °ÍÀº À§°ÝÀÇ ÅëÀϼºÀ» ÁÖÀåÇϸ鼭 ÇÏ´À´Ô°úÀÇ ÀÏÄ¡¼º°ú Àμº°úÀÇ ÀÏÄ¡¼ºÀ» È®¾ðÇÑ ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ Àΰݿ¡ ´ëÇÑ ÇØ¼®À̾ú´Ù. Èï¹Ì·Ó°Ôµµ ±³È¸ÀÇ Àü·Ê´Â ±³È¸ÀÇ ½ÅÇÐÀÚµéÀÌ Áø¼úÀÇ ¸í·áÈ­¸¦ À§ÇØ ½Î¿ì°í ÀÖ¾úÀ» ¶§ ÀÌ ÇØ¼®À» ÁÖÀåÇϰí ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. °á±¹ ±³È¸ÀÇ Àü·Ê ÃʱâºÎÅÍ ÇöÁ¸Çß¾ú´ø °Í¿¡ ´ëÇØ ÀçÁø¼úÇÔÀ¸·Î½á ÇØ°áµÇ¾ú´Ù. Ä®Äɵ· °øÀÇȸ¿¡¼­ Á¶¹®È­ÇÑ °ÍÀº ±×¸®½ºµµ±³ÀεéÀÌ Ã³À½ºÎÅÍ ¹Ï°í ÀÖ¾ú´ø °ÍÀ̾ú´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ±×°ÍÀº ±×¸®½ºµµ±³ »ç»óÀÇ ¹ßÀüÀ» ³ªÅ¸³»´Â °ÍÀ̱⵵ Çß´Ù.

The interpretation of Christ in Western faith and thought

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With the determination of the orthodox teaching of the church regarding the person of Christ, it still remained necessary to clarify the doctrine of the work of Christ. While it had been principally in the East that the discussion of the former question was carried on--though with important additions from the West, as we have seen--it was the Western Church that provided the most detailed answers to the question: granted that this is what Jesus Christ was, how are we to describe what it is that he did?

±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ À§°Ý¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ±³È¸ÀÇ Á¤ÅëÀûÀÎ °¡¸£Ä§°ú ÇÔ²² ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ »ç¿ª±³¸®¸¦ ¸íÈ®È÷ ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ ÇʼöÀûÀ¸·Î ³²¾Æ ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. Åä·ÐÀÌ ÁÖ·Î µ¿¹æ¿¡¼­ ÁøÇàµÇ¾î¿Ô´ø ¹Ý¸é, Áú¹®¿¡ ´ëÇÑ °¡Àå »ó¼¼ÇÑ ´ë´äÀ» Á¦°øÇÑ °÷Àº ¼­¹æ±³È¸¿´´Ù.

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DOCTRINES OF THE PERSON AND WORK OF CHRIST

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The medieval development.

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The most representative spokesman of the Western Church on this question, as on most others, was St. Augustine. His deep understanding of the meaning of human sin was matched by his detailed attention to the meaning of divine grace. Central to that attention was his emphasis upon the humanity of Jesus Christ as man's assurance of his salvation, an emphasis to which he gave voice in a variety of ways. The humanity of Christ showed how God elevated the humble; it was the link between the physical nature of human beings and the spiritual nature of God; it was the sacrifice which the human race offered to God; it was the foundation of a new humanity, recreated in Christ as the old humanity had been created in Adam--in these and other ways Augustine sought to describe the importance of the Incarnation for the redemption of man. By combining this stress upon the humanity of Christ as the Saviour with a doctrine of the Trinity that was orthodox but nevertheless highly creative and original, St. Augustine put his mark indelibly upon Western piety and theology, which, in Anselm and in the reformers, sought further for adequate language in which to describe God's deed of reconciliation in Jesus Christ. (see also Index: Middle Ages)   ÀÌ ¹®Á¦¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¼­¹æ±³È¸ÀÇ °¡Àå ´ëÇ¥ÀûÀÎ ´ëº¯ÀÎÀº ¼º ¾Æ¿ì±¸½ºÆ¼´©½º¿´´Ù. ±×´Â Àΰ£ÀÇ ÁË¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Àǹ̸¦ ±íÀÌ ÀνÄÇßÀ¸¸ç, ½ÅÀû ÀºÃÑÀÇ Àǹ̿¡ ´ëÇØ¼­µµ ±íÀº °ü½ÉÀ» °¡Á³´Ù. ±×´Â ¿¹¼ö ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ Àμº¿¡ ´ëÇØ °ü½ÉÀ» ±â¿ï¿´´Ù. ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ ÀμºÀº ÇÏ´À´ÔÀÌ ¾î¶»°Ô ºñõÇÑ ÀÚ¸¦ ³ô¿´´ÂÁö¸¦ º¸¿©ÁÖ¾ú´Ù. ±×°ÍÀº Àΰ£ÀÇ À°Ã¼Àû º»¼º°ú ÇÏ´À´ÔÀÇ ¿µÀû º»¼ºÀÇ ¿¬°áÀ̾ú°í, Àηù°¡ ÇÏ´À´Ô¿¡°Ô ¹ÙÄ£ Èñ»ýÀ̾ú´Ù. ±×°ÍÀº ¿¾ ÀμºÀÌ ¾Æ´ã ¾È¿¡¼­ âÁ¶µÈ °Í°ú °°ÀÌ ±×¸®½ºµµ ¾È¿¡¼­ ÀçâÁ¶µÈ »õ·Î¿î ÀμºÀÇ ±â¹ÝÀ̾ú´Ù. ÀÌ¿Í °°Àº ¿©·¯ ¹æ½Äµé·Î ¾Æ¿ì±¸½ºÆ¼´©½º´Â Àΰ£ÀÇ ±¸¼ÓÀ» À§ÇÑ ¼ºÀ°½ÅÀÇ Á߿伺À» ¹¦»çÇÏ·Á°í Çß´Ù. ±¸¼¼ÁÖÀÎ ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ Àμº¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÀÌ·± °­Á¶¸¦, Á¤ÅëÀûÀÌÁö¸¸ »ó´çÈ÷ âÁ¶ÀûÀÌ¸ç µ¶Ã¢ÀûÀÎ »ïÀ§ÀÏü ±³¸®¿Í °áÇÕÇÔÀ¸·Î½á, ¾Æ¿ì±¸½ºÆ¼´©½º´Â ¿¹¼ö ±×¸®½ºµµ ¾È¿¡¼­ ÇÏ´À´ÔÀÇ È­ÇØÇàÀ§¸¦ ¼­¼úÇϱâ À§ÇØ ÀûÀýÇÑ ¾ð¾î¸¦ ã¾Ò´ø ¾È¼¿¹«½º¿Í Á¾±³°³ÇõÀÚµéÀÇ ¼­¹æ½ÅÇп¡ Å« ¿µÇâÀ» ³¢ÃÆ´Ù.
During the formative centuries of Christian dogma, there had been many ways of describing that reconciliation, most of them having some precedent in biblical speech. One of the most prominent pictures of the reconciliation was that connected with the biblical metaphor of ransom: Satan held the human race captive in its sin and corruptibility, and the death of Christ was the ransom paid to the Devil as the price for setting mankind free. A related metaphor was that of the victory of Christ: Christ entered into mortal combat with Satan for the human race, and the winner was to be lord; although the Crucifixion appeared to be Christ's capitulation to the enemy, his Resurrection broke the power of the Devil and gave the victory to Christ, granting to mankind gift of immortality. From the Old Testament and the Epistle to the Hebrews came the image of Christ as the sacrificial victim who was offered up to God as a means of stilling the divine anger. From the sacrament of penance came the idea, most fully developed by St. Anselm, that the death of Christ was a vicarious satisfaction rendered for mankind. Like the New Testament, the Church Fathers could admonish their hearers to learn from the death of Christ how to suffer patiently. They could also point to the suffering and death of Christ as the supreme illustration of how much God loves mankind. As in the New Testament, therefore, so in the tradition of the church there were many figures of speech to represent the miracle of the reunion between man and God effected in the God-man Christ Jesus.   ±×¸®½ºµµ±³ÀÇ ±³¸®°¡ Çü¼ºµÇ´Â µ¿¾È È­ÇØ¸¦ ¼­¼úÇÏ´Â ¸¹Àº ¹æ¹ýÀÌ Á¦½ÃµÇ¾ú´Âµ¥, ±× ´ëºÎºÐÀº ¼º¼­Àû ¸»¾¸ ¼Ó¿¡ ¾î¶² ¼±·Ê¸¦ °¡Áö°í ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. È­ÇØ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ °¡Àå ¶Ù¾î³­ ¹¦»çµé Áß Çϳª´Â ¼ÓÁË¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¼º¼­Àû ÀºÀ¯¿Í ¿¬°áµÈ °ÍÀ̾ú´Ù. »çźÀº Àηù¸¦ ±× ÁË¿Í Å¸¶ô¼º¿¡¼­ Æ÷ȹÇϰí ÀÖ¾ú°í, ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ Á×À½Àº Àηù¸¦ ÇØ¹æ½ÃŰ´Â ´ë°¡·Î ¸¶±Í¿¡°Ô ÁöºÒµÈ °ÍÀ̾ú´Ù. ±×¸®½ºµµ´Â Àηù¸¦ À§ÇØ »çź°úÀÇ Á×À½ÀÇ ½Î¿òÀ¸·Î ³ª¾Æ°¬´Ù. ½ÊÀÚ°¡¿¡ ¸ø¹ÚÈûÀ¸·Î½á ±×¸®½ºµµ°¡ Àû¿¡°Ô Ç׺¹ÇÑ °ÍÀ¸·Î º¸¿´Áö¸¸, ±×ÀÇ ºÎȰÀº ¸¶±ÍÀÇ ±Ç¼¼¸¦ ±ú¶ß¸®°í, Àηù¿¡°Ô ¿µ¿ø¼ºÀ» °¡Á®´ÙÁÖ¾ú´Ù. [±¸¾à¼º¼­]¿Í [È÷ºê¸®Àε鿡°Ô º¸³½ ÆíÁö]¿¡´Â ÇÏ´À´ÔÀÇ ºÐ³ë¸¦ ¸ØÃß°Ô ÇÏ´Â ¼ö´ÜÀ¸·Î½á ÇÏ´À´Ô¿¡°Ô ¹ÙÄ£ Èñ»ýÁ¦¹°·Î¼­ÀÇ ±×¸®½ºµµ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ À̹ÌÁö°¡ ³ª¿Â´Ù. ¼º ¾È¼¿¹«½ºÀÇ »ç»ó¿¡¼­ °¡Àå Àß ¹ßÀüÇßµíÀÌ, ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ Á×À½Àº Àηù¸¦ À§ÇØ ÁÖ¾îÁø ´ë¸®¸¸Á·À̶ó´Â »ç»óÀÌ ³ª¿Â´Ù. ±³ºÎµéÀº ±×µéÀÇ Ã»Áߵ鿡°Ô ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ Á×À½À¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ¾î¶»°Ô °í³­À» ÂüÀ» ¼ö ÀÖ´ÂÁö¸¦ ¹è¿ì¶ó°í ÈÆ°èÇÑ´Ù. ±×µéÀº ¶ÇÇÑ ¾ó¸¶³ª ÇÏ´À´ÔÀÌ Àηù¸¦ »ç¶ûÇÏ´ÂÁö¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÃÖ°íÀÇ ¿¹ÁõÀ¸·Î ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ ¼ö³­°ú Á×À½À» ÁöÀûÇÑ´Ù. ±×·¯¹Ç·Î [½Å¾à¼º¼­]¿¡¼­¿Í °°ÀÌ ±³È¸ÀÇ ÀüÅë ¾È¿¡µµ ½ÅÀÎ(ãêìÑ) ¿¹¼ö ±×¸®½ºµµ ¾È¿¡¼­ »ç¶÷°ú ÇÏ´À´ÔÀ» À翬ÇÕ½ÃŰ´Â ±âÀûÀ» Ç¥ÇöÇÏ·Á´Â ¸¹Àº ¾ð¾î¹æ½ÄµéÀÌ ÀÖ¾ú´Ù.
Common to all these figures of speech was the desire to do two things simultaneously: to emphasize that the reunion was an act of God, and to safeguard the participation of man in that act. Some theories were so "objective" in their emphasis upon the divine initiative that man seemed to be almost a pawn in the transaction between God in Christ and the Devil. Other theories so "subjectively" concentrated their attention upon man's involvement and man's response that the full scope of the redemption could vanish from sight. It was in Anselm of Canterbury that Western Christendom found a theologian who could bring together elements from many theories into one doctrine of the Atonement, summarized in his book, Cur Deus homo? According to this doctrine, sin was a violation of the honour of God. God offered man life if he rendered satisfaction for that violation; but the longer man lived, the worse the situation became. Only a life that was truly human and yet had infinite worth would have been enough to give such a satisfaction to the violated honour of God on behalf of the entire human race. Such a life was that of Jesus Christ, whom the mercy of God sent as a means of satisfying the justice of God. Because he was true man, his life and death could be valid for men; because he was true God, his life and death could be valid for all men. By accepting the fruits of his life and death, mankind could receive the benefits of his satisfaction. With some relatively minor alterations, Anselm's doctrine of Atonement passed over into the theology of the Latin church, forming the basis of both Roman Catholic and orthodox Protestant ideas of the work of Christ. It owed its acceptance to many factors, not the least of them being the way it squared with the liturgy and art of the West. The crucifix has become the traditional symbol of Christ in the Western Church, reinforcing and being reinforced by the satisfaction theory of the Atonement.   ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ¸ðµç Ç¥Çö¹æ½Ä¿¡ °øÅëÀûÀÎ °ÍÀº, À翬ÇÕÀº ÇÏ´À´ÔÀÇ ÇàÀ§¿´´Ù´Â °Í°ú ±× ÇàÀ§¿¡ Àΰ£ÀÇ Âü¿©°¡ ÇÊ¿äÇÏ´Ù´Â °ÍÀ̾ú´Ù. ¾î¶² À̷еéÀº ÇÏ´À´ÔÀÇ ÁÖµµ±Ç¿¡ ´ëÇÑ °­Á¶ ¶§¹®¿¡ ³Ê¹« '°´°üÀû'ÀÌ µÇ¾î Àΰ£Àº ±×¸®½ºµµ ¾È¿¡ ÀÖ´Â ÇÏ´À´Ô°ú ¸¶±Í »çÀÌÀÇ °Å·¡¿¡¼­ Àú´ç¹°·Î º¸¿´´Ù. ´Ù¸¥ À̷еéÀº Àΰ£ÀÇ °ü·Ã°ú Àΰ£ÀÇ ÀÀ´ä¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ±×µéÀÇ °ü½ÉÀ» ³Ê¹« 'ÁÖ°üÀû'À¸·Î ÁýÁß½ÃÄױ⠶§¹®¿¡ ±¸¼ÓÀÇ Àü ¿µ¿ªÀÌ ½Ã¾ß¿¡¼­ »ç¶óÁú ¼öµµ ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. ĵÅͺ£¸®ÀÇ ¾È¼¿¹«½º´Â ±×ÀÇ Ã¥ [¿Ö ÇÏ´À´ÔÀº Àΰ£ÀÌ µÇ¾ú´Â°¡? Cur Deus homo?]¿¡¼­ ¸¹Àº À̷еéÀ» Á¾ÇÕÇÏ¿© ÇϳªÀÇ ´ë¼Ó±³¸®·Î ¸¸µé¾ú´Âµ¥, ÀÌ ±³¸®¿¡ µû¸£¸é ÁË´Â ÇÏ´À´ÔÀÇ ¿µ¿¹¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Ä§ÇØ¿´´Ù. Àΰ£ÀÌ ±× Ä§ÇØ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ´ë°¡·Î ÇÏ´À´ÔÀ» ¸¸Á·ÇÏ°Ô Çϸé ÇÏ´À´ÔÀº Àΰ£¿¡°Ô »ý¸íÀ» ÁØ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª Àΰ£ÀÌ ¿À·¡ »ì¼ö·Ï »óȲÀº ´õ¿í ¾ÇÈ­µÇ¾ú´Ù. Âü Àΰ£ÀÌ¸ç ¿ÏÀüÇÑ °¡Ä¡¸¦ °¡Á³´ø À¯ÀÏÇÑ »ý¸íÀº Àηù Àüü¸¦ À§ÇØ ÇÏ´À´ÔÀÇ Ä§ÇØµÈ ¿µ¿¹¸¦ ¸¸Á·½ÃŰ±â¿¡ ÃæºÐÇßÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ±×°ÍÀº ÀÚºñÀÇ ÇÏ´À´ÔÀÌ ÇÏ´À´ÔÀÇ Á¤ÀǸ¦ ¸¸Á·½ÃŰ´Â ¼ö´ÜÀ¸·Î º¸³½ ¿¹¼ö ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ »ý¸íÀ̾ú´Ù. ¿Ö³ÄÇϸé Âü Àΰ£À̾úÀ¸¹Ç·Î ±×ÀÇ »ý¾Ö¿Í Á×À½Àº »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô À¯È¿ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ¾ú°í, Âü ½ÅÀ̾úÀ¸¹Ç·Î ±×ÀÇ »ý¾Ö¿Í Á×À½Àº ¶ÇÇÑ ¸ðµç »ç¶÷¿¡°Ô À¯È¿ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. ±×ÀÇ »ý¾Ö¿Í Á×À½ÀÇ ¿­¸ÅµéÀ» ¼ö¿ëÇÔÀ¸·Î½á Àηù´Â ÇÏ´À´ÔÀ» ¸¸Á·½Ãų ¼ö ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. ¾à°£ÀÇ º¯ÇüÀ» °ÅÄ£ ¾È¼¿¹«½ºÀÇ ´ë¼Ó±³¸®´Â ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ »ç¿ª¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ·Î¸¶ °¡Å縯°ú Á¤Åë °³½Å±³ À̳äµéÀÇ ±âÃʸ¦ Çü¼ºÇϸ鼭, ¶óƾ ±³È¸ÀÇ ½ÅÇп¡ Àü½ÂµÇ¾ú´Ù. ½ÊÀÚ°¡´Â ´ë¼ÓÀÇ ¸¸Á·±³¸®¿¡ ÀÇÇØ °­È­µÇ°í ¼­¹æ±³È¸ÀÇ ±×¸®½ºµµ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÀüÅëÀû »ó¡ÀÌ µÇ¾ú´Ù.
Scholastic theology, therefore, did not modify traditional ways of speaking about either the person or the work of Christ as sharply as it did, for example, some of the ways the Church Fathers had spoken about the presence of the body and blood of Christ in the Eucharist. The major contribution of the scholastic period to the Christian conception of Jesus Christ appears to lie in the way it managed to combine theological and mystical elements. Alongside the growth of Christological dogma and sometimes in apparent competition with it was the development of a view of Christ that sought personal union with him rather than accurate concepts about him. Such a view of Christ appeared occasionally in the writings of Augustine, but it was in men like Bernard of Clairvaux that it attained both its fullest expression and its most adequate harmonization with the dogmatic view. The relation between the divine and the human natures in Christ, as formulated in ancient dogma, provided the mystic with the ladder he needed to ascend through the man Jesus to the eternal Son of God, and through him to a mystical union with the Holy Trinity; this had been anticipated in the mystical theology of some of the Greek fathers. At the same time the dogma saved mysticism from the pantheistic excesses to which it might otherwise have gone; for the doctrine of the two natures meant that the humanity of the Lord was not an expendable element in Christian piety, mystical or not, but its indispensable presupposition and the continuing object of its adoration, in union with his deity. As a matter of fact, another contribution of the medieval development was the increased emphasis of St. Francis of Assisi and his followers upon the human life of Jesus. These brotherhoods cultivated a more practical and ethical version of mystical devotion, to be distinguished from speculative and contemplative mysticism. Their theme became the imitation of Christ in a life of humility and obedience. With it came a new appreciation of that true humanity of Christ which the dogma had indeed affirmed, but which theologians had been in danger of reducing to a mere dogmatic concept. As Henry Thode and others have suggested, this new appreciation is reflected in the way painters like Giotto began to portray Jesus, in contrast with their Western predecessors and especially with the stylized picture of Christ in Byzantine icon painting. (see also Index: scholasticism)

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The Reformation and classical Protestantism.

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The attitude of the reformers toward traditional conceptions of the person and work of Christ was conservative. Insisting for both religious and political reasons that they were orthodox, they altered little in the Christological dogma. Martin Luther and John Calvin gave the dogma a new meaning when they related it to their doctrine of justification by grace through faith. Because of his interpretation of sin as the captivity of the will, Luther also revived the patristic metaphor of the Atonement as the victory of Christ; it is characteristic of him that he wrote hymns for both Christmas and Easter but not for Lent. The new attention to the Bible that came with the Reformation created interest in the earthly life of Jesus, while the Reformation idea of "grace alone" and of the sovereignty of God even in his grace made the deity of Christ a matter of continuing importance. (see also Index: Protestantism) ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ À§°Ý°ú »ç¿ª¿¡ °üÇÑ Á¾±³°³ÇõÀÚµéÀÇ Åµµ´Â º¸¼öÀûÀ̾ú´Ù. Á¤ÅëÀ̶ó´Â ÀÌÀ¯·Î ±×µéÀº ±×¸®½ºµµ·ÐÀ» °ÅÀÇ º¯°æ½ÃŰÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù. ¸¶¸£Æ¾ ·çÅÍ¿Í Àå Ä®¹ðÀº ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ À§°Ý°ú »ç¿ª¿¡ °üÇÑ ±³¸®¸¦ ÀºÃÑ¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ ÀÇÀα³¸®¿Í °ü·Ã½ÃŰ¸é¼­ »õ·Î¿î Àǹ̸¦ ºÎ¿©Çß´Ù. ·çÅÍ´Â Á˸¦ ÀÇÁöÀÇ ³ë¿¹»óÅÂ·Î ÇØ¼®Ç߱⠶§¹®¿¡ ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ ½Â¸®·Î½áÀÇ ´ë¼ÓÀ̶ó´Â ±³ºÎÀû ÀºÀ¯¸¦ Àç»ý½ÃÄ×´Ù. ±×´Â Å©¸®½º¸¶½º¿Í ºÎȰÀý¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Âù¼ÛµéÀº ½èÁö¸¸ »ç¼øÀý¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Âù¼ÛµéÀº ¾²Áö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù. '¿ÀÁ÷ ÀºÃÑÀ¸·Î'¿Í ÀºÃÑ ¾È¿¡¼­ ÇÏ´À´ÔÀÇ Áֱǿ¡ ´ëÇÑ Á¾±³°³Çõ À̳äÀÌ ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ ½Å¼ºÀ» Áö¼ÓÀûÀ¸·Î Áß¿äÇÑ ¹®Á¦·Î ¸¸µé¾úÁö¸¸, ¼º¼­¿¡ ´ëÇÑ »õ·Î¿î °ü½ÉÀ» °®°Ô µÊÀ¸·Î½á ¿¹¼öÀÇ Áö»ó »ý¾Ö¿¡ ´ëÇÑ °ü½ÉÀ» À̲ø¾î³Â´Ù.
In the ideas about the Lord's Supper set forth by Huldrych Zwingli, Luther thought he saw a threat to the orthodox doctrine of Christ, and he denounced those doctrines vehemently. As this controversy progressed, Luther interpreted the ancient dogma of the two natures to mean that the omnipresence of the divine nature was communicated to the human nature of Christ, and that therefore Christ as both God and man was present everywhere and at all times. Although he repudiated both Luther's and Zwingli's theories, Calvin was persuaded that the ancient Christological dogma was true to the biblical witness and he permitted no deviation from it. All this is evidence for the significance that "Jesus Christ, true God begotten of the Father from eternity, and also true man, born of the Virgin Mary," to use Luther's formula, had in the faith and theology of all the reformers. ·çÅÍ´Â ¿ï¸®È÷ Ã÷ºù±Û¸®°¡ ³»¼¼¿î ¼ºÂù¿¡ ´ëÇÑ »ç»óÀÌ ±×¸®½ºµµ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Á¤Åë ±³¸®¸¦ À§ÇùÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ¸·Î º¸¾Æ ±× ±³¸®¸¦ °Ý·ÄÈ÷ ºñ³­Çß´Ù. ÀÌ ³íÀïÀÌ ÁøÀüµÊ¿¡ µû¶ó ·çÅÍ´Â ½Å¼ºÀÇ ÆíÀ缺ÀÌ ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ Àμº°ú ±³ÅëÇϰí, ±×·¯¹Ç·Î ½Å°ú Àΰ£À¸·Î¼­ÀÇ ±×¸®½ºµµ´Â ¾ðÁ¦ ¾îµð¿¡¼­³ª ÇöÁ¸ÇÑ´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» º¸¿©ÁÖ±â À§ÇØ µÎ º»¼º¿¡ ´ëÇÑ °í´ëÀÇ ±³¸®¸¦ ÇØ¼®Çß´Ù. Ä®¹ðÀº ·çÅÍ¿Í Ã÷ºù±Û¸®ÀÇ ÀÌ·ÐÀ» °ÅºÎÇßÁö¸¸, °í´ë ±×¸®½ºµµ·ÐÀÌ ¼º¼­Àû Áõ¾ð¿¡ ÀÏÄ¡ÇÑ´Ù°í »ý°¢ÇÏ¿© ±×·ÎºÎÅÍ ¹þ¾î³ª´Â °ÍÀ» Çã¶ôÇÏÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù. "¿¹¼ö ±×¸®½ºµµ, ¿µ¿øÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ¼ººÎ¿¡°Ô¼­ ³º¾ÆÁø Âü ÇÏ´À´Ô, µ¿Á¤³à ¸¶¸®¾Æ¿¡°Ô¼­ Ãâ»ýÇÑ Âü Àΰ£"À̶ó´Â ·çÅÍÀÇ ±¸ÀýÀÌ ¸ðµç Á¾±³°³ÇõÀÚµéÀÇ ½Å¾Ó°ú ½ÅÇÐ ¾È¿¡ µé¾î ÀÖ¾ú´Âµ¥, À̰ÍÀº ±× Á߿伺À» Áõ¸íÇØÁØ´Ù.
At one point the theology of the reformers did serve to bring together several facets of the biblical and the patristic descriptions of Jesus Christ. That was the doctrine of the threefold office of Christ, systematized by Calvin and developed more fully in Protestant orthodoxy: Christ as prophet, priest, and king. Each of these symbolized the fulfillment of the Old Testament and represented one aspect of the church's continuing life. Christ as prophet fulfilled and elevated the prophetic tradition of the Old Testament, while continuing to fulfill his prophetic office in the ministry of the Word. Christ as priest brought to an end the sacrificial system of the Old Testament by being both the priest and the victim, while he continues to function as intercessor with and for the church. Christ as king was the royal figure to whom the Old Testament had pointed, while exercising his rule among men now through those whom he has appointed. In each of the three, Protestants differed from one another according to their theological, ethical, or liturgical positions. But the threefold office enabled Protestant theology to take into account the complexity of the biblical and patristic pictures of Christ as no oversimplified theory was able to do, and it is probably the chief contribution of the reformers to the theological formulation of the doctrine of the person and work of Christ. Á¾±³°³ÇõÀÚµéÀÇ ½ÅÇÐÀº ¿¹¼ö ±×¸®½ºµµ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¼º¼­Àû¡¤±³ºÎÀû ¼­¼úÀÇ ¸î¸î Ãø¸éÀ» Á¾ÇÕÇߴµ¥, ±×°ÍÀº Ä®¹ð¿¡ ÀÇÇØ ü°èÈ­µÇ°í, °³½Å±³ Á¤ÅëÁÖÀÇ¿¡¼­ ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ »ïÁßÁ÷(¿¹¾ðÀÚ¡¤Á¦»çÀ塤¿ÕÀ¸·Î¼­ÀÇ ±×¸®½ºµµ)¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ±³¸®·Î ¹ßÀüÇß´Ù. À̰͵éÀº [±¸¾à¼º¼­]ÀÇ ¿Ï¼ºÀ» »ó¡Çß°í, ±³È¸ÀÇ °è¼ÓµÇ´Â »îÀÇ ÇÑ Ãø¸éÀ» Ç¥ÇöÇß´Ù. ¿¹¾ðÀڷμ­ ±×¸®½ºµµ´Â ¸»¾¸»ç¿ª¿¡¼­ ±×ÀÇ ¿¹¾ðÀû Á÷´ÉÀ» °è¼Ó ¼öÇàÇϸ鼭 [±¸¾à¼º¼­]ÀÇ ¿¹¾ðÀÚÀû ÀüÅëÀ» ¿Ï¼ºÇß´Ù. Á¦»çÀåÀ¸·Î¼­ÀÇ ±×¸®½ºµµ´Â ±³È¸¿Í ÇÔ²², ±³È¸¸¦ À§ÇØ ÁßÀçÀڷμ­ ±â´ÉÀ» °è¼ÓÇÔ°ú µ¿½Ã¿¡ Á¦»çÀåÀ̸鼭 Á¦¹°ÀÌ µÊÀ¸·Î½á [±¸¾à¼º¼­]ÀÇ Èñ»ýÁ¦¸¦ Á¾½Ä½ÃÄ×´Ù. ¿ÕÀ¸·Î¼­ÀÇ ±×¸®½ºµµ´Â ±×°¡ ÀÓ¸íÇÑ ÀÚµéÀ» ÅëÇÏ¿© »ç¶÷µé °¡¿îµ¥¼­ ÅëÄ¡ÇÏ´Â ºÐÀ̾ú´Ù. °³½Å±³µµµéÀº ±×µéÀÇ ½ÅÇÐÀû¡¤À±¸®Àû ¶Ç´Â Àü·ÊÀû ÀÔÀå¿¡ µû¶ó ¼­·Î¸¦ ±¸ºÐÇß´Ù. ±×·¯³ª »ïÁßÁ÷À» ÅëÇØ °³½Å±³ ½ÅÇÐÀº Áö³ªÄ¡°Ô ´Ü¼øÈ­µÈ À̷еéÀÌ ¼³¸íÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø´Â ºÎºÐÀÎ ±×¸®½ºµµ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¼º¼­Àû¡¤±³ºÎÀû ¹¦»çÀÇ º¹ÇÕ¼ºÀ» ¼³¸íÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. ¶ÇÇÑ Á¾±³°³ÇõÀÚµéÀº ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ À§°Ý°ú »ç¿ª±³¸®¸¦ ½ÅÇÐÀûÀ¸·Î Á¶¹®È­ÇÏ´Â µ¥ Áß¿äÇÑ °øÇåÀ» Çß´Ù.

THE DEBATE OVER CHRISTOLOGY IN MODERN CHRISTIAN THOUGHT

Çö´ë ±×¸®½ºµµ±³ »ç»óÀÇ ±×¸®½ºµµ·Ð ³íÀï

Few Protestant theologians in the middle of the 20th century were willing to endorse the ancient dogma of the two natures in Christ as unconditionally as the reformers had done, for between the Reformation and modern theology there intervened a debate over Christology that altered the perspective of most Protestant denominations and theologians. By the 20th century there was a wider gap between the theology of the reformers and that of many modern Protestants than there had been between the theology of the reformers and that of their Roman Catholic opponents.

20¼¼±â Áß¹Ý °³½Å±³ ½ÅÇÐÀÚµé Áß¿¡´Â Á¾±³°³ÇõÀÚµéÀÌ ±×·¯Çß´ø °Íó·³, ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ µÎ º»¼º¿¡ ´ëÇÑ °í´ëÀÇ ±³¸®¸¦ ¹«Á¶°ÇÀûÀ¸·Î ½ÂÀÎÇÏ´Â ½ÅÇÐÀÚ´Â °ÅÀÇ ¾ø¾ú´Ù. ¿Ö³ÄÇϸé Á¾±³°³Çõ°ú Çö´ë½ÅÇÐ »çÀÌ¿¡´Â ¸ðµç °³½Å±³ ±³ÆÄ¿Í ½ÅÇÐÀÚµéÀÇ ½Ã°¢À» º¯°æ½ÃŲ ±×¸®½ºµµ·Ð ³íÀïÀÌ ³¢¾îµé¾î Àֱ⠶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù. 20¼¼±â¿¡ À̸£·¯¼­´Â Á¾±³°³ÇõÀÚµéÀÇ ½ÅÇаú ·Î¸¶ °¡Å縯ÀÇ ½ÅÇÐ »çÀÌÀÇ °£°Ýº¸´Ù Á¾±³°³ÇõÀÚµéÀÇ ½ÅÇаú Çö´ë °³½Å±³ ½ÅÇÐ »çÀÌÀÇ °£°ÝÀÌ ´õ Å©´Ù.

Origins of the debate.

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The earliest criticism of orthodox dogma came in the age of the Reformation, not from the reformers but from the "left wing of the Reformation," from Michael Servetus (1511?-53) and the Socinians. This criticism was directed against the presence of nonbiblical concepts and terms in the dogma, and it was intent upon safeguarding the true humanity of Jesus as a moral example. There were many inconsistencies in this criticism, such as the willingness of Servetus to call Jesus "Son of God" and the Socinian custom of addressing prayer and worship to him. But it illustrates the tendency, which became more evident in the Enlightenment, to use the Reformation protest against Catholicism as a basis for a protest against orthodox dogma as well. While that tendency did not gain much support in the 16th century because of the orthodoxy of the reformers, later criticism of orthodox Christology was able to wield the "Protestant principle" against the dogma of the two natures on the grounds that this was a consistent application of what the reformers had done. Among the ranks of the Protestant laity, the hymnody and the catechetical instruction of the Protestant churches assured continuing support for the orthodox dogma. Indeed, the doctrine of Atonement by the vicarious satisfaction of Christ's death has seldom been expressed as amply as it was in the hymns and catechisms of both the Lutheran and the Reformed churches. During the period of Pietism in the Protestant churches, this loyalty to orthodox teaching was combined with a growing emphasis upon the humanity of Jesus, also expressed in the hymnody of the time. Á¾±³°³Çõ ½Ã´ë¿¡ Á¤Åë±³¸®¿¡ ´ëÇÑ °¡Àå ÃʱâÀÇ ºñÆÇÀº 'Á¾±³°³ÇõÀÇ ÁÂÆÄ'ÀÎ ¹Ì°Ö ¼¼¸£º£Åõ½º(1511~53)¿Í ¼ÒŰ´©½ºÁÖÀÇÀÚµé·ÎºÎÅÍ ³ª¿Ô´Ù. ÀÌ ºñÆÇÀº ±³¸® ¾ÈÀÇ ºñ¼º¼­Àû °³³ä°ú ´Ü¾î¿¡ ´ëÇÑ °ÍÀ̾úÀ¸¸ç, ¶ÇÇÑ ±×°ÍÀº µµ´öÀû ¸ð¹üÀ¸·Î¼­ ¿¹¼öÀÇ Âü ÀμºÀ» º¸È£ÇÏ·Á´Â Àǵµ¸¦ °¡Áö°í ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ¼¼¸£º£Åõ½º´Â ¿¹¼ö¸¦ 'ÇÏ´À´ÔÀÇ ¾Æµé'·Î ºÎ¸£·Á ÇßÀ¸¸ç, ¼ÒŰ´©½ºÁÖÀÇÀÚµéÀº ¿¹¼ö¿¡°Ô ±âµµ¿Í ¿¹¹è¸¦ µå¸®´Â µîÀÇ ¸ð¼øÀ» ³ªÅ¸³½´Ù. °¡Å縯¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Á¾±³°³ÇõÀÇ ÀúÇ×À» Á¤Åë ±³¸®¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÀúÇ×ÀÇ ±âÃÊ·Î »ç¿ëÇÏ·Á´Â °æÇâÀº °è¸ùÁÖÀÇ¿¡¼­ ºÐ¸íÇÏ°Ô ³ªÅ¸³­´Ù. ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ °æÇâÀÌ Á¾±³°³ÇõÀÚµéÀÇ Á¤ÅëÁÖÀÇ ¶§¹®¿¡ 16¼¼±â¿¡´Â ¸¹Àº ÁöÁö¸¦ ¾òÁö ¸øÇßÁö¸¸, Á¤Åë ±×¸®½ºµµ·Ð¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÈÄ´ëÀÇ ºñÆòÀº Á¾±³°³ÇõÀÚµéÀÌ ÀǵµÇß´ø °ÍÀÇ ÀϰüµÈ Àû¿ëÀ̶ó´Â ±Ù°Å¿¡¼­, µÎ º»¼º±³¸®¿¡ ´ëÇ×ÇÏ¿© '°³½Å±³ ¿ø¸®'¸¦ »ç¿ëÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. °³½Å±³ ±³È¸ÀÇ Âù¼Û°¡¿Í ±³¸®¹®´ä ±³À°Àº Á¤ÅëÁÖÀÇ ±³¸®¿¡ ´ëÇÑ °è¼ÓÀû Áö¿øÀ» º¸ÀåÇß´Ù. »ç½Ç»ó ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ Á×À½À̶ó´Â ´ë¸®¸¸Á·¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ ´ë¼Ó±³¸®°¡ ·çÅÍ ±³È¸¿Í °³Çõ±³È¸ÀÇ Âù¼Û°ú ±³¸®¹®´ä¿¡¼­Ã³·³ ³Î¸® ÃæºÐÇÏ°Ô Ç¥ÇöµÈ °÷Àº ¾ø´Ù. °³½Å±³ °æ°ÇÁÖÀÇ ½Ã´ë¿¡ ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ Á¤ÅëÁÖÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§Àº ¿¹¼öÀÇ Àμº¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Á¡ÁõµÇ´Â °­Á¶¿Í °áÇյǾú°í, ±× ½Ã´ëÀÇ Âù¼Û°¡¿¡ Ç¥ÇöµÇ¾ú´Ù.
When theologians began to criticize orthodox ideas of the person and work of Christ, therefore, they met with opposition from the common people. Albert Schweitzer dates the development of a critical attitude from the work of H.S. Reimarus (1694-1768), but Reimarus was representative of the way the Enlightenment treated the traditional view of Jesus. The books of the Bible were to be studied just as other books are, and the life of Jesus was to be drawn from them by critically sifting and weighing the evidence of the Gospels. The Enlightenment thus initiated the modern interest in the life of Jesus, with its detailed attention to the problem of the relative credibility of the Gospel records. It has been suggested by some historians that the principal target of Enlightenment criticism was not the dogma of the two natures but the doctrine of the vicarious Atonement. The leaders of Enlightenment thought did not make a sudden break with traditional ideas, but gave up belief in miracles, the Virgin Birth, the Resurrection, and the Second Advent only gradually. Their principal importance for the history of the doctrine of Christ consists in the fact that they made the historical study of the sources for the life of Jesus an indispensable element of any Christology. ±×·¯¹Ç·Î ½ÅÇÐÀÚµéÀÌ ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ À§°Ý°ú »ç¿ª¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Á¤ÅëÁÖÀÇ À̳äÀ» ºñÆòÇϱ⠽ÃÀÛÇßÀ» ¶§, ±×µéÀº ÀÏ¹Ý »ç¶÷µéÀÇ ¹Ý´ë¿¡ Á÷¸éÇß´Ù. ¾Ëº£¸£ ½´¹ÙÀÌó´Â H. S. ¶óÀ̸¶·ç½º(1694~1768)ÀÇ ¿¬±¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ºñÆòÀû ŵµ°¡ ¹ßÀüÇß´Ù°í º¸Áö¸¸, ¶óÀ̸¶·ç½º´Â ¿¹¼ö¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÀüÅëÀû °ßÇØ¸¦ ´Ù·ç¾ú´ø °è¸ùÁÖÀÇ ¹æ½ÄÀ» ´ëº¯ÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷À̾ú´Ù. ¼º¼­ÀÇ Ã¥µéÀº ´Ù¸¥ Ã¥µéó·³ ¿¬±¸µÇ¾î¾ß Çß°í, ¿¹¼öÀÇ »ý¾Ö´Â º¹À½¼­µéÀÇ Áõ¾ðÀ» ºñÆòÀûÀ¸·Î Á¶»çÇÏ°í ¼÷°íÇÔÀ¸·Î½á ±×·ÁÁ®¾ß Çß´Ù. °è¸ùÁÖÀÇ´Â º¹À½¼­ ±â·ÏµéÀÇ »ó´ëÀû ½Å·Ú¼ºÀÇ ¹®Á¦¿¡ ´ëÇØ ±íÀº °ü½ÉÀ» °¡Á³À¸¸ç, ¿¹¼öÀÇ »ý¾Ö¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Çö´ëÀû °ü½ÉÀ» óÀ½À¸·Î Àϱú¿ü´Ù. ¾î¶² ¿ª»çÇÐÀÚµéÀº °è¸ùÁÖÀÇ ºñÆòÀÇ ´ë»óÀº µÎ º»¼º±³¸®°¡ ¾Æ´Ï°í ´ë¸®Àû ´ë¼Ó±³¸®¶ó°í ÁÖÀåÇß´Ù. °è¸ùÁÖÀÇ »ç»ó°¡µéÀº ÀüÅëÀû À̳ä°úÀÇ °ü°è¸¦ ´Ü¹ø¿¡ ²÷Áö ¾Ê°í, ±âÀû, µ¿Á¤³à ź»ý, ºÎȰ, À縲¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¹ÏÀ½À» ¼­¼­È÷ Æ÷±âÇß´Ù. ±×¸®½ºµµ±³¸®»ç¿¡¼­ ±×µéÀÇ Á߿伺Àº ¿¹¼öÀÇ »ý¾Ö¿¡ °üÇÑ ÀÚ·á¿¡ ´ëÇØ ¿ª»çÀû ¿¬±¸¸¦ ½ÃµµÇßÀ¸¸ç, À̰ÍÀ» ±×¸®½ºµµ·ÐÀÇ ÇʼöºÒ°¡°áÇÑ ¿ä¼Ò·Î »ï¾Ò´Ù´Â »ç½Ç¿¡ ÀÖ´Ù.

The 19th century.

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Although the Enlightenment of the 18th century was the beginning of the break with orthodox teachings about Jesus Christ, it was only in the 19th century that this break attracted wide support among theologians and scholars in many parts of Christendom--even, for a while, among the Modernists of the Roman Catholic Church. Two works of the 19th century were especially influential in their rejection of orthodox Christology. One was the Life of Jesus, first published in 1835 by David Friedrich Strauss; the other, bearing the same title, was first published by Ernest Renan in 1863. Strauss's work paid more attention to the growth of Christian ideas--he called them "myths"--about Jesus as the basis for the picture we have in the Gospels, while Renan attempted to account for Jesus' career by a study of his inner psychological life in relation to his environment. Both works achieved wide circulation and were translated into other languages, including English. They took up the Enlightenment contention that the sources for the life of Jesus were to be studied as other sources are, and what they constructed on the basis of the sources was a type of biography in the modern sense of the word. In addition to Strauss and Renan, the 19th century saw the publication of a plethora of books about the life and teachings of Jesus. Each new hypothesis regarding the problem of the Synoptic Gospels implied a reconstruction of the life and message of Jesus. (see also Index: "Life of Jesus," ) ºñ·Ï 18¼¼±âÀÇ °è¸ùÁÖÀÇ´Â ¿¹¼ö ±×¸®½ºµµ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Á¤ÅëÁÖÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§À» ´ÜÀýÇÏ´Â ½ÃÀÛÀ̾úÁö¸¸, 19¼¼±â¿¡ ¿Í¼­´Â ¸¹Àº ±×¸®½ºµµ±³ ±¹°¡ÀÇ ½ÅÇÐÀÚ ¹× ÇÐÀÚ, Çѵ¿¾ÈÀº ·Î¸¶ °¡Å縯 ±³È¸ÀÇ Çö´ëÁÖÀÇÀÚµéÀÇ ÁöÁö¸¦ ¹Þ°Ô µÇ¾ú´Ù. ƯÈ÷ 19¼¼±â D. F. ½´Æ®¶ó¿ì½ºÀÇ [¿¹¼öÀÇ »ý¾Ö Life of Jesus](1835)¿Í ¿¡¸£³×½ºÆ® ¸£³¶ÀÇ [¿¹¼öÀÇ »ý¾Ö Life of Jesus](1863)´Â Á¤Åë ±×¸®½ºµµ·Ð¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ±×µéÀÇ °ÅºÎ¿¡ ¿µÇâÀ» ³¢ÃÆ´Ù. ½´Æ®¶ó¿ì½ºÀÇ ¿¬±¸´Â ¿ì¸®°¡ º¹À½¼­µé ¾È¿¡ °¡Áö°í ÀÖ´Â »ó(ßÀ)ÀÇ ±âÃÊÀÎ(±×°¡ '½ÅÈ­µé'À̶ó ºÎ¸£´Â) ¿¹¼ö¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ±×¸®½ºµµ±³ »ç»óÀÇ ¼ºÀå¿¡ ´õ ¸¹Àº °ü½ÉÀ» ±â¿ï¿´´Ù. ±× ¹Ý¸é ¸£³¶Àº »óȲ°ú ¿¬°üµÈ ¿¹¼öÀÇ ³»ºÎÀû¡¤½É¸®Àû »îÀ» ¿¬±¸ÇÏ¿© ¿¹¼öÀÇ °æ·ÂÀ» ¼³¸íÇÏ·Á°í ½ÃµµÇß´Ù. µÎ Ã¥Àº ³Î¸® ÀÐÇôÁ³°í ¿µ¾î¸¦ Æ÷ÇÔÇÑ ´Ù¸¥ ¾ð¾îµé·Î ¹ø¿ªµÇ¾ú´Ù. ±×µéÀº ¿¹¼öÀÇ »ý¾Ö¸¦ À§ÇÑ ÀÚ·áµéÀÌ ´Ù¸¥ ÀÚ·áµé°ú ¸¶Âù°¡Áö·Î ¿¬±¸µÇ¾î¾ß¸¸ ÇÑ´Ù´Â °è¸ùÁÖÀÇÀÇ ÁÖÀåÀ» µû¶ú°í, ±×µéÀÌ Á¦½ÃÇÑ °ÍÀº ±Ù´ëÀû Àǹ̿¡¼­ Àü±â ÇüÅ¿´´Ù. ½´Æ®¶ó¿ì½º, ¸£³¶°ú ´õºÒ¾î 19¼¼±â¿¡´Â ¿¹¼öÀÇ »ý¾Ö¿Í °¡¸£Ä§¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Ã¥µéÀÌ °úÀ× ÃâÆÇµÇ¾ú´Ù. °ø°üº¹À½¼­µéÀÇ ¹®Á¦¿¡ ´ëÇÑ °¢±â »õ·Î¿î °¡¼³Àº ¿¹¼öÀÇ »ý¾Ö¿Í ¸»¾¸ÀÇ Àç°ÇÀ» ÇÔÃàÇß´Ù.
The fundamental assumption for most of this work on the life and teachings of Jesus was a distinction between the "Jesus of history" and the "Christ of faith." Another favourite way of putting the distinction was to speak of the religion of Jesus in antithesis to the religion about Jesus. This implied that Jesus was a man like other men, but with a heightened awareness of the presence and power of God. Then the dogma of the church had mistaken this awareness for a metaphysical statement that Jesus was the Son of God and had thus distorted the original simplicity of his message. Some critics went so far as to question the very historicity of Jesus, but even those who did not go that far questioned the historicity of some of the sayings and deeds attributed to Jesus in the Gospels.  

In part this effort grew out of the general concern of 19th-century scholarsip with the problem of history, but it also reflected the religious and ethical assumptions of the theologians. Many of them were influenced by the moral theories of Kant in their estimate of what was permanent about the teachings of Jesus, and by the historical theories of Hegel in the way they related the original message of Jesus to the Christian interpretations of that message by later generations of Christians. The ideas of evolution and of natural causality associated with the science of the 19th century also played a part through the naturalistic explanations of the biblical miracles. And the historians of dogma, climaxing in Adolf von Harnack (1851-1931), used their demonstration of the dependence of ancient Christology upon non-Christian sources for its concepts and terminology to reinforce their claim that Christianity had to get back from the Christ of dogma to the "essence of Christianity" in the teachings of Jesus about the fatherhood of God and the brotherhood of man.

¿¹¼öÀÇ »ý¾Ö¿Í °¡¸£Ä§¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ¿¬±¸ÀÇ ±Ùº»Àû ÀüÁ¦´Â '¿ª»çÀû ¿¹¼ö'¿Í '½Å¾ÓÀÇ ±×¸®½ºµµ' »çÀÌÀÇ ±¸ºÐÀ̾ú´Ù. ¶Ç´Ù¸¥ ±¸ºÐ¹æ½ÄÀº '¿¹¼öÀÇ Á¾±³'¸¦ '¿¹¼ö¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Á¾±³'¿¡ Á¤¹Ý´ëµÇ´Â °ÍÀ¸·Î º¸´Â °ÍÀ̾ú´Ù. À̰ÍÀº ¿¹¼ö°¡ ÇÏ´À´ÔÀÇ ÇöÁ¸°ú ´É·ÂÀ» ÃÖ»óÀ¸·Î ÀνÄÇÑ »ç¶÷µé °¡¿îµ¥ ÇÑ »ç¶÷À̾ú´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ÀǹÌÇß´Ù. ±×·¡¼­ ±³È¸ÀÇ ±³¸®´Â ¿¹¼ö°¡ ÇÏ´À´ÔÀÇ ¾ÆµéÀ̾ú´Ù´Â ÇüÀÌ»óÇÐÀû Áø¼ú ¶§¹®¿¡ ÀÌ ÀνÄÀ» ¿ÀÇØÇß°í, ±×·¡¼­ ±× ¸»¾¸ÀÇ º»·¡Àû ´Ü¼ø¼ºÀ» ¿Ö°î½ÃÄ×´Ù. ¾î¶² ºñÆòÇÐÀÚµéÀº ¿¹¼öÀÇ ¿ª»ç¼ºÀ» Àǹ®½ÃÇÏ´Â µ¥±îÁö ³ª¾Æ°¬´Âµ¥, ±×·¸Áö ¾ÊÀº »ç¶÷µéµµ º¹À½¼­µé¿¡¼­´Â ¿¹¼öÀÇ ¸»¾¸°ú ÇàÀ§ÀÇ ¿ª»ç¼ºÀ» Àǹ®½ÃÇß´Ù. ºÎºÐÀûÀ¸·Î ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ³ë·ÂÀº ¿ª»ç¹®Á¦¿¡ ´ëÇÑ 19¼¼±â Çй®ÀÇ ÀϹÝÀû °ü½ÉÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ¼ºÀåÇßÁö¸¸, ¶ÇÇÑ ±×°ÍÀº ½ÅÇÐÀÚµéÀÇ Á¾±³Àû¡¤À±¸®Àû ÀüÁ¦µéÀ» ¹Ý¿µÇß´Ù. ±×µé Áß ´Ù¼ö´Â ¿¹¼öÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§¿¡¼­ ¹«¾ùÀÌ ºÒº¯ÀûÀÎ °ÍÀΰ¡¸¦ Æò°¡ÇÏ´Â µ¥¼­´Â Ä­Æ®ÀÇ µµ´öÀÌ·ÐÀÇ ¿µÇâÀ» ¹Þ¾Ò°í, ¿¹¼öÀÇ º»·¡ ¸»¾¸À» ÈÄ´ëÀÇ ±×¸®½ºµµ±³ÀεéÀÇ ±×¸®½ºµµ±³Àû ÇØ¼®°ú ¿¬°ü½ÃŰ´Â ¹æ¹ý¿¡¼­´Â Çì°ÖÀÇ ¿ª»çÀÌ·ÐÀÇ ¿µÇâÀ» ¹Þ¾Ò´Ù. ¶ÇÇÑ 19¼¼±â °úÇаú ¿¬°üµÈ ÁøÈ­·Ð°ú ÀÚ¿¬Àû Àΰú°ü°è¿¡ ´ëÇÑ °³³äµéÀº ¼º¼­ÀÇ ±âÀûµéÀ» ÀÚ¿¬ÁÖÀÇÀûÀ¸·Î ÇØ¼®ÇÏ´Â µ¥ ÀÏÀÍÀ» ´ã´çÇß´Ù. ¾Æµ¹ÇÁ Æù Çϸ£³ªÅ©(1851 ~1931) µîÀÇ ±³¸®»ç°¡µéÀº ±×¸®½ºµµ±³°¡ ±³¸®ÀÇ ±×¸®½ºµµ·ÎºÎÅÍ ±×¸®½ºµµ±³ÀÇ º»Áú, Áï ÇÏ´À´ÔÀÇ ¾Æ¹öÁöµÊ°ú »ç¶÷ÀÇ ÇüÁ¦µÊ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¿¹¼öÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§À¸·Î µÇµ¹¾Æ°¡¾ß¸¸ ÇÑ´Ù´Â ±×µéÀÇ ÁÖÀåÀ» °­È­Çϱâ À§ÇØ ±× °³³ä°ú ¿ë¾î¿¡¼­ °í´ë ±×¸®½ºµµ·ÐÀÌ ºñ±×¸®½ºµµ±³ ÀÚ·á¿¡ ÀÇÁ¸µÇ¾î ÀÖ´Ù°í Áõ¸íÇß´Ù.

The 20th century.

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At the beginning of the 20th century the most influential authorities on the New Testament were engaged in this quest for the essence of Christianity and for the Jesus of history. But that quest led in the early decades of the 20th century to a revolutionary conclusion regarding the teachings of Jesus, namely, that he had expected the end of the age to come shortly after his death and that his teachings as laid down in the Gospels were an "interim ethic," intended for the messianic community in the brief span of time still remaining before the end. The effort to apply those teachings in modern life was criticized as a dangerous modernization. This thesis of the "consistent eschatology" in Jesus' message was espoused by Johannes von Weiss (1863-1914) and gained wide circulation through the writings of Albert Schweitzer. 20¼¼±âÃÊ [½Å¾à¼º¼­]¿¡ ´ëÇÑ °¡Àå ¿µÇâ·Â ÀÖ´Â ±ÇÀ§ÀÚµéÀº ±×¸®½ºµµ±³ÀÇ º»Áú°ú ¿ª»çÀû ¿¹¼ö¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Å½±¸¿¡ °ü¿©Çߴµ¥, °á±¹Àº ¿¹¼öÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Çõ¸íÀûÀÎ °á·Ð¿¡ µµ´ÞÇß´Ù. Áï ¿¹¼ö´Â ±×ÀÇ Á×À½ ÀÌÈÄ °ð µµ·¡ÇÒ ½Ã´ëÀÇ Á¾¸»À» ±â´ëÇß¾ú°í, º¹À½¼­¿¡ ÀÖ´Â ±×ÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§µéÀº Á¾¸» ÀÌÀüÀÇ ÂªÀº ±â°£ µ¿¾È ¸Þ½Ã¾Æ °øµ¿Ã¼¸¦ À§ÇÑ 'Áß°£ À±¸®'¿´´Ù´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. Çö´ë»ýȰ¿¡ ÀÌ °¡¸£Ä§À» Àû¿ëÇÏ·Á´Â ³ë·ÂÀº À§ÇèÇÑ Çö´ëÈ­·Î ºñÆÇ¹Þ¾Ò´Ù. ¿¹¼öÀÇ ¸»¾¸ ¾È¿¡ ÀÖ´Â 'öÀúÇÑ Á¾¸»·Ð'ÀÇ ÁÖÁ¦´Â ¿äÇϳ׽º Æù ¹ÙÀ̽º(1863~1914)¿¡ ÀÇÇØ ÁÖÀåµÇ¾ú°í, ¾Ëº£¸£ ½´¹ÙÀÌóÀÇ ÀúÀÛµéÀ» ÅëÇØ ³Î¸® À¯Æ÷µÇ¾ú´Ù.
The years surrounding World War I also saw the development of a new theory regarding the composition of the Gospels. Because of its origin, this theory is usually called form criticism (German Formgeschichte). It stressed the forms of the Gospel narratives--parables, sayings, miracle stories, Passion accounts, etc.--as an indication of the oral tradition in the Christian community out of which the narratives came. While the attention of earlier scholars had been concentrated on the authenticity of Jesus' teachings as transmitted in the Gospels, this new theory was less confident of being able to separate the authentic from the later elements in the Gospel records, though various proponents of it did suggest criteria by which such a separation might be guided. The studies of form criticism made a life of Jesus in the old biographical sense impossible, just as consistent eschatology had declared impossible the codification of a universal ethic from the teachings of Jesus. Some adherents of form criticism espoused an extreme skepticism regarding any historical knowledge of Jesus' life at all, but the work of men like Martin Dibelius and even Rudolf Bultmann showed that such skepticism was not warranted by the conclusions of this study. Á¦1Â÷ ¼¼°è´ëÀüÀ» ÀüÈÄÇÏ¿© º¹À½¼­µéÀÇ ±¸¼º¿¡ ´ëÇÑ »õ·Î¿î ÀÌ·ÐÀÌ ³ª¿Ô´Ù. ÀÌ ÀÌ·ÐÀº º¸Åë ¾ç½ÄºñÆò(Formgeschichte)À¸·Î ºÒ¸°´Ù. À̰ÍÀº ±×¸®½ºµµ±³ °øµ¿Ã¼ÀÇ ±¸ÀüÀü½ÂÀ» ÁöÁöÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ¸·Î¼­ º¹À½¼­ ¼³È­µéÀÇ ¾ç½Ä(ºñÀ¯¡¤¸»¾¸¡¤±âÀûÀ̾߱⡤¼ö³­³»¿ë)À» °­Á¶ÇÑ´Ù. Ãʱâ ÇÐÀÚµéÀº º¹À½¼­¿¡ ÀüÇØÁø ¿¹¼öÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§ÀÇ ÁøÁ¤¼º¿¡ °ü½ÉÀ» ÁýÁßÇßÁö¸¸, ÀÌ »õ·Î¿î ÀÌ·ÐÀ¸·Î º¹À½¼­ ±â·ÏµéÀÇ ÈıâÀû ¿ä¼Òµé·ÎºÎÅÍ ÁøÁ¤ÇÑ °ÍÀ» ±¸ºÐÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ °¡´ÉÇÏ´Ù°í È®½ÅÇÏÁö ¸øÇß´Ù. ºñ·Ï ÀÌ ÀÌ·ÐÀ» ÁöÁöÇÏ´Â ¸¹Àº »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ±×·± ±¸ºÐÀ» ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ±âÁØÀ» Á¦°øÇßÁö¸¸, ¾ç½ÄºñÆòÀÇ ¿¬±¸´Â öÀúÇÑ Á¾¸»·ÐÀÌ ¿¹¼öÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§À¸·ÎºÎÅÍ º¸ÆíÀû À±¸®¸¦ ¼º¹®È­½ÃŰ´Â °ÍÀÌ ºÒ°¡´ÉÇÏ´Ù°í ¼±¾ðÇß´ø °Íó·³, Àü±âÀû(îîÑÀîÜ) Àǹ̿¡¼­ÀÇ ¿¹¼öÀÇ »ý¾Ö¸¦ ºÒ°¡´ÉÇÏ°Ô ¸¸µé¾ú´Ù. ¾î¶² ¾ç½ÄºñÆòÀÇ ÁöÁöÀÚµéÀº ¿¹¼ö »ý¾Ö¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¾î¶°ÇÑ ¿ª»çÀû Áö½Äµµ °¡Áú ¼ö ¾ø´Ù´Â ±Ø´ÜÀûÀΠȸÀÇÁÖÀǸ¦ °¡Á³´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ¸¶¸£Æ¾ µðº§¸®¿ì½º¿Í ·çµ¹ÇÁ ºÒÆ®¸¸ °°Àº »ç¶÷µéÀº ±×·¯ÇÑ È¸ÀÇÁÖÀǸ¦ ¼ö±àÇÏÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù.
Influenced by these trends in New Testament study, Protestant theology by the middle of the 20th century was engaged in a reinterpretation of the Christology of the early church. Some Protestant churches continued to repeat the formulas of ancient dogma, but even there the critical study of the New Testament documents was beginning to call those formulas into question. The struggles of the evangelical churches in Germany under Adolf Hitler caused some theologians to realize anew the power of the ancient dogma of the person of Christ to sustain faith, and some of them were inclined to treat the dogma with less severity. But even they acknowledged that the formulation of that dogma in static categories of person, essence, and nature was inadequate to the biblical emphasis upon actions and events rather than upon states of being. Karl Barth for the Reformed tradition, Lionel Thornton for the Anglican tradition, and Karl Heim for the Lutheran tradition were instances of theologians trying to reinterpret classical Christology. While yielding nothing of their loyalty to the dogma of the church, Roman Catholic theologians like Karl Adam were also endeavouring to state that dogma in a form that was meaningful to modern men. The doctrine of the work of Christ was receiving less attention than the doctrine of Christ's person. In much of Protestantism, the concentration of the 19th century upon the teachings of Jesus had made it difficult to speak of more than the prophetic office. The priestly office received least attention of all; and, therefore, despite the support accorded to efforts like that of Gustaf Aulén to reinterpret the metaphor of the Atonement as Christ's victory over his enemies, Protestant theology in the middle of the 20th century was still searching for a doctrine of the Atonement to match its newly won insights into the doctrine of the person of Christ. [½Å¾à¼º¼­] ¿¬±¸¿¡¼­ ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ °æÇâÀÇ ¿µÇâÀ» ¹Þ¾Æ 20¼¼±â Áß¹ÝÀÇ °³½Å±³ ½ÅÇÐÀº ÃʱⱳȸÀÇ ±×¸®½ºµµ·ÐÀ» ÀçÇØ¼®ÇÏ´Â µ¥ ¸ôµÎÇß´Ù. ¾î¶² °³½Å±³ ±³È¸µéÀº °í´ë ±³È¸ÀÇ ½ÅÁ¶µéÀ» °è¼Ó ´ä½ÀÇßÀ¸³ª, [½Å¾à¼º¼­] ¹®Çå¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ºñÆòÀû ¿¬±¸´Â ÀÌ ½ÅÁ¶µéÀ» ÀǽÉÇϱ⠽ÃÀÛÇß´Ù. ¾Æµ¹ÇÁ È÷Ʋ·¯ Ä¡ÇÏÀÇ µ¶ÀÏ¿¡¼­ °³½Å±³ ±³È¸µéÀÇ ÅõÀïÀº ¸î¸î ½ÅÇÐÀÚµé·Î ÇÏ¿©±Ý ½Å¾ÓÀ» À¯ÁöÇϱâ À§ÇØ ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ À§°Ý¿¡ ´ëÇÑ °í´ë ±³¸®ÀÇ ´É·ÂÀ» »õ·Ó°Ô ÀνÄÇϵµ·Ï Çß´Ù. ±×µé Áß ¸î¸îÀº ±³¸®¸¦ ´ú ¾ö°ÝÇÏ°Ô ´Ù·ç·Á°í ÇßÁö¸¸ ±×µéÁ¶Â÷µµ À§°Ý¡¤º»Áú¡¤º»¼ºÀÇ Á¤ÅÂÀû ¹üÁÖµé·Î ±× ±³¸®µéÀ» Á¶¹®È­ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº, Á¸Àç»óź¸´Ù´Â ÇàÀ§¿Í »ç°ÇÀ» °­Á¶ÇÏ´Â ¼º¼­Àû »ç°í¿¡ ºÎÀûÀýÇÏ´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ÀνÄÇß´Ù. °³Çõ±³È¸ ÀüÅëÀÇ Ä«¸¦ ¹Ù¸£Æ®, ¼º°øÈ¸ ÀüÅëÀÇ ¶óÀÌ¿À³Ú ¼ÕÅÏ, ·çÅͱ³ ÀüÅëÀÇ Ä«¸¦ ÇÏÀÓÀº °íÀüÀû ±×¸®½ºµµ·ÐÀ» ÀçÇØ¼®ÇÏ·Á°í ³ë·ÂÇß´ø ½ÅÇÐÀÚµéÀÌ´Ù. ±³È¸ÀÇ ±³¸®¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÁöÁö¸¦ ÀüÇô Æ÷±âÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀ¸¸é¼­, Ä«¸¦ ¾Æ´ã °°Àº ·Î¸¶ °¡Å縯 ½ÅÇÐÀÚµéÀº ±× ±³¸®¸¦ Çö´ëÀε鿡°Ô ÀÇ¹Ì ÀÖ´Â Çü½ÄÀ¸·Î ¸»Çϱâ À§ÇØ ³ë·ÂÇß´Ù. ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ À§°Ý¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ±³¸®´Â ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ »ç¿ª¿¡ °üÇÑ ±³¸®º¸´Ù ´õ Å« °ü½ÉÀÇ ´ë»óÀ̾ú´Ù. 19¼¼±â ¸¹Àº °³½Å±³¿¡¼­ ¿¹¼öÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§¿¡ ÁýÁßÇÔÀ¸·Î½á ¿¹¾ðÀÚÀû Á÷¹« ÀÌ»óÀÇ °ÍÀ» ¸»ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ» ¾î·Æ°Ô ¸¸µé¾úÀ¸¸ç, Á¦»çÀåÀû Á÷¹«¿¡ ´ëÇØ¼­´Â º°·Î °ü½ÉÀ» ±â¿ïÀÌÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù. ±×·¯¹Ç·Î ´ë¼ÓÀÇ ÀºÀ¯¸¦ ±×ÀÇ ´ëÀûµé¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ ½Â¸®·Î ÀçÇØ¼®Çß´ø ±¸½ºÅ¸ÇÁ ¾Æ¿ï·»ÀÇ ÁöÁö¿¡µµ ºÒ±¸Çϰí, 20¼¼±â Áß¹ÝÀÇ °³½Å±³ ½ÅÇÐÀº »õ·Ó°Ô ¾òÀº ÅëÂû·ÂÀ» ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ À§°Ý±³¸®¿¡ ¸ÂÃß±â À§ÇØ ´ë¼Ó±³¸®¸¦ ã°í ÀÖ¾ú´Ù.

In a curious way, therefore, the figure of Jesus Christ has become both a unitive and a divisive element in Christendom. All Christians are united in their loyalty to him, even though they express their loyalty in a variety of doctrinal and liturgical ways. But doctrine and liturgy also divide Christian communions from one another. It has not been the official statements about Christ that have differed widely among most communions. What has become a sharp point of division is the amount of historical and critical inquiry that is permitted where the person of Christ is involved. Despite their official statements and confessions, most Protestant denominations had indicated by the second half of the 20th century that they would tolerate such inquiry, differ though they did in prescribing how far it would be permitted to go. On the other hand, the exclusion of Modernism by the Roman Catholic Church in 1907-10 drew definite limits beyond which the theological use of the methods of critical inquiry was heretical. Within those limits, however, Roman Catholic biblical scholars were engaging in considerable critical literary study, at the same time that critical Protestant theologians were becoming more sympathetic to traditional Christological formulas.  ¡¡

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