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Religion

Á¾±³ ޹æ

Jesus Christ

¿¹¼ö ±×¸®½ºµµ

I. Introduction

II. The gospel tradition

SOURCES

Non-Christian sources.

Christian sources.

The Pauline Letters.

The Gospels.

TIMES AND ENVIRONMENT

Political conditions.

Religious conditions.

The Pharisees.

The Sadducees.

The scribes.

The Zealots.

The Essenes.

THE LIFE AND MINISTRY OF JESUS

The birth and family.

The birth of Jesus.

The family of Jesus.

The ministry.

The role of John the Baptist.

The beginning of the ministry.

The calling of the disciples.

The Galilean period.

THE MESSAGE OF JESUS

The Kingdom of God.

The will of God.

THE SUFFERINGS AND DEATH OF JESUS IN JERUSALEM

THE STORY OF JESUS AND FAITH IN JESUS

I. ¼­·Ð

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II. º¹À½ Àü½Â

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ÀÚ·á

ºñ±âµ¶±³ ÀÚ·áµé.

±âµ¶±³ ÀÚ·áµé.

¹Ù¿ïÀÇ ÆíÁöµé.

º¹À½¼­.

½Ã´ë¿Í ÁÖº¯ ¼¼°è

Á¤Ä¡Àû »óȲ.

Á¾±³Àû »óȲ.

¹Ù¸®»õ ÆÄ.

»çµÎ°³ ÆÄ.

À²¹ýÇÐÀÚµé.

¿­½É´ç.

¿¡¼¼³× ÆÄ.

¿¹¼öÀÇ »î°ú »ç¿ª

ź»ý°ú °¡Á·.

¿¹¼öÀÇ »ý.

¿¹¼öÀÇ °¡Á·.

»ç¿ª.

¼¼·Ê¿äÇÑÀÇ ¿ªÇÒ.

»ç¿ªÀÇ ½ÃÀÛ.

Á¦ÀÚµéÀ» ºÎ¸§.

°¥¸±¸® ½Ã±â.

¿¹¼öÀÇ ¸»¾¸

Çϳª´ÔÀÇ ³ª¶ó.

Çϳª´ÔÀÇ ¶æ.

¿¹·ç»ì·½¿¡¼­ ¿¹¼öÀÇ ¼ö³­°ú Á×À½

¿¹¼ö À̾߱â¿Í ¿¹¼ö¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ½Å¾Ó

III. The picture of Christ in the early church: The Apostles' Creed

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PREEXISTENCE

Jesus Christ.

God's only son.

The Lord.

INCARNATION AND HUMILIATION

Conceived by the Holy Spirit, born of the Virgin Mary.

Suffered under Pontius Pilate, was crucified, dead, and buried.

He descended into hell.

GLORIFICATION

The third day he rose again from the dead.

He ascended into heaven, and sitteth on the right hand of God the father almighty.

From thence he shall come to judge the quick and the dead.

III. ÃʱⱳȸÀÇ ±×¸®½ºµµ»ó( »çµµ½Å°æ)

¼±Àç

¿¹¼ö ±×¸®½ºµµ.

Çϳª´ÔÀÇ µ¶»ýÀÚ.

ÁÖ.

¼ºÀ°½Å°ú °âÇã

¼º·ÉÀ¸·Î À×ÅÂÇÏ»ç µ¿Á¤³à ¸¶¸®¾Æ¿¡°Ô¼­ ³ª½Ã°í.

º»Æ¼¿À ºô¶óµµ¿¡°Ô °í³­À» ¹ÞÀ¸»ç ½ÊÀÚ°¡¿¡ ¸ø¹ÚÇô Á×À¸½Ã°í Àå»çÇÑ Áö.

±×´Â Áö¿Á¿¡ ³»·Á°¡½Ã¸ç.

¿µÈ­

»çÈê ¸¸¿¡ Á×ÀºÀÚ °¡¿îµ¥¼­ ´Ù½Ã »ì¾Æ³ª½Ã¸ç.

Çϴÿ¡ ¿À¸£»ç Àü´ÉÇϽŠÇÏ´À´Ô ¿ìÆí¿¡ ¾É¾Æ °è½Ã´Ù°¡.

Àú¸®·Î¼­ »ê ÀÚ¿Í Á×Àº ÀÚ¸¦ ½ÉÆÇÇÏ·¯ ¿À½Ã¸®¶ó.

IV. The dogma of Christ in the ancient councils

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THE COUNCILS OF NICAEA AND CONSTANTINOPLE

Early heresies.

Nicaea.

Constantinople.

THE COUNCILS OF EPHESUS AND CHALCEDON

The parties.

The settlement at Chalcedon.

IV. °í´ë °øÀÇȸÀÇ ±×¸®½ºµµ ±³¸®

´ÏÄÉ¾Æ °øÀÇȸ¿Í ÄܽºÅºÆ¼³ëÇà °øÀÇȸ

ÃʱâÀÇ À̴ܵé.

´ÏÄÉ¾Æ °øÀÇȸ.

ÄܽºÅºÆ¼³ëÇà °øÀÇȸ.

¿¡Æä¼Ò½º °øÀÇȸ¿Í Ä®Äɵ· °øÀÇȸ

´çÆÄµé.

Ä®Äɵ· °øÀÇȸÀÇ ÇØ°á.

V. The interpretation of Christ in Western faith and thought

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DOCTRINES OF THE PERSON AND WORK OF CHRIST

The medieval development.

The Reformation and classical Protestantism.

THE DEBATE OVER CHRISTOLOGY IN MODERN CHRISTIAN THOUGHT

Origins of the debate.

The 19th century.

The 20th century.

V. ¼­¹æ ½Å¾Ó°ú »ç»ó¿¡¼­ÀÇ ±×¸®½ºµµ ÇØ¼®

±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ À§°Ý°ú »ç¿ª¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ±³¸®

Áß¼¼ÀÇ ¹ßÀü.

Á¾±³°³Çõ°ú °íÀüÀû ÇÁ·ÎÅ×½ºÅºÆ¼Áò.

Çö´ë ±×¸®½ºµµ±³ »ç»óÀÇ ±×¸®½ºµµ·Ð ³íÀï

³íÀïÀÇ ±â¿øµé.

19 ¼¼±â.

20 ¼¼±â.

VI. Bibliography

Times and environment:

The life and ministry of Jesus:

The message of Jesus:

The sufferings and death of Jesus:

The story of Jesus and faith in Jesus:

The picture of Christ in the early church: The Apostles' Creed

ÃʱⱳȸÀÇ ±×¸®½ºµµ»ó( »çµµ½Å°æ)

Even before the Gospels were written, Christians were reflecting upon the meaning of what Jesus had been and what he had said and done. It is a mistake, therefore, to suppose that such reflection is a later accretion upon the simple message of the Gospels. On the contrary, the early Christian communities were engaged in witness and worship from the very beginning. The forms of that witness and worship were also the forms of the narratives in the Gospel accounts. From this fact it follows that to understand the Gospel accounts regarding Jesus we must consider the faith of the early church regarding Christ. In this sense it is valid to maintain that there is no distinction between "the Jesus of history" and "the Christ of faith," and that the only way to get at the former is by the latter. Christology, the doctrine about Christ, is then as old as Christianity itself.  

º¹À½¼­µéÀÌ ¾º¾îÁö±â ÀÌÀü¿¡µµ, ±×¸®½ºµµ±³ÀεéÀº ¿¹¼ö°¡ ¾î¶² »ç¶÷À̾úÀ¸¸ç, ¹«½¼ ¸»À» Çß°í ¾î¶»°Ô ÇൿÇß´ÂÁö¿¡ ´ëÇØ ¼ºÂûÇϰí ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. ±×·¯¹Ç·Î ±×·± ¼ºÂûÀÌ Èı⿡ º¹À½¼­ÀÇ ´Ü¼øÇÑ ¸»¾¸¿¡ ÷°¡µÈ °ÍÀ̶ó°í »ý°¢ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº À߸øÀÌ´Ù. ¹Ý´ë·Î Ãʱ⠱׸®½ºµµ±³µµ °øµ¿Ã¼´Â óÀ½ºÎÅÍ Áõ¾ð°ú ¿¹¹è¿¡ Âü°¡ÇßÀ¸¸ç, ±× Áõ¾ð¡¤¿¹¹èÀÇ Çü½ÄÀÌ º¹À½¼­¿¡ ÀÖ´Â ¼³È­ Çü½ÄÀÌ´Ù. ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ »ç½Ç·ÎºÎÅÍ ¿ì¸®´Â ¿¹¼ö¿¡ ´ëÇÑ º¹À½¼­ ³»¿ëµéÀ» ÀÌÇØÇϱâ À§Çؼ­±×¸®½ºµµ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Ãʱ⠱³È¸ÀÇ ½Å¾ÓÀ» ¼÷°íÇØ¾ß¸¸ ÇÑ´Ù. ÀÌ·± Àǹ̿¡¼­ '¿ª»çÀÇ ¿¹¼ö'¿Í '½Å¾ÓÀÇ ±×¸®½ºµµ' »çÀÌÀÇ ±¸º°ÀÌ ¾ø´Ù´Â °Í°ú ÀüÀÚ¿¡ À̸£´Â À¯ÀÏÇÑ ±æÀº ÈÄÀÚ¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­¶ó´Â ÁÖÀåÀÌ Á¤´çÇÏ´Ù. ±×¸®½ºµµ·ÐÀº ±×¸®½ºµµ±³ ÀÚü¸¸Å­ ¿À·¡µÈ °ÍÀÌ´Ù.

To comprehend the faith of the early church regarding Christ, we must turn to the writings of the New Testament, where that faith found embodiment. It was also embodied in brief confessions or creeds, but these have not been preserved for us complete in their original form. What we have are fragments of those confessions or creeds in various books of the New Testament, snatches from them in other early Christian documents, and later forms of them in Christian theology and liturgy. The so-called Apostles' Creed is one such later form. It did not achieve its present form until quite late; just how late is a matter of controversy. But in its earliest ancestry it is very early indeed, perhaps dating back to the 1st century. And its confession regarding Christ is probably the earliest core, around which later elaborations of it were composed. Allowing for such later elaboration, we may say that in the Apostles' Creed we have a convenient summary of what the early church believed about Christ amid all the variety of its expression and formulation. The creeds were a way for Christians to explain what they meant by their acts of worship. When they put "I believe" or "We believe" at the head of what they confessed about God and Christ, they meant that their declarations rested upon faith, not merely upon observation.   ±×¸®½ºµµ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÃʱⱳȸÀÇ ½Å¾ÓÀ» ÀÌÇØÇϱâ À§Çؼ­ ÃʱâÀÇ ½Å¾ÓÀÌ ±¸ÇöµÇ¾î ÀÖ´Â [½Å¾à¼º¼­]·Î µ¹¾Æ°¡¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. ÀÌ ½Å¾ÓÀº ªÀº ½Å¾Ó°í¹éÀ̳ª ½ÅÁ¶µé ¼Ó¿¡ ±¸ÇöµÇ¾úÁö¸¸, º»·¡ÀÇ ¿ÏÀüÇÑ ÇüÅ´ ¿ì¸®¿¡°Ô ÀüÇØÁöÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù. ¿ì¸®°¡ °¡Áö°í ÀÖ´Â °ÍÀº [½Å¾à¼º¼­]ÀÇ ¿©·¯ Ã¥µé ¾È¿¡ ÀÖ´Â ½Å¾Ó°í¹éµé°ú ½ÅÁ¶µéÀÇ ´ÜÆíÀ̰í, Ãʱ⠱׸®½ºµµ±³µµÀÇ ¹®¼­µé¿¡¼­ ÃëÇÑ °ÍµéÀ̸ç, ±×¸®½ºµµ±³ÀÇ ½ÅÇаú Àü·Ê¿¡ ³»Æ÷µÇ¾î ÀÖ´Â Èıâ ÇüÅÂÀÇ ½Å¾Ó°í¹é°ú ½ÅÁ¶µéÀÇ ´ÜÆíÀÌ´Ù. »çµµ½Å°æÀº ±×·¯ÇÑ Èıâ ÇüÅÂÀ̸ç, ±× ±â¿øÀº ¾Æ¸¶µµ 1¼¼±â±îÁö °Å½½·¯ ¿Ã¶ó°¥ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. »çµµ½Å°æÀº Ãʱ⠽žӰí¹éÀÇ ÇÙ½ÉÀ̾úÀ¸¸ç À̰ÍÀ» Áß½ÉÀ¸·Î ÈıâÀÇ Ç¥ÇöµéÀÌ ±¸¼ºµÇ¾úÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù. Ãʱ⠱³È¸ÀÇ ´Ù¾çÇÑ Ç¥Çö°ú Çü½Ä °¡¿îµ¥¼­ Ãʱ⠱³È¸°¡ ±×¸®½ºµµ¿¡ °üÇØ ¹Ï¾ú´ø ¿äÁ¡À» »çµµ½Å°æ¿¡¼­ ¹ß°ßÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ½ÅÁ¶µéÀº ±×¸®½ºµµ±³µµµéÀÇ ¿¹¹èÇàÀ§ÀÇ ÀϺο´À¸¸ç ¹«¾ùÀ» ¹Ï´ÂÁö¸¦ ¼³¸íÇÏ´Â ¹æ½ÄÀ̾ú´Ù. ±×µéÀÌ ÇÏ´À´Ô°ú ±×¸®½ºµµ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ½Å¾Ó°í¹éÀÇ ¼­µÎ¿¡ "³ª´Â(¶Ç´Â ¿ì¸®´Â) ¹Ï½À´Ï´Ù"¶ó°í ÇÒ ¶§, ±× ¼±¾ðÀÌ ½Å¾Ó¿¡ ±Ù°ÅÇÑ °ÍÀÌÁö, ´Ü¼øÈ÷ °üÂû¿¡ ±Ù°ÅÇÑ °ÍÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó´Â °ÍÀ» ÀǹÌÇß´Ù.

PREEXISTENCE

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The statement "I believe" also indicated that Christ was deserving of worship and faith, and that he was therefore on a level with God. At an early date, possibly as early as the words of Paul in Phil. 2:6-11, Christian theology began to distinguish three stages in the career of Jesus Christ: his preexistence with the Father before all things; his Incarnation and humiliation in "the days of His flesh" (Heb. 5:7), and his glorification, beginning with the Resurrection and continuing forever. (see also Index: Pauline letters)   "³»°¡ ¹Ï½À´Ï´Ù"¶ó´Â Áø¼úÀº ±×¸®½ºµµ´Â ¸¶¶¥È÷ ¿¹¹è¹ÞÀ» ´ë»óÀ̸ç, µû¶ó¼­ ±×´Â ÇÏ´À´Ô°ú µ¿±ÞÀ̶ó´Â °ÍÀ» ¾Ï½ÃÇÑ´Ù. [Çʸ³ºñÀε鿡°Ô º¸³½ ÆíÁö] 2Àå 6~11ÀýÀÇ ¹Ù¿ïÀÇ ¸»Ã³·³ ±×¸®½ºµµ±³ ½ÅÇÐÀº ¿¹¼ö ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ °æ·ÂÀ» 3´Ü°è·Î ±¸º°Çϱ⠽ÃÀÛÇß´Ù. ¸¸¹° ÀÌÀü¿¡ ¾Æ¹öÁö¿Í ÇÔ²² ÇÑ ±×ÀÇ ¼±Àç(à»î¤), ¼ºÀ°½Å°ú °âÇã(È÷ºê 5 : 7), ºÎȰ·Î ½ÃÀÛÇÏ¿© ¿µ¿øÈ÷ °è¼ÓµÇ´Â ±×ÀÇ ¿µÈ­°¡ ±×°ÍÀÌ´Ù.
Probably the most celebrated statement of the preexistence of Christ is the opening verses of the Gospel of St. John. Here Christ is identified as the incarnation of the Word (Logos) through which God made all things in the beginning, a Word existing in relation to God before the creation. The sources of this doctrine have been sought in Greek philosophy, both early and late, as well as in the Jewish thought of Philo and of the Palestinian rabbis. Whatever its source, the doctrine of the Logos in John is distinctive by virtue of the fact that it identifies the Logos with a specific historical person. Other writings of the New Testament also illustrate the faith of the early Christians regarding the preexistence of Christ. The opening chapters of both Colossians and Hebrews speak of Christ as the preexistent one through whom all things were created, therefore as distinct from the created order of things in both time and preeminence; the preposition "before" in Col. 1:17 apparently refers both to his temporal priority and to his superior dignity. Yet before any theological reflection about the nature of this preexistence had been able to find terms and concepts, the early Christians were worshipping Christ as divine. Phil. 2:6-11 may be a quotation from a hymn used in such worship. Theological reflection told them that if this worship was legitimate, he must have existed with the Father "before all ages." (see also Index: John, Gospel According to)   ¾Æ¸¶µµ ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ ¼±Àç¿¡ ´ëÇÑ °¡Àå Àß ¾Ë·ÁÁø Áø¼úÀº [¿äÇÑÀÇ º¹À½¼­] ¼­¹®ÀÏ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ¿©±â¼­ ±×¸®½ºµµ´Â ¸»¾¸(·Î°í½º)ÀÇ ¼ºÀ°½ÅÀ¸·Î µ¿ÀϽõǰí, ¸»¾¸À» ÅëÇØ ÇÏ´À´ÔÀº ÅÂÃÊ¿¡ ¸¸¹°À» âÁ¶Çß°í, ¸»¾¸Àº âÁ¶ ÀÌÀü¿¡ ÇÏ´À´Ô°ú ÇÔ²² Á¸ÀçÇß´Ù. ÀÌ ±³¸®ÀÇ ±Ù°ÅÀÚ·áµéÀº Çʷγª ÆÈ·¹½ºÅ¸ÀÎ ¶øºñµéÀÇ À¯´ëÀû »ç°í¿Í ¸¶Âù°¡Áö·Î ±×¸®½º öÇп¡¼­ ¿Ô´Ù. ±× ÀÚ·áµéÀÌ ¹«¾ùÀ̵çÁö °£¿¡, ¿äÇÑÀÇ ·Î°í½º ±³¸®´Â ·Î°í½º¸¦ Ư¼öÇÑ ¿ª»çÀû Àι°°ú µ¿ÀϽÃÇß´Ù´Â Á¡¿¡¼­ ƯÀÌÇÏ´Ù. [½Å¾à¼º¼­]ÀÇ ´Ù¸¥ ÀúÀ۵鵵 ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ ¼±Àç¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Ãʱ⠱׸®½ºµµ±³ÀεéÀÇ ½Å¾ÓÀ» º¸¿©ÁØ´Ù. [°ñ·Î»çÀÌÀε鿡°Ô º¸³½ ÆíÁö]¡¤[È÷ºê¸®Àε鿡°Ô º¸³½ ÆíÁö]ÀÇ Ã¹ Àåµµ ±×¸®½ºµµ´Â ¸¸¹°ÀÌ Ã¢Á¶µÇ±â ÀüºÎÅÍ ¼±ÀçÇß´ø ÀÚÀ̸ç, µû¶ó¼­ ½Ã°£°ú Ź¿ù¼º¿¡ À־ âÁ¶µÈ »ç¹°µéÀÇ Áú¼­·ÎºÎÅÍ ±¸º°µÇ´Â µ¶Æ¯ÇÑ ÀÚ·Î ¸»ÇÑ´Ù. [°ñ·Î»çÀÌÀε鿡°Ô º¸³½ ÆíÁö] 1Àå 17ÀýÀÇ '¾Õ¼­'¶ó´Â ¸»Àº ºÐ¸íÈ÷ ±×ÀÇ ½Ã°£Àû ¼±À缺°ú ¿ì¿ùÇÑ Á¸¾ö¼ºÀ» ¸»ÇØÁØ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ¼±Àç¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ½ÅÇÐÀû ¼ºÂû¿¡ ÀÇÇÏ¸é ´Ü¾î¿Í °³³äÀ» ¹ß°ßÇϱâ ÀÌÀüÀÇ Ãʱ⠱׸®½ºµµ±³ÀεéÀº ±×¸®½ºµµ¸¦ ÇÏ´À´ÔÀ¸·Î ¿¹¹èµå¸®°í ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. [Çʸ³ºñÀε鿡°Ô º¸³½ ÆíÁö] 2Àå 6~11ÀýÀº ¾Æ¸¶µµ ±×·± ¿¹¹è¿¡¼­ »ç¿ëµÈ Âù¼ÛÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ÀοëµÈ µíÇÏ´Ù. ½ÅÇÐÀûÀÎ ¼ºÂûÀº ¸¸ÀÏ ÀÌ ¿¹¹è°¡ ÇÕ´çÇÏ´Ù¸é ±×´Â '¸ðµç ½Ã´ë ÀÌÀü¿¡' ¾Æ¹öÁö¿Í ÇÔ²² Á¸ÀçÇßÀ½ÀÌ Æ²¸²¾ø´Ù°í ±×µé¿¡°Ô ¸»Çß´Ù.

Jesus Christ.

¿¹¼ö ±×¸®½ºµµ

By the time the text of the creed was established, this was the usual designation for the Saviour. Originally, of course, "Jesus" had been his given name, meaning "Yahweh saves," or "Yahweh will save" (see Matt. 1:21), while "Christ" was the Greek translation of the title "Messiah." Some passages of the New Testament still used "Christ" as a title (e.g., Luke 24:26; II John 7), but it is evident from Paul's usage that the title became simply a proper name very early. Most of the Gentiles took it to be a proper name, and it was as "Christians" that the early believers were labelled (Acts 11:26). In the most precise language, the term "Jesus" was reserved for the earthly career of the Lord; but it seems from liturgical sources that it may actually have been endowed with greater solemnity than the name "Christ." Within a few years after the beginnings of the Christian movement, Jesus, Christ, Jesus Christ, and Christ Jesus could be used almost interchangeably, as the textual variants in the New Testament indicate. Only in modern times has it become customary to distinguish sharply among them for the sake of drawing a line between the Jesus of history and the Christ of faith, and this only in certain circles. The theologians and people of many churches still use phrases like "the life of Christ," because "Christ" is primarily a name. It is difficult to imagine how it could be otherwise when the Old Testament implications of the title have become a secondary consideration in its use--a process already evident within the New Testament.   ½ÅÁ¶ÀÇ º»¹®ÀÌ ¸¸µé¾îÁ³À» ¶§ À̰ÍÀº ±¸¼¼ÁÖ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Åë»óÀûÀÎ ÁöĪÀ̾ú´Ù. º»·¡ '¿¹¼ö'´Â ±×ÀÇ À̸§À¸·Î '¾ßÈѰ¡ ±¸¿øÇÑ´Ù' ¶Ç´Â '¾ßÈѰ¡ ±¸¿øÇÒ °ÍÀÌ´Ù'(¸¶Å 1 : 21)¸¦ ÀǹÌÇÑ´Ù. ¹Ý¸é '±×¸®½ºµµ'´Â '¸Þ½Ã¾Æ' Īȣ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ±×¸®½º¾î ¹ø¿ªÀ̾ú´Ù. [½Å¾à¼º¼­]ÀÇ ¾î¶² ±¸ÀýµéÀº '±×¸®½ºµµ'¸¦ Īȣ·Î »ç¿ëÇßÁö¸¸(´©°¡ 24 : 26, ¥± ¿äÇÑ 7), ±× Īȣ°¡ ¸Å¿ì ÀÏÂïºÎÅÍ °íÀ¯¸í»ç°¡ µÇ¾úÀ½À» ¹Ù¿ïÀÇ ¿ë·Ê·ÎºÎÅÍ ¾Ë ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. °ÅÀÇ ¸ðµç À̹æÀεéÀº ±×°ÍÀ» °íÀ¯¸í»ç·Î ¹Þ¾Æµé¿´°í, Ãʱ⠽ÅÀÚµéÀº '±×¸®½ºµµÀÎ'À¸·Î ºÒ·È´Ù(»çµµ 11 : 26). ¾ö¹ÐÇÑ Àǹ̿¡¼­ '¿¹¼ö'¶ó´Â ´Ü¾î´Â ÁÖ´ÔÀÇ Áö»ó °æ·ÂÀ» °¡¸®Å°´Â µ¥ »ç¿ëµÇ¾ú´Ù. ±×·¯³ª Àü·ÊÀÚ·á¿¡ ÀÇÇÏ¸é ½ÇÁ¦·Î '±×¸®½ºµµ'¶ó´Â À̸§º¸´Ùµµ ¿¹¼ö¶ó´Â À̸§¿¡ ´õ¿í Å« Àǹ̸¦ ºÎ¿©Çß´ø °ÍÀ¸·Î º¸ÀδÙ. ±×¸®½ºµµ±³ ¿îµ¿ÀÌ ½ÃÀÛµÈ Áö ¾ó¸¶ µÇÁö ¾Ê¾Æ [½Å¾à¼º¼­] ³»ÀÇ º»¹®ÀÇ º¯ÇüÀÌ °¡¸®Å°µíÀÌ ¿¹¼ö, ±×¸®½ºµµ, ¿¹¼ö ±×¸®½ºµµ, ±×¸®½ºµµ ¿¹¼ö°¡ °ÅÀÇ º´¿ëµÇ¾ú´Ù. Çö´ë¿¡ ¿Í¼­ ¿ª»çÀû ¿¹¼ö¿Í ½Å¾ÓÀÇ ±×¸®½ºµµ¸¦ °ü½ÀÀûÀ¸·Î ¿¹¹ÎÇÏ°Ô ±¸ºÐÇÏ°Ô µÇ¾ú´Ù. À̰ÍÀº ¿ÀÁ÷ ÀϺΠÁý´Üµé¿¡¼­¸¸ ±×·¯Çß´Ù. ¸¹Àº ±³È¸ÀÇ ½ÅÇÐÀÚµé°ú ±³ÀεéÀº '±×¸®½ºµµ'¸¦ À̸§À¸·Î »ý°¢ÇÏ¿© '±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ »ý¾Ö'¿Í °°Àº ¹®±¸µéÀ» ¾ÆÁ÷µµ »ç¿ëÇÑ´Ù. ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ ÄªÈ£¿¡ ´ëÇÑ [±¸¾à¼º¼­]ÀÇ Àǹ̵éÀ» °í·ÁÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù¸é ±× Īȣ°¡ ¾î¶»°Ô ´Ù¸¥ ÇüŰ¡ µÇ¾ú´ÂÁö »ó»óÇÏ±â ¾î·Æ´Ù.

God's only son.

ÇÏ´À´ÔÀÇ µ¶»ýÀÚ

The declaration that Jesus Christ is the son of God is one of the most universal in the New Testament, most of whose books refer to him that way. The Gospels do not quote him as using the title for himself in so many words, although sayings like Matt. 11:27 come close to it. There are some instances where the usage of the Gospels appears to echo the more general implications of divine sonship in the Old Testament as a prerogative of Israel or of the true believer. Usually, however, it is evident that the evangelists, like Paul, meant some special honour by the name. The evangelists associated the honour with the story of Jesus' baptism (Matt. 3:17) and transfiguration (Matt. 17:5), Paul with the faith in the Resurrection (Rom. 1:4). From this association some have argued that "Son of God" in the New Testament never referred to the preexistence of Christ. But it is clear in John and in Paul that this implication was not absent, even though it was not as prominent as it became soon thereafter. What made the implication of preexistence more prominent in later Christian use of the term "Son of God" was the clarification of the doctrine of the Trinity, where "Son" was the name for the eternal Second Person (Matt. 28:19). As the Gospels show, the application of the name "Son of God" to Jesus was offensive to the Jews, probably because it seemed to smack of gentile polytheism. This also made it all too intelligible to the pagans, as early heresies indicate. Facing both the Jews and the Greeks, the apostolic church confessed that Jesus Christ was "God's only Son": the Son of God, in antithesis to Jewish claims that the eternal could have no sons; the only Son, in antithesis to Greek myths of divine procreation.   ¿¹¼ö ±×¸®½ºµµ°¡ ÇÏ´À´ÔÀÇ ¾ÆµéÀ̶ó´Â ¼±¾ðÀº [½Å¾à¼º¼­]¿¡¼­ °¡Àå º¸ÆíÀûÀÎ °Í ÁßÀÇ ÇϳªÀ̸ç [¸¶ÅÂÀÇ º¹À½¼­] 11Àå 27ÀýÀÇ Áø¼úÀÌ ±× ¿¹ÀÌ´Ù. º¹À½¼­¿¡ ÀÇÇÏ¸é ¿¹¼ö ÀÚ½ÅÀº ±× Īȣ¸¦ »ç¿ëÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù. ¸î¸î °æ¿ì º¹À½¼­ÀÇ ¿ë¹ýÀÌ À̽º¶ó¿¤°ú Âü ½ÅÀÚÀÇ Æ¯±ÇÀ¸·Î¼­ ½ÅÀÇ ¾ÆµéµÊÀÇ Àǹ̸¦ ¹Ý¿µÇÑ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ¹Ù¿ï°ú °°Àº º¹À½ ÀüµµÀÚµéÀº ÀÌ ¸íĪÀ¸·Î ¾î¶² Ưº°ÇÑ ¿µ¿¹¸¦ ÀǹÌÇϰíÀÚ Çß´ø °ÍÀÌ ºÐ¸íÇÏ´Ù. º¹À½¼­ ÀúÀÚµéÀº ±× ¿¹¸¦ ¿¹¼öÀÇ ¼¼·Ê À̾߱â(¸¶Å 3 : 17) ¹× º¯Çü(¸¶Å 17 : 5)°ú ¿¬°á½ÃÄ×À¸¸ç, ¹Ù¿ïÀº ºÎȰ ¹ÏÀ½°ú ¿¬°á½ÃÄ×´Ù. ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ »ç½Ç·ÎºÎÅÍ ¾î¶² »ç¶÷µéÀº [½Å¾à¼º¼­]ÀÇ 'ÇÏ´À´ÔÀÇ ¾Æµé'Àº °áÄÚ ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ ¼±À縦 °¡¸®Å°´Â °ÍÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó°í ÁÖÀåÇß´Ù. Èı⠱׸®½ºµµ±³¿¡¼­ 'ÇÏ´À´ÔÀÇ ¾Æµé'À̶ó´Â ¿ë¾î¿¡ ¼±ÀçÀÇ Àǹ̸¦ °¡¹ÌÇÏ°Ô µÈ °ÍÀº »ïÀ§ÀÏü ±³¸®¿´´Âµ¥, ¿©±â¼­ '¾Æµé'Àº ¿µ¿øÇÑ 2¹øÂ° À§°ÝÀ» ÀǹÌÇÏ´Â À̸§À̾ú´Ù(¸¶Å 28 : 19). º¹À½¼­µéÀÌ º¸¿©ÁÖµíÀÌ, 'ÇÏ´À´ÔÀÇ ¾Æµé'À̶ó´Â ¸íĪÀ» ¿¹¼ö¿¡°Ô Àû¿ë½ÃŲ °ÍÀº À¯´ëÀε鿡°Ô´Â ¸ð¿åÀûÀ̾ú´Âµ¥, ¾Æ¸¶µµ ±× ÀÌÀ¯´Â ´Ù½Å±³ÀÇ ½Ãµµ·Î º¸¿´±â ¶§¹®ÀÏ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. À¯´ëÀεé°ú ±×¸®½ºÀε鿡 ¸Â¼­ »çµµ±³È¸´Â ¿¹¼ö ±×¸®½ºµµ¸¦ 'ÇÏ´À´ÔÀÇ µ¶»ýÀÚ'·Î ½Å¾Ó°í¹éÇß´Ù. 'ÇÏ´À´ÔÀÇ ¾Æµé'Àº ¿µ¿øÀÚ´Â ¾ÆµéÀ» °¡Áú ¼ö ¾ø´Ù´Â À¯´ëÀεéÀÇ °ü³ä°ú Á¤¹Ý´ëµÇ´Â °ÍÀ̸ç, 'µ¶»ýÀÚ'´Â ½ÅÀÇ Ãâ»ê¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ±×¸®½º ½ÅÈ­¿¡ Á¤¹Ý´ëµÇ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù.

The Lord.

ÁÖ

As passages like Rom. 1:4, show, the phrase "Jesus Christ our Lord" was one of the ways the apostolic church expressed its understanding of what he had been and done. Luke even put the title into the mouth of the Christmas angel (Luke 2:11). From the way the name "Lord" (Kyrios) was employed during the 1st century it is possible to see several implications in the Christian use of it for Christ. The Christians meant that there were not many divine and lordly beings in the universe, but only one Kyrios (I Cor. 8:5-6). They meant that the Roman Caesar was not the lord of all, as he was styled by his worshippers, but that only Christ was Lord (Rev. 17:14). And they meant that Yahweh, the covenant God of the Old Testament, whose name they pronounced as "Lord," had come in Jesus Christ to establish the new covenant (see Rom. 10:12-13). Like "Son of God," therefore, the name Kyrios was directed against both parts of the audience to which the primitive church addressed its proclamation. At times it stood particularly for the risen and glorified Christ, as in Acts 2:36; but in passages that echoed the Old Testament it was sometimes the preexistence that was being primarily emphasized (Matt. 22:44). Gradually "our Lord," like "Christ," became a common way of speaking about Jesus Christ, even when the speaker did not intend to stress his lordship over the world.   [·Î¸¶Àε鿡°Ô º¸³½ ÆíÁö] 1Àå 4Àý¿¡¼­ ó·³ '¿¹¼ö ±×¸®½ºµµ ¿ì¸® ÁÖ'¶ó´Â Ç¥ÇöÀº »çµµ±³È¸°¡ ¿¹¼ö´Â ¾î¶² ºÐÀ̾úÀ¸¸ç ¹«¾ùÀ» ÇàÇß´ÂÁö¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÀÌÇØ¸¦ ³ªÅ¸³»´Â ¹æ¹ýµé ÁßÀÇ Çϳª¿´´Ù. ´©°¡´Â ±× Īȣ¸¦ Å©¸®½º¸¶½º õ»çÀÇ ÀÔÀ» ÅëÇØ Ç¥ÇöÇß´Ù(´©°¡ 2 : 11). 'ÁÖ'(۸®¿À½º)¶ó´Â Īȣ°¡ 1¼¼±â µ¿¾È »ç¿ëµÈ ¹æ½ÄÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ±×¸®½ºµµ±³µµµéÀÌ ±×¸®½ºµµ¿¡°Ô »ç¿ëÇß´ø ±× ĪȣÀÇ ¸î °¡Áö Àǹ̸¦ »ìÆìº¼ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ±×¸®½ºµµ±³µµµéÀº ¿ìÁÖ¿¡ ¸¹Àº ½ÅÀûÀÎ ±×¸®°í ÁÖ °°Àº Á¸Àç°¡ ÀÖ´Â °ÍÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ¿À·ÎÁö ÇϳªÀÇ ÁÖ(¥° °í¸° 8 : 5~6)¸¸ÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ÀǹÌÇß´Ù. ±×µéÀº ·Î¸¶ÀÇ Ä«À̻縣°¡ ±×¸¦ ¼þ¹èÇÏ´Â Àڵ鿡 ÀÇÇØ À¯ÇüÈ­µÇ¾úµíÀÌ ¸ðµç »ç¶÷ÀÇ ÁÖ°¡ ¾Æ´Ï¸ç, ¿ÀÁ÷ ±×¸®½ºµµ¸¸ÀÌ ÁÖ¶ó´Â °Í(¹¬½Ã 17 : 14)À» ÀǹÌÇß´Ù. ±×¸®°í ±×µéÀÌ 'ÁÖ'·Î ºÒ·¶´ø [±¸¾à¼º¼­]ÀÇ °è¾àÀÇ ÇÏ´À´Ô, ¾ßÈѰ¡ »õ °è¾àÀ» ¼¼¿ì±â À§ÇØ ¿¹¼ö ±×¸®½ºµµ ¾È¿¡ ¿Ô´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ÀǹÌÇß´Ù(·Î¸¶ 10 : 12~13). ±×·¯¹Ç·Î 'ÇÏ´À´ÔÀÇ ¾Æµé'°ú °°ÀÌ Å°¸®¿À½º¶ó´Â Īȣ´Â ÃÊ´ë ±³È¸°¡ ´ëÇ×Çß´ø 2°¡Áö ºÎ·ùÀÇ Ã»Áߵ鿡°Ô ¼±Æ÷Çϱâ À§ÇÑ °ÍÀ̾ú´Ù. ¶§¶§·Î ÀÌ ¸íĪÀº [»çµµÇàÀü] 2Àå 36Àý¿¡¼­¿Í °°ÀÌ ºÎȰÇÏ°í ¿µÈ­·Ó°Ô µÈ ±×¸®½ºµµ¸¦ ³ªÅ¸³ÂÀ¸³ª, [±¸¾à¼º¼­]¸¦ ¹Ý¿µÇÏ´Â ¹®Àåµé¿¡¼­ ¶§¶§·Î ¿ì¼±ÀûÀ¸·Î °­Á¶µÇ¾ú´ø °ÍÀº ¼±Àç¿´´Ù(¸¶Å 22 : 44). Á¡Â÷ '±×¸®½ºµµ'¿Í °°ÀÌ '¿ì¸®ÀÇ ÁÖ'¶ó´Â Ç¥Çöµµ ¿¹¼ö ±×¸®½ºµµ¿¡ ´ëÇØ¼­ ¸»ÇÏ´Â ÀϹÝÀûÀÎ ¹æ½ÄÀÌ µÇ¾ú´Ù.

INCARNATION AND HUMILIATION

¼ºÀ°½Å°ú °âÇã

Conceived by the Holy Spirit, born of the Virgin Mary.

¼º·ÉÀ¸·Î À×ÅÂÇÏ»ç µ¿Á¤³à ¸¶¸®¾Æ¿¡°Ô¼­ ³ª½Ã°í

Earlier forms of the creed seem to have read: "Born of the Holy Spirit and of the Virgin Mary." The primary affirmation of this article is that the Son of God, the Word, had become man or, as John's Gospel put it, "flesh" (John 1:14). Preexistence and Incarnation presuppose each other in the Christian view of Jesus Christ. Hence the New Testament assumed his preexistence when it talked about his becoming man; and when it spoke of him as preexistent, it was ascribing this preexistence to him whom it was describing in the flesh. It may be that the reference in the creed to the Virgin Mary was intended to stress primarily her function as the guarantee of Christ's true humanity, but the creed also intended to teach the supernatural origin of that humanity. Although it is true that neither Paul nor John makes reference to it, the teaching about the virginal conception of Jesus, apparently based upon Isa. 7:14, was sufficiently widespread in the 1st century to warrant inclusion in both Matthew and Luke, as well as in creeds that date back to the 1st century. As it stands, the creedal statement is a paraphrase of Luke 1:35. In the New Testament the Holy Spirit was also involved in the baptism and the Resurrection of Jesus.  

ÀÌ ½ÅÁ¶ÀÇ ´õ À̸¥ ÇüÅ´ '¼º·É°ú µ¿Á¤³à ¸¶¸®¾Æ¿¡°Ô ž½Ã°í'¶ó°í ÀÐÇôÁ³À» °ÍÀ¸·Î º¸ÀδÙ. ÀÌ ±ÛÀº ¹«¾ùº¸´Ùµµ ÇÏ´À´ÔÀÇ ¾Æµé, ¸»¾¸ÀÌ Àΰ£ÀÌ µÇ¾ú´Ù´Â °Í, ȤÀº [¿äÇÑÀÇ º¹À½¼­]¿¡ ±â·ÏµÇ¾úµíÀÌ 'À°½Å'ÀÌ µÇ¾ú´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» È®ÁõÇÑ´Ù(¿äÇÑ 1 : 14). ¼±Àç¿Í ¼ºÀ°½ÅÀº ¼­·ÎÀÇ ÀüÁ¦°¡ µÈ´Ù. ±×·¯¹Ç·Î [½Å¾à¼º¼­]´Â ±×°¡ Àΰ£ÀÌ µÇ½ÉÀ» ¸»ÇÒ ¶§ ±×ÀÇ ¼±À縦 ÀüÁ¦ÇÏ¸ç ±×¸¦ ¼±ÀçÇÏ´Â ÀÚ·Î ¸»ÇÒ ¶§¿¡´Â À°½Å ¾È¿¡ ÀÖ´Â °ÍÀ¸·Î ¹¦»çÇÑ´Ù. µ¿Á¤³à ¸¶¸®¾Æ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¾ð±ÞÀº ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ Âü ÀμºÀ» º¸ÁõÇÏ´Â ±×³àÀÇ ±â´ÉÀ» ¿ì¼±ÀûÀ¸·Î °­Á¶ÇÏ·Á´Â Àǵµ·Î º¸ÀδÙ. ±×·¯³ª ÀÌ ½ÅÁ¶´Â ¶ÇÇÑ ÀμºÀÇ ÃÊÀÚ¿¬Àû ±â¿øÀ» ÀǵµÇß´Ù. ¹Ù¿ï°ú ¿äÇÑÀº ±×°Í¿¡ ´ëÇØ ¾ð±ÞÇÏÁö ¾Ê¾ÒÁö¸¸, [ÀÌ»ç¾ß] 7Àå 14Àý¿¡ ±Ù°ÅÇÑ ¿¹¼öÀÇ µ¿Á¤³à À×Å¿¡ ´ëÇÑ °¡¸£Ä§Àº 1¼¼±â¿¡´Â ³Î¸® ÆÛÁ® À־ [¸¶ÅÂÀÇ º¹À½¼­]¡¤[´©°¡ÀÇ º¹À½¼­]¿¡ Æ÷ÇÔµÇ°Ô µÇ¾ú´Ù. ÀÌ ½ÅÁ¶´Â [´©°¡ÀÇ º¹À½¼­] 1Àå 35ÀýÀÇ ÀÇ¿ªÀÌ´Ù. [½Å¾à¼º¼­]¿¡¼­ ¼º·ÉÀº ¿¹¼öÀÇ ¼¼·Ê ¹× ºÎȰ°úµµ °ü·ÃµÇ¾ú´Ù.

Suffered under Pontius Pilate, was crucified, dead, and buried.

º»Æ¼¿À ºô¶óµµ¿¡°Ô °í³­À» ¹ÞÀ¸»ç ½ÊÀÚ°¡¿¡ ¸ø¹ÚÇô Á×À¸½Ã°í Àå»çÇÑ Áö

To a reader of the Gospels, the most striking feature of the creed is probably its omission of that which occupied a major part of the Gospels, the story of Jesus' life and teachings. In this respect there is a direct parallel between the creed and the Epistles of the New Testament, especially those of Paul. Judging by the amount of space they devoted to the Passion story, even the writers of the Gospels were apparently more interested in these few days of Jesus' life than they were in anything else he had said or done. The reason for this was the faith underlying both the New Testament and the creed, that the events of Jesus' Passion, death, and Resurrection were the events by which God had accomplished the salvation of human beings. The Gospels found their climax in those events, and the other material in them led up to those events. The Epistles applied those events to concrete situations in the early church. From the way Paul could speak of the Cross (Phil. 2:6-11) and of "the night when he [Jesus] was betrayed" (I Cor. 11:23), it seems that before our Gospels came into existence the church commemorated the happenings associated with what came to be called Holy Week. Some of the earliest Christian art was a portrayal of these happenings, another indication of their importance in the cultic and devotional life of early Christianity. How did the Cross effect the salvation of human beings? The answers of the New Testament and the early church to this question involved a variety of metaphors: Christ offered himself as a sacrifice to God; his life was a ransom for many; his death made mankind alive; his suffering was an example to people when they must suffer; he was the Second Adam, creating a new humanity; his death shows people how much God loves them; and others. Every major atonement theory of Christian theological history discussed below was anticipated by one or another of these metaphors. The New Testament employed them all to symbolize something that could be described only symbolically, that "God was in Christ reconciling the world to himself, not counting their trespasses against them" (II Cor. 5:19). (see also Index: Crucifixion, religious art)   ÀÌ ½ÅÁ¶ÀÇ Æ¯Â¡Àº º¹À½¼­ÀÇ Áß¿äÇÑ ºÎºÐÀÎ ¿¹¼öÀÇ »ý¾Ö¿Í °¡¸£Ä§ÀÇ À̾߱Ⱑ »ý·«µÇ¾ú´Ù´Â Á¡ÀÌ´Ù. ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ Á¡¿¡¼­ ÀÌ ½ÅÁ¶¿Í [½Å¾à¼º¼­]ÀÇ ÆíÁöµé, ƯÈ÷ ¹Ù¿ïÀÇ ÆíÁö »çÀÌ¿¡´Â Á÷Á¢ÀûÀÎ À¯»ç¼ºÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù. »ó´çÈ÷ ¸¹Àº ºÐ·®ÀÌ ¼ö³­ À̾߱⿡ ÇҾֵǾú´Ù´Â »ç½Ç¿¡¼­ º¹À½¼­ÀÇ ÀúÀÚµéÁ¶Â÷ ±×°¡ ¸»Çϰí ÇàÇÑ ´Ù¸¥ ¾î¶² °Íµéº¸´Ù ¸çÄ¥°£ÀÇ ¿¹¼öÀÇ »î¿¡ ´õ¿í °ü½ÉÀ» ±â¿ïÀ̰í ÀÖÀ½ÀÌ ºÐ¸íÇÏ´Ù. ÀÌ·± »ç½ÇÀÇ ¿øÀÎÀº [½Å¾à¼º¼­]¿Í ½ÅÁ¶ÀÇ ¹ÙÅÁ¿¡ ±ò·Á ÀÖ´Â ½Å¾ÓÀε¥, ±×°ÍÀº °ð ¿¹¼öÀÇ ¼ö³­¡¤Á×À½¡¤ºÎȰ »ç°ÇÀÌ ÇÏ´À´ÔÀÌ Àΰ£ÀÇ ±¸¿øÀ» ¿Ï¼º½ÃŲ °ÍÀ» ÀǹÌÇÑ´Ù´Â ½Å¾ÓÀÌ´Ù. º¹À½¼­¿¡¼­ ÀÌ »ç°ÇµéÀº ÀýÁ¤À» ÀÌ·é´Ù. ÆíÁöµéÀº ±× »ç°ÇµéÀ» Ãʱ⠱³È¸ÀÇ ±¸Ã¼Àû »óȲµé¿¡ Àû¿ë½ÃÄ×´Ù. ¹Ù¿ïÀÌ ½ÊÀÚ°¡(Çʸ³ 2 : 6~11)¿Í '±×(¿¹¼ö)°¡ ¹è¹Ý´çÇϽйã'(¥° °í¸° 11 : 23)¿¡ ´ëÇØ ¸»ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ¾ú´ø °ÍÀº º¹À½¼­µéÀÌ Á¸ÀçÇϱâ ÀÌÀü¿¡ ¼ºÁÖ°£(á¡ñÎÊà)À̶ó°í ºÒ·Á¿Â °Í°ú ÀÌ¿Í ¿¬°üµÈ »ç°ÇµéÀ» ±³È¸°¡ ±â³äÇß´Ù´Â »ç½Ç¿¡¼­ ¾Ë ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ÃʱâÀÇ ±×¸®½ºµµ±³ ¿¹¼úÀÇ ÀϺδ ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ »ç°ÇµéÀ» ¹¦»çÇßÀ¸¸ç, ¶Ç´Ù¸¥ ÀϺδ Ãʱ⠱׸®½ºµµ±³ÀÇ ¿¹¹è¿Í Çå½ÅÀûÀÎ »î¿¡¼­ ¼ö³­»ç°ÇÀÇ Á߿伺À» ¾Ï½ÃÇß´Ù. ½ÊÀÚ°¡´Â ¾î¶»°Ô ÀηùÀÇ ±¸¿ø¿¡ ¿µÇâÀ» ³¢Ãƴ°¡? ÀÌ Áú¹®¿¡ ´ëÇÑ [½Å¾à¼º¼­]¿Í Ãʱ⠱³È¸ÀÇ ´ë´äÀº ´Ù¾çÇÑ ÀºÀ¯µéÀ» Æ÷ÇÔÇÑ´Ù. Áï ±×¸®½ºµµ´Â ÀÚ½ÅÀ» ÇÏ´À´Ô¿¡°Ô Èñ»ýÀ¸·Î µå·È°í, ±×ÀÇ »ý¸íÀº ¸¹Àº »ç¶÷À» À§ÇÑ ¼ÓÁ˾çÀ̾úÀ¸¸ç, ±×ÀÇ Á×À½Àº Àηù¸¦ »ì·È´Ù. ±×ÀÇ °í³­Àº »ç¶÷µéÀÌ °í³­´çÇÒ ¶§ ±×µéÀ» À§ÇÑ ¸ð¹üÀ̾úÀ¸¸ç, ±×´Â »õ·Î¿î Àΰ£¼ºÀ» âÁ¶ÇÏ´Â Á¦2ÀÇ ¾Æ´ãÀ̾ú´Ù. ±×ÀÇ Á×À½Àº ÇÏ´À´ÔÀÌ ¾ó¸¶³ª Àΰ£À» »ç¶ûÇÏ´ÂÁö¸¦ º¸¿©ÁØ´Ù. ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ÀºÀ¯µéÀº ±×¸®½ºµµ±³ ½ÅÇлçÀÇ ÁÖ¿äÇÑ ´ë¼Ó(ÓÛáÛ) ÀÌ·ÐÀ» ¿¹½ÃÇÑ´Ù. [½Å¾à¼º¼­]´Â "°ð ÇÏ´À´Ô²²¼­´Â Àΰ£ÀÇ Á˸¦ ¹¯Áö ¾ÊÀ¸½Ã°í ±×¸®½ºµµ¸¦ ³»¼¼¿ö Àΰ£°ú È­ÇØÇϼ̽À´Ï´Ù"(¥± °í¸° 5 : 19)¶ó´Â ³»¿ëÀ» »ó¡Çϱâ À§ÇØ ÀÌ ÀºÀ¯µéÀ» »ç¿ëÇß´Ù.

He descended into hell.

±×´Â Áö¿Á¿¡ ³»·Á°¡½Ã¸ç

This phrase was probably the last to be added to the creed. Its principal source in the New Testament was the description in I Pet. 3:18-20 of Christ's preaching to the spirits in prison. Originally the descent into hell may have been identified with the death of Christ, when he entered the abode of the dead in the underworld. But in the time before it entered the creed, the descent was frequently taken to mean that Christ had gone to rescue the souls of the Old Testament faithful from the underworld, from what western Catholic theology eventually called the limbo patrum. Among some of the Church Fathers the descent into hell had come to mean Christ's declaration of his triumph over the powers of hell. Despite its subsequent growth in importance, however, the doctrine of the descent into hell apparently did not form an integral part of the apostolic preaching about Christ. (see also Index: limbus patrum)   ÀÌ ±¸ÀýÀº ¾Æ¸¶µµ ¸¶Áö¸·À¸·Î ½ÅÁ¶¿¡ ÷°¡µÇ¾î¾ß ÇÒ °ÍÀ̾ú´Ù. [½Å¾à¼º¼­] ¾È¿¡¼­ ÀÌ ½ÅÁ¶ÀÇ ±Ù°Å´Â °¤Çô ÀÖ´Â ¿µµé¿¡°Ô ±×¸®½ºµµ°¡ ¼³±³Çß´Ù´Â [º£µå·ÎÀÇ Ã¹Â° ÆíÁö] 3Àå 18~20ÀýÀÇ ³»¿ëÀÌ´Ù. º»·¡ Áö¿ÁÀ¸·Î ³»·Á°¨Àº ¾Æ¸¶ ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ Á×À½, Áï ±×°¡ ÁöÇÏÀÇ Á×ÀºÀÚÀÇ °Åó¿¡ µé¾î°¬À» ¶§¿Í µ¿ÀϽõǾúÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ÀÌ ±¸ÀýÀÌ ½ÅÁ¶¿¡ µé¾î¿À±â ÀÌÀü¿¡, Çϰ­Àº ¼­¹æ °¡Å縯 ½ÅÇп¡¼­ ±×¸®½ºµµ°¡ ¾Æ¹öÁöÀÇ ¿¬¿Á(limbo patrum)À¸·Î ºÒ¸®´Â ÁöÇϼ¼°è·ÎºÎÅÍ [±¸¾à¼º¼­]ÀÇ ½Å½ÇÇÑ ¿µÈ¥µéÀ» ±¸¿øÇϱâ À§ÇØ ³»·Á°¬´Ù´Â Àǹ̷Π¹Þ¾Æµé¿©Á³´Ù. ¸î¸î ±³ºÎµéÀº Áö¿ÁÀ¸·Î ³»·Á°¨À» Áö¿Á ±Ç¼¼¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ ½Â¸®ÀÇ ¼±¾ðÀ¸·Î º¸¾Ò´Ù. ±×·¯³ª Á߿伺ÀÌ °è¼Ó Áõ´ëÇϰí ÀÖÀ½¿¡µµ ºÒ±¸Çϰí, Áö¿ÁÀ¸·Î ³»·Á°¨ÀÇ ±³¸®´Â ºÐ¸íÈ÷ ±×¸®½ºµµ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ »çµµÀû ¼³±³¿¡¼­ ÇʼöºÒ°¡°áÇÑ ºÎºÐÀÌ µÇÁö´Â ¸øÇß´Ù.

GLORIFICATION

¿µÈ­

The third day he rose again from the dead.

»çÈê ¸¸¿¡ Á×ÀºÀÚ °¡¿îµ¥¼­ ´Ù½Ã »ì¾Æ³ª½Ã¸ç

The writers of the New Testament nowhere made the Resurrection of Christ a matter for argument, but everywhere asserted it and assumed it. With it began that state in the history of Jesus Christ that was still continuing, his elevation to glory. They used it as a basis for three kinds of affirmations. The Resurrection of Christ was the way God bore witness to his son, "designated Son of God in power according to the Spirit of holiness by his resurrection from the dead" (Rom. 1:4); this theme was prominent also in the Book of Acts. The Resurrection was also the basis for the Christian hope of life after death (I Thess. 4:14), and without it that hope was said to be baseless (I Cor. 15:12-20). The Resurrection of Christ was also the ground for admonitions to manifest a "newness of life" (Rom. 6:4) and to "seek the things that are above" (Col. 3:1). The writers of the New Testament themselves expressed no doubt that the Resurrection had really happened. But Paul's discussion in I Cor. 15 shows that among those who heard the Christian message there was such doubt, as well as efforts to rationalize the Resurrection. The differences among the Gospels, and between the Gospels and Paul, suggest that from the outset a variety of traditions existed regarding the details of the Resurrection. But such differences only serve to emphasize how universal the faith in the Resurrection was amid this variety of traditions.   [½Å¾à¼º¼­]ÀÇ ÀúÀÚµéÀº ¾îµð¿¡¼­µµ ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ ºÎȰÀ» ³íÁõÇÒ ³»¿ëÀ¸·Î »ïÁö ¾Ê¾Ò°í, ±×°ÍÀ» ´Ü¾ðÇÏ¸ç ´ç¿¬ÇÑ °ÍÀ¸·Î ¿©°å´Ù. ºÎȰ°ú ÇÔ²² ¿¹¼ö ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ ¿µÈ­¸¦ ¸»Çϸ鼭 ±×µéÀº ±×°ÍÀ» 3Á¾·ùÀÇ È®ÁõÀ» À§ÇÑ ±Ù°Å·Î »ç¿ëÇß´Ù. ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ ºÎȰÀº "Á×ÀºÀÚµé °¡¿îµ¥¼­ ºÎȰÇϽÉÀ¸·Î½á ÇÏ´À´ÔÀÇ ±Ç´ÉÀ» ³ªÅ¸³»¾î ÇÏ´À´ÔÀÇ ¾Æµé·Î È®ÀεǽÅ"(·Î¸¶ 1 : 4) ÇÏ´À´ÔÀÇ ¾ÆµéÀ» Áõ¾ðÇÏ´Â ¹æ½ÄÀ̾ú´Ù. ºÎȰÀº ¶ÇÇÑ Á×À½ ÀÌÈÄÀÇ »î¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ±×¸®½ºµµ±³ÀÎÀÇ ¼Ò¸ÁÀÇ ±Ù°Å¿´´Ù(¥° µ¥»ì 4 : 14). ±×¸®°í ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ ºÎȰÀº "»õ »ý¸í"(·Î¸¶ 6 : 4)À» ³ªÅ¸³»¸ç, "õ»óÀÇ °ÍµéÀ» Ãß±¸"(°ñ·Î 3 : 1)Ç϶ó´Â ÈÆ°èÀÇ ±Ù°Å¿´´Ù. [½Å¾à¼º¼­] ÀúÀÚµéÀº ºÎȰÀÌ ½ÇÁ¦·Î ÀϾ´Ù°í ÀÇ½É ¾øÀÌ Ç¥ÇöÇß´Ù. ±×·¯³ª [°í¸°ÅäÀε鿡°Ô º¸³½ ù° ÆíÁö] 15Àå¿¡ ³ª¿À´Â ¹Ù¿ïÀÇ ³íÀïÀº ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ ¸»¾¸À» µé¾ú´ø »ç¶÷µé Áß¿¡ ºÎȰÀ» ÇÕ¸®È­ÇÏ·Á´Â ³ë·Âµé»Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ÀǽÉÀÌ ÀÖ¾ú´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» º¸¿©ÁØ´Ù. º¹À½¼­µé »çÀÌÀÇ Â÷ÀÌÁ¡°ú º¹À½¼­¿Í ¹Ù¿ï ÆíÁö °£ÀÇ Â÷ÀÌÁ¡µéÀº ºÎȰÀÇ ³»¿ë¿¡ ´ëÇØ ´Ù¾çÇÑ Àü½ÂÀÌ ½ÃÃʺÎÅÍ ÀÖ¾ú´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» º¸¿©ÁØ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ±×·¯ÇÑ Â÷ÀÌÁ¡µéÀº ´Ù¾çÇÑ Àü½Âµé ¼Ó¿¡¼­ ¾ó¸¶³ª ºÎȰ ½Å¾ÓÀÌ º¸ÆíÀûÀ̾ú´ÂÁö¸¦ °­Á¶ÇÒ »ÓÀÌ´Ù.

He ascended into heaven, and sitteth on the right hand of God the father almighty.

Çϴÿ¡ ¿À¸£»ç Àü´ÉÇϽŠÇÏ´À´Ô ¿ìÆí¿¡ ¾É¾Æ °è½Ã´Ù°¡

As indicated earlier, the narrative of the Ascension is peculiar to Luke-Acts, but other parts of the New Testament may refer to it. Eph. 4:8-10 may be such a reference, but many interpreters hold that for Paul Resurrection was identical with Ascension. That, they maintain, is why he could speak of the appearance of the risen Christ to him in continuity with the appearances to others (I Cor. 15:5-8) despite the fact that, in the chronology of the creed, the Ascension intervened between them. Session at the right hand of the Father was apparently a Christian interpretation of Ps. 110:1. It implied the elevation--or, as the doctrine of preexistence became clearer, the restoration--of Christ to a position of honour with God. Taken together, the Ascension and the session were a way of speaking about the presence of Christ with the Father during the interim between the Resurrection and the Second Advent. From Eph. 4:8-16, it is evident that this way of speaking was by no means inconsistent with another Christian tenet, the belief that Christ was still present in and with his church. It was, in fact, the only way to state that tenet in harmony with the doctrine of the Resurrection.   ½Âõ À̾߱â´Â Ưº°È÷ [´©°¡ÀÇ º¹À½¼­]¡¤[»çµµÇàÀü]¿¡ ÀÖ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª [½Å¾à¼º¼­]ÀÇ ´Ù¸¥ ºÎºÐ¿¡¼­µµ ½Âõ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¾ð±ÞÀ» º¼ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. [¿¡Æä¼ÒÀε鿡°Ô º¸³½ ÆíÁö] 4Àå 8~10ÀýÀÌ ±× ¿¹ÀÌ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ¸¹Àº ÇØ¼®ÀÚ´Â ¹Ù¿ïÀÌ ºÎȰÀ» ½Âõ°ú µ¿ÀϽÃÇß´Ù°í ÁÖÀåÇÑ´Ù. ¼ººÎÀÇ ¿ìÆí Âø¼®Àº ºÐ¸íÈ÷ [½ÃÆí] 110Æí 1Àý¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ±×¸®½ºµµ±³ÀÎÀÇ ÇØ¼®À̾ú´Ù. À̰ÍÀº ÇÏ´À´Ô°ú ÇÔ²² ÇÏ´Â ¿µ±¤ÀÇ À§Ä¡·Î ±×¸®½ºµµ°¡ °í¾ç(¶Ç´Â ¼±Àç±³¸®¿¡ ´ëÇÑ È®Áõ)µÈ °ÍÀ» ÀǹÌÇÑ´Ù. ½Âõ°ú Âø¼®Àº ºÎȰ°ú À縲ÀÇ Áß°£ ½Ã±â µ¿¾È ¼ººÎ¿Í ÇÔ²²ÇÏ´Â ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ ÇöÁ¸¹æ½ÄÀ̾ú´Ù. [¿¡Æä¼ÒÀε鿡°Ô º¸³½ ÆíÁö] 4Àå 8~16Àý¿¡ ÀÇÇϸé ÀÌ·¸°Ô À̾߱âÇÏ´Â ¹æ½ÄÀº ¶Ç´Ù¸¥ ±×¸®½ºµµ ±³¸®, Áï ±×¸®½ºµµ°¡ ¾ÆÁ÷µµ ±×ÀÇ ±³È¸ ¾È¿¡ ±×¸®°í ±³È¸¿Í ÇÔ²² ÇöÁ¸Çϰí ÀÖ´Ù´Â ¹ÏÀ½°ú ÀÏÄ¡ÇÑ´Ù´Â °ÍÀÌ ¸í¹éÇÏ´Ù. »ç½Ç À̰ÍÀº ½Âõ ±³¸®¸¦ ºÎȰ ±³¸®¿Í Á¶È­½ÃÄÑ ¸»ÇÏ´Â À¯ÀÏÇÑ ¹æ½ÄÀ̾ú´Ù.

From thence he shall come to judge the quick and the dead.

Àú¸®·Î¼­ »ê ÀÚ¿Í Á×Àº ÀÚ¸¦ ½ÉÆÇÇÏ·¯ ¿À½Ã¸®¶ó

The creed concludes its Christological section with the doctrine of the Second Advent: the First Advent was a coming into the flesh, the Second Advent a coming in glory. Much controversy among modern scholars has been occasioned by the role of this doctrine in the early church. Those who maintain that Jesus erroneously expected the early end of the world have often interpreted Paul as the first of those who began the adjustment to a delay in the end, with John's Gospel as a more advanced stage of that adjustment. Those who hold that the imminence of the end was a continuing aspect of human history as Jesus saw it also maintain that this phrase of the creed was a statement of that imminence, without any timetable necessarily implied. From the New Testament it seems that both the hope of the Second Coming and a faith in the continuing presence of Christ belonged to the outlook of the apostolic church, and that seems to be what the creed meant. The phrase "the quick and the dead" is a summary of passages like I Cor. 15:51-52 and I Thess. 4:15-17.   »çµµ½Å°æÀº À縲±³¸®·Î¼­ ±×¸®½ºµµ·Ð ºÎºÐÀ» °á·ÐÁþ´Â´Ù. Ãʸ²Àº À°Ã¼·Î ¿Â °ÍÀ̰í, À縲Àº ¿µ±¤ °¡¿îµ¥ ¿À´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ±âÁ¸ ±³È¸¿¡¼­ ÀÌ ±³¸®ÀÇ ¿ªÇÒ¿¡ °üÇÑ ³íÀïÀÌ ¸¹Àº Çö´ë ÇÐÀÚµé »çÀÌ¿¡¼­ ÀϾ´Ù. ¿¹¼ö°¡ ¼¼»óÀÇ ÀÓ¹ÚÇÑ Á¾¸»À» À߸ø ±â´ëÇß´Ù°í ÁÖÀåÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷µéÀº ¹Ù¿ïÀÌ Á¾¸»À» ¼¼»ó ³¡³¯·Î Áö¿¬¡¤Á¶Á¤ÇÏ·Á°í Çß´ø ÃÖÃÊÀÇ »ç¶÷µé ÁßÀÇ Çϳª¶ó°í º¸¾ÒÀ¸¸ç, [¿äÇÑÀÇ º¹À½¼­] ´Â ´õ Áøº¸µÈ ´Ü°è·Î º»´Ù. ¿¹¼ö°¡ º¸¾ÒµíÀÌ Á¾¸»ÀÇ ÀÓ¹Ú¼ºÀÌ Àΰ£ ¿ª»çÀÇ Áö¼ÓÀûÀÎ ±¹¸éÀ̶ó°í ÁÖÀåÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷µéÀº ÀÌ ±¸ÀýÀÌ ±× ÀÓ¹Ú¼ºÀÇ Áø¼úÀ̾ú´Ù°í ÁÖÀåÇÑ´Ù. [½Å¾à¼º¼­]¿¡ ³ªÅ¸³­ À縲¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¼Ò¸Á°ú ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ Áö¼ÓÀû ÇöÁ¸¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¹ÏÀ½Àº »çµµ±³È¸ÀÇ Àü¸Á¿¡ ¼ÓÇß°í, À̰ÍÀÌ »çµµ½Å°æÀÌ ÀǹÌÇß´ø °ÍÀ¸·Î º¸ÀδÙ. '»ê ÀÚ¿Í Á×Àº ÀÚ'¶ó´Â ±¸ÀýÀº [°í¸°ÅäÀε鿡°Ô º¸³½ ù° ÆíÁö] 15Àå 51~52Àý°ú [µ¥»ì·Î´ÏÄ«Àε鿡°Ô º¸³½ ÆíÁö] 4Àå 15~17ÀýÀÇ ¿ä¾àÀÌ´Ù.

In order to complete the confession of the creed regarding the glorification of Christ, the Nicene Creed added the phrase: "Of His kingdom there shall be no end." This was a declaration that Christ's return as judge would usher in the full exercise of his reign over the world. Such was the expectation of the apostolic church, based upon what it knew and believed about Jesus Christ.

±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ ¿µÈ­¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ½Å¾Ó°í¹éÀ» ¿Ï¼ºÇϱâ À§ÇØ ´ÏÄÉ¾Æ ½ÅÁ¶´Â '±×ÀÇ ³ª¶ó´Â ³¡ÀÌ ¾øÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù'¶ó´Â ±¸ÀýÀ» ÷°¡Çß´Ù. ½ÉÆÇÀڷμ­ ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ À縲Àº ¼¼»ó¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ±×ÀÇ ¿ÏÀüÇÑ ÅëÄ¡ÀÇ ½ÇÇöÀ̶ó´Â ¼±¾ðÀÌ´Ù. À̰ÍÀÌ ¿¹¼ö ±×¸®½ºµµ¿¡ ´ëÇØ¼­ ¾Ë¾Ò°í ¹Ï¾ú´ø °Í¿¡ ±âÃÊÇÑ »çµµ±³È¸ÀÇ ±â´ë¿´´Ù.

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