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Religion
Á¾±³ ޹æ
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Jesus Christ
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¿¹¼ö ±×¸®½ºµµ
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| I.
INTRODUCTION
II. The
gospel tradition
SOURCES
Non-Christian
sources.
Christian
sources.
The
Pauline Letters.
The
Gospels.
TIMES
AND ENVIRONMENT
Political
conditions.
Religious
conditions.
The
Pharisees.
The
Sadducees.
The
scribes.
The
Zealots.
The
Essenes.
THE
LIFE AND MINISTRY OF JESUS
The
birth and family.
The
birth of Jesus.
The
family of Jesus.
The
ministry.
The
role of John the Baptist.
The
beginning of the ministry.
The
calling of the disciples.
The
Galilean period.
THE
MESSAGE OF JESUS
The
Kingdom of God.
The
will of God.
THE
SUFFERINGS AND DEATH OF JESUS IN JERUSALEM
THE
STORY OF JESUS AND FAITH IN JESUS
|
I.
¼·Ð
¡¡
II.
º¹À½
Àü½Â
¡¡
ÀÚ·á
ºñ±âµ¶±³
ÀÚ·áµé.
±âµ¶±³
ÀÚ·áµé.
¹Ù¿ïÀÇ
ÆíÁöµé.
º¹À½¼.
½Ã´ë¿Í
ÁÖº¯ ¼¼°è
Á¤Ä¡Àû
»óȲ.
Á¾±³Àû
»óȲ.
¹Ù¸®»õ
ÆÄ.
»çµÎ°³
ÆÄ.
À²¹ýÇÐÀÚµé.
¿½É´ç.
¿¡¼¼³×
ÆÄ.
¿¹¼öÀÇ
»î°ú »ç¿ª
ź»ý°ú
°¡Á·.
¿¹¼öÀÇ
»ý.
¿¹¼öÀÇ
°¡Á·.
»ç¿ª.
¼¼·Ê¿äÇÑÀÇ
¿ªÇÒ.
»ç¿ªÀÇ
½ÃÀÛ.
Á¦ÀÚµéÀ»
ºÎ¸§.
°¥¸±¸®
½Ã±â.
¿¹¼öÀÇ
¸»¾¸
Çϳª´ÔÀÇ
³ª¶ó.
Çϳª´ÔÀÇ
¶æ.
¿¹·ç»ì·½¿¡¼
¿¹¼öÀÇ ¼ö³°ú Á×À½
¿¹¼ö
À̾߱â¿Í ¿¹¼ö¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ½Å¾Ó |
| III.
The
picture of Christ in the early church: The Apostles' Creed
¡¡
PREEXISTENCE
Jesus
Christ.
God's
only son.
The
Lord.
INCARNATION
AND HUMILIATION
Conceived
by the Holy Spirit, born of the Virgin Mary.
Suffered
under Pontius Pilate, was crucified, dead, and buried.
He
descended into hell.
GLORIFICATION
The
third day he rose again from the dead.
He
ascended into heaven, and sitteth on the right hand of God the father
almighty.
From
thence he shall come to judge the quick and the dead.
|
III.
ÃʱⱳȸÀÇ
±×¸®½ºµµ»ó( »çµµ½Å°æ)
¼±Àç
¿¹¼ö
±×¸®½ºµµ.
Çϳª´ÔÀÇ
µ¶»ýÀÚ.
ÁÖ.
¼ºÀ°½Å°ú
°âÇã
¼º·ÉÀ¸·Î
À×ÅÂÇÏ»ç µ¿Á¤³à ¸¶¸®¾Æ¿¡°Ô¼ ³ª½Ã°í.
º»Æ¼¿À
ºô¶óµµ¿¡°Ô °í³À» ¹ÞÀ¸»ç ½ÊÀÚ°¡¿¡ ¸ø¹ÚÇô Á×À¸½Ã°í
Àå»çÇÑ Áö.
±×´Â
Áö¿Á¿¡ ³»·Á°¡½Ã¸ç.
¿µÈ
»çÈê
¸¸¿¡ Á×ÀºÀÚ °¡¿îµ¥¼ ´Ù½Ã »ì¾Æ³ª½Ã¸ç.
Çϴÿ¡
¿À¸£»ç Àü´ÉÇϽŠÇÏ´À´Ô ¿ìÆí¿¡ ¾É¾Æ °è½Ã´Ù°¡.
Àú¸®·Î¼
»ê ÀÚ¿Í Á×Àº ÀÚ¸¦ ½ÉÆÇÇÏ·¯ ¿À½Ã¸®¶ó. |
IV.
The
dogma of Christ in the ancient councils
¡¡
THE
COUNCILS OF NICAEA AND CONSTANTINOPLE
Early
heresies.
Nicaea.
Constantinople.
THE
COUNCILS OF EPHESUS AND CHALCEDON
The
parties.
The
settlement at Chalcedon.
|
IV.
°í´ë
°øÀÇȸÀÇ ±×¸®½ºµµ ±³¸®
´ÏÄɾÆ
°øÀÇȸ¿Í ÄܽºÅºÆ¼³ëÇà °øÀÇȸ
ÃʱâÀÇ
À̴ܵé.
´ÏÄɾÆ
°øÀÇȸ.
ÄܽºÅºÆ¼³ëÇÃ
°øÀÇȸ.
¿¡Æä¼Ò½º
°øÀÇȸ¿Í Ä®Äɵ· °øÀÇȸ
´çÆÄµé.
Ä®Äɵ·
°øÀÇȸÀÇ ÇØ°á. |
|
V.
The
interpretation of Christ in Western faith and thought
¡¡
DOCTRINES
OF THE PERSON AND WORK OF CHRIST
The
medieval development.
The
Reformation and classical Protestantism.
THE
DEBATE OVER CHRISTOLOGY IN MODERN CHRISTIAN THOUGHT
Origins
of the debate.
The
19th century.
The
20th century.
|
V.
¼¹æ
½Å¾Ó°ú »ç»ó¿¡¼ÀÇ ±×¸®½ºµµ ÇØ¼®
±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ
À§°Ý°ú »ç¿ª¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ±³¸®
Áß¼¼ÀÇ
¹ßÀü.
Á¾±³°³Çõ°ú
°íÀüÀû ÇÁ·ÎÅ×½ºÅºÆ¼Áò.
Çö´ë
±×¸®½ºµµ±³ »ç»óÀÇ ±×¸®½ºµµ·Ð ³íÀï
³íÀïÀÇ
±â¿øµé.
19
¼¼±â.
20
¼¼±â. |
|
VI.
Bibliography
Times and environment:
The life and ministry of Jesus:
The message of Jesus:
The sufferings and death of Jesus:
The story of Jesus and faith in Jesus:
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¿¹¼öÀÇ »ý¾Ö¿Í »ç¿ª
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ź»ý°ú °¡Á·
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¿¹¼öÀÇ Åº»ý
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| The
course of Jesus' life and the geographic setting of his ministry can only be
given in rough outline. The details are surrounded by many uncertainties.
The period within which his ministry and death occurred may, however, be
narrowed down with considerable accuracy on the basis of a synchronistic
dating of the appearance of John the Baptist in the 15th year of Tiberius
(Luke 3:1)--i.e., AD 28/29--which
is confirmed by nonbiblical sources. But the year and place of Jesus' birth
are uncertain. Mark and John say nothing about them. The only sources for
them are the widely divergent birth and childhood legends in Matthew 1 and
2, where Jesus' birth and early lot are set in the time of Herod I and the
change of regime (4 BC), and the narrative of Luke 2, which links Jesus'
birth with the first registration in Judaea under the emperor Augustus (AD
6). There is also historical evidence of a census carried out about 8 BC.
With all of this in mind, many sources estimate the year of birth as 7-6 BC.
(The use of BC [before
Christ] and AD [Anno
Domini, or "in the year of the Lord"] was not common until the
Middle Ages.) (see also Index: infancy
narrative) |
¿¹¼öÀÇ »ý¾Ö¿Í ±×°¡ Ȱµ¿ÇÑ Áö¸®ÀûÀÎ ¹è°æ¿¡ ´ëÇØ¼´Â
´ÜÁö À±°û¸¸ ÆÄ¾ÇÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ÀÚ¼¼ÇÑ ³»¿ëµéÀº ¸¹Àº
ÀÇȤµé·Î ½Î¿© ÀÖ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ±×ÀÇ »ç¿ª°ú Á×À½ÀÇ ±â°£Àº
Ƽº£¸®¿ì½º 15³â(´©°¡ 3 : 1), Áï AD 28~29³â ¼¼·Ê ¿äÇÑÀÌ
µîÀåÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ» ±Ù°Å·Î »ó´çÈ÷ Á¤È®ÇÏ°Ô È°µ¿½Ã±â¸¦ ÃßÁ¤ÇÒ
¼ö ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ºñ¼º¼Àû ÀÚ·áµéµµ À̰ÍÀ» È®ÀÎÇØ ÁØ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ¿¹¼ö ź»ý ½Ã±â¿Í Àå¼Ò´Â ºÒÈ®½ÇÇÏ´Ù.
¸¶°¡ º¹À½°ú ¿äÇÑ º¹À½Àº ÀÌ¿¡ ´ëÇÏ¿© ¸»ÇØ ÁÖÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù. [¸¶ÅÂÀÇ
º¹À½¼] 1¡¤2Àå¿¡¼´Â ¿¹¼öÀÇ Åº»ý°ú
Ãʱâ½ÃÀýÀÌ Çì·Îµ¥ 1¼¼ ¶§¿Í Á¤±ÇÀÇ ±³Ã¼±â(BC 4)¿´°í, [´©°¡ÀÇ
º¹À½¼] 2Àå¿¡¼´Â ¿¹¼öÀÇ Åº»ýÀ» ¾Æ¿ì±¸½ºÅõ½º
ȲÁ¦ ¶§(AD 6) ÀÖ¾ú´ø À¯´ëÀÇ Ã¹¹øÂ° Àα¸Á¶»ç¿Í ¿¬°á½ÃŲ´Ù.
¶ÇÇÑ BC 8³â°æ¿¡ ÇàÇØÁø Àα¸Á¶»ç¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¿ª»çÀû Áõ°Åµµ ÀÖ´Ù.
ÀÌ ¸ðµç °ÍÀ» Á¾ÇÕÇØº¼ ¶§ ¸¹Àº ÀÚ·á´Â ź»ý ¿¬µµ¸¦ BC 7~6³âÀ¸·Î
ÃßÁ¤ÇÑ´Ù(BC¿Í ADÀÇ »ç¿ëÀº Áß¼¼±îÁö´Â ÀϹÝÀûÀÎ °ÍÀÌ
¾Æ´Ï¾úÀ½). |
| The
tradition of Bethlehem as
the place of Jesus' birth has its source in all probability in the Old
Testament conception of the Messiah as a descendant of David.
Early Christianity took this view from the beginning. "Son of
David" is found in many texts (e.g.,
Mark 10:48) alongside other titles of Jesus. Its original political and
national sense was abandoned, even though it is still recognizable in the
acclamation of the people (Mark 11:10). The theological motif of Jesus'
Davidic descent, however, did not necessarily involve the idea that he was
born in Bethlehem, David's hometown. That is the case only in Matthew 2 and
Luke 2. The accounts differ in that, in Matthew, Bethlehem is thought of as
the parents' original place of residence, which they soon change to Nazareth
because of the dangers threatening their child (e.g., the flight to Egypt), whereas in the Lucan story Jesus'
parents really live in Nazareth but stay in Bethlehem temporarily because
they are obliged to register at the Davidic family's place of origin. Both
traditions are to be judged as legendary variations of the theological theme
of Jesus' messiahship, even though each in its own way assigns to his birth
a place in history. The extent to which these texts are marked by
theological motifs, above all by the thought that Jesus as Messiah fulfills
the promises of the Old Testament and the hope of Israel and the world, is
shown by the numerous quotations woven into the stories.
|
¿¹¼öÀÇ Åº»ý Àå¼Ò°¡ º£µé·¹ÇðÀ̶ó´Â
Àü½ÂÀº ´ÙÀÀÇ ÈļÕÀ¸·Î¼ÀÇ ¸Þ½Ã¾Æ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ [±¸¾à¼º¼]
°³³ä¿¡ ±Ù°ÅÇÑ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. Ãʱ⠱⵶±³´Â óÀ½ºÎÅÍ ÀÌ·± ½Ã°¢À»
ÃëÇß´Ù. "´ÙÀÀÇ ¾Æµé"Àº ¿¹¼öÀÇ ´Ù¸¥ ¸íεé°ú
ÇÔ²² ¸¹Àº ¿øÀüµé(¿¹: ¸¶°¡ 10:48)¿¡¼ ¹ß°ßµÈ´Ù. ºñ·Ï
¾ÆÁ÷µµ »ç¶÷µé(¸¶°¡ 11:10)ÀÇ È¯È£¼Ó¿¡¼ ÀÎÁ¤µÇ°í ÀÖÁö¸¸,
¸íĪÀÇ ¿ø·¡ÀûÀÎ Á¤Ä¡Àû ¹ÎÁ·Àû °³³äÀº ¾ø¾îÁ³´Ù. ¿¹¼ö°¡ ´ÙÀÀÇ ÀÚ¼ÕÀ̶ó´Â ½ÅÇÐÀû ÁÖÁ¦´Â ±×°¡ ´ÙÀÀÇ
°íÇâ º£µé·¹Çð¿¡¼ ž´Ù´Â »ý°¢À» ÇÊ¿¬ÀûÀ¸·Î Æ÷ÇÔÇÏ´Â
°ÍÀº ¾Æ´Ï´Ù. ±×°ÍÀº ¿ÀÁ÷ ¸¶Åº¹À½ 2Àå ¹× ´©°¡º¹À½ 2Àå¿¡
ÇÑÇÒ »ÓÀÌ´Ù. [¸¶ÅÂÀÇ º¹À½¼] 2Àå¿¡¼ º£µé·¹ÇðÀº
ºÎ¸ð°¡ º»·¡ »ì´ø °÷À̾úÀ¸¸ç ±×µéÀº ÀÚ³àµéÀ» À§ÇùÇÏ´Â
À§Çè ¶§¹®¿¡ ÀÌÁýÆ®¸¦ °¬´Ù°¡ ³ªÀÚ·¿À¸·Î ¿Å±ä´Ù. ±×¿¡ ¹ÝÇØ
[´©°¡ÀÇ º¹À½¼] 2Àå¿¡¼´Â ¿¹¼öÀÇ ºÎ¸ð°¡ ½ÇÁ¦·Î
³ªÀÚ·¿¿¡ »ì¾ÒÀ¸³ª ¿¹¼ö¸¦ ´ÙÀ °¡Á· Ãâ»ýÁöÀÇ È£Àû¿¡
¿Ã¸®±â À§ÇØ Àá½Ã º£µé·¹Çð¿¡ ¸Ó¹® °ÍÀ¸·Î ³ªÅ¸³´Ù. µÎ
Àü½ÂÀÌ °¢°¢ °íÀ¯ÇÑ ¹æ½Ä´ë·Î ±×°¡ ź»ýÇÑ Àå¼Ò¸¦
¿ª»ç»ó¿¡¼
ÁöÁ¤ÇÒÁö¶óµµ ¿¹¼öÀÇ ¸Þ½Ã¾Æ¼ºÀ̶ó´Â ½ÅÇÐÀû ÁÖÁ¦ÀÇ Àü¼³Àû
º¯ÇüÀ¸·Î ÆÇ´ÜÇØ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. ÀÌ·± ¿ø¹®µéÀÌ ½ÅÇÐÀûÀÎ ÁÖÁ¦¸¦
¶ì°Ô µÇ´Â ¹üÀ§´Â, ¹«¾ùº¸´Ùµµ ¸Þ½Ã¾ß·Î¼ÀÇ ¿¹¼ö°¡
±¸¾à¼º¼ÀÇ ¾à¼Óµé°ú À̽º¶ó¿¤°ú ¼¼»óÀÇ Èñ¸ÁÀ»
¼ºÃëÇÑ´Ù´Â »ç»ó¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼, À̾߱âµé ¾È¿¡ ¿«¿©Áö´Â
¼ö¸¹Àº Àοëµé·Î¼ Áõ¸íµÈ´Ù. |
| The
widely differing genealogies in Matthew 1 and Luke 3 also belong in the
context of the doctrine of the Davidic descent of the Messiah (Christ). They
are the only New Testament evidences for genealogical reflection about
Jesus' messiahship. The two texts, however, cannot be harmonized. They show
that originally a unified tradition about Jesus' ancestors did not exist and
that attempts to portray his messiahship genealogically were first
undertaken in Jewish Christian circles with use of the Septuagint (Greek
translation) text of the Old Testament. Both texts have to be eliminated as
historical sources. They are nevertheless important for the development of Christology
(doctrines on the nature of Christ), because they reveal the difficulty of
reconciling the genealogical proof of Jesus' Davidic descent with the
relatively late idea of his virgin birth.
|
[¸¶ÅÂÀÇ º¹À½¼] 1Àå°ú [´©°¡ÀÇ º¹À½¼] 3ÀåÀÇ
»ó´çÈ÷ ´Ù¸¥ °èº¸µé¿¡¼ ¸Þ½Ã¾Æ(±×¸®½ºµµ)´Â ´ÙÀÀÇ
ÈļÕÀ̶ó´Â ±³¸®¸¦ ³»Æ÷ÇÑ´Ù. ±×°ÍÀº ¿¹¼öÀÇ ¸Þ½Ã¾Æ¼º¿¡
´ëÇÑ °èº¸Àû »ç°í¸¦ À§ÇÑ À¯ÀÏÇÑ [½Å¾à¼º¼]ÀÇ Áõ°ÅÀÌ´Ù.
±×·¯³ª µÎ º»¹®Àº Á¶ÈµÉ ¼ö ¾ø´Ù. ±×µéÀº º»·¡ ¿¹¼öÀÇ
¼±Á¶µé¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÀÏÄ¡µÈ Àü½ÂÀº Á¸ÀçÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀ¸¸ç, ±×ÀÇ
¸Þ½Ã¾Æ¼ºÀ» °èº¸ÀûÀ¸·Î ±â¼úÇÏ·Á´Â ½ÃµµµéÀÌ [±¸¾à¼º¼]ÀÇ 70Àοª(±×¸®½º¾î ¹ø¿ª)À» »ç¿ëÇÏ¿© À¯´ë
±×¸®½ºµµÀÎ Áý´Ü¿¡¼ óÀ½À¸·Î ÇàÇØÁ³´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» º¸¿©ÁØ´Ù.
µÎ º»¹®µéÀº ¿ª»çÀûÀÎ ÀÚ·áµé·Î¼´Â ¹«½ÃµÇ¾î¾ß ÇÑ´Ù.
±×·³¿¡µµ ºÒ±¸ÇÏ°í ±×°ÍµéÀº ±×¸®½ºµµ·Ð(±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ º»¼º¿¡
´ëÇÑ ±³¸®)ÀÇ ¹ßÀüÀ» À§ÇØ Áß¿äÇÏ´Ù. ¿Ö³ÄÇÏ¸é µ¿Á¤³à
ź»ýÀ̶ó´Â ÈıâÀÇ »ç»ó°ú, ¿¹¼ö°¡ ´ÙÀÀÇ ÀÚ¼ÕÀ̶ó´Â
°èº¸Àû Áõ¸íÀ» Á¶È½ÃŰ´Â °ÍÀÌ ¾î·Æ´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» º¸¿©ÁÖ±â
¶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù. |
| This
last tradition, too, is recorded in only two stories--in Luke 1 and Matthew
1--and was originally quite unconnected with the frequently found motif of
Jesus' divine Sonship. Paul, John, and the rest of the New Testament writers
are not acquainted with the idea. Also, it has left no traces in the rest of
the Synoptic tradition, not even in the story of Jesus' birth (Luke 2:1-10),
where Joseph and Mary appear as his natural parents. In Matthew 1 Jesus'
miraculous birth is presupposed, and in Luke 1 it is explained more closely.
This tradition is not to be traced back directly to the idea, widely held in
classical antiquity, of heroes and great men who derived from the union of a
deity with a human woman. In other words, Jesus is not characterized as a
demigod here. What underlies this tradition is, rather, the concept of the
creative power of God and his Spirit, which is known from Hellenistic
Judaism. This theological, not biological, motif has been applied to Jesus
and, with the greatest probability, only secondarily combined with the Greek
version of the messianic promise of Isa. 7:14 (in the Septuagint the Hebrew
word 'alma--i.e., "young
woman"--is translated as "virgin"), and in this way the
Christian story came about. According to a very old, reliable tradition, the
village of Nazareth--which lay in the Galilean hill country, had a Jewish
population, and was untouched by the influence of the Hellenistic
cities--was the hometown, and then certainly also the birthplace, of the
"Nazarene" (Mark 1:24; 10:47; 14:67; 16:6). |
µ¿Á¤³à ź»ý Àü½Âµµ ¿ª½Ã ¿ÀÁ÷ µÎ ÀÚ·á(¸¶Å 1, ´©°¡ 1)¿¡¸¸
±â·ÏµÇ¾úÀ¸¸ç, º»·¡ ¿¹¼ö°¡ ÇÏ´À´ÔÀÇ ¾ÆµéÀ̶ó´Â ÁÖÁ¦¿Í
¿¬°üµÈ °Íµµ ¾Æ´Ï¾ú´Ù. ¹Ù¿ï, ¿äÇÑ ¹× ³ª¸ÓÁö [½Å¾à¼º¼] ÀúÀÚµéÀº ÀÌ »ý°¢¿¡ Ä£¼÷ÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Ù.
¶ÇÇÑ, ÀÌ·± »ý°¢Àº °ø°ü º¹À½¼ÀÇ ³ª¸ÓÁö Àü½Âµé¿¡¼µµ
ÈçÀûÀ» ªOÀ» ¼ö ¾øÀ¸¸ç, ¿ä¼Á°ú ¸¶¸®¾Æ°¡ ±×ÀÇ ÀÚ¿¬ÀûÀÎ
ºÎ¸ð·Î ³ªÅ¸³ª´Â ½ÉÁö¾î ¿¹¼öÀÇ Åº»ý À̾߱⿡¼µµ
¸¶Âù°¡Áö´Ù.
[¸¶ÅÂÀÇ º¹À½¼] 1Àå¿¡¼ ¿¹¼öÀÇ ±âÀûÀû ź»ýÀÌ
¾ð±ÞµÇ°í [´©°¡ÀÇ º¹À½¼] 1Àå¿¡¼´Â ´õ ÀÚ¼¼È÷
¼³¸íµÈ´Ù. ÀÌ Àü½ÂÀº ½Å°ú Àΰ£ ¿©ÀÚ¿ÍÀÇ °áÇÕÀ¸·Î¼
ź»ýÇÏ´Â ¿µ¿õµéÀ̳ª À§´ëÇÑ »ç¶÷¿¡ °üÇÑ °í´ëÀÇ
À̾߱⿡¼ ³Î¸® ¹Ï¾îÁö´ø »ç»óÀ¸·Î Á÷Á¢ ¿¬°áµÇÁö
¾Ê´Â´Ù. ´Ù½Ã ¸»ÇÏÀÚ¸é, ¿¹¼ö´Â ¿©±â¼ ¹Ý½ÅÀ¸·Î
¹¦»çµÇÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù. ÀÌ Àü½Â¿¡ ±ò·Á ÀÖ´Â °ÍÀº , Â÷¶ó¸®, ÇÏ´À´Ô°ú ¼º·ÉÀÇ Ã¢Á¶Àû
´É·ÂÀ̸ç, À̰ÍÀº Çï·¹´ÏÁò ½Ã´ëÀÇ À¯´ë±³·ÎºÎÅÍ ¾Ë·ÁÁø °ÍÀÌ´Ù.
ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ, »ý¹°ÇÐÀûÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, ½ÅÇÐÀû µ¿±â°¡, ¿¹¼ö¿¡°Ô Àû¿ëµÇ¾ú°í,
¸í¹éÇϰԵµ, ÀÌÁ¦ ÀÌÂ÷ÀûÀ¸·Î [ÀÌ»ç¾ß] 7Àå 14Àý(70Àοª¿¡¼ È÷ºê¸® ´Ü¾î alma, Áï 'ÀþÀº
¿©ÀÎ'ÀÌ 'ó³à'·Î ¹ø¿ªµÊ)ÀÇ ¸Þ½Ã¾Æ ¾à¼Ó¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ±×¸®½º¾î
¹ø¿ª°ú ¿¬ÇյǾúÀ¸¸ç, ÀÌ·¸°Ô ÇÏ¿© ±âµ¶±³ÀÇ À̾߱Ⱑ
³ª¿À°Ô µÈ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ¸Å¿ì ¿À·¡µÈ ¹ÏÀ» ¸¸ÇÑ Àü½Â¿¡ µû¸£¸é,
³ªÀÚ·¿ ¸¶À»Àº, ¾ð´öÀÌ ¸¹Àº °¥¸±¸®ÀÇ ½Ã°ñ¿¡ ÀÖÀ¸¸ç,
À¯´ëÀÎÀÌ ¸¹Àº °÷ÀÌ¸ç ±×¸®½ºÀÇ µµ½ÃµéÀÇ ¿µÇâÀ» ÀÔÁö
¾ÊÀº °÷À¸·Î, ¿¹¼öÀÇ °íÇâÀ̾úÀ¸¸ç, ±×¸®ÇÏ¿© ¸í¹éÇϰÔ
"³ª»ç·¿ »ç¶÷"ÀÇ Ãâ»ýÁö¿´´Ù.(¸¶°¡ 1 : 24, 10 : 47, 14 : 67, 16 : 6). |
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¿¹¼öÀÇ °¡Á·
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Four of
Jesus' brothers and several sisters are mentioned in Mark 6 (though their
identification as full-blooded siblings, half brothers and half sisters, or
cousins has been long debated). All his relatives' names testify to the
purely Jewish character of the family: his mother's name was Mary
(Miriam), his father's Joseph,
and his "brothers' " James (Jacob), Joseph, Judas, and Simon
(names of Old Testament patriarchs). The same is true of the name Jesus. In
the Septuagint it is the customary Greek form for the common Hebrew name
Joshua--i.e., "Yahweh
helps." It is also mentioned in Mark 6 that Jesus or his father (there
are variant textual versions) was a carpenter. There are several not
unimportant pieces of information preserved about the later history of the
family. Of his father, who probably died early, little is mentioned. His
mother, brothers, and sisters did not join his movement at first but,
rather, disapproved of his behaviour (Mark 3:31-35). Mary is, however,
mentioned as a member of the Christian Church after his death (Acts 1:14).
The same is true of his brother
James, whom Paul names among the witnesses of the Resurrection (I
Cor. 15:7) and who was the leader of the Jerusalem Church after Peter
(Galatians, Acts). The author of the Letter of James has taken a brother's
name for himself, as did the author of the Letter of Jude in respect to
another brother. According to a later nonbiblical account (in the Ecclesiastical
History of Eusebius, a
4th-century historian of the church), grandchildren of Jude (who otherwise
remains unknown), who were living in Galilee, were summoned by the emperor
Domitian as "descendants of David," but then released as
representing no political danger. (see also Index:
"Ecclesiastical
History," )
|
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º¹À½¼] 6Àå¿¡¼ ¾ð±ÞµÈ´Ù(º»¹®¿¡´Â ±³¸®Àû µ¿±â¸¦
µå·¯³»±â À§ÇØ ±×µéÀ» À̺¹ÇüÁ¦³ª »çÃ̵é·Î ¸¸µé ±Ù°Å°¡
¾øÀ½). °¡Á·ÀÇ À̸§Àº ¾î¸Ó´Ï ¸¶¸®¾Æ(¹Ì¸®¾Ï), ¾Æ¹öÁö ¿ä¼Á°ú
ÇüÁ¦µéÀº ¾ß°íº¸(¾ß°ö)¡¤¿ä¼Á¡¤À¯´Ù¡¤½Ã¸ó(±¸¾à Á·ÀåÀÇ
À̸§µé)ÀÌ´Ù. ¿¹¼öÀÇ À̸§µµ ¸¶Âù°¡Áö´Ù. 70ÀÎ ¿ª ¼º¼¿¡¼ ¿¹¼öÀÇ À̸§Àº È÷ºê¸® À̸§ÀÎ ¿ä¼ö¾Æ, Áï '¿©È£¿Í°¡
µµ¿ì½Å´Ù'ÀÇ ±×¸®½º¾î ÇüÅÂÀÌ´Ù. [¸¶°¡ÀÇ º¹À½¼] 6Àå¿¡¼
¿¹¼ö ȤÀº ±×ÀÇ ¾Æ¹öÁö´Â ¸ñ¼ö¿´´Ù°í ¾ð±ÞÇÑ´Ù. °¡Á·ÀÇ ÀÌÈÄ ¿ª»ç¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¸î °³ÀÇ ´ÜÆíÀûÀÎ Á¤º¸°¡ Àִµ¥,
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¾ð±ÞÀÌ ¾ø´Ù. ±×ÀÇ ¾î¸Ó´Ï¿Í ÇüÁ¦µé, ´©À̵éÀº óÀ½¿¡´Â
±×ÀÇ ¿îµ¿¿¡ Âü°¡ÇÏÁö ¾Ê¾Ò°í ¿ÀÈ÷·Á ±×ÀÇ ÇൿÀ» ºñ³Çß´Ù(¸¶°¡
3 : 31~35). ±×·¯³ª ¸¶¸®¾Æ´Â ±×ÀÇ Á×À½ ÀÌÈÄ¿¡ ±×¸®½ºµµ±³
±³È¸ÀÇ ÀÏ¿øÀ¸·Î ¾ð±ÞµÈ´Ù(»çµµ 1 : 14). ±×ÀÇ ÇüÁ¦ ¾ß°íº¸´Â
º£µå·Î ÀÌÈÄ¿¡ ¿¹·ç»ì·½ ±³È¸ÀÇ ÁöµµÀÚ¿´´Ù. [À¯´ÙÀÇ ÆíÁö]ÀÇ ÀúÀÚ°¡ ´Ù¸¥ ÇüÁ¦ÀÇ À̸§À» Á¸°æÇÏ¿© À̸§À»
ÃëÇß´ø °Íó·³, [¾ß°íº¸ÀÇ ÆíÁö] ÀúÀÚµµ ¾ß°íº¸ÀÇ À̸§À»
ÃëÇß´Ù. 4¼¼±â ±³È¸»ç°¡ÀÎ ¿¡¿ì¼¼ºñ¿À½ºÀÇ [±³È¸»ç
Ecclesiastical History]¿¡ µû¸£¸é, °¥¸±¸®¿¡ »ì°í ÀÖ¾ú´ø À¯´ÙÀÇ
¼ÕÀÚµéÀº µµ¹ÌƼ¾Æ´©½º ȲÁ¦¿¡ ÀÇÇØ '´ÙÀÀÇ ÀÚ¼Õµé'À̶ó´Â
ÀÌÀ¯·Î ¼ÒȯµÇ¾úÀ¸³ª Á¤Ä¡ÀûÀÎ À§ÇèÀÌ ¾øÀ¸¹Ç·Î ¼®¹æµÇ¾ú´Ù.
|
| Jesus
most likely grew up in the piety that was cultivated in the home and in the
synagogue (including Bible study, obedience to the Law, prayer, and
expectation of the final coming of the Messiah) and also took part in
pilgrimages to Jerusalem. From these scattered reports it is possible to
gain some information about Jesus' background and theological education. The
latter also comes to light in his teaching and in the frequently attested
honorific form of address "rabbi" (teacher), which, in the
language of the time, was not yet confined to members of the trained and
ordained profession of the scribes. Nothing is precisely known, however,
about Jesus' youth and inner development. What is known is contained in the
sole narrative in Luke 2:40-52 (the boy Jesus in the Temple) and the
legendary apocryphal gospels, which, after the manner of legend, sought to
illumine the obscurity of Jesus' childhood.
|
¿¹¼ö´Â ´ëüÀûÀ¸·Î , ¼º¼ °øºÎ, À²¹ý¿¡
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Âü°¡ÇÏ´Â µîÀÇ °æ°ÇÇÑ ºÐÀ§±â¿¡¼ ¼ºÀåÇÑ µíÇÏ´Ù.
¿©±âÀú±â Èð¾îÁ® ÀÖ´Â º¸°íµé¿¡ ÀÇÇÏ¸é ¿¹¼öÀÇ ¹è°æ°ú ½ÅÇÐÀû
±³À°¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¾à°£ÀÇ Á¤º¸¸¦ ¾òÀ» ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ÈÄÀÚ´Â ±×ÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§°ú '¶øºñ'(¼±»ý)¶ó´Â
¸í¿¹·Î¿î À̸§¿¡¼ ¹àÇôÁö´Âµ¥, ±× ½Ã´ë¿¡ ¶øºñ¶ó´Â Īȣ´Â
ÈÆ·ÃµÇ¾î ÀÓ¸íµÈ À²¹ýÇÐÀÚ¶ó´Â Á÷¾÷¿¡¸¸ ÇÑÁ¤µÇ´Â °ÍÀº
¾Æ´Ï¾ú´Ù. ¿¹¼öÀÇ Ãʱâ»ýȰ°ú ³»Àû ¹ßÀü¿¡ ´ëÇØ¼´Â È®½ÇÈ÷
¾Ë·ÁÁø °ÍÀÌ ¾ø´Ù. ¾Ë·ÁÁø °ÍÀº [´©°¡ÀÇ º¹À½¼] 2Àå 40~52Àý(¼ºÀü¿¡¼ÀÇ
¼Ò³â ¿¹¼ö)¿¡ À¯ÀÏÇÑ ¼³È°¡ °£Á÷µÇ¾î ÀÖ°í, À§°æµéÀÌ
Àü¼³ÀÇ Çü½ÄÀ¸·Î ¿¹¼öÀÇ ¾î¸°½ÃÀýÀ» ¹àÈ÷·Á°í ³ë·ÂÇß´Ù. |
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| The
Gospel accounts of the appearance and activity of John the Baptist and of Jesus' Baptism at his
hands first establish a historically safe basis for knowledge of Jesus' life
and work. Significantly, the oldest Gospel writer calls these events
"the beginning of the gospel of Jesus Christ" (Mark 1:1),
indicating that his would be a message about Christ, not a description of
the contemporary background for Jesus' life. The Baptist is, therefore,
represented exclusively from the Christian point of view. His place in the
Christian history of salvation is that of a forerunner or pioneer; or he is
a witness to Jesus, as in the Gospel According to John. But the tradition
has nevertheless preserved unchallengeable information about John,
especially in Q. Josephus characterizes him as a mere moral teacher and his
Baptism as merely ritual washing. In reality, however, he made his
appearance in the desert as a prophet of the imminent Last Judgment, calling
all without exception to repentance in the eleventh hour, and baptized those
who were ready to repent, in order to prepare them for the baptism of fire
of the mightier one coming from heaven and to preserve them from his
annihilating wrath (Matt. 3:7ff. and Luke 3:7ff.). His dress and diet as an
ascetic nomad and, above all, the location of his ministry (the Judaean
desert and the Jordan steppes), far away from the institutions and places of
traditional religion and secularity, illustrate the earnestness of his
eschatological preaching and his attack on all conventional piety; but they
also correspond to the old prophetic promise that God would encounter his
people in the Last Days, as he did once before, in the desert. Historically,
all these features may not be understood immediately in Christian
perspective; i.e., as pointing to
Jesus as the Messiah. The tradition of the Gospels visibly and increasingly
interpreted the history of the Baptist in retrospect, and not least for the
reason that there still existed for a considerable time alongside the
disciples of Jesus a rival body of disciples of the Baptist.
|
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µîÀå°ú Çൿ, ±×¿¡°Ô ¿¹¼ö°¡ ¼¼·Ê¹Þ¾Ò´Ù´Â º¹À½¼ÀÇ ³»¿ëÀº
¿¹¼öÀÇ »ý¾Ö¿Í »ç¿ªÀ» ¾Ë ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ÃÖÃÊÀÇ ¿ª»çÀû ±Ù°ÅÀÌ´Ù.
ƯÈ÷, °¡Àå ¿À·¡µÈ º¹À½¼ ÀúÀÚ´Â ÀÌ »ç°ÇÀ» '¿¹¼ö ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ
º¹À½ÀÇ ½ÃÀÛ'(¸¶°¡ 1 : 1)À̶ó°í ºÎ¸£´Âµ¥, À̰ÍÀº ¿¹¼öÀÇ
»ý¾Ö¿¡ ´ëÇÑ µ¿½Ã´ëÀû ¹è°æÀÇ ¼¼úÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ±×¸®½ºµµ¿¡
´ëÇÑ ¸Þ½ÃÁöÀÌ´Ù. ±×·¯¹Ç·Î ¼¼·Ê ¿äÇÑÀº ±×¸®½ºµµ±³ÀÇ
°üÁ¡¿¡¼ ¹¦»çµÈ´Ù. ±×¸®½ºµµ±³ ±¸¿ø ¿ª»ç¿¡¼ ±×ÀÇ À§Ä¡´Â
¼±±¸ÀÚ È¤Àº °³Ã´ÀÚÀ̰ųª [¿äÇÑÀÇ º¹À½¼]¿¡¼Ã³·³
¿¹¼öÀÇ ÁõÀÎÀÌ´Ù. ±×·³¿¡µµ ºÒ±¸Çϰí, ÀÌ Àü½ÂÀº ¿äÇÑ¿¡
´ëÇÑ È®½ÇÇÑ, Ưº°È÷ Q¿¡ ÀÖ¾î¼, Á¤º¸¸¦ º¸Á¸Çϰí
ÀÖ´Ù. ¿ä¼¼Çª½º´Â ±×¸¦ ´Ü¼øÈ÷ µµ´ö ±³»ç·Î,
±×ÀÇ ¼¼·Ê¸¦ ´Ü¼øÇÑ ÀǽÄÀû ¾ÄÀ½À¸·Î ¼³¸íÇÑ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª
½ÇÁ¦·Î ±×´Â ¿¹¿Ü¾øÀÌ ¸ðµç »ç¶÷À» ȸ°³Ç϶ó°í Çϸé¼
ÀÓ¹ÚÇÑ ¸¶Áö¸· ½ÉÆÇÀÇ ¿¹¾ðÀÚ·Î ±¤¾ß¿¡ µîÀåÇß°í,
¼Ò¸ê½ÃŰ´Â Áø³ë(¸¶Å 3 : 7~, ´©°¡ 3 : 7~)·ÎºÎÅÍ ±×µéÀ»
Áö۱â À§ÇØ, Çϴ÷κÎÅÍ ¿À´Â ´õ Àü´ÉÇϽŠºÐÀÇ ºÒ¼¼·Ê¸¦
¹ÞÀ» Áغñ¸¦ Çϵµ·Ï ȸ°³ÇÏ·Á´Â Àڵ鿡°Ô ¼¼·Ê¸¦ ÁÖ¾ú´Ù.
±Ý¿åÀû À¯¸ñ¹Î °°Àº ¿Ê, À½½Ä, Á¦µµ, ÀüÅëÀû Á¾±³Àå¼Ò,
¼¼¼ÓÁÖÀǷκÎÅÍ ¸Ö¸® ¶³¾îÁø ±×ÀÇ È°µ¿Àå¼Ò(À¯´ë ±¤¾ß¿Í
¿ä¸£´Ü ½ºÅÜ Áö¿ª)´Â Á¾¸»·ÐÀû ¼³±³ÀÇ ¿Á¤°ú ÀνÀÀû °æ°Ç¿¡
´ëÇÑ ±×ÀÇ °ø°ÝÀ» ¿¹½ÃÇØÁØ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ±×°ÍÀº ÇÏ´À´ÔÀÌ
¸¶Áö¸· ³¯¿¡ ±¤¾ß¿¡¼ ±×ÀÇ ¹é¼ºÀ» ¸¸³´Ù´Â ¿À·¡µÈ
¿¹¾ðÀÚÀÇ ¾à¼Ó°ú ÀÏÄ¡ÇÑ´Ù. ¿ª»çÀûÀ¸·Î ÀÌ ¸ðµç ¸ð½ÀÀº
¸Þ½Ã¾Æ·Î¼ ¿¹¼ö¿¡ ÃÊÁ¡À» ¸ÂÃß´Â ±×¸®½ºµµ±³ÀÎÀÇ
½Ã°¢¿¡¼´Â Áï°¢ ÀÌÇØµÉ ¼ö´Â ¾øÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù. º¹À½¼µéÀÇ
Àü½ÂÀº ¼¼·Ê ¿äÇÑÀÇ ¿ª»ç¸¦ ¼Ò±ÞÇÏ¿© ÇØ¼®ÇßÀ¸¸ç, ÀÌ·±
ÇØ¼®Àº ¿¹¼öÀÇ Á¦ÀÚµé ¿·¿¡ ÀÌ¿¡ ÇÊÀûÇÏ´Â ¼¼·Ê ¿äÇÑÀÇ
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°ÍÀº ¾Æ´Ï´Ù. |
| That
Jesus was baptized by John, as all the Gospels record, indicates that in all
probability Jesus initially belonged to John's movement. The account of
Jesus' Baptism is styled in the Gospels as an "epiphany (or
manifestation) story" and deals with Jesus' installation at this time
as Messiah (Mark 1:9-11). The announcement of the Kingdom
of God by John and his call to repentance retained decisive
significance for Jesus. His high estimate of the Baptist emerges
unambiguously from the fact that he placed John above the prophets and
called him the greatest among men (Matt. 11:7-11). He saw the signs of the
approaching Kingdom of God in the work of the Baptist as in his own work,
and he recognized the authority given John as being from heaven (Mark
11:27-33). These words carry all the more weight historically, because the
tendency of the context here is to proclaim Jesus as the Messiah and to
place the Baptist, as the lesser, in Jesus' service. It is significant that
John himself is nowhere attacked in the Synoptic texts, nor is he designated
as a follower of Jesus. Wherever polemic can be recognized in the Gospels
(especially in John), it is always directed against the false belief,
doubtlessly held by the (later) Baptist disciples, that John was the
promised Messiah. The extent to which the close connection between Jesus and
John occupied the theological reflection, apologetics, and imagination of
the Christian Church is shown by several passages and, above all, by the
cycle of legends in the introduction to Luke (chapter 1). Regardless of the
close relationship between Jesus and John the Baptist, especially in their
prophetic announcement of the approaching Kingdom of God and their call to
repentance (cf. Matt. 3:2; 4:17),
there are also radical differences. |
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¿îµ¿¿¡ ¼ÓÇß´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ¾Ï½ÃÇÑ´Ù. ¿¹¼ö°¡ ¼¼·Ê¹ÞÀº ³»¿ëÀº
º¹À½¼¿¡¼ '¿¡ÇÇÆÄ´Ï(ÇöÇö) À̾߱â'·Î À¯ÇüȵǾú°í,
À̰ÍÀ» ¿¹¼ö°¡ ¸Þ½Ã¾Æ·Î ÀÓ¸íµÇ´Â °ÍÀ¸·Î ´Ù·é´Ù(¸¶°¡ 1 :
9~11). ¿äÇÑ¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ ÇÏ´À´Ô ³ª¶óÀÇ ¼±Æ÷¿Í ȸ°³¿¡·ÎÀÇ ºÎ¸§Àº
¿¹¼ö¿¡°Ô °áÁ¤ÀûÀÎ Á߿伺À» °®´Â´Ù. ±×´Â ¿äÇÑÀ» ¿¹¾ðÀÚµé
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11 : 7~ 11). ±×´Â ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ »ç¿ª¿¡¼Ã³·³ ¼¼·Ê ¿äÇÑÀÇ »ç¿ª¿¡¼
´Ù°¡¿À´Â ÇÏ´À´Ô ³ª¶ó¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Â¡Á¶¸¦ º¸¾Ò°í, ¿äÇÑÀÇ ±ÇÀ§°¡
Çϴ÷κÎÅÍ ¿Â °ÍÀÓÀ» ÀνÄÇß´Ù(¸¶°¡ 11 : 27~33). ÀÌ ¸»µéÀº
¿ª»çÀûÀ¸·Î ÇÑÃþ ´õÇÑ ¹«°Ô¸¦ Áö´Ñ´Ù, ¿Ö³ÄÇϸé, ¿©±â¿¡¼
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ÀÚ½ÅÀº °ø°ü º¹À½¼µéÀÇ ¾î´À °÷¿¡¼µµ °ø°Ý´çÇÏÁö
¾ÊÀ¸¸ç, ¿¹¼öÀÇ ÃßÁ¾ÀÚ¶ó°í ÁöεÇÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù´Â °ÍÀº
Áß¿äÇÏ´Ù. º¹À½¼¿¡¼ ¹Ý·ÐÀÌ ÀÖÀ» ¸¸ÇÑ °÷(ƯÈ÷ ¿äÇÑ
º¹À½¿¡¼)¿¡´Â ¾ðÁ¦³ª, ÀǽÉÇÒ ¿©Áö ¾øÀÌ ÈÄ´ëÀÇ ¼¼·Ê
¿äÇÑÀÇ Á¦Àڵ鿡 ÀÇÇØ¼ Á¦±âµÉ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â, ¿äÇÑÀÌ ¾à¼ÓµÈ
¸Þ½Ã¾ß¶ó´Â °ÅÁþµÈ ¹ÏÀ½À» ÇâÇØ¼ ÁýÁߵǾú´Ù.
¿¹¼ö¿Í ¿äÇÑÀÇ ¹ÐÁ¢ÇÑ °ü°è°¡ Â÷ÁöÇÑ ½ÅÇÐÀûÀÎ °íÂû,
º¯Áõ·Ð ¹× ±âµ¶±³ ±³È¸ÀÇ ±¸»óÀÇ Á¤µµ´Â, ¿©·¯
±¸Àýµé¿¡¼ ¹àÇôÁö´Âµ¥, ¹«¾ùº¸´Ùµµ, ´©°¡º¹À½ 1ÀåÀÇ
¼¹®¿¡¼ Àü½ÂÀ¸·Î ³ªÅ¸³´Ù. ´Ù°¡¿À´Â ÇÏ´À´Ô
³ª¶ó¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¿¹¾ðÀÚÀû ¼±Æ÷¿Í ȸ°³¿¡·ÎÀÇ ºÎ¸§(¸¶Å 3 : 2, 4 :
17 ÂüÁ¶)¿¡¼ ¿¹¼ö¿Í ¼¼·Ê ¿äÇÑÀÇ ¹ÐÁ¢ÇÑ °ü°è¿¡µµ ºÒ±¸Çϰí
¶ÇÇÑ ±Ùº»ÀûÀÎ Â÷À̰¡ ÀÖ´Ù. |
|
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|
| At the
latest, after the Baptist's imprisonment (as the Synoptics state), possibly
even earlier (according to John), Jesus began as a grown man (Luke 3:23) an
independent public ministry, but in the villages of his Galilean homeland
and--sporadically--in the neighbouring countryside, rather than in the
wilderness, as did John. The real area of his ministry was the district on
the northwest bank of the Lake of Gennesaret (or Sea of Galilee; the towns
of Beth-saida, Chorazin, and Capernaum). The change of scene is significant
in itself. Jesus did not call the people into the desert. He sought men in
their settlements and took part in their ordinary life, and not as an
ascetic, like John the Baptist (Matt. 11:18). He worked among them as a
wandering preacher (Matt. 8:20) and charismatic miracle worker, without,
however, baptizing like John. But the image he presents is nonetheless
highly peculiar. He taught not only in the synagogues but likewise in the
open air, on the shore of the lake, and on the road. There also were strange
people in the group surrounding him: women, children, and many who were
viewed as godless or unclean. Further, the manner of his teaching is
surprising. He did not derive it from the Holy Scriptures, although he was
familiar with them, esteemed them, and appealed to them here and there.
Instead, he constantly presented the reality of God and the validity of his
will in an immediate way and made them comprehensible to his hearers without
using the established structure of sacred texts and traditions and without
presupposing a conventional, religious point of view. His metaphors,
parables, and proverb-like utterances were not used to explain traditional
teachings of biblical theology but, instead, appealed directly to the
everyday experience and the understanding of his hearers, and they are
therefore characterized by a unique self-evidence and a disarming
simplicity.
|
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º¹À½¼¿¡¼ ¾ð±ÞÇϵíÀÌ), ¾Æ¸¶µµ ÈξÀ ÀÌÀü¿¡(¿äÇѺ¹À½¿¡
µû¸£¸é) ¿¹¼ö´Â ¼ºÀÎ(´©°¡ 3 : 23)À¸·Î¼, ±¤¾ßº¸´Ù´Â °¥¸±¸® °íÇâ
¸¶À»µé¿¡¼(°£ÇæÀûÀ¸·Î´Â ÀÌ¿ô ¸¶À»µé¿¡¼) µ¶¸³ÀûÀÎ °øÀû
»ç¿ªÀ» ½ÃÀÛÇß´Ù. ±×ÀÇ »ç¿ªÀÇ ½ÇÁ¦ ¿µ¿ªÀº °Õ³×»ç·¿ È£¼öÀÇ
ºÏ¼¿¬¾ÈÁö¿ª(¶Ç´Â °¥¸±¸® ÇØ, º£»õ´Ù ¸¶À»µé,¡¤ÄÚ¶óÁø¡¤¹×
°¡¹ö³ª¿ò)À̾ú´Ù. Àå¼ÒÀÇ ÀüȯÀº ±× ÀÚü·Î¼ Àǹ̰¡
ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. ¿¹¼ö´Â
¹é¼ºµéÀ» ±¤¾ß·Î ºÎ¸£Áö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù. ±×´Â »ç¶÷µéÀ» ±×µéÀÇ
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¿äÇÑó·³ ±Ý¿åÀûÀÎ »ç¶÷ÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¾ú´Ù(¸¶Å 11 : 18). ±×´Â
À¯¶ûÇÏ´Â ¼³±³Àڷμ ±×µé °¡¿îµ¥¼ ÀÏÇß°í(¸¶Å 8 : 20),
Ä«¸®½º¸¶ÀûÀÎ ±âÀûÀ» ÇàÇßÀ¸³ª ¿äÇÑó·³ ¼¼·Ê¸¦ º£Ç®Áö´Â
¾Ê¾Ò´Ù. ±×·³¿¡µµ ºÒ±¸ÇÏ°í ±×°¡ ÁØ À̹ÌÁö´Â »ó´çÈ÷
ƯÀÌÇÏ´Ù. ±×´Â ȸ´ç¿¡¼»Ó¸¸ÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó °ø°³µÈ Àå¼Ò¿¡¼,
È£¼ý°¡¿¡¼, ±æ¿¡¼ °¡¸£ÃÆ´Ù. ±×¸¦ µÑ·¯½Ñ ¹«¸®¿¡´Â ÀÌ»óÇÑ
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»ç¶÷µé)ÀÌ ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. ´õ¿íÀÌ ±×ÀÇ °¡¸£Ä¡´Â ¹æ½ÄÀº ³î¶ó¿ü´Ù.
±×´Â ¼º¼¸¦ Àß ¾Ë°í Á¸ÁßÇßÀ¸¸ç, ¿©±âÀú±â¼ ±×°Íµé¿¡
È£¼ÒÇßÁö¸¸, ±×ÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§Àº ¼º¼·ÎºÎÅÍ ²ø¾î³½ °ÍÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï´Ù.
±×´ë½Å ±×´Â ÇÏ´À´ÔÀÇ ½ÇÀç¿Í ±×ÀÇ ¶æÀÇ Á¤´ç¼ºÀ» Á÷Á¢ÀûÀÎ
¹æ½ÄÀ¸·Î Ç×»ó Á¦½ÃÇß°í, °Å·èÇÑ º»¹®°ú Àü½ÂµéÀÇ ±âÁ¸
±¸Á¶¸¦ »ç¿ëÇÏÁö ¾Ê¾ÒÀ¸¸ç, ÀνÀÀûÀ̰í Á¾±³ÀûÀÎ °üÁ¡ÀÇ
ÀüÁ¦¾øÀÌ Ã»ÁßµéÀ» ÀÌÇØ½ÃÄ×´Ù. ±×ÀÇ ÀºÀ¯¡¤ºñÀ¯¡¤Àá¾ðÀº
¼º¼½ÅÇÐÀÇ ÀüÅëÀû °¡¸£Ä§À» ¼³¸íÇϱâ À§ÇÑ °ÍÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¾ú´Ù.
±×´ë½Å ÀÏ»ó °æÇè°ú ûÁßÀÇ ÀÌÇØ¿¡ Á÷Á¢ È£¼ÒÇß°í, ±×·¯¹Ç·Î
±×°ÍµéÀº °íÀ¯ÇÑ ºÐ¸íÇÔ°ú ¸¶À½À» ºÎµå·´°Ô ÇÏ´Â ´Ü¼øÇÔÀÌ
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| This
corresponds to the manner of his behaviour in his meetings with other
people. The Gospels portray this in a large number of separate scenes. These
persons vary considerably: pious and impious, rich and poor, respected and
outcast, healthy and ill. In every encounter, Jesus' amazing sovereignty
with which--free of all prejudices--he mastered the situation is made
visible. He saw through his opponents' attempts to corner him in debate,
disarmed their objections, saw the needs of the possessed and the sick who
crowded around him, and associated with those who were avoided by others.
Some of the scenes may only have been added or filled out in later popular
tradition, but they clearly demonstrate the power with which Jesus helped
people by word and deed, whether he grew passionately angry over the power
of disease or over the pride and lovelessness of the "righteous"
or whether he commanded the demons or blessed children and laid hands on the
sick.
|
À̰ÍÀº ´Ù¸¥
»ç¶÷µé°úÀÇ ¸¸³²¿¡ ÀÖ¾î¼ ±×ÀÇ Çൿ ¹æ½Ä°ú ÀÏÄ¡ÇÑ´Ù.
º¹À½¼µéÀº À̰ÍÀ» ¸¹Àº ºÐ¸®µÈ Àå¸é¿¡¼ ¹¦»çÇÑ´Ù. ÀÌ
»ç¶÷µéÀº »ó´çÈ÷ ´Ù¾çÇÏ´Ù: °æ°ÇÇÑ
ÀÚ¿Í °æ°ÇÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀº ÀÚ, ºÎÀÚ¿Í °¡³ÇÑ ÀÚ, Á¸°æ¹Þ´Â ÀÚ¿Í
¹ö·ÁÁø ÀÚ, °Ç°ÇÑ ÀÚ¿Í º´µç ÀÚ. ÀÌ ¸ðµç ¸¸³²¿¡¼,
¼±ÀÔ°ß¿¡¼ ¶°³ª »óȲÀ» Áö¹èÇÏ´Â ¿¹¼öÀÇ ³î¶ó¿î À§¾öÀÌ
µå·¯³´Ù. ±×´Â ³íÀï¿¡¼ ±×¸¦
¾î·Æ°Ô ÇÏ·Á´Â Àû´ëÀÚµéÀÇ ½Ãµµ¸¦ ´©±×·¯¶ß·È°í, ±× ÁÖÀ§¿¡
¸ð¿©µç ±Í½Åµé¸° ÀÚµé°ú º´µç Àڵ鿡°Ô ÇÊ¿äÇÑ °ÍÀ» ¾Ë¾Ò°í,
´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷µé·ÎºÎÅÍ ¹ö·ÁÁø ÀÚµé°ú ÇÔ²²Çß´Ù. À̵é Àå¸éµé
Áß¿¡¼ ¾î¶² °ÍµéÀº ¿ÀÁ÷ ÈÄ´ë¿¡ Àß ¾Ë·ÁÁø Àü½Â¿¡¼
´õÇØÁ³°Å³ª ä¿öÁ³Áö¸¸, ±×°¡ Áúº´µéÀÇ ±Ç¼¼³ª "ÀǷοî
ÀÚµé"ÀÇ ±³¸¸°ú »ç¶û¾øÀ½¿¡ ´ëÇØ ÂüÀ» ¼ö ¾øÀÌ
ºÐ³ëÇϵçÁö, ¾Æ´Ï¸é ¸¶±ÍµéÀ» ÂÑ¾Æ ³»°Å³ª, ¾î¸°À̵éÀ»
ÃູÇϰųª, ¾Æ´Ï¸é º´ÀÚ¿¡°Ô ¼ÕÀ» ¾ñµç, ±×°ÍµéÀº
ºÐ¸íÈ÷ ¿¹¼ö°¡ ¸»¾¸À̳ª ÇàÀ§·Î¼ »ç¶÷µéÀ» µµ¿Í ÁÖ¾ú´ø
´É·ÂÀ» Áõ¸íÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. |
|
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Á¦ÀÚµéÀ» ºÎ¸§
|
| According
to the unanimous witness of the Synoptic Gospels, Jesus gave rise to a
movement in Galilee and found numerous followers, although not without
provoking rejection as well. This movement cannot yet be called a
"church." (This concept first appears in the later tradition.) To
spread his message and movement, he called on his disciples, for the sake of
the approaching Kingdom of God, to resolutely surrender all ties of family
and work (Mark 8:34ff.; Matt. 10:37ff.; Luke 14:26ff.) and to follow him and
to become "fishers of men" (Mark 1:17; Luke 5:10). Many of his
words are of extreme sharpness and do not conceal how difficult the
disciples' road will be (Luke 14:25-33). But, at the same time, the patent
immediacy of Jesus' sovereign power comes to light in these texts. In the
scenes mentioned, it is Jesus who makes the decision. He calls, appoints,
and selects particular men, without regard to their origin and previous
training. There are fishermen (Andrew, Peter, James, and John), a tax
collector (Matthew), and Zealots (Simon and, perhaps, Judas Iscariot) among
them, perhaps also a few craftsmen and peasants. Whether it was a circle of
12 disciples from the start is questionable and under debate. It is clear,
however, that he commissioned and authorized his disciples to preach and to
drive out demons (Mark 3:14). Some of these disciples are well noted in the
Synoptic tradition (e.g., Peter
and Judas Iscariot). In the Gospel According to John, others come into the
foreground, including some from among the followers of the Baptist. Of
others, only their names are known (e.g.,
Thaddaeus). A characteristic of these companions of Jesus is that their
discipleship is not, as with the rabbis, a transitional stage that ends with
their "training." None of them moves up after sufficient study to
the status of "master" (Matt. 23:8). Even if accounts of the
calling of disciples have, in general, been styled in the later tradition as
examples of what it means to be a Christian and individual scenes have been
added to the original stock of stories, the recollection of incidents that
occurred during Jesus' ministry in Galilee is doubtlessly preserved in the
texts.
|
°ø°üº¹À½¼µéÀÇ ÀÏÄ¡µÈ Áõ¾ð¿¡ µû¸£¸é, ¿¹¼ö´Â
°¥¸±¸®¿¡¼ ¿îµ¿À» ÀÏÀ¸Ä×°í, ¹°·Ð ºñ³ÀÌ ¾øÁö´Â ¾Ê¾ÒÁö¸¸
¼ö¸¹Àº ÃßÁ¾ÀÚµéÀ» ¾ò¾ú´Ù. ÀÌ ¿îµ¿Àº ¾ÆÁ÷Àº '±³È¸'¶ó°í
ºÒ·ÁÁú ¼ö´Â ¾ø´Ù(ÀÌ °³³äÀº Èıâ Àü½Â¿¡¼ óÀ½À¸·Î ³ªÅ¸³²).
±×ÀÇ ¸»¾¸°ú ¿îµ¿À» È®ÀåÇϱâ À§ÇØ ±×´Â ´Ù°¡¿À´Â ÇÏ´À´ÔÀÇ
³ª¶ó¸¦ À§ÇØ °¡Á·°ú »ý¾÷ÀÇ ¸ðµç ²öÀ» °á¿¬È÷ Æ÷±âÇϰí(¸¶ÅÂ
10 : 37~, ¸¶°¡ 8 : 34~, ´©°¡ 14 : 26~), ±×¸¦ µû¶ó '»ç¶÷À» ³¬´Â
¾îºÎ'(¸¶°¡ 1 : 17, ´©°¡ 5 : 10)°¡ µÇ·Á´Â ±×ÀÇ Á¦ÀÚµéÀ» ºÒ·¶´Ù.
±×ÀÇ ¸»¾¸µéÀº ±Ø´ÜÀûÀ¸·Î ³¯Ä«·Î¿ì¸ç Á¦ÀÚÀÇ ±æÀÌ ¾ó¸¶³ª
¾î·Á¿î °ÍÀÎÁö¸¦ ¼û±âÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù(´©°¡ 14 : 25~33). ±×´Â Ãâ½Å°ú
±³À°¼öÁØ¿¡ »ó°ü¾øÀÌ ºÎ¸£¸ç ÀÓ¸íÇϰí, Ưº°ÇÑ »ç¶÷µé·Î
¼±ÅÃÇÑ´Ù. ±×µé Áß¿¡´Â ¾îºÎµé(¾Èµå·¹¾Æ¡¤º£µå·Î¡¤¾ß°íº¸¡¤¿äÇÑ)¡¤¼¼¸®(¸¶ÅÂ)¡¤¿½É´ç¿ø(½Ã¸ó°ú
°¡¸®¿Ê À¯´Ù)¡¤³óºÎµéÀÌ ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. óÀ½ºÎÅÍ 12¸íÀ̾ú´ÂÁö´Â
³í¶õÀÇ ¿©Áö°¡ ÀÖÁö¸¸ ±×°¡ Á¦ÀÚµéÀ» ÀÓ¸íÇÏ°í ¼³±³Çϸç
±Í½ÅÀ» ³»ÂÑ´Â(¸¶°¡ 3 : 14) ±ÇÀ§¸¦ ÁÖ¾ú´Ù´Â °ÍÀº ºÐ¸íÇÏ´Ù. [¿äÇÑÀÇ
º¹À½¼]¿¡¼´Â ¼¼·Ê ¿äÇÑÀÇ Á¦ÀÚ¿´´ø »ç¶÷µéÀ»
Æ÷ÇÔÇÏ¿© ¸î¸î »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ³ª¿Â´Ù. ±×µéÀÇ Á¦ÀÚÈÆ·ÃÀº
¶øºñµéó·³ 'ÈÆ·Ã'°ú ÇÔ²² ³¡³ª´Â °úµµÀûÀÎ ´Ü°è°¡ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó´Â
°ÍÀÌ Æ¯Â¡ÀÌ´Ù. ±×µé Áß ´©±¸µµ ÃæºÐÇÑ °øºÎ ÈÄ¿¡ '½º½Â'(¸¶ÅÂ
23 : 8)ÀÇ ÁöÀ§·Î ¿Ã¶ó°¡Áö ¾Ê´Â´Ù. Á¦ÀÚµéÀ» ºÎ¸£´Â ³»¿ëµéÀÌ
ÀϹÝÀûÀ¸·Î ÈıâÀÇ Àü½Â¿¡¼ ±×¸®½ºµµ±³µµ°¡ µÇ´Â °ÍÀ»
ÀǹÌÇÏ´Â ¿¹·Î À¯ÇüȵǾú°í, °³º°ÀûÀÎ Àå¸éµéÀÌ À̾߱âÀÇ
º» Áٱ⿡ ÷°¡µÇ¾úÀ»Áö¶óµµ °¥¸±¸®¿¡¼ ¿¹¼ö°¡ »ç¿ªÇÏ´Â
µ¿¾È ÀÏ¾î³ »ç°ÇµéÀÇ È¸»óÀº ºÐ¸íÈ÷ º»¹®µé¿¡ º¸Á¸µÇ¾î
ÀÖ´Ù. |
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| The
loose and often differing order of the individual scenes only entitles
scholars to speak of a rather ambiguous Galilean period of Jesus' activity:
they cannot say with certainty how long it lasted. Because the Synoptic
Gospels mention only one trip of Jesus to Judaea and Jerusalem, with the
Passion following it, the impression is created that the period lasted no
longer than one year. Editorial and theological considerations have, without
question, also played a part in this presentation (e.g.,
Jesus' activity in Galilee and his sufferings in Jerusalem). Scholars
offer several good reasons, however, to support the assumption that the
Synoptic outline still deserves to be preferred to the widely differing one
in John. In the latter, Jesus is in Jerusalem for three celebrations of the
Passover (John 2:13-23; 6:4; 11:55), as well as for one Sukkot (Feast of
Tabernacles; John 7:2) and one Hanukka (Feast of Dedication; John
10:22). This involves a period of more than two full years. It is doubtful,
however, that John is based on an independent tradition, because the
indications of time referred to serve the Evangelist as a means of changing
the scene of Jesus' ministry between Jerusalem and Galilee. (The centre here
is Jerusalem.)
|
°¥¸±¸® ±â°£ÀÌ ¾ó¸¶ µ¿¾ÈÀ̳ª Áö¼ÓµÇ¾ú´ÂÁö È®½ÇÇϰÔ
¸»ÇÒ ¼ö´Â ¾ø´Ù. °ø°üº¹À½¼µéÀº ¿¹¼ö°¡ À¯´ë¿Í ¿¹·ç»ì·½¿¡
°¡¼ ¼ö³À» ´çÇÑ ¿ÀÁ÷ 1Â÷·ÊÀÇ ¿©ÇุÀ» ¾ð±ÞÇϱ⠶§¹®¿¡,
±× ±â°£ÀÌ 1³âÀ» ³ÑÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù´Â ÀλóÀ» ÁØ´Ù. °¥¸±¸®¿¡¼ÀÇ
¿¹¼öÀÇ È°µ¿°ú ¿¹·ç»ì·½¿¡¼ÀÇ ±×ÀÇ ¼ö³À¸·Î ³ª´©´Â
ÆíÁýÀû Ãø¸é°ú ½ÅÇÐÀûÀÎ Àǵµ´Â ¾î´À Á¤µµ ¿¬°üÀÌ ÀÖÁö¸¸,
¸î °¡Áö ÀÌÀ¯µé·Î ÇÐÀÚµéÀº °ø°üº¹À½¼ÀÇ ±¸¼ºÀÌ [¿äÇÑÀÇ
º¹À½¼]ÀÇ ±¸¼ºº¸´Ù ´õ ¼±È£µÇ¾î¾ß ÇÑ´Ù°í ÁÖÀåÇÑ´Ù. [¿äÇÑÀÇ
º¹À½¼]¿¡¼´Â ¿¹¼ö°¡ ¿¹·ç»ì·½¿¡¼ 3¹øÀÇ
À¯¿ùÀý Àý±â¸¦ Áö³ÂÀ¸¸ç(¿äÇÑ 2 : 13~23, 6 : 4, 11 : 55), 1¹øÀÇ
¼öÄÚÆ®(Ãʸ·Àý, ¿äÇÑ 7 : 2)¿Í 1¹øÀÇ ÇÏ´©Ä«(ºÀÇåÀý, ¿äÇÑ 10 :
22)¸¦ Áö³Â´Ù°í ÇÑ´Ù. À̰ÍÀº ¸¸ 2³âÀ» ³Ñ´Â ±â°£ÀÌ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª
¿äÇÑÀÌ µ¶¸³µÈ Àü½Â¿¡ ±Ù°ÅÇÏ¿© ±â·ÏÇß´ÂÁö´Â Àǽɽº·´´Ù.
¿Ö³ÄÇÏ¸é º¹À½¼ ÀúÀÚÀÇ ½Ã°£ ÁöÀûÀº ¿¹·ç»ì·½°ú °¥¸±¸®
»çÀÌ¿¡¼ ¿¹¼öÀÇ »ç¿ª Àå¸éÀ» ±¸ºÐÇÏ´Â ¼ö´ÜÀ¸·Î
¾ð±ÞµÇ¾ú±â ¶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù(¿©±â¼ Áß½ÉÁö´Â ¿¹·ç»ì·½ÀÓ). |
|
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| Jesus
announced the approaching Kingdom of God and therefore called people to
repentance. The first two Gospels have set this at the beginning in a
programmatic saying as a summary of his preaching and have thus
characterized the central and dominant theme of his mission as a whole (Mark
1:15; Matt. 4:17). Thus, the Kingdom of God, or Kingdom of Heaven (a Jewish
circumlocution for God preferred by Matthew), does not just denote a final
chapter of his "system of doctrine" (a concept that cannot be
applied to Jesus, in any case). The underlying Jewish word (malkhuta)
means God's kingship, and not primarily his domain. This meaning prevails in
the New Testament texts. But Kingdom of God or Heaven is also used in a
spatial sense ("Enter . . ."). The burning expectation of the
Kingdom of God was widely spread in contemporary Judaism in manifold form,
based on the Old Testament faith in the God of the fathers, the Creator and
Lord of the world, who had chosen Israel to be his people. But with this
faith there had united itself the contradictory experience that the present
condition of the world was ungodly, that Satanic powers reigned in it, and
that God's kingship would only manifest itself in the future. In wide
circles, this expectation had the form of a national, political hope in the
Davidic Messiah, though it had expanded this hope in apocalyptic speculation
to a universal expectation. In each case it was directed toward the Last
Days. Likewise, in Jesus' message, the expression Kingdom of God has a
purely eschatological--i.e.,
future--sense and means an event suddenly breaking into this world from
the outside, through which the time of this present world is ended and
overcome. |
¿¹¼ö´Â ´Ù°¡¿À´Â ÇÏ´À´ÔÀÇ ³ª¶ó¸¦ ¼±Æ÷Çß°í ¹é¼ºµé¿¡°Ô
ȸ°³Ç϶ó°í °¡¸£ÃÆ´Ù. óÀ½ µÎ º¹À½¼µéÀº À̰ÍÀ» ±×ÀÇ
¼³±³ÀÇ ¿ä¾àÀ¸·Î ùºÎºÐ¿¡ ³õ¾Ò°í, ±×ÀÇ ¼±±³ÀÇ Áß½ÉÀ̸ç
Áö¹èÀûÀÎ ÁÖÁ¦·Î ±ÔÁ¤Çß´Ù(¸¶Å 4 : 17, ¸¶°¡ 1 : 15). ±×·¡¼
ÇÏ´À´ÔÀÇ ³ª¶ó ȤÀº Çϴóª¶ó(¸¶Å°¡ ¼±È£Çß´ø ÇÏ´À´Ô¿¡
´ëÇÑ À¯´ëÀεéÀÇ ¿Ï°îÇÑ Ç¥Çö)´Â ±×ÀÇ '±³¸® ü°è'(¾î¶°ÇÑ
°æ¿ì¿¡µµ ¿¹¼ö¿¡°Ô Àû¿ëµÉ ¼ö ¾ø´Â °³³ä)ÀÇ ³¡ºÎºÐÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï´Ù.
±âÃʰ¡ µÇ´Â À¯´ë ´Ü¾î(¸»ÄíŸ)´Â ÇÏ´À´ÔÀÇ ¿Õ±ÇÀ» ÀǹÌÇÏ´Â
°ÍÀÌÁö, ±×ÀÇ ¿µÅ並 ÀǹÌÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï´Ù. ÀÌ Àǹ̴ [½Å¾à¼º¼] º»¹®µé¿¡ ÆÛÁ® ÀÖ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ÇÏ´À´ÔÀÇ ³ª¶ó
ȤÀº Çϴóª¶ó´Â °ø°£Àû ÀǹÌ('¡¦¡¦¿¡ µé¾î°£´Ù')·Îµµ
¾²ÀδÙ. ÇÏ´À´Ô ³ª¶ó¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¶ß°Å¿î ±â´ë´Â Á¶»óµéÀÇ ÇÏ´À´Ô,
À̽º¶ó¿¤À» ±×ÀÇ ¹é¼ºÀ¸·Î ¼±ÅÃÇÑ ¼¼»óÀÇ Ã¢Á¶ÀÚ, ÁÖ´Ô¿¡
´ëÇÑ [±¸¾à¼º¼]ÀÇ ¹ÏÀ½¿¡ ±âÃÊÇÏ¿© ´Ù¾çÇÑ ÇüÅ·Î
µ¿½Ã´ëÀÇ À¯´ë±³¿¡ ³Î¸® ÆÛÁ® ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. ÀÌ ¹ÏÀ½¿¡ ÇöÀç
¼¼»óÀÇ »óÅ´ »çźÀÇ ±Ç¼¼°¡ ÅëÄ¡ÇÏ¿© »ç¾ÇÇÏ´Ù´Â °Í°ú
ÇÏ´À´ÔÀÇ ¿Õ±ÇÀº ´ÜÁö ¹Ì·¡¿¡ ³ªÅ¸³´Ù´Â ¸ð¼øµÈ °æÇèÀÌ
¿¬ÇյǾú´Ù. ¸¹Àº Áý´Ü¿¡¼ ÇÏ´À´Ô ³ª¶ó¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¼Ò¸ÁÀ»
¹¬½ÃÀû »çº¯ ¼Ó¿¡ ¿ìÁÖÀû ±â´ë·Î È®ÀåµÇ¾úÁö¸¸, ´ÙÀÀû
¸Þ½Ã¾Æ, Áï ¹ÎÁ·ÀÇ Á¤Ä¡Àû ´ë¸ÁÀÇ ÇüŸ¦ Áö´Ï±âµµ Çß´Ù. °¢
°æ¿ì¿¡ ±×°ÍÀº ¸¶Áö¸· ³¯°ú ¿¬°üµÇ¾ú´Ù. ¸¶Âù°¡Áö·Î ¿¹¼öÀÇ
¸»¾¸¿¡¼µµ ÇÏ´À´Ô ³ª¶óÀÇ Ç¥ÇöÀº ¼ø¼öÇÏ°Ô Á¾¸»·ÐÀû, Áï
¹Ì·¡ÀÇ Àǹ̸¦ °¡Áö¸ç, ÇöÀç ¼¼»óÀÇ ½Ã´ë°¡ ³¡³ª°í ±Øº¹µÇ´Â,
¿ÜºÎ·ÎºÎÅÍ ÀÌ ¼¼»ó¿¡·Î °©ÀÚ±â ħÅõÇÏ´Â »ç°ÇÀ» ÀǹÌÇÑ´Ù. |
| These
traditional motifs of the end of the world, the Last Judgment, and the new
world of God are not lacking in the sayings of Jesus preserved in the Gospel
tradition. Thus, Jesus has not by any means changed the Kingdom of Heaven
into a purely religious experience of the individual human soul or given the
Jewish eschatological expectation the sense of an evolutionary process
immanent in the world or of a goal attainable by human effort. Some of his
parables have given rise to such misunderstanding (e.g.,
the stories of the seed and harvest, the leaven, and the mustard seed).
In such cases, the modern thought of an organic process has been wrongly
introduced into the texts. People of classical and biblical times, however,
heard in them connotations of the surprising and the miraculous. The Kingdom
of God, thus, is not yet here. Hence the prayer, "Thy kingdom
come!" (Matt. 6:10; Luke 11:2), and the tenses, for example, in Jesus'
Beatitudes and predictions of woe (Luke 6:21-26). The poor, the hungry, and
the weeping are not yet in heaven. The petitions of the Lord's
Prayer presuppose the deeply distressing circumstance that God's name
and will are abused, that his Kingdom is not yet come, and that men are
threatened by the temptation to fall away.
|
¼¼»óÀÇ Á¾¸», ¸¶Áö¸· ½ÉÆÇ, ÇÏ´À´ÔÀÇ »õ·Î¿î ¼¼»ó¿¡ ´ëÇÑ
ÁÖÁ¦µéÀº º¹À½¼ Àü½Â¿¡ º¸Á¸µÈ ¿¹¼öÀÇ ¸»¾¸µé¿¡ ²À µé¾î
ÀÖ´Ù. ¿¹¼ö´Â °áÄÚ Çϴóª¶ó¸¦ °³ÀÎÀû Àΰ£ ¿µÈ¥ÀÇ ¼ø¼öÇÑ
Á¾±³ÀûÀΠüÇèÀ¸·Î ¹Ù²ÙÁö ¾Ê¾Ò°í, À¯´ëÀû Á¾¸»·ÐÀû ±â´ë¸¦
¼¼°è ³»ÀûÀÎ ÁøÈÀû °úÁ¤À̳ª Àΰ£ÀÇ ³ë·ÂÀ¸·Î ¾ò¾îÁú ¼ö
ÀÖ´Â ¸ñÇ¥·Î º¸Áö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù. ±×ÀÇ ¸î ºñÀ¯µéÀº ±×·¯ÇÑ ¿ÀÇØ¸¦
ºÒ·¯ÀÏÀ¸Ä×´Ù(¿¹¸¦ µé¾î ¾¾¾Ñ°ú Ãß¼ö, ´©·è, °ÜÀÚ¾¾ÀÇ ºñÀ¯).
±×·¯ÇÑ °æ¿ì¿¡¼ À¯±âÀû °úÁ¤À̶ó´Â ±Ù´ëÀû »ç°í°¡
º»¹®µé¿¡ À߸ø µµÀԵǾú´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ¼º¼ ½Ã´ë »ç¶÷µéÀº
±×°ÍÀ» ³î¶ó¿ò°ú ±âÀûÀÇ Àǹ̷Π¹Þ¾Æµé¿´´Ù. µû¶ó¼
ÇÏ´À´ÔÀÇ ³ª¶ó´Â ¾ÆÁ÷ ¿©±â ¾ø´Ù. ±×·¯¹Ç·Î "´ç½ÅÀÇ
³ª¶ó°¡ ÀÓÇϼҼ!"(¸¶Å 6 : 10, ´©°¡ 11 : 2)¶ó°í ±âµµÇÑ´Ù.
¿¹¼öÀÇ ÆÈº¹°ú Àç³ ¿¹¾ð(´©°¡ 6 : 21~26) »çÀÌ¿¡´Â ±äÀåÀÌ
ÀÖ´Ù. °¡³ÇÑ ÀÚ¿Í ¹è°íÇ ÀÚ¿Í ¾ÖÅëÇÏ´Â ÀÚ´Â ¾ÆÁ÷ Çϴÿ¡
ÀÖÁö ¾Ê´Ù. ±×·¯¹Ç·Î Áֱ⵵¹®Àº ÇÏ´À´ÔÀÇ À̸§°ú ¶æÀÌ
¾Ç¿ëµÇ°í, ±×ÀÇ ³ª¶ó´Â ¾ÆÁ÷ ¿ÀÁö ¾Ê°í, »ç¶÷µéÀº
ÆÄ¸ê½ÃŰ·Á´Â ½ÃÇè¿¡ ÀÇÇØ À§Çù´çÇÏ´Â ¸Å¿ì °ï±ÃÇÑ »óȲÀ»
ÀüÁ¦ÇÑ´Ù. |
| In
regard to Jesus' preaching, one cannot, therefore, speak of a realized
eschatology--i.e., the Last Times
are now here (according to the view of C.H.
Dodd, a British biblical scholar)--but of an eschatology "in
process of realizing itself" (according to the view of Joachim
Jeremias, a German biblical scholar); for God's Kingdom is very close. It is
on the threshold, already casts its light into the present world, and is
seen in Jesus' own ministry through word and deed. In this, his message
differs from the eschatology of his time and breaks through all of its
conceptions. He neither shared nor encouraged the hope in a national messiah
from the family of David, let alone proclaimed himself as such a messiah,
nor did he support the efforts of the Zealots to accelerate the coming of
the Kingdom of God. He also did not tolerate turning the Kingdom of God into
the preserve of the pious adherents of the Law (Pharisees; Qumran
sect), and he did not participate in the fantastic attempts of the
apocalyptic visionaries of his time to calculate and thus depict in detail
the end of the present world and the dawn of the new "aeon," or
age (Luke 12:56). Nor did he undertake a direct continuation of the
Baptist's preaching. (see also Index: apocalypticism)
|
¿¹¼öÀÇ ¼³±³¿¡ µû¸£¸é, ½ÇÇöµÈ Á¾¸»·Ð(Áï
"¸¶Áö¸· ¶§°¡ Áö±Ý ¿©±â¿¡ ÀÖ´Ù"¶ó´Â ¿µ±¹ ¼º¼ÇÐÀÚ
C. H. µµµåÀÇ °ßÇØ)À̶ó±âº¸´Ù '½ÇÇöµÇ´Â °úÁ¤ ¼Ó¿¡ ÀÖ´Â'
Á¾¸»·Ð(µ¶ÀÏ ¼º¼ÇÐÀÚ ¿ä¾ÆÈû ¿¹·¹¹Ì¾Æ½ºÀÇ °ßÇØ)À̶ó°í
¸»ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ¿Ö³ÄÇϸé ÇÏ´À´ÔÀÇ ³ª¶ó´Â ¸Å¿ì °¡±îÀÌ ÀÖ±â
¶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù. ±×°ÍÀº ÀÌ¹Ì ½ÃÀ۵ǾúÀ¸¸ç, ÇöÀç ¼¼°è¿¡ ºûÀ»
´øÁö°í ¸»¾¸°ú ÇàÀ§¸¦ ÅëÇÑ ¿¹¼ö ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ »ç¿ª¿¡¼ º¸¿©Áø´Ù.
ÀÌ Á¡¿¡¼ ±×ÀÇ ¸»¾¸Àº ±× ½Ã´ëÀÇ Á¾¸»·Ð°ú ´Ù¸£´Ù. ±×´Â
¹ÎÁ·Àû ¸Þ½Ã¾Æ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Èñ¸ÁÀ» °øÀ¯Çϰųª Àå·ÁÇÏÁö ¾Ê¾Ò°í,
½º½º·Î¸¦ ¸Þ½Ã¾Æ·Î ¼±¾ðÇÑ °ÍÀº ´õ¿í ¾Æ´Ï¾úÀ¸¸ç, ÇÏ´À´Ô
³ª¶óÀÇ µµ·¡¸¦ ÃËÁøÇÏ·Á´Â ¿½É´çÀÇ ³ë·ÂÀ» ÁöÁöÇÏÁöµµ
¾Ê¾Ò´Ù. ¶ÇÇÑ ÇÏ´À´ÔÀÇ ³ª¶ó¸¦ À²¹ýÀÇ °æ°ÇÇÑ Áؼö(¹Ù¸®»õÆÄ,
Äñ¶õ ºÐÆÄ)·Î ȯ¿øÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ» ¿ë³³ÇÏÁö ¾Ê¾ÒÀ¸¸ç, ÇöÀç
¼¼°èÀÇ Á¾¸»°ú »õ '¿¡¿Â' ȤÀº ½Ã´ëÀÇ ¿©¸í(´©°¡ 12 : 56)À»
ÀÚ¼¼È÷ ¹¦»çÇÏ·Á´Â ±× ½Ã´ëÀÇ ¹¬½ÃÀû °ø»ó°¡µéÀÇ È¯»óÀû
½Ãµµ¿¡µµ Âü¿©ÇÏÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù. ±×´Â ¼¼·Ê ¿äÇÑÀÇ ¼³±³¸¦
°è¼ÓÇÏÁöµµ ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù. |
| All the
ideas and images in Jesus' preaching converge with united force in the one
thought, namely, that God himself as Lord is at hand and already making his
appearance, in order to establish his rule. Jesus did not want to introduce
a new idea of God and develop a new theory about the end of the world. It
would therefore be incorrect to understand his preaching in the Jewish
apocalyptic sense of immediate expectancy, coming, as it were, to a boiling
point. The proximity of the Kingdom of God actually means that God himself
is at hand in a liberating attack upon the world and in a saving approach to
those in bondage in the world; he is coming and yet is already present in
the midst of the still-existing world. In Jesus' message, God is no longer
the prisoner of his own majesty in a sacral sphere into which pious
tradition had exiled him. He breaks forth in sovereign power as Father,
Helper, and Liberator and is already now at work, as is indicated by Jesus'
proclaiming of his nearness and by Jesus' actions in entering the field of
battle himself, to erect the signs of God's victory over Satan: "But if
it is by the finger of God that I cast out demons, then the kingdom of God
has come upon you" (Luke 11:20). For this reason, Jesus called out: the
shift in the aeons is here; now is the hour of which the prophets' promises
told (Matt. 11:5; Isa. 35:5). This "here and now" carries all the
weight in Jesus' message: "Blessed are the eyes which see what you see!
For I tell you that many prophets and kings desired to see what you see, and
did not see it, and to hear what you hear, and did not hear it" (Luke
10:23-24). In answer to the Pharisees' question about when the Kingdom of
God is coming, Jesus therefore said, "The Kingdom of God does not come
in an observable way, nor will they say, 'Look, here it is!' or 'There!' For
look, the Kingdom of God is within your reach" (Luke 17:20-21; another
translation: "in the midst of you").
|
¿¹¼öÀÇ ¼³±³ ¾È¿¡ ÀÖ´Â ¸ðµç À̳ä°ú À̹ÌÁö´Â ÇÏ´À´Ô
ÀÚ½ÅÀÌ ±×ÀÇ ÅëÄ¡¸¦ ÀÌ·ç±â À§ÇØ ¸Å¿ì °¡±îÀÌ ÀÖ°í ¹ú½á ±×
¸ð½ÀÀ» µå·¯³½´Ù´Â ÇϳªÀÇ »ç»óÀ¸·Î Áý¾àµÈ´Ù. ¿¹¼ö´Â
ÇÏ´À´Ô¿¡ ´ëÇÑ »õ·Î¿î À̳äÀ» ¼Ò°³Çϰųª ¼¼»óÀÇ Á¾¸»¿¡
´ëÇÑ »õ·Î¿î ÀÌ·ÐÀ» ¹ßÀü½ÃŰ´Â °ÍÀ» ¿øÇÏÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù. ÇÏ´À´Ô
³ª¶óÀÇ °¡±î¿òÀº ½ÇÁ¦·Î´Â ÇÏ´À´Ô ÀÚ½ÅÀÌ ¼¼»óÀ» ÇØ¹æÇϰí
¼¼»ó¿¡ ³ë¿¹µÈ ÀÚµéÀ» ±¸¿øÇÏ·Á°í °¡±îÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù´Â °ÍÀ»
ÀǹÌÇÑ´Ù. ±×´Â ¿À°í ÀÖÀ¸³ª, Áö±Ý Á¸ÀçÇÏ´Â ¼¼°èÀÇ Á߽ɿ¡
ÀÌ¹Ì ÇöÁ¸ÇÑ´Ù. ¿¹¼öÀÇ ¸»¾¸¿¡¼ ÇÏ´À´ÔÀº ´õÀÌ»ó ½Å¼ºÇÑ
¿µ¿ª ¾È¿¡ Á¸ÀçÇÏ´Â ±× ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ À§¾öÀÇ Æ÷·Î°¡ ¾Æ´Ï´Ù.
ÇÏ´À´ÔÀÌ °¡±îÀÌ °è½É¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¿¹¼öÀÇ ¼±Æ÷¿Í »çź¿¡ ´ëÇÑ
ÇÏ´À´ÔÀÇ ½Â¸®ÀÇ Â¡Á¶¸¦ ¼¼¿ì±â À§ÇØ ÀüÀïÅÍ·Î ³ª¾Æ°¡´Â
¿¹¼öÀÇ Çൿ¿¡¼ °è½ÃµÈ °Íó·³, ÇÏ´À´ÔÀº ¾Æ¹öÁö, µ½´Â ÀÚ,
ÇØ¹æÀÚÀ̸ç Áö±Ý ¹ú½á ÀÏÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù. "±×·¯³ª ³ª´Â
ÇÏ´À´ÔÀÇ ´É·ÂÀ¸·Î ¸¶±Í¸¦ ÂѾƳ»°í ÀÖ´Ù. ±×·¸´Ù¸é
ÇÏ´À´ÔÀÇ ³ª¶ó´Â ÀÌ¹Ì ³ÊÈñ¿¡°Ô ¿Í ÀÖ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù"(´©°¡ 11
: 20). ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ÀÌÀ¯·Î ¿¹¼ö´Â ½Ã´ëÀÇ º¯È°¡ ¿©±â ÀÖÀ¸¸ç,
Áö±ÝÀº ¿¹¾ðÀÚµéÀÌ ¾à¼ÓÇÑ ½Ã°£À̶ó°í ¿ÜÃÆ´Ù(ÀÌ»ç 35 : 5,
¸¶Å 11 : 5). '¿©±â ±×¸®°í Áö±Ý'Àº ¿¹¼öÀÇ ¸»¾¸¿¡¼ »ó´çÈ÷
Áß¿äÇÏ´Ù. |
| The
dominant feature of Jesus' preaching is the Heavenly Father's turning in
mercy and love to the suffering, guilty, outcast, and to those who,
according to the prejudices of the "pious," have no right to
receive a share in the final salvation. Numerous parables described how God
behaves toward them and shows himself as Lord and King (e.g.,
Luke 15; Matt. 18:23ff.; 20:1ff.). They all speak of God's action in
images drawn from daily life, so that everyone can understand. They belong
to the uncontestedly oldest stock of the Jesus tradition. But Jesus did not
only teach this, he practiced and illustrated it himself by his own
behaviour and thereby offended the pious, who claimed the Kingdom of Heaven
for themselves.
|
¿¹¼ö ¼³±³ÀÇ Áß½ÉÀûÀΠƯ¼ºÀº ÇÏ´À´ÔÀÌ ÀÚºñ¿Í »ç¶û
°¡¿îµ¥¼ °íÅë´çÇϰí ÁËÁþ°í ¹ö·ÁÁø Àڵ鿡°Ô, ±×¸®°í '°æ°ÇÇÑ
ÀÚ'ÀÇ ¼±ÀÔ°ß¿¡ µû¸£¸é ¸¶Áö¸· ±¸¿ø¿¡¼ °¡¾÷À» ¹ÞÀ» ±Ç¸®°¡
¾ø´Â Àڵ鿡°Ô·Î ÇâÇß´Ù´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ¼ö¸¹Àº ºñÀ¯°¡ ¾î¶»°Ô
ÇÏ´À´ÔÀÌ ±×µé¿¡°Ô ÇàÇÏ´ÂÁö¿¡ ´ëÇØ ½è°í, ±×¸¦ ÁÖ´Ô°ú
¿ÕÀ¸·Î º¸¿©ÁØ´Ù(¸¶Å 18 : 23~, 20 : 1~, ´©°¡ 15). ºñÀ¯µéÀº
ÀÏ»ó»ýȰ¿¡¼ °¡Á®¿Â À̹ÌÁöµé·Î ÇÏ´À´ÔÀÇ ÇàÀ§¸¦ ¸»Çϱâ
¶§¹®¿¡ ¸ðµç »ç¶÷ÀÌ ½±°Ô ÀÌÇØÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ±×µéÀº ¸í¹éÈ÷
¿¹¼ö Àü½ÂÀÇ °¡Àå ¿À·¡µÈ Áٱ⿡ ¼ÓÇÑ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ¿¹¼ö´Â
´ÜÁö À̰ÍÀ» °¡¸£Ä£ °ÍÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ½ÇõÇß°í, ±×·³À¸·Î½á
Çϴóª¶ó´Â ±×µéÀ» À§ÇÑ °ÍÀ̶ó°í ÁÖÀåÇÑ °æ°ÇÇÑ ÀÚµéÀ»
¼º³ª°Ô Çß´Ù. |
|
In this
message of the approaching Kingdom of God, Jesus' call to repentance
is grounded. He called on all not to miss the hour of salvation (Luke
14:16ff.; 13:6ff.), to sacrifice everything for the Kingdom of God (Matt.
13:44ff.), and to receive it like a child (Mark 10:15), without the
presumptuous and desperate conceit that one might win it and realize it by
one's own works (Mark 4:26ff.; Matt. 13:24ff.). Jesus' summons to be wise,
to be on the watch (Luke 16:1ff.; 12:35ff.; Mark 13:33ff.; Matt. 24:45ff.),
and to surrender the fiction of one's own righteousness (Luke 18:10ff.)
belongs here, too. In Jesus' preaching, repentance does not mean a
prerequisite or precondition or even a penitent contemplation of oneself
but, rather, a consequence of the proximity of the Kingdom of God (Matt.
4:17) and an opening of oneself for his future, a movement not backward, but
forward. Jesus in this way binds future and present insolubly together. The
apocalyptic's question about how much time still has to elapse before the
new world of God is here is thus rendered meaningless. He who asks this only
proves that he understands neither the future nor the present properly;
namely, God's future as the salvation that is already dawning and one's own
present in the light of the coming Kingdom of God.
|
ÀÌ ´Ù°¡¿À´Â ÇÏ´À´Ô ³ª¶ó¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¸»¾¸ ¾È¿¡ ¿¹¼ö°¡
ȸ°³Ç϶ó°í ±ÇÇÏ´Â ÀÌÀ¯°¡ ÀÖ´Ù. ±×´Â ±¸¿øÀÇ ½Ã°£À» ³õÄ¡Áö
¸»µµ·Ï(´©°¡ 14 : 16~, 13 : 6~), ÇÏ´À´ÔÀÇ ³ª¶ó¸¦ À§ÇØ ¸ðµç °ÍÀ»
Èñ»ýÇϵµ·Ï(¸¶Å 13 : 44~), ¾î¸°¾ÆÀÌó·³ ¿µÁ¢Çϵµ·Ï(¸¶°¡ 10 :
15), ÀÚ½ÅÀÌ ±×°ÍÀ» ¾òÀ» ¼ö Àִٰųª ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ °ø·Î·Î ½ÇÇöÇÒ
¼ö ÀÖ´Ù´Â ÀÚ¸¸À» °¡ÁöÁö ¾Êµµ·Ï(¸¶Å 13 : 24~, ¸¶°¡ 4 : 26~)
¸ðµÎ¿¡°Ô ¿äûÇÑ´Ù. ¿¹¼ö´Â ¶ÇÇÑ ÁöÇý·Ó°Ô ±ú¾î ÀÖ°í(¸¶Å 24
: 45~, ¸¶°¡ 13 : 33~, ´©°¡ 16 : 1~, 12 : 35~) 'ÀÚ±âÀÇ' Ç㱸¸¦
Æ÷±âÇ϶ó°í ¿äûÇÑ´Ù. ¿¹¼öÀÇ ¼³±³¿¡¼ ȸ°³´Â ÇʼöÀûÀÎ °Í,
¼±°áÁ¶°Ç, ÀÚ±â Àڽſ¡ ´ëÇÑ ÂüȸÀÇ ¸í»óÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ÇÏ´À´Ô
³ª¶ó¿¡ °¡±î¿òÀÇ °á°ú(¸¶Å 4 : 17)À̰í ÀÚ½ÅÀ» ±×ÀÇ ¹Ì·¡¿¡·Î
°³¹æÇÏ´Â °Í, µÚ·ÎÀÇ ¿îµ¿ÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ¾ÕÀ¸·ÎÀÇ ¿îµ¿ÀÌ´Ù.
ÀÌ·¸°Ô ¿¹¼ö´Â ¹Ì·¡¿Í ÇöÀ縦 ¶³¾îÁú ¼ö ¾ø°Ô ÇÔ²² ¹´Â´Ù.
µû¶ó¼ ÇÏ´À´ÔÀÇ »õ·Î¿î ¼¼»ó ÀÌÀü¿¡ ¾ó¸¶³ª ¸¹Àº ½Ã°£ÀÌ
Áö³ª°¡¾ß ÇÏ´ÂÁö ¹¯´Â ¹¬½ÃÀûÀÎ Áú¹®Àº ÀÇ¹Ì ¾ø´Â °ÍÀÌ µÈ´Ù.
À̰ÍÀ» ¹¯´Â »ç¶÷Àº ±×°¡ ¹Ì·¡µµ ÇöÀç(Áï ÀÌ¹Ì ¹à¾Æ¿À´Â
±¸¿øÀ¸·Î¼ÀÇ ÇÏ´À´ÔÀÇ ¹Ì·¡¿Í ´Ù°¡¿À´Â ÇÏ´À´Ô ³ª¶óÀÇ ºû
¾È¿¡ ÀÖ´Â ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ÇöÀç)µµ ÀûÀýÈ÷ ÀÌÇØÇÏÁö ¸øÇß´Ù´Â °ÍÀ»
Áõ¸íÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù.
|
| Jesus
therefore rejected the demand that he produce "signs" as proof of
the dawning of the time of salvation (Matt. 12:38ff.; Mark 8:11). He himself
is to be viewed as the "sign," just as once Jonah, the prophet of
repentance, was the only sign given to the people in Nineveh (Luke
11:29ff.). The sign is not identical with the thing signified, but it is a
valid indication of it.
|
±×·¯¹Ç·Î ¿¹¼ö´Â ±¸¿øÀÇ ¶§°¡ ¹à¾Æ¿À´Â
Áõ°Å·Î¼ 'Ç¥Àûµé'À» º¸¿©´Þ¶ó´Â ¿ä±¸¸¦ °ÅÀýÇß´Ù(¸¶Å 12 :
38~, ¸¶°¡ 8 : 11). ȸ°³ÀÇ ¿¹¾ðÀÚ ¿ä³ª°¡ ´Ï´À¿þ ¹é¼ºµé¿¡°Ô
ÁÖ¾îÁø À¯ÀÏÇÑ Ç¥ÀûÀ̾úµí(´©°¡ 11 : 29~) ¿¹¼ö ÀÚ½ÅÀÌ 'Ç¥Àû'À¸·Î
º¸¿©Á®¾ß¸¸ ÇÑ´Ù. Ç¥ÀûÀº ÀÇ¹Ì ÀÖ´Â Àϰú µ¿ÀϽõǴ °ÍÀÌ
¾Æ´Ï°í ±×°Í¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Á¤´çÇÑ Áö½ÃÀÌ´Ù. |
| According
to the Synoptics, Jesus never made his "messiahship" the subject
of his teaching or used it as legitimation for his message. It is
significant that the "I am" sayings of John, which bear the stamp
of Christology throughout, are not found in the Synoptic tradition. That
does not in any way affect the fact that Jesus in a decisive way included
his own person as eschatological prophet and charismatic miracle worker in
the event of the Kingdom of God: "And blessed is he who takes no
offense at me" (Matt. 11:6).
|
°ø°üº¹À½¼¿¡ µû¸£¸é, ¿¹¼ö´Â ±×ÀÇ '¸Þ½Ã¾Æ¼º'À» °¡¸£Ä§ÀÇ
ÁÖÁ¦·Î »ïÁö ¾Ê¾Ò°í, ±×°ÍÀ» ±×ÀÇ ¸»¾¸À» Á¤´çÈÇϱâ À§ÇØ
»ç¿ëÇÏÁöµµ ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù. ±×¸®½ºµµ·ÐÀÇ Æ¯Â¡À» °¡Áø ¿äÇÑÀÇ '³ª´Â¡¦¡¦ÀÌ´Ù'¶ó´Â
¾îÅõ°¡ °ø°üº¹À½ Àü½Â¿¡¼´Â ¹ß°ßµÇÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù. ÀÌ »ç½ÇÀº
¿¹¼ö°¡ °áÁ¤ÀûÀÎ ¹æ½ÄÀ¸·Î Á¾¸»·ÐÀû ¿¹¾ðÀÚ¿Í Ä«¸®½º¸¶ÀûÀÎ
±âÀûÇàÀ§Àڷμ Æ÷ÇԵǾú´Ù´Â »ç½Ç¿¡ °áÄÚ ¿µÇâÀ» ¹ÌÄ¡Áö
¾Ê´Â´Ù. |
|
|
ÇÏ´À´ÔÀÇ ¶æ
|
| In
Jesus' teaching, the nearness of God is itself viewed as a moving force. It
creates, as it were, a field of force and challenges the whole person to
obey the will of God unconditionally ("Let your loins be girded and
your lamps burning"; Luke 12:35). As little as Jesus tolerated attempts
at calculating the time when the Kingdom of God should come, so much the
more did he demand that men reckon with its coming. The relation between
eschatology and ethics in Jesus' teaching, however, needs to be further
clarified. His commandments nowhere have the character of prophetic sayings,
and their content is not given an eschatological basis even where Jesus
linked them with the promise of heavenly reward and, correspondingly, with
the threat of damnation in the Last Judgment (e.g.,
Matt. 24:24ff.; Luke 19:11ff.). God's will is valid in itself, always
and everywhere. For this reason, it is incorrect to characterize Jesus'
demands as "interim ethics"; i.e.,
as exceptional emergency laws in the situation of the world that lies in
the blaze of the cosmic catastrophes accompanying the shift of the aeons and
the speedy dawn of the Kingdom of God (as did Albert Schweitzer, a great
Alsatian theologian, medical missionary, and Nobel laureate). Jesus did not
draw arguments for his ethical demands from the perishing order but, rather,
from the existing world, the Old Testament commandments,
the creation, and experiences known to everyone. Thus, he did not aim at
forming a "holy remnant," which would escape the rejection
awaiting others in the Last Judgment, on the basis of some kind of select
monastic rule.
|
¿¹¼öÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§¿¡¼ ÇÏ´À´ÔÀÇ °¡±îÀÌ ÀÖÀ½Àº ±× ÀÚü°¡
Ȱµ¿ÇÏ´Â ÈûÀ¸·Î º¸ÀδÙ. ±×°ÍÀº ¸ðµç »ç¶÷À» ÇÏ´À´ÔÀÇ ¶æ¿¡
¹«Á¶°Ç ¼øÁ¾ÇÏ°Ô ÇÏ´Â Èû°ú µµÀüÀÇ ÀåÀÌ µÈ´Ù. ¾ðÁ¦
ÇÏ´À´ÔÀÇ ³ª¶ó°¡ ¿ÃÁö ±× ½Ã°£À» °è»êÇÏ´Â ³ë·ÂÀ» ¿¹¼ö´Â
¿ë³³ÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀ¸¸é¼µµ ±× ³ª¶óÀÇ µµ·¡¸¦ ±â´ëÇϵµ·Ï
¿ä±¸Çß´Ù. ¿¹¼öÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§¿¡¼ Á¾¸»·Ð°ú À±¸®ÇÐÀÇ °ü·ÃÀ»
ºÐ¸íÈ÷ ¹àÈú Çʿ䰡 ÀÖ´Ù. ±×ÀÇ °è¸íµéÀº ¾îµð¿¡¼µµ
¿¹¾ðÀÚÀû ¸»¾¸ÀÇ Æ¯¼ºÀ» °¡Áö°í ÀÖÁö ¾ÊÀ¸¸ç, ¿¹¼ö°¡
±×°ÍµéÀ» ÇÏ´ÃÀÇ »ó±ÞÀ̳ª ¸¶Áö¸· ½ÉÆÇ ¶§ÀÇ ÀúÁÖ¿Í
¿¬°á½Ãų ¶§Á¶Â÷µµ Á¾¸»·ÐÀû ±Ù°Å¸¦ °¡ÁöÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù(¸¶Å 24 :
24~, ´©°¡ 19 : 11~). ÇÏ´À´ÔÀÇ ¶æÀº ¾ðÁ¦ ¾îµð¿¡¼³ª ±×
ÀÚü·Î¼ Á¤´çÇÏ´Ù. ÀÌ·± ÀÌÀ¯·Î ¿¹¼öÀÇ ¿ä±¸µéÀ» 'Áß°£
À±¸®', Áï ÇÏ´À´Ô ³ª¶óÀÇ ½Å¼ÓÇÑ µµ·¡¿Í ½Ã´ëÀÇ º¯È¸¦
µ¿¹ÝÇÏ´Â ¿ìÁÖÀû ÆÄ±¹ °¡¿îµ¥ ³õ¿© ÀÖ´Â ¼¼°è »óȲ¿¡¼
¿¹¿ÜÀûÀÎ À²¹ýµé·Î ±ÔÁ¤Áþ´Â °ÍÀº ¿ÇÁö ¾Ê´Ù. ¿¹¼ö´Â ±×ÀÇ
À±¸®Àû ¿ä±¸¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ³íÁõÀ» ¼Ò¸êÇÏ´Â Áú¼·ÎºÎÅÍ ²ø¾î³»Áö
¾Ê°í, ¿ÀÈ÷·Á ÇöÁ¸ÇÏ´Â ¼¼°è, [±¸¾à¼º¼]ÀÇ °è¸íµé, âÁ¶,
¸ðµç »ç¶÷¿¡°Ô ¾Ë·ÁÁø °æÇèµé·ÎºÎÅÍ ²ø¾î³»°í ÀÖ´Ù. |
| The
certainty of God's nearness is, nevertheless, the open or concealed point of
reference for Jesus' exposition of the will of God and explains his attitude
to the Old Testament Law. Corresponding to the character of the Old
Testament legal tradition, he refers to the will of God in single sayings
and in comments in relation to individual commandments, and, it should be
noted, he did not develop these into coherent "moral teaching."
Rather, he took up quite different kinds of commandments as concrete
examples, above all from the Decalogue and related texts, concerning one's
behaviour toward one's fellow human beings (on murder and anger, adultery
and divorce, oaths, retaliation, love for others; see Matt. 5:21ff.) and
also ceremonial commandments (concerning the Sabbath, prayer, fasting, and
defilement) and other cultic duties. Jesus always went to the root of these
commandments, and he did not content himself with the mere letter of the Law
but disclosed within the Law--sometimes even against the letter of the Law
(Mark 10:1ff.)--the genuine will of God. Though Jesus respected the Law, it
was no longer for him the only source of the knowledge of God's will and no
longer the absolute intermediate authority that exclusively mediates
people's relation to God. From this basis are to be understood both Jesus'
exposition of the Law and also his criticism of all formalistic casuistry,
which is for him only "human tradition."
|
±×·³¿¡µµ ºÒ±¸Çϰí ÇÏ´À´ÔÀÌ °¡±îÀÌ ÀÖÀ½¿¡ ´ëÇÑ È®½ÅÀº
¿¹¼ö°¡ ÇÏ´À´ÔÀÇ ¶æÀ» ÇØ¼®ÇÏ´Â °ø°³µÈ ȤÀº ¼û°ÜÁø ±Ù°Å°¡
µÇ¸ç, [±¸¾à¼º¼]ÀÇ À²¹ý¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ±×ÀÇ Åµµ¸¦ ¸»ÇØÁØ´Ù. [±¸¾à¼º¼]ÀÇ À²¹ý ÀüÅëÀÇ Æ¯¼º¿¡ »óÀÀÇÏ¿© ±×´Â ´ÜÀÏÇÑ
¸»¾¸°ú °³ÀÎÀû ¸í·É¿¡ ¿¬°üµÈ ÇØ¼®¿¡¼ ÇÏ´À´ÔÀÇ ¶æ¿¡ ´ëÇØ
¾ð±ÞÇϰí Àִµ¥, ±×´Â À̰͵éÀ» ü°èÀûÀÎ 'µµ´öÀû °¡¸£Ä§'À¸·Î
¹ßÀü½ÃŰÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù. ¿ÀÈ÷·Á ±×´Â ¸Å¿ì ´Ù¸¥ Á¾·ùÀÇ °è¸íµéÀ»
±¸Ã¼ÀûÀÎ ¿¹·Î, Áï µ¿·á¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Çൿ(»ìÀΰú ºÐ³ë, °£À½°ú
ÀÌÈ¥, ¸Í¼¼µé, º¸º¹, ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷¿¡ ´ëÇÑ »ç¶û¿¡ °üÇÏ¿©),
ÀǽÄÀû °è¸í(¾È½ÄÀÏ¡¤±âµµ¡¤±Ý½Ä¡¤¸ðµ¶¿¡ °üÇÏ¿©), ´Ù¸¥ ¿¹½Ä
Àǹ«¸¦ ¼³¸íÇß´Ù. ¿¹¼ö´Â Ç×»ó ÀÌ °è¸íµéÀÇ ±Ù¿øÀ¸·Î
³ª¾Æ°¬°í, À²¹ýÀÇ ¹®ÀÚÀûÀÎ Àǹ̿¡ ¸¸Á·ÇÏÁö ¾Ê°í, ÇÏ´À´ÔÀÇ
ÁøÁ¤ÇÑ ¶æÀ» À²¹ý ¾È¿¡¼ ¹àÇû´Ù. ¿¹¼ö°¡ À²¹ýÀ» Á¸ÁßÇßÁö¸¸,
À²¹ýÀº ´õÀÌ»ó ÇÏ´À´ÔÀÇ ¶æÀ» ¾Æ´Â À¯ÀÏÇÑ ±Ù¿øÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¸ç,
ÇÏ´À´Ô°ú ¹é¼ºÀÇ °ü°è¸¦ ÁßÀçÇÏ´Â Àý´ëÀûÀÎ ±ÇÀ§µµ
¾Æ´Ï¾ú´Ù. |
| Jesus
thus brings about a confrontation between the reality of God, which is no
longer disguised by holy letter and tradition, and the similarly undisguised
reality of man. People also can no longer delude themselves into believing
that their pious works would represent them before God and thus keep on
piling them up, as it were, like the Pharisee (Luke 18:11ff.). What God
wants from humanity is not something but humanity itself, unconditionally
and undividedly. The classic passages for these thoughts are the antitheses
of the Sermon on the Mount
(Matt. 5:21-48). They sharpen God's demands to the utmost extreme and leave
no room for merely legalistic behaviour. Their leitmotiv is: "Not only,
but even. . . ." Even anger, the lustful look, the "legal"
divorce, retaliation that keeps within the limits prescribed, and love that
excludes the enemy are against God's will.
|
±×·¡¼ ¿¹¼ö´Â ´õÀÌ»ó °Å·èÇÑ ¹®ÀÚ¿Í ÀüÅë¿¡ À§ÀåµÇÁö
¾Ê´Â ÇÏ´À´ÔÀÇ ½ÇÀç¿Í ¶ÇÇÑ À¯»çÇÏ°Ô À§ÀåµÇÁö ¾ÊÀº »ç¶÷ÀÇ
½ÇÀç »çÀÌ¿¡ ´ë¸éÇÏ°Ô ÇÑ´Ù. »ç¶÷µéÀº ´õÀÌ»ó °æ°ÇÇÑ ÀÏ·Î
ÇÏ´À´Ô ¾Õ¿¡ ÀÚ½ÅÀ» µå·¯³¾ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù´Â »ý°¢°ú ¹Ù¸®»õÆÄ¿Í
°°ÀÌ(´©°¡ 18 : 11~) ±×°ÍµéÀ» °è¼Ó ½×À» ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù´Â ¹ÏÀ½À¸·Î
ÀڽŵéÀ» ´õÀÌ»ó ¼ÓÀÏ ¼ö ¾ø´Ù. ÇÏ´À´ÔÀÌ Àΰ£À¸·ÎºÎÅÍ
¿øÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº ¹«Á¶°ÇÀûÀÌ¸ç ºÐ¿µÇÁö ¾ÊÀº Àΰ£ ÀÚüÀÌ´Ù.
ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ »ç»ó¿¡ ´ëÇÑ °íÀüÀû ±¸ÀýÀº »ê»ó¼öÈÆ(¸¶Å 5 : 21~48)°ú´Â
Á¤¹Ý´ëÀÌ´Ù. ÇÏ´À´ÔÀÇ ¿ä±¸´Â ´Ü¼øÇÑ ¹ý·üÀû Çൿ¿¡ ¿©Áö¸¦
ÁÖÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù. ±×ÀÇ ÁÖ¿ä»ç»óÀº 'ÀÌ°Í»Ó ¾Æ´Ï¶ó Àú°Íµµ¡¦¡¦'ÀÌ´Ù.
Á¦Á¤µÈ À²¹ýÀÇ ÇѰ踦 ³Ñ¾î¼Áö ¾Ê´Â ºÐ³ë, À½ÅÁÇÑ ´«, ¹ýÀû
ÀÌÈ¥, º¸º¹, ¿ø¼ö¸¦ ¹èÁ¦ÇÏ´Â »ç¶ûÀº ÇÏ´À´ÔÀÇ ¶æ¿¡
¾î±ß³´Ù. |
| These
extreme demands are meant not so much to be paradoxically overdemanding as,
rather, liberating. Firstly, they are formulated in a way that everyone can
understand. They include numerous references to the natural, unperverted
practices of people in their daily lives. Secondly, the demands do not
describe an unattainable distant goal, which all human action must of
necessity fail to meet. Rather, Jesus pointed again and again to what the
heavenly Father has done, does, and will do with his children and to God's
possibilities, which are unlimited, whereas a person might despair of his or
her own limited possibilities and impotence (Mark 10:27). Jesus' sayings
about faith (Mark 9:23ff.), prayer (Luke 11:1ff.; Matt. 6:1ff.), or worry
(Matt. 6:25ff.) are examples of this. Wherever Jesus calls on people to
decide for themselves for God, he bases the argument on the fact that God
has already decided for humanity. The unlimited readiness to forgive that he
calls for also has its motivation in the limitless mercy of God, which he
demonstrates toward the guilty in unfathomable measure (Matt. 18:23ff.).
Jesus draws his hearers into this relation to God and, therefore, does not
engage in abstract reflections about whether his demands are capable of
fulfillment. In this way, what a person loses is the characteristic of being
able to attain meritorious achievements (Matt. 20:1ff.). On the other hand,
Jesus certainly did not give up the thought of "reward." The
reward, however, is not a material prize, although images of this kind are
not lacking, but the confirmation and perfection of the relation to God
(Matt. 25:14ff.). The idea that human beings could claim and charge payment
from God is for Jesus completely excluded (Luke 17:10).
|
ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ±Ø´ÜÀû ¿ä±¸µéÀº ¿ª¼³ÀûÀ¸·Î °úµµÇÑ ¿ä±¸µéÀÌ
°áÄÚ ¾Æ´Ï°í ¿ÀÈ÷·Á ÇØ¹æÀ» ÀǹÌÇÑ´Ù. ù°·Î, ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ
¿ä±¸µéÀº ¸ðµç »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ÀÌÇØÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ¹æ½ÄÀ¸·Î
Á¤½ÄȵȴÙ. ¿©±â¿¡´Â ÀÏ»ó»ýȰ¿¡¼ ¹é¼ºµéÀÇ ÀÚ¿¬ÀûÀ̰í
¿Ö°îµÇÁö ¾ÊÀº ½ÇõÀÌ Æ÷ÇԵȴÙ. µÑ°·Î, ±× ¿ä±¸µéÀº ¸ðµç
Àΰ£ÀÇ ÇàÀ§°¡ ÇÊ¿¬ÀûÀ¸·Î ½ÇÆÐÇÒ ¼ö¹Û¿¡ ¾øÀ¸¸ç, µµ´ÞÇÒ ¼ö
¾ø´Â ¸ñÇ¥¸¦ ±â¼úÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù. ¿ÀÈ÷·Á ¿¹¼ö´Â ÇÏ´À´Ô
¾Æ¹öÁö°¡ ±×ÀÇ ÀÚ³àµé¿¡°Ô ÇàÇß°í ÇàÇϰí ÀÖ°í ÇàÇÒ °Í°ú,
¹«Á¦ÇÑÀûÀÎ ÇÏ´À´ÔÀÇ °¡´É¼º¿¡ ´ëÇØ °Åµì ÁöÀûÇÑ´Ù. ¹ÏÀ½(¸¶°¡
9 : 23~)¡¤±âµµ(¸¶Å 6 : 1~, ´©°¡ 11 : 1~)¡¤¿°·Á(¸¶Å 6 : 25~)¿¡
´ëÇÑ ¿¹¼öÀÇ ¸»¾¸µéÀº ÀÌ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¿¹µéÀÌ´Ù. ¹é¼ºµé¿¡°Ô
½º½º·Î °á´ÜÇϱ⸦ ¿äûÇÏ´Â °÷¿¡¼ ¿¹¼ö´Â ÇÏ´À´ÔÀÌ
Àΰ£À» À§ÇØ ¹ú½á °áÁ¤Çß´Ù´Â »ç½ÇÀ» ³íÁõÇÑ´Ù. ±×°¡
¿ä±¸ÇÏ´Â ¹«Á¦ÇÑÀûÀÎ ¿ë¼ÀÇ µ¿±â´Â Ãø·®ÇÒ ¼ö ¾øÀ» Á¤µµ·Î
ÁËÀο¡°Ô º¸¿©ÁØ(¸¶Å 18 : 23~) ÇÏ´À´ÔÀÇ ¹«ÇÑÇÑ ÀÚºñ¿¡ ÀÖ´Ù.
¿¹¼ö´Â ±×ÀÇ ¿ä±¸µéÀÌ ¼öÇà °¡´ÉÇÑÁö¿¡ ´ëÇØ Ãß»óÀûÀ¸·Î
»ý°¢ÇÏÁö ¾Êµµ·Ï ÇÑ´Ù. ÇÑÆí ¿¹¼ö´Â '»ó±Þ'¿¡ ´ëÇÑ »ç»óÀ»
¿ÏÀüÈ÷ Æ÷±âÇÏÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù. ±×·¯³ª »ó±ÞÀÌ ¹°ÁúÀûÀÎ »óÀº
¾Æ´Ï°í(ÀÌ·± Á¾·ùÀÇ À̹ÌÁöµéÀÌ ¾ø´Â °ÍÀº ¾Æ´ÏÁö¸¸)
ÇÏ´À´Ô°úÀÇ °ü°èÀÇ ¿Ï¼ºÀÌ´Ù(¸¶Å 25 : 14~). Àΰ£ÀÌ
ÇÏ´À´ÔÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ÁöºÒÀ» ÁÖÀåÇϰí û±¸ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù´Â »ý°¢ÀÌ
¿¹¼ö¿¡°Ô´Â ÀüÇô ¾ø´Ù(´©°¡ 17 : 10). |
| The
nearness of God, the real God, also brings humanity, no longer graded and
classified in traditional categories, into urgent and imperious proximity.
How much Jesus was concerned with human beings is shown especially by his
commandment of love, which he not only taught but also practiced to the
point of offensiveness. In it is concentrated the "better
righteousness" that he demands of his disciples (Matt. 5:20). Jesus has
taken over the Old Testament dual commandment of love of God and one's
neighbour (Deut. 6:5; Lev. 19:18), which is also in Judaism a summary of the
whole Law. But it is characteristic of Jesus' preaching (1) that he
consistently subordinated all other laws--e.g.,
the Sabbath commandment--to this highest critical standard (e.g.,
Mark 2:27; 3:4), and (2) that he extended and heightened love of one's
neighbour to love of one's enemies (Luke 6:27ff.), and (3) that his
commandment does not have the abstract ideal of a general philanthropy at
its root. Rather, he directed his hearers into the situations--always
eventful and concrete--where they encounter their enemy (Matt. 5:38ff.) and
their fellows in need (Luke 10:25ff.). Behaviour toward one's fellow is so
important for Jesus that it is all that is spoken of in many of his
utterances, without any mention of the first commandments of the Decalogue
concerning behaviour toward God (e.g.,
Matt. 5:25ff.; 7:12; 19:16ff.).
|
°¡±îÀÌ ÀÖ´Â ÇÏ´À´ÔÀº ´õÀÌ»ó Àΰ£À» ÀüÅëÀû ¹üÁÖ·Î
µî±ÞÀ» ¸Å±â°Å³ª ºÐ·ùÇÏÁö ¾Ê°í, ±ä±ÞÇϰí ÇÇÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø´Â
Áö°æÀ¸·Î
À̲ö´Ù. ¿¹¼ö°¡ ¾ó¸¶³ª Àΰ£¿¡ ´ëÇØ °ü½ÉÀ» °¡Á³´Â°¡´Â ±×ÀÇ
»ç¶ûÀÇ °è¸í¿¡¼ º¸¿©Áö´Âµ¥, ±×´Â ±×°ÍÀ» °¡¸£ÃÆÀ» »Ó
¾Æ´Ï¶ó ¸ð¿å¹ÞÀ¸¸é¼µµ ½ÇõÇß´Ù. ±×°¡ Á¦Àڵ鿡°Ô ¿ä±¸ÇÑ '´õ
ÁÁÀº ÀÇ'´Â »ç¶ûÀÌ´Ù(¸¶Å 5 : 20). ¿¹¼ö´Â [±¸¾à¼º¼]ÀÇ 2°¡Áö
°è¸í, ÇÏ´À´Ô »ç¶û°ú ÀÌ¿ô»ç¶ûÀ» ¹Þ¾Æµé¿´´Âµ¥(·¹À§ 19 : 18,
½Å¸í 5), À̰ÍÀº À¯´ë±³¿¡¼µµ ¸ðµç À²¹ýÀÇ ¿ä¾àÀÌ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª
¿¹¼öÀÇ ¼³±³ÀÇ Æ¯Â¡Àº (1) ÀϰüµÇ°Ô ¸ðµç ´Ù¸¥ À²¹ý(¾È½ÄÀÏ °è¸í)À»
°¡Àå Áß¿äÇÑ ±âÁØ(¸¶°¡ 2 : 27, 3 : 4)¿¡ Á¾¼Ó½ÃÄ×´Ù´Â °Í, (2) ÀÌ¿ô»ç¶ûÀ» ¿ø¼ö»ç¶û¿¡·Î È®ÀåÇÏ¿© °í¾ç½ÃÄ×´Ù´Â °Í(´©°¡ 6
: 27~), (3) °è¸íÀ» ±× »Ñ¸®¿¡¼ ÀϹÝÀûÀÎ Àηù¾Ö¿¡ ´ëÇØ Ãß»óÀûÀÎ
°ü³äÀ» ¹èÁ¦ÇÑ´Ù´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ÀÌ¿Í ¹Ý´ë·Î, ±×´Â ±×ÀÇ
ûÁßµéÀ»--»ç°ÇÀ» ÅëÇØ¼ ±¸Ã¼ÀûÀ¸·Î--±×µéÀÇ ¿ø¼ö(¸¶ÅÂ
5:38-)¿Í ¾î·Á¿ò¿¡ óÇÑ(´©°¡ 10:25-) ±×µéÀÇ µ¿·áµéÀ» ¸ÂÀÌ
ÇÏ´Â »óȲ¿¡ °ü½ÉÀ» ÁýÁß½ÃÄ×´Ù. ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ µ¿·áµé¿¡ ´ëÇÑ
ó½ÅÀº ¿¹¼ö¿¡°Ô ÀÖ¾î¼ ¸Å¿ì Áß¿äÇÏ¿©¼ ±×°¡ ÇàÇÑ ¸¹Àº
¸»µéÀÇ ¸ðµç °ÍÀ» ±¸¼ºÇÏ¿´À¸¸ç, Çϳª´ÔÀ» ÇâÇÑ Åµµ¿¡
°üÇÑ µ¥Ä«·Î±×(½Ê°è¸í)ÀÇ Á¦ÀÏ °è¸íÀº ¾ð±Þ Á¶Â÷ ÇÏÁö
¾Ê¾Ò´Ù.(¸¶Å 5:25-; 7:12; 19:16-) |
| The
distinction that modern moral philosophy makes between individual and social
ethics has, in respect to Jesus' teaching, only limited application. To be
sure, Jesus did not draw up a program for a new order for the world and the
nations, he did not demand a more just distribution of property, did not
fight against the differences existing between masters, slaves, and hired
workers, and did not give any directives for a better administration of
justice. The world he had before his eyes was the world as it was, within
the horizon of Palestinian Jewish rural conditions, and not the world as it
ought to be. His sayings, parables, and illustrations show how keenly he
assessed everyday life and how clearly he described it in his graphic,
vigorous way--not glorifying this world as an eternally valid, divinely
willed order, and also not getting morally indignant about it. Rather, he
calls on people to behave in this given world in conformity to the original
will of God and his dawning Kingdom; e.g.,
to renounce the reign of mammon (Matt. 6:24; Luke 16:9ff.). Jesus did
not, however, require a complete surrender of property from everyone. His
followers were not to avail themselves of the legally regulated facilities
for asserting one's own rights and were not to conform to the ways of
customary behaviour in the world. The assertion that the world cannot be
governed with the Sermon on the Mount is thus not to be denied. Jesus'
sayings about retaliation and his commandment of love are not juristically
practicable as they stand, because they can only serve as a guide for the
one who has been wronged by someone else or who is required to divide his
possessions with another person. Legislators and judges have to decide
exclusively about the rights of others and must restrain evil for the sake
of the general social order. But the truism about the impracticability of
the Sermon on the Mount conceals the fact that Jesus' teaching contains
strong impulses toward social criticism.
|
±Ù´ë µµ´ööÇÐÀÇ °³ÀÎÀ±¸®¿Í »çȸÀ±¸®ÀÇ ±¸ºÐÀº ¿¹¼öÀÇ
°¡¸£Ä§¿¡¼´Â ´ÜÁö Á¦ÇÑÀûÀ¸·Î Àû¿ëµÈ´Ù. È®½ÇÈ÷ ¿¹¼ö´Â
¼¼°è¿Í ¹ÎÁ·ÀÇ »õÁú¼¸¦ °èȹÇÏÁö ¾Ê¾Ò°í, ºÎÀÇ °øÆòÇÑ
ºÐ¹è¸¦ ¿ä±¸ÇÏÁöµµ ¾Ê¾ÒÀ¸¸ç, ÁÖÀΰú ³ë¿¹, °í¿ëÀÎµé »çÀÌ¿¡
Á¸ÀçÇÏ´Â Â÷º°¿¡ ´ëÇ×ÇØ ½Î¿ìÁöµµ ¾Ê¾Ò°í, Á¤ÀÇÀÇ ½ÇÇàÀ»
À§ÇØ ¾î¶² Áöħµµ ÁÖÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù. ±×ÀÇ ´«¾Õ¿¡ ÆîÃÄÁø ¼¼»óÀº
ÆÈ·¹½ºÅ¸ÀÎ À¯´ë ½Ã°ñ »óȲ, Áï ¸¶¶¥È÷ µÇ¾î¾ß ÇÒ ¼¼»óÀÌ
¾Æ´Ñ ÀÖ´Â ±×´ë·ÎÀÇ ¼¼»óÀ̾ú´Ù. ±×ÀÇ ¸»¾¸¡¤ºñÀ¯¡¤±³ÈÆÀº
¾ó¸¶³ª ±×°¡ ÀÏ»ó»ýȰÀ» ³¯Ä«·Ó°Ô Æò°¡ÇßÀ¸¸ç , ¾ó¸¶³ª
¸í¹éÇÏ°Ô ±×°ÍÀ» »ç½ÇÀûÀÌ¸ç »ýµ¿°¨ ÀÖ°Ô ¹¦»çÇϰí
ÀÖ´ÂÁö¸¦ º¸¿©ÁØ´Ù. ±×´Â ÁÖ¾îÁø ¼¼°è¿¡¼ ÇÏ´À´Ô º»·¡ÀÇ
¶æ°ú ±×ÀÇ ¹à¾Æ¿À´Â ³ª¶ó¿¡ ÀûÇÕÇÏ°Ô ÇൿÇÒ °ÍÀ» ¿äûÇÑ´Ù(¸¶ÅÂ
6 : 24, ´©°¡ 16 : 9~). ±×·¯³ª ¿¹¼ö´Â ¸ðµç »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô Àç»êÀ»
¿ÏÀüÈ÷ Æ÷±âÇ϶ó°í ¿ä±¸ÇÏÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù. ±×ÀÇ ÃßÁ¾ÀÚµéÀº
±×µéÀÇ ±Ç¸®¸¦ ÁÖÀåÇϱâ À§ÇØ ¹ýÀûÀ¸·Î ±ÔÁ¤µÈ ½Ã¼³À»
»ç¿ëÇØ¼µµ ¾È µÇ¾ú°í, ¼¼»óÀÇ °ü½ÀÀû Çൿ¾ç½ÄÀ» µû¶ó¼µµ
¾È µÇ¾ú´Ù. ±×·¯¹Ç·Î ¼¼»óÀº »ê»ó¼öÈÆ¿¡ ÀÇÇØ ´Ù½º·ÁÁú ¼ö´Â
¾ø´Ù´Â ÁÖÀåÀº ºÎÁ¤µÇ¾î¼´Â ¾È µÈ´Ù. º¸º¹¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¿¹¼öÀÇ
¸»¾¸°ú »ç¶ûÀÇ °è¸íÀº ÀÖ´Â ±×´ë·Î ¹ýÀûÀ¸·Î ½ÇÇàµÉ ¼ö´Â
¾ø´Ù. ¿Ö³ÄÇÏ¸é ±×°ÍµéÀº ´©±º°¡¿¡ ÀÇÇØ ÇÇÇØ¸¦ ÀÔÀº
»ç¶÷À̳ª ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷°ú ÇÔ²² ±×ÀÇ Àç»êÀ» ³ª´©¾î¾ß µÇ´Â
»ç¶÷À» ¾È³»ÇÏ´Â µ¥¸¸ µµ¿òÀ» ÁÙ ¼ö ÀÖÀ» »ÓÀÌ´Ù. ÀÔ¹ýÀÚ¿Í
ÀçÆÇ°üÀº ¿À·ÎÁö ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷ÀÇ ±Ç¸®¿¡ ´ëÇØ¼¸¸ °áÁ¤Çؾß
Çϸç ÀϹÝÀû »çȸÁú¼¸¦ À§ÇØ ¾ÇÀ» ¾ïÁ¦Çؾ߸¸ ÇÑ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª
»ê»ó¼öÈÆÀÇ ½Çõ ºÒ°¡´É¼ºÀº ¿¹¼öÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§ÀÌ »çȸºñÆò¿¡
°ÇÑ ÃßÁø·ÂÀ» °¡Áø´Ù´Â »ç½ÇÀ» ³»Æ÷Çϰí ÀÖ´Ù. |
|
Jesus
unmasks as hollow conventions many ostensibly valid standards, explaining
the Law according to the norm of the commandment of love and apply | | | |