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[ µÚ·Î ] [ Ȩ ] [ À§·Î ] [ ´ÙÀ½ ]

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Religion

Á¾±³ ޹æ

Jesus Christ

¿¹¼ö ±×¸®½ºµµ

I. INTRODUCTION

II. The gospel tradition

SOURCES

Non-Christian sources.

Christian sources.

The Pauline Letters.

The Gospels.

TIMES AND ENVIRONMENT

Political conditions.

Religious conditions.

The Pharisees.

The Sadducees.

The scribes.

The Zealots.

The Essenes.

THE LIFE AND MINISTRY OF JESUS

The birth and family.

The birth of Jesus.

The family of Jesus.

The ministry.

The role of John the Baptist.

The beginning of the ministry.

The calling of the disciples.

The Galilean period.

THE MESSAGE OF JESUS

The Kingdom of God.

The will of God.

THE SUFFERINGS AND DEATH OF JESUS IN JERUSALEM

THE STORY OF JESUS AND FAITH IN JESUS

I. ¼­·Ð

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II. º¹À½ Àü½Â

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ÀÚ·á

ºñ±âµ¶±³ ÀÚ·áµé.

±âµ¶±³ ÀÚ·áµé.

¹Ù¿ïÀÇ ÆíÁöµé.

º¹À½¼­.

½Ã´ë¿Í ÁÖº¯ ¼¼°è

Á¤Ä¡Àû »óȲ.

Á¾±³Àû »óȲ.

¹Ù¸®»õ ÆÄ.

»çµÎ°³ ÆÄ.

À²¹ýÇÐÀÚµé.

¿­½É´ç.

¿¡¼¼³× ÆÄ.

¿¹¼öÀÇ »î°ú »ç¿ª

ź»ý°ú °¡Á·.

¿¹¼öÀÇ »ý.

¿¹¼öÀÇ °¡Á·.

»ç¿ª.

¼¼·Ê¿äÇÑÀÇ ¿ªÇÒ.

»ç¿ªÀÇ ½ÃÀÛ.

Á¦ÀÚµéÀ» ºÎ¸§.

°¥¸±¸® ½Ã±â.

¿¹¼öÀÇ ¸»¾¸

Çϳª´ÔÀÇ ³ª¶ó.

Çϳª´ÔÀÇ ¶æ.

¿¹·ç»ì·½¿¡¼­ ¿¹¼öÀÇ ¼ö³­°ú Á×À½

¿¹¼ö À̾߱â¿Í ¿¹¼ö¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ½Å¾Ó

III. The picture of Christ in the early church: The Apostles' Creed

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PREEXISTENCE

Jesus Christ.

God's only son.

The Lord.

INCARNATION AND HUMILIATION

Conceived by the Holy Spirit, born of the Virgin Mary.

Suffered under Pontius Pilate, was crucified, dead, and buried.

He descended into hell.

GLORIFICATION

The third day he rose again from the dead.

He ascended into heaven, and sitteth on the right hand of God the father almighty.

From thence he shall come to judge the quick and the dead.

III. ÃʱⱳȸÀÇ ±×¸®½ºµµ»ó( »çµµ½Å°æ)

¼±Àç

¿¹¼ö ±×¸®½ºµµ.

Çϳª´ÔÀÇ µ¶»ýÀÚ.

ÁÖ.

¼ºÀ°½Å°ú °âÇã

¼º·ÉÀ¸·Î À×ÅÂÇÏ»ç µ¿Á¤³à ¸¶¸®¾Æ¿¡°Ô¼­ ³ª½Ã°í.

º»Æ¼¿À ºô¶óµµ¿¡°Ô °í³­À» ¹ÞÀ¸»ç ½ÊÀÚ°¡¿¡ ¸ø¹ÚÇô Á×À¸½Ã°í Àå»çÇÑ Áö.

±×´Â Áö¿Á¿¡ ³»·Á°¡½Ã¸ç.

¿µÈ­

»çÈê ¸¸¿¡ Á×ÀºÀÚ °¡¿îµ¥¼­ ´Ù½Ã »ì¾Æ³ª½Ã¸ç.

Çϴÿ¡ ¿À¸£»ç Àü´ÉÇϽŠÇÏ´À´Ô ¿ìÆí¿¡ ¾É¾Æ °è½Ã´Ù°¡.

Àú¸®·Î¼­ »ê ÀÚ¿Í Á×Àº ÀÚ¸¦ ½ÉÆÇÇÏ·¯ ¿À½Ã¸®¶ó.

IV. The dogma of Christ in the ancient councils

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THE COUNCILS OF NICAEA AND CONSTANTINOPLE

Early heresies.

Nicaea.

Constantinople.

THE COUNCILS OF EPHESUS AND CHALCEDON

The parties.

The settlement at Chalcedon.

IV. °í´ë °øÀÇȸÀÇ ±×¸®½ºµµ ±³¸®

´ÏÄÉ¾Æ °øÀÇȸ¿Í ÄܽºÅºÆ¼³ëÇà °øÀÇȸ

ÃʱâÀÇ À̴ܵé.

´ÏÄÉ¾Æ °øÀÇȸ.

ÄܽºÅºÆ¼³ëÇà °øÀÇȸ.

¿¡Æä¼Ò½º °øÀÇȸ¿Í Ä®Äɵ· °øÀÇȸ

´çÆÄµé.

Ä®Äɵ· °øÀÇȸÀÇ ÇØ°á.

V. The interpretation of Christ in Western faith and thought

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DOCTRINES OF THE PERSON AND WORK OF CHRIST

The medieval development.

The Reformation and classical Protestantism.

THE DEBATE OVER CHRISTOLOGY IN MODERN CHRISTIAN THOUGHT

Origins of the debate.

The 19th century.

The 20th century.

V. ¼­¹æ ½Å¾Ó°ú »ç»ó¿¡¼­ÀÇ ±×¸®½ºµµ ÇØ¼®

±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ À§°Ý°ú »ç¿ª¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ±³¸®

Áß¼¼ÀÇ ¹ßÀü.

Á¾±³°³Çõ°ú °íÀüÀû ÇÁ·ÎÅ×½ºÅºÆ¼Áò.

Çö´ë ±×¸®½ºµµ±³ »ç»óÀÇ ±×¸®½ºµµ·Ð ³íÀï

³íÀïÀÇ ±â¿øµé.

19 ¼¼±â.

20 ¼¼±â.

VI. Bibliography

Times and environment:

The life and ministry of Jesus:

The message of Jesus:

The sufferings and death of Jesus:

The story of Jesus and faith in Jesus:

THE LIFE AND MINISTRY OF JESUS

¿¹¼öÀÇ »ý¾Ö¿Í »ç¿ª

The birth and family.

ź»ý°ú °¡Á·

The birth of Jesus.
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The course of Jesus' life and the geographic setting of his ministry can only be given in rough outline. The details are surrounded by many uncertainties. The period within which his ministry and death occurred may, however, be narrowed down with considerable accuracy on the basis of a synchronistic dating of the appearance of John the Baptist in the 15th year of Tiberius (Luke 3:1)--i.e., AD 28/29--which is confirmed by nonbiblical sources. But the year and place of Jesus' birth are uncertain. Mark and John say nothing about them. The only sources for them are the widely divergent birth and childhood legends in Matthew 1 and 2, where Jesus' birth and early lot are set in the time of Herod I and the change of regime (4 BC), and the narrative of Luke 2, which links Jesus' birth with the first registration in Judaea under the emperor Augustus (AD 6). There is also historical evidence of a census carried out about 8 BC. With all of this in mind, many sources estimate the year of birth as 7-6 BC. (The use of BC [before Christ] and AD [Anno Domini, or "in the year of the Lord"] was not common until the Middle Ages.) (see also Index: infancy narrative) ¿¹¼öÀÇ »ý¾Ö¿Í ±×°¡ Ȱµ¿ÇÑ Áö¸®ÀûÀÎ ¹è°æ¿¡ ´ëÇØ¼­´Â ´ÜÁö À±°û¸¸ ÆÄ¾ÇÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ÀÚ¼¼ÇÑ ³»¿ëµéÀº ¸¹Àº ÀÇȤµé·Î ½Î¿© ÀÖ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ±×ÀÇ »ç¿ª°ú Á×À½ÀÇ ±â°£Àº Ƽº£¸®¿ì½º 15³â(´©°¡ 3 : 1), Áï AD 28~29³â ¼¼·Ê ¿äÇÑÀÌ µîÀåÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ» ±Ù°Å·Î »ó´çÈ÷ Á¤È®ÇÏ°Ô È°µ¿½Ã±â¸¦ ÃßÁ¤ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ºñ¼º¼­Àû ÀÚ·áµéµµ À̰ÍÀ» È®ÀÎÇØ ÁØ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ¿¹¼ö ź»ý ½Ã±â¿Í Àå¼Ò´Â ºÒÈ®½ÇÇÏ´Ù. ¸¶°¡ º¹À½°ú ¿äÇÑ º¹À½Àº ÀÌ¿¡ ´ëÇÏ¿© ¸»ÇØ ÁÖÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù. [¸¶ÅÂÀÇ º¹À½¼­] 1¡¤2Àå¿¡¼­´Â ¿¹¼öÀÇ Åº»ý°ú Ãʱâ½ÃÀýÀÌ Çì·Îµ¥ 1¼¼ ¶§¿Í Á¤±ÇÀÇ ±³Ã¼±â(BC 4)¿´°í, [´©°¡ÀÇ º¹À½¼­] 2Àå¿¡¼­´Â ¿¹¼öÀÇ Åº»ýÀ» ¾Æ¿ì±¸½ºÅõ½º ȲÁ¦ ¶§(AD 6) ÀÖ¾ú´ø À¯´ëÀÇ Ã¹¹øÂ° Àα¸Á¶»ç¿Í ¿¬°á½ÃŲ´Ù. ¶ÇÇÑ BC 8³â°æ¿¡ ÇàÇØÁø Àα¸Á¶»ç¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¿ª»çÀû Áõ°Åµµ ÀÖ´Ù. ÀÌ ¸ðµç °ÍÀ» Á¾ÇÕÇØº¼ ¶§ ¸¹Àº ÀÚ·á´Â ź»ý ¿¬µµ¸¦ BC 7~6³âÀ¸·Î ÃßÁ¤ÇÑ´Ù(BC¿Í ADÀÇ »ç¿ëÀº Áß¼¼±îÁö´Â ÀϹÝÀûÀÎ °ÍÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¾úÀ½). 
The tradition of Bethlehem as the place of Jesus' birth has its source in all probability in the Old Testament conception of the Messiah as a descendant of David. Early Christianity took this view from the beginning. "Son of David" is found in many texts (e.g., Mark 10:48) alongside other titles of Jesus. Its original political and national sense was abandoned, even though it is still recognizable in the acclamation of the people (Mark 11:10). The theological motif of Jesus' Davidic descent, however, did not necessarily involve the idea that he was born in Bethlehem, David's hometown. That is the case only in Matthew 2 and Luke 2. The accounts differ in that, in Matthew, Bethlehem is thought of as the parents' original place of residence, which they soon change to Nazareth because of the dangers threatening their child (e.g., the flight to Egypt), whereas in the Lucan story Jesus' parents really live in Nazareth but stay in Bethlehem temporarily because they are obliged to register at the Davidic family's place of origin. Both traditions are to be judged as legendary variations of the theological theme of Jesus' messiahship, even though each in its own way assigns to his birth a place in history. The extent to which these texts are marked by theological motifs, above all by the thought that Jesus as Messiah fulfills the promises of the Old Testament and the hope of Israel and the world, is shown by the numerous quotations woven into the stories.  ¿¹¼öÀÇ Åº»ý Àå¼Ò°¡ º£µé·¹ÇðÀ̶ó´Â Àü½ÂÀº ´ÙÀ­ÀÇ ÈļÕÀ¸·Î¼­ÀÇ ¸Þ½Ã¾Æ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ [±¸¾à¼º¼­] °³³ä¿¡ ±Ù°ÅÇÑ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. Ãʱ⠱⵶±³´Â óÀ½ºÎÅÍ ÀÌ·± ½Ã°¢À» ÃëÇß´Ù. "´ÙÀ­ÀÇ ¾Æµé"Àº ¿¹¼öÀÇ ´Ù¸¥ ¸íεé°ú ÇÔ²² ¸¹Àº ¿øÀüµé(¿¹: ¸¶°¡ 10:48)¿¡¼­ ¹ß°ßµÈ´Ù. ºñ·Ï ¾ÆÁ÷µµ »ç¶÷µé(¸¶°¡ 11:10)ÀÇ È¯È£¼Ó¿¡¼­ ÀÎÁ¤µÇ°í ÀÖÁö¸¸, ¸íĪÀÇ ¿ø·¡ÀûÀÎ Á¤Ä¡Àû ¹ÎÁ·Àû °³³äÀº ¾ø¾îÁ³´Ù. ¿¹¼ö°¡ ´ÙÀ­ÀÇ ÀÚ¼ÕÀ̶ó´Â ½ÅÇÐÀû ÁÖÁ¦´Â ±×°¡ ´ÙÀ­ÀÇ °íÇâ º£µé·¹Çð¿¡¼­ ž´Ù´Â »ý°¢À» ÇÊ¿¬ÀûÀ¸·Î Æ÷ÇÔÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº ¾Æ´Ï´Ù. ±×°ÍÀº ¿ÀÁ÷ ¸¶Åº¹À½ 2Àå ¹× ´©°¡º¹À½ 2Àå¿¡ ÇÑÇÒ »ÓÀÌ´Ù. [¸¶ÅÂÀÇ º¹À½¼­] 2Àå¿¡¼­ º£µé·¹ÇðÀº ºÎ¸ð°¡ º»·¡ »ì´ø °÷À̾úÀ¸¸ç ±×µéÀº ÀÚ³àµéÀ» À§ÇùÇÏ´Â À§Çè ¶§¹®¿¡ ÀÌÁýÆ®¸¦ °¬´Ù°¡ ³ªÀÚ·¿À¸·Î ¿Å±ä´Ù. ±×¿¡ ¹ÝÇØ [´©°¡ÀÇ º¹À½¼­] 2Àå¿¡¼­´Â ¿¹¼öÀÇ ºÎ¸ð°¡ ½ÇÁ¦·Î ³ªÀÚ·¿¿¡ »ì¾ÒÀ¸³ª ¿¹¼ö¸¦ ´ÙÀ­ °¡Á· Ãâ»ýÁöÀÇ È£Àû¿¡ ¿Ã¸®±â À§ÇØ Àá½Ã º£µé·¹Çð¿¡ ¸Ó¹® °ÍÀ¸·Î ³ªÅ¸³­´Ù. µÎ Àü½ÂÀÌ °¢°¢ °íÀ¯ÇÑ ¹æ½Ä´ë·Î ±×°¡ ź»ýÇÑ Àå¼Ò¸¦ ¿ª»ç»ó¿¡¼­ ÁöÁ¤ÇÒÁö¶óµµ ¿¹¼öÀÇ ¸Þ½Ã¾Æ¼ºÀ̶ó´Â ½ÅÇÐÀû ÁÖÁ¦ÀÇ Àü¼³Àû º¯ÇüÀ¸·Î ÆÇ´ÜÇØ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. ÀÌ·± ¿ø¹®µéÀÌ ½ÅÇÐÀûÀÎ ÁÖÁ¦¸¦ ¶ì°Ô µÇ´Â ¹üÀ§´Â, ¹«¾ùº¸´Ùµµ ¸Þ½Ã¾ß·Î¼­ÀÇ ¿¹¼ö°¡ ±¸¾à¼º¼­ÀÇ ¾à¼Óµé°ú À̽º¶ó¿¤°ú ¼¼»óÀÇ Èñ¸ÁÀ» ¼ºÃëÇÑ´Ù´Â »ç»ó¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­, À̾߱âµé ¾È¿¡ ¿«¿©Áö´Â ¼ö¸¹Àº Àοëµé·Î¼­ Áõ¸íµÈ´Ù.
The widely differing genealogies in Matthew 1 and Luke 3 also belong in the context of the doctrine of the Davidic descent of the Messiah (Christ). They are the only New Testament evidences for genealogical reflection about Jesus' messiahship. The two texts, however, cannot be harmonized. They show that originally a unified tradition about Jesus' ancestors did not exist and that attempts to portray his messiahship genealogically were first undertaken in Jewish Christian circles with use of the Septuagint (Greek translation) text of the Old Testament. Both texts have to be eliminated as historical sources. They are nevertheless important for the development of Christology (doctrines on the nature of Christ), because they reveal the difficulty of reconciling the genealogical proof of Jesus' Davidic descent with the relatively late idea of his virgin birth.  [¸¶ÅÂÀÇ º¹À½¼­] 1Àå°ú [´©°¡ÀÇ º¹À½¼­] 3ÀåÀÇ »ó´çÈ÷ ´Ù¸¥ °èº¸µé¿¡¼­ ¸Þ½Ã¾Æ(±×¸®½ºµµ)´Â ´ÙÀ­ÀÇ ÈļÕÀ̶ó´Â ±³¸®¸¦ ³»Æ÷ÇÑ´Ù. ±×°ÍÀº ¿¹¼öÀÇ ¸Þ½Ã¾Æ¼º¿¡ ´ëÇÑ °èº¸Àû »ç°í¸¦ À§ÇÑ À¯ÀÏÇÑ [½Å¾à¼º¼­]ÀÇ Áõ°ÅÀÌ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª µÎ º»¹®Àº Á¶È­µÉ ¼ö ¾ø´Ù. ±×µéÀº º»·¡ ¿¹¼öÀÇ ¼±Á¶µé¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÀÏÄ¡µÈ Àü½ÂÀº Á¸ÀçÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀ¸¸ç, ±×ÀÇ ¸Þ½Ã¾Æ¼ºÀ» °èº¸ÀûÀ¸·Î ±â¼úÇÏ·Á´Â ½ÃµµµéÀÌ [±¸¾à¼º¼­]ÀÇ 70Àοª(±×¸®½º¾î ¹ø¿ª)À» »ç¿ëÇÏ¿© À¯´ë ±×¸®½ºµµÀÎ Áý´Ü¿¡¼­ óÀ½À¸·Î ÇàÇØÁ³´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» º¸¿©ÁØ´Ù. µÎ º»¹®µéÀº ¿ª»çÀûÀÎ ÀÚ·áµé·Î¼­´Â ¹«½ÃµÇ¾î¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. ±×·³¿¡µµ ºÒ±¸ÇÏ°í ±×°ÍµéÀº ±×¸®½ºµµ·Ð(±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ º»¼º¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ±³¸®)ÀÇ ¹ßÀüÀ» À§ÇØ Áß¿äÇÏ´Ù. ¿Ö³ÄÇÏ¸é µ¿Á¤³à ź»ýÀ̶ó´Â ÈıâÀÇ »ç»ó°ú, ¿¹¼ö°¡ ´ÙÀ­ÀÇ ÀÚ¼ÕÀ̶ó´Â °èº¸Àû Áõ¸íÀ» Á¶È­½ÃŰ´Â °ÍÀÌ ¾î·Æ´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» º¸¿©Áֱ⠶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù.
 This last tradition, too, is recorded in only two stories--in Luke 1 and Matthew 1--and was originally quite unconnected with the frequently found motif of Jesus' divine Sonship. Paul, John, and the rest of the New Testament writers are not acquainted with the idea. Also, it has left no traces in the rest of the Synoptic tradition, not even in the story of Jesus' birth (Luke 2:1-10), where Joseph and Mary appear as his natural parents. In Matthew 1 Jesus' miraculous birth is presupposed, and in Luke 1 it is explained more closely. This tradition is not to be traced back directly to the idea, widely held in classical antiquity, of heroes and great men who derived from the union of a deity with a human woman. In other words, Jesus is not characterized as a demigod here. What underlies this tradition is, rather, the concept of the creative power of God and his Spirit, which is known from Hellenistic Judaism. This theological, not biological, motif has been applied to Jesus and, with the greatest probability, only secondarily combined with the Greek version of the messianic promise of Isa. 7:14 (in the Septuagint the Hebrew word 'alma--i.e., "young woman"--is translated as "virgin"), and in this way the Christian story came about. According to a very old, reliable tradition, the village of Nazareth--which lay in the Galilean hill country, had a Jewish population, and was untouched by the influence of the Hellenistic cities--was the hometown, and then certainly also the birthplace, of the "Nazarene" (Mark 1:24; 10:47; 14:67; 16:6).  µ¿Á¤³à ź»ý Àü½Âµµ ¿ª½Ã ¿ÀÁ÷ µÎ ÀÚ·á(¸¶Å 1, ´©°¡ 1)¿¡¸¸ ±â·ÏµÇ¾úÀ¸¸ç, º»·¡ ¿¹¼ö°¡ ÇÏ´À´ÔÀÇ ¾ÆµéÀ̶ó´Â ÁÖÁ¦¿Í ¿¬°üµÈ °Íµµ ¾Æ´Ï¾ú´Ù. ¹Ù¿ï, ¿äÇÑ ¹× ³ª¸ÓÁö [½Å¾à¼º¼­] ÀúÀÚµéÀº ÀÌ »ý°¢¿¡ Ä£¼÷ÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Ù. ¶ÇÇÑ, ÀÌ·± »ý°¢Àº °ø°ü º¹À½¼­ÀÇ ³ª¸ÓÁö Àü½Âµé¿¡¼­µµ ÈçÀûÀ» ªOÀ» ¼ö ¾øÀ¸¸ç, ¿ä¼Á°ú ¸¶¸®¾Æ°¡ ±×ÀÇ ÀÚ¿¬ÀûÀÎ ºÎ¸ð·Î ³ªÅ¸³ª´Â ½ÉÁö¾î ¿¹¼öÀÇ Åº»ý À̾߱⿡¼­µµ ¸¶Âù°¡Áö´Ù. [¸¶ÅÂÀÇ º¹À½¼­] 1Àå¿¡¼­ ¿¹¼öÀÇ ±âÀûÀû ź»ýÀÌ ¾ð±ÞµÇ°í [´©°¡ÀÇ º¹À½¼­] 1Àå¿¡¼­´Â ´õ ÀÚ¼¼È÷ ¼³¸íµÈ´Ù.  ÀÌ Àü½ÂÀº ½Å°ú Àΰ£ ¿©ÀÚ¿ÍÀÇ °áÇÕÀ¸·Î¼­ ź»ýÇÏ´Â ¿µ¿õµéÀ̳ª À§´ëÇÑ »ç¶÷¿¡ °üÇÑ °í´ëÀÇ À̾߱⿡¼­ ³Î¸® ¹Ï¾îÁö´ø »ç»óÀ¸·Î Á÷Á¢ ¿¬°áµÇÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù. ´Ù½Ã ¸»ÇÏÀÚ¸é, ¿¹¼ö´Â ¿©±â¼­ ¹Ý½ÅÀ¸·Î ¹¦»çµÇÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù. ÀÌ Àü½Â¿¡ ±ò·Á ÀÖ´Â °ÍÀº , Â÷¶ó¸®, ÇÏ´À´Ô°ú ¼º·ÉÀÇ Ã¢Á¶Àû ´É·ÂÀ̸ç, À̰ÍÀº Çï·¹´ÏÁò ½Ã´ëÀÇ À¯´ë±³·ÎºÎÅÍ ¾Ë·ÁÁø °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ, »ý¹°ÇÐÀûÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, ½ÅÇÐÀû µ¿±â°¡, ¿¹¼ö¿¡°Ô Àû¿ëµÇ¾ú°í, ¸í¹éÇϰԵµ, ÀÌÁ¦ ÀÌÂ÷ÀûÀ¸·Î [ÀÌ»ç¾ß] 7Àå 14Àý(70Àοª¿¡¼­ È÷ºê¸® ´Ü¾î alma, Áï 'ÀþÀº ¿©ÀÎ'ÀÌ 'ó³à'·Î ¹ø¿ªµÊ)ÀÇ ¸Þ½Ã¾Æ ¾à¼Ó¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ±×¸®½º¾î ¹ø¿ª°ú ¿¬ÇյǾúÀ¸¸ç, ÀÌ·¸°Ô ÇÏ¿© ±âµ¶±³ÀÇ À̾߱Ⱑ ³ª¿À°Ô µÈ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ¸Å¿ì ¿À·¡µÈ ¹ÏÀ» ¸¸ÇÑ Àü½Â¿¡ µû¸£¸é, ³ªÀÚ·¿ ¸¶À»Àº, ¾ð´öÀÌ ¸¹Àº °¥¸±¸®ÀÇ ½Ã°ñ¿¡ ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, À¯´ëÀÎÀÌ ¸¹Àº °÷ÀÌ¸ç ±×¸®½ºÀÇ µµ½ÃµéÀÇ ¿µÇâÀ» ÀÔÁö ¾ÊÀº °÷À¸·Î, ¿¹¼öÀÇ °íÇâÀ̾úÀ¸¸ç, ±×¸®ÇÏ¿© ¸í¹éÇÏ°Ô "³ª»ç·¿ »ç¶÷"ÀÇ Ãâ»ýÁö¿´´Ù.(¸¶°¡ 1 : 24, 10 : 47, 14 : 67, 16 : 6).
The family of Jesus.
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Four of Jesus' brothers and several sisters are mentioned in Mark 6 (though their identification as full-blooded siblings, half brothers and half sisters, or cousins has been long debated). All his relatives' names testify to the purely Jewish character of the family: his mother's name was Mary (Miriam), his father's Joseph, and his "brothers' " James (Jacob), Joseph, Judas, and Simon (names of Old Testament patriarchs). The same is true of the name Jesus. In the Septuagint it is the customary Greek form for the common Hebrew name Joshua--i.e., "Yahweh helps." It is also mentioned in Mark 6 that Jesus or his father (there are variant textual versions) was a carpenter. There are several not unimportant pieces of information preserved about the later history of the family. Of his father, who probably died early, little is mentioned. His mother, brothers, and sisters did not join his movement at first but, rather, disapproved of his behaviour (Mark 3:31-35). Mary is, however, mentioned as a member of the Christian Church after his death (Acts 1:14). The same is true of his brother James, whom Paul names among the witnesses of the Resurrection (I Cor. 15:7) and who was the leader of the Jerusalem Church after Peter (Galatians, Acts). The author of the Letter of James has taken a brother's name for himself, as did the author of the Letter of Jude in respect to another brother. According to a later nonbiblical account (in the Ecclesiastical History of Eusebius, a 4th-century historian of the church), grandchildren of Jude (who otherwise remains unknown), who were living in Galilee, were summoned by the emperor Domitian as "descendants of David," but then released as representing no political danger. (see also Index: "Ecclesiastical History,"

¿¹¼öÀÇ °¡Á·À¸·Î´Â ÇüÁ¦ 4¸í°ú ¸î ¸íÀÇ ´©À̰¡ [¸¶°¡ÀÇ º¹À½¼­] 6Àå¿¡¼­ ¾ð±ÞµÈ´Ù(º»¹®¿¡´Â ±³¸®Àû µ¿±â¸¦ µå·¯³»±â À§ÇØ ±×µéÀ» À̺¹ÇüÁ¦³ª »çÃ̵é·Î ¸¸µé ±Ù°Å°¡ ¾øÀ½). °¡Á·ÀÇ À̸§Àº ¾î¸Ó´Ï ¸¶¸®¾Æ(¹Ì¸®¾Ï), ¾Æ¹öÁö ¿ä¼Á°ú ÇüÁ¦µéÀº ¾ß°íº¸(¾ß°ö)¡¤¿ä¼Á¡¤À¯´Ù¡¤½Ã¸ó(±¸¾à Á·ÀåÀÇ À̸§µé)ÀÌ´Ù. ¿¹¼öÀÇ À̸§µµ ¸¶Âù°¡Áö´Ù. 70ÀÎ ¿ª ¼º¼­¿¡¼­ ¿¹¼öÀÇ À̸§Àº È÷ºê¸® À̸§ÀÎ ¿ä¼ö¾Æ, Áï '¿©È£¿Í°¡ µµ¿ì½Å´Ù'ÀÇ ±×¸®½º¾î ÇüÅÂÀÌ´Ù. [¸¶°¡ÀÇ º¹À½¼­] 6Àå¿¡¼­ ¿¹¼ö ȤÀº ±×ÀÇ ¾Æ¹öÁö´Â ¸ñ¼ö¿´´Ù°í ¾ð±ÞÇÑ´Ù. °¡Á·ÀÇ ÀÌÈÄ ¿ª»ç¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¸î °³ÀÇ ´ÜÆíÀûÀÎ Á¤º¸°¡ Àִµ¥, ¾Æ¸¶ ÀÏÂï Á×Àº °Í °°Àº ±×ÀÇ ¾Æ¹öÁö¿¡ ´ëÇØ¼­´Â °ÅÀÇ ¾ð±ÞÀÌ ¾ø´Ù. ±×ÀÇ ¾î¸Ó´Ï¿Í ÇüÁ¦µé, ´©À̵éÀº óÀ½¿¡´Â ±×ÀÇ ¿îµ¿¿¡ Âü°¡ÇÏÁö ¾Ê¾Ò°í ¿ÀÈ÷·Á ±×ÀÇ ÇൿÀ» ºñ³­Çß´Ù(¸¶°¡ 3 : 31~35). ±×·¯³ª ¸¶¸®¾Æ´Â ±×ÀÇ Á×À½ ÀÌÈÄ¿¡ ±×¸®½ºµµ±³ ±³È¸ÀÇ ÀÏ¿øÀ¸·Î ¾ð±ÞµÈ´Ù(»çµµ 1 : 14). ±×ÀÇ ÇüÁ¦ ¾ß°íº¸´Â º£µå·Î ÀÌÈÄ¿¡ ¿¹·ç»ì·½ ±³È¸ÀÇ ÁöµµÀÚ¿´´Ù. [À¯´ÙÀÇ ÆíÁö]ÀÇ ÀúÀÚ°¡ ´Ù¸¥ ÇüÁ¦ÀÇ À̸§À» Á¸°æÇÏ¿© À̸§À» ÃëÇß´ø °Íó·³, [¾ß°íº¸ÀÇ ÆíÁö] ÀúÀÚµµ ¾ß°íº¸ÀÇ À̸§À» ÃëÇß´Ù. 4¼¼±â ±³È¸»ç°¡ÀÎ ¿¡¿ì¼¼ºñ¿À½ºÀÇ [±³È¸»ç Ecclesiastical History]¿¡ µû¸£¸é, °¥¸±¸®¿¡ »ì°í ÀÖ¾ú´ø À¯´ÙÀÇ ¼ÕÀÚµéÀº µµ¹ÌƼ¾Æ´©½º ȲÁ¦¿¡ ÀÇÇØ '´ÙÀ­ÀÇ ÀÚ¼Õµé'À̶ó´Â ÀÌÀ¯·Î ¼ÒȯµÇ¾úÀ¸³ª Á¤Ä¡ÀûÀÎ À§ÇèÀÌ ¾øÀ¸¹Ç·Î ¼®¹æµÇ¾ú´Ù.

Jesus most likely grew up in the piety that was cultivated in the home and in the synagogue (including Bible study, obedience to the Law, prayer, and expectation of the final coming of the Messiah) and also took part in pilgrimages to Jerusalem. From these scattered reports it is possible to gain some information about Jesus' background and theological education. The latter also comes to light in his teaching and in the frequently attested honorific form of address "rabbi" (teacher), which, in the language of the time, was not yet confined to members of the trained and ordained profession of the scribes. Nothing is precisely known, however, about Jesus' youth and inner development. What is known is contained in the sole narrative in Luke 2:40-52 (the boy Jesus in the Temple) and the legendary apocryphal gospels, which, after the manner of legend, sought to illumine the obscurity of Jesus' childhood.  ¿¹¼ö´Â ´ëüÀûÀ¸·Î , ¼º¼­ °øºÎ, À²¹ý¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¼øÁ¾, ±âµµ, ¸Þ½Ã¾ÆÀÇ ¸¶Áö¸· µµ·¡¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ±â´ë µîÀ» Æ÷ÇÔÇÏ¿©, °¡Á¤°ú ȸ´ç¿¡¼­ ¾çÀ°µÇ¾úÀ¸¸ç ¿¹·ç»ì·½ÀÇ ¼ø·Ê¿¡ Âü°¡ÇÏ´Â µîÀÇ °æ°ÇÇÑ ºÐÀ§±â¿¡¼­ ¼ºÀåÇÑ µíÇÏ´Ù. ¿©±âÀú±â Èð¾îÁ® ÀÖ´Â º¸°íµé¿¡ ÀÇÇÏ¸é ¿¹¼öÀÇ ¹è°æ°ú ½ÅÇÐÀû ±³À°¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¾à°£ÀÇ Á¤º¸¸¦ ¾òÀ» ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ÈÄÀÚ´Â ±×ÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§°ú '¶øºñ'(¼±»ý)¶ó´Â ¸í¿¹·Î¿î À̸§¿¡¼­ ¹àÇôÁö´Âµ¥, ±× ½Ã´ë¿¡ ¶øºñ¶ó´Â Īȣ´Â ÈÆ·ÃµÇ¾î ÀÓ¸íµÈ À²¹ýÇÐÀÚ¶ó´Â Á÷¾÷¿¡¸¸ ÇÑÁ¤µÇ´Â °ÍÀº ¾Æ´Ï¾ú´Ù. ¿¹¼öÀÇ Ãʱâ»ýȰ°ú ³»Àû ¹ßÀü¿¡ ´ëÇØ¼­´Â È®½ÇÈ÷ ¾Ë·ÁÁø °ÍÀÌ ¾ø´Ù. ¾Ë·ÁÁø °ÍÀº [´©°¡ÀÇ º¹À½¼­] 2Àå 40~52Àý(¼ºÀü¿¡¼­ÀÇ ¼Ò³â ¿¹¼ö)¿¡ À¯ÀÏÇÑ ¼³È­°¡ °£Á÷µÇ¾î ÀÖ°í, À§°æµéÀÌ Àü¼³ÀÇ Çü½ÄÀ¸·Î ¿¹¼öÀÇ ¾î¸°½ÃÀýÀ» ¹àÈ÷·Á°í ³ë·ÂÇß´Ù.

The ministry.

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The role of John the Baptist.
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The Gospel accounts of the appearance and activity of John the Baptist and of Jesus' Baptism at his hands first establish a historically safe basis for knowledge of Jesus' life and work. Significantly, the oldest Gospel writer calls these events "the beginning of the gospel of Jesus Christ" (Mark 1:1), indicating that his would be a message about Christ, not a description of the contemporary background for Jesus' life. The Baptist is, therefore, represented exclusively from the Christian point of view. His place in the Christian history of salvation is that of a forerunner or pioneer; or he is a witness to Jesus, as in the Gospel According to John. But the tradition has nevertheless preserved unchallengeable information about John, especially in Q. Josephus characterizes him as a mere moral teacher and his Baptism as merely ritual washing. In reality, however, he made his appearance in the desert as a prophet of the imminent Last Judgment, calling all without exception to repentance in the eleventh hour, and baptized those who were ready to repent, in order to prepare them for the baptism of fire of the mightier one coming from heaven and to preserve them from his annihilating wrath (Matt. 3:7ff. and Luke 3:7ff.). His dress and diet as an ascetic nomad and, above all, the location of his ministry (the Judaean desert and the Jordan steppes), far away from the institutions and places of traditional religion and secularity, illustrate the earnestness of his eschatological preaching and his attack on all conventional piety; but they also correspond to the old prophetic promise that God would encounter his people in the Last Days, as he did once before, in the desert. Historically, all these features may not be understood immediately in Christian perspective; i.e., as pointing to Jesus as the Messiah. The tradition of the Gospels visibly and increasingly interpreted the history of the Baptist in retrospect, and not least for the reason that there still existed for a considerable time alongside the disciples of Jesus a rival body of disciples of the Baptist.  ¼¼·Ê ¿äÇÑÀÇ µîÀå°ú Çൿ, ±×¿¡°Ô ¿¹¼ö°¡ ¼¼·Ê¹Þ¾Ò´Ù´Â º¹À½¼­ÀÇ ³»¿ëÀº ¿¹¼öÀÇ »ý¾Ö¿Í »ç¿ªÀ» ¾Ë ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ÃÖÃÊÀÇ ¿ª»çÀû ±Ù°ÅÀÌ´Ù. ƯÈ÷, °¡Àå ¿À·¡µÈ º¹À½¼­ ÀúÀÚ´Â ÀÌ »ç°ÇÀ» '¿¹¼ö ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ º¹À½ÀÇ ½ÃÀÛ'(¸¶°¡ 1 : 1)À̶ó°í ºÎ¸£´Âµ¥, À̰ÍÀº ¿¹¼öÀÇ »ý¾Ö¿¡ ´ëÇÑ µ¿½Ã´ëÀû ¹è°æÀÇ ¼­¼úÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ±×¸®½ºµµ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¸Þ½ÃÁöÀÌ´Ù. ±×·¯¹Ç·Î ¼¼·Ê ¿äÇÑÀº ±×¸®½ºµµ±³ÀÇ °üÁ¡¿¡¼­ ¹¦»çµÈ´Ù. ±×¸®½ºµµ±³ ±¸¿ø ¿ª»ç¿¡¼­ ±×ÀÇ À§Ä¡´Â ¼±±¸ÀÚ È¤Àº °³Ã´ÀÚÀ̰ųª [¿äÇÑÀÇ º¹À½¼­]¿¡¼­Ã³·³ ¿¹¼öÀÇ ÁõÀÎÀÌ´Ù. ±×·³¿¡µµ ºÒ±¸Çϰí, ÀÌ Àü½ÂÀº ¿äÇÑ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ È®½ÇÇÑ, Ưº°È÷ Q¿¡ À־, Á¤º¸¸¦ º¸Á¸Çϰí ÀÖ´Ù.  ¿ä¼¼Çª½º´Â ±×¸¦ ´Ü¼øÈ÷ µµ´ö ±³»ç·Î, ±×ÀÇ ¼¼·Ê¸¦ ´Ü¼øÇÑ ÀǽÄÀû ¾ÄÀ½À¸·Î ¼³¸íÇÑ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ½ÇÁ¦·Î ±×´Â ¿¹¿Ü¾øÀÌ ¸ðµç »ç¶÷À» ȸ°³Ç϶ó°í Çϸ鼭 ÀÓ¹ÚÇÑ ¸¶Áö¸· ½ÉÆÇÀÇ ¿¹¾ðÀÚ·Î ±¤¾ß¿¡ µîÀåÇß°í, ¼Ò¸ê½ÃŰ´Â Áø³ë(¸¶Å 3 : 7~, ´©°¡ 3 : 7~)·ÎºÎÅÍ ±×µéÀ» Áö۱â À§ÇØ, Çϴ÷κÎÅÍ ¿À´Â ´õ Àü´ÉÇϽŠºÐÀÇ ºÒ¼¼·Ê¸¦ ¹ÞÀ» Áغñ¸¦ Çϵµ·Ï ȸ°³ÇÏ·Á´Â Àڵ鿡°Ô ¼¼·Ê¸¦ ÁÖ¾ú´Ù. ±Ý¿åÀû À¯¸ñ¹Î °°Àº ¿Ê, À½½Ä, Á¦µµ, ÀüÅëÀû Á¾±³Àå¼Ò, ¼¼¼ÓÁÖÀǷκÎÅÍ ¸Ö¸® ¶³¾îÁø ±×ÀÇ È°µ¿Àå¼Ò(À¯´ë ±¤¾ß¿Í ¿ä¸£´Ü ½ºÅÜ Áö¿ª)´Â Á¾¸»·ÐÀû ¼³±³ÀÇ ¿­Á¤°ú ÀνÀÀû °æ°Ç¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ±×ÀÇ °ø°ÝÀ» ¿¹½ÃÇØÁØ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ±×°ÍÀº ÇÏ´À´ÔÀÌ ¸¶Áö¸· ³¯¿¡ ±¤¾ß¿¡¼­ ±×ÀÇ ¹é¼ºÀ» ¸¸³­´Ù´Â ¿À·¡µÈ ¿¹¾ðÀÚÀÇ ¾à¼Ó°ú ÀÏÄ¡ÇÑ´Ù. ¿ª»çÀûÀ¸·Î ÀÌ ¸ðµç ¸ð½ÀÀº ¸Þ½Ã¾Æ·Î¼­ ¿¹¼ö¿¡ ÃÊÁ¡À» ¸ÂÃß´Â ±×¸®½ºµµ±³ÀÎÀÇ ½Ã°¢¿¡¼­´Â Áï°¢ ÀÌÇØµÉ ¼ö´Â ¾øÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù. º¹À½¼­µéÀÇ Àü½ÂÀº ¼¼·Ê ¿äÇÑÀÇ ¿ª»ç¸¦ ¼Ò±ÞÇÏ¿© ÇØ¼®ÇßÀ¸¸ç, ÀÌ·± ÇØ¼®Àº ¿¹¼öÀÇ Á¦ÀÚµé ¿·¿¡ ÀÌ¿¡ ÇÊÀûÇÏ´Â ¼¼·Ê ¿äÇÑÀÇ Á¦ÀÚµéÀÇ ¹«¸®µéÀÌ ¾ÆÁ÷µµ Á¸ÀçÇÑ´Ù°í ÇØ¼­ ¼ÒȦÈ÷ ÇÑ °ÍÀº ¾Æ´Ï´Ù.
That Jesus was baptized by John, as all the Gospels record, indicates that in all probability Jesus initially belonged to John's movement. The account of Jesus' Baptism is styled in the Gospels as an "epiphany (or manifestation) story" and deals with Jesus' installation at this time as Messiah (Mark 1:9-11). The announcement of the Kingdom of God by John and his call to repentance retained decisive significance for Jesus. His high estimate of the Baptist emerges unambiguously from the fact that he placed John above the prophets and called him the greatest among men (Matt. 11:7-11). He saw the signs of the approaching Kingdom of God in the work of the Baptist as in his own work, and he recognized the authority given John as being from heaven (Mark 11:27-33). These words carry all the more weight historically, because the tendency of the context here is to proclaim Jesus as the Messiah and to place the Baptist, as the lesser, in Jesus' service. It is significant that John himself is nowhere attacked in the Synoptic texts, nor is he designated as a follower of Jesus. Wherever polemic can be recognized in the Gospels (especially in John), it is always directed against the false belief, doubtlessly held by the (later) Baptist disciples, that John was the promised Messiah. The extent to which the close connection between Jesus and John occupied the theological reflection, apologetics, and imagination of the Christian Church is shown by several passages and, above all, by the cycle of legends in the introduction to Luke (chapter 1). Regardless of the close relationship between Jesus and John the Baptist, especially in their prophetic announcement of the approaching Kingdom of God and their call to repentance (cf. Matt. 3:2; 4:17), there are also radical differences.  ¿¹¼ö°¡ ¿äÇÑ¿¡ ÀÇÇØ ¼¼·Ê¸¦ ¹Þ¾Ò´Ù´Â °ÍÀº ¿¹¼ö°¡ óÀ½¿¡´Â ¿äÇÑÀÇ ¿îµ¿¿¡ ¼ÓÇß´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ¾Ï½ÃÇÑ´Ù. ¿¹¼ö°¡ ¼¼·Ê¹ÞÀº ³»¿ëÀº º¹À½¼­¿¡¼­ '¿¡ÇÇÆÄ´Ï(ÇöÇö) À̾߱â'·Î À¯ÇüÈ­µÇ¾ú°í, À̰ÍÀ» ¿¹¼ö°¡ ¸Þ½Ã¾Æ·Î ÀÓ¸íµÇ´Â °ÍÀ¸·Î ´Ù·é´Ù(¸¶°¡ 1 : 9~11). ¿äÇÑ¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ ÇÏ´À´Ô ³ª¶óÀÇ ¼±Æ÷¿Í ȸ°³¿¡·ÎÀÇ ºÎ¸§Àº ¿¹¼ö¿¡°Ô °áÁ¤ÀûÀÎ Á߿伺À» °®´Â´Ù. ±×´Â ¿äÇÑÀ» ¿¹¾ðÀÚµé À§¿¡ ³õ¾ÒÀ¸¸ç ±×¸¦ »ç¶÷µé Áß¿¡ °¡Àå À§´ëÇÑ ÀÚ¶ó°í ºÒ·¶´Ù(¸¶Å 11 : 7~ 11). ±×´Â ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ »ç¿ª¿¡¼­Ã³·³ ¼¼·Ê ¿äÇÑÀÇ »ç¿ª¿¡¼­ ´Ù°¡¿À´Â ÇÏ´À´Ô ³ª¶ó¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Â¡Á¶¸¦ º¸¾Ò°í, ¿äÇÑÀÇ ±ÇÀ§°¡ Çϴ÷κÎÅÍ ¿Â °ÍÀÓÀ» ÀνÄÇß´Ù(¸¶°¡ 11 : 27~33). ÀÌ ¸»µéÀº ¿ª»çÀûÀ¸·Î ÇÑÃþ ´õÇÑ ¹«°Ô¸¦ Áö´Ñ´Ù, ¿Ö³ÄÇϸé,  ¿©±â¿¡¼­ ¹®¸ÆÀÇ °æÇâÀº ¿¹¼ö¸¦ ¸Þ½Ã¾Æ·Î ¼±¾ðÇÏ¸ç ¼¼·Ê ¿äÇÑÀ» ¿¹¼ö¸¦ ¼¶±â´Â ´õ ³·Àº ÀÚ·Î º¸·Á°í Çϱ⠶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù. ¿äÇÑ ÀÚ½ÅÀº °ø°ü º¹À½¼­µéÀÇ ¾î´À °÷¿¡¼­µµ °ø°Ý´çÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀ¸¸ç, ¿¹¼öÀÇ ÃßÁ¾ÀÚ¶ó°í ÁöεÇÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù´Â °ÍÀº Áß¿äÇÏ´Ù. º¹À½¼­¿¡¼­ ¹Ý·ÐÀÌ ÀÖÀ» ¸¸ÇÑ °÷(ƯÈ÷ ¿äÇÑ º¹À½¿¡¼­)¿¡´Â ¾ðÁ¦³ª, ÀǽÉÇÒ ¿©Áö ¾øÀÌ ÈÄ´ëÀÇ ¼¼·Ê ¿äÇÑÀÇ Á¦Àڵ鿡 ÀÇÇØ¼­ Á¦±âµÉ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â, ¿äÇÑÀÌ ¾à¼ÓµÈ ¸Þ½Ã¾ß¶ó´Â °ÅÁþµÈ ¹ÏÀ½À» ÇâÇØ¼­ ÁýÁߵǾú´Ù.  ¿¹¼ö¿Í ¿äÇÑÀÇ ¹ÐÁ¢ÇÑ °ü°è°¡ Â÷ÁöÇÑ ½ÅÇÐÀûÀÎ °íÂû, º¯Áõ·Ð ¹× ±âµ¶±³ ±³È¸ÀÇ ±¸»óÀÇ Á¤µµ´Â, ¿©·¯ ±¸Àýµé¿¡¼­ ¹àÇôÁö´Âµ¥, ¹«¾ùº¸´Ùµµ, ´©°¡º¹À½ 1ÀåÀÇ ¼­¹®¿¡¼­ Àü½ÂÀ¸·Î ³ªÅ¸³­´Ù. ´Ù°¡¿À´Â ÇÏ´À´Ô ³ª¶ó¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¿¹¾ðÀÚÀû ¼±Æ÷¿Í ȸ°³¿¡·ÎÀÇ ºÎ¸§(¸¶Å 3 : 2, 4 : 17 ÂüÁ¶)¿¡¼­ ¿¹¼ö¿Í ¼¼·Ê ¿äÇÑÀÇ ¹ÐÁ¢ÇÑ °ü°è¿¡µµ ºÒ±¸ÇÏ°í ¶ÇÇÑ ±Ùº»ÀûÀÎ Â÷À̰¡ ÀÖ´Ù.
The beginning of the ministry.
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At the latest, after the Baptist's imprisonment (as the Synoptics state), possibly even earlier (according to John), Jesus began as a grown man (Luke 3:23) an independent public ministry, but in the villages of his Galilean homeland and--sporadically--in the neighbouring countryside, rather than in the wilderness, as did John. The real area of his ministry was the district on the northwest bank of the Lake of Gennesaret (or Sea of Galilee; the towns of Beth-saida, Chorazin, and Capernaum). The change of scene is significant in itself. Jesus did not call the people into the desert. He sought men in their settlements and took part in their ordinary life, and not as an ascetic, like John the Baptist (Matt. 11:18). He worked among them as a wandering preacher (Matt. 8:20) and charismatic miracle worker, without, however, baptizing like John. But the image he presents is nonetheless highly peculiar. He taught not only in the synagogues but likewise in the open air, on the shore of the lake, and on the road. There also were strange people in the group surrounding him: women, children, and many who were viewed as godless or unclean. Further, the manner of his teaching is surprising. He did not derive it from the Holy Scriptures, although he was familiar with them, esteemed them, and appealed to them here and there. Instead, he constantly presented the reality of God and the validity of his will in an immediate way and made them comprehensible to his hearers without using the established structure of sacred texts and traditions and without presupposing a conventional, religious point of view. His metaphors, parables, and proverb-like utterances were not used to explain traditional teachings of biblical theology but, instead, appealed directly to the everyday experience and the understanding of his hearers, and they are therefore characterized by a unique self-evidence and a disarming simplicity.  ¸¶Ä§³», ¼¼·Ê ¿äÇÑÀÇ Åõ¿Á ÀÌÈÄ(°ø°ü º¹À½¼­¿¡¼­ ¾ð±ÞÇϵíÀÌ), ¾Æ¸¶µµ ÈξÀ ÀÌÀü¿¡(¿äÇѺ¹À½¿¡ µû¸£¸é) ¿¹¼ö´Â ¼ºÀÎ(´©°¡ 3 : 23)À¸·Î¼­, ±¤¾ßº¸´Ù´Â °¥¸±¸® °íÇâ ¸¶À»µé¿¡¼­(°£ÇæÀûÀ¸·Î´Â ÀÌ¿ô ¸¶À»µé¿¡¼­) µ¶¸³ÀûÀÎ °øÀû »ç¿ªÀ» ½ÃÀÛÇß´Ù. ±×ÀÇ »ç¿ªÀÇ ½ÇÁ¦ ¿µ¿ªÀº °Õ³×»ç·¿ È£¼öÀÇ ºÏ¼­¿¬¾ÈÁö¿ª(¶Ç´Â °¥¸±¸® ÇØ, º£»õ´Ù ¸¶À»µé,¡¤ÄÚ¶óÁø¡¤¹× °¡¹ö³ª¿ò)À̾ú´Ù. Àå¼ÒÀÇ ÀüȯÀº ±× ÀÚü·Î¼­ Àǹ̰¡ ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. ¿¹¼ö´Â ¹é¼ºµéÀ» ±¤¾ß·Î ºÎ¸£Áö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù. ±×´Â »ç¶÷µéÀ» ±×µéÀÇ °ÅÁÖÁö¿¡¼­ ã¾Ò°í ±×µéÀÇ ÀÏ»óÀûÀÎ »ýȰ¿¡ Âü¿©ÇßÀ¸¸ç, ¿äÇÑó·³ ±Ý¿åÀûÀÎ »ç¶÷ÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¾ú´Ù(¸¶Å 11 : 18). ±×´Â À¯¶ûÇÏ´Â ¼³±³Àڷμ­ ±×µé °¡¿îµ¥¼­ ÀÏÇß°í(¸¶Å 8 : 20), Ä«¸®½º¸¶ÀûÀÎ ±âÀûÀ» ÇàÇßÀ¸³ª ¿äÇÑó·³ ¼¼·Ê¸¦ º£Ç®Áö´Â ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù. ±×·³¿¡µµ ºÒ±¸ÇÏ°í ±×°¡ ÁØ À̹ÌÁö´Â »ó´çÈ÷ ƯÀÌÇÏ´Ù. ±×´Â ȸ´ç¿¡¼­»Ó¸¸ÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó °ø°³µÈ Àå¼Ò¿¡¼­, È£¼ý°¡¿¡¼­, ±æ¿¡¼­ °¡¸£ÃÆ´Ù. ±×¸¦ µÑ·¯½Ñ ¹«¸®¿¡´Â ÀÌ»óÇÑ »ç¶÷µé(¿©ÀÎ, ¾î¸°ÀÌ, ºÒ°æ°ÇÇϰųª ºÒ°áÇÑ ÀÚ·Î ¿©°ÜÁø »ç¶÷µé)ÀÌ ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. ´õ¿íÀÌ ±×ÀÇ °¡¸£Ä¡´Â ¹æ½ÄÀº ³î¶ó¿ü´Ù. ±×´Â ¼º¼­¸¦ Àß ¾Ë°í Á¸ÁßÇßÀ¸¸ç, ¿©±âÀú±â¼­ ±×°Íµé¿¡ È£¼ÒÇßÁö¸¸, ±×ÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§Àº ¼º¼­·ÎºÎÅÍ ²ø¾î³½ °ÍÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï´Ù. ±×´ë½Å ±×´Â ÇÏ´À´ÔÀÇ ½ÇÀç¿Í ±×ÀÇ ¶æÀÇ Á¤´ç¼ºÀ» Á÷Á¢ÀûÀÎ ¹æ½ÄÀ¸·Î Ç×»ó Á¦½ÃÇß°í, °Å·èÇÑ º»¹®°ú Àü½ÂµéÀÇ ±âÁ¸ ±¸Á¶¸¦ »ç¿ëÇÏÁö ¾Ê¾ÒÀ¸¸ç, ÀνÀÀûÀ̰í Á¾±³ÀûÀÎ °üÁ¡ÀÇ ÀüÁ¦¾øÀÌ Ã»ÁßµéÀ» ÀÌÇØ½ÃÄ×´Ù. ±×ÀÇ ÀºÀ¯¡¤ºñÀ¯¡¤Àá¾ðÀº ¼º¼­½ÅÇÐÀÇ ÀüÅëÀû °¡¸£Ä§À» ¼³¸íÇϱâ À§ÇÑ °ÍÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¾ú´Ù. ±×´ë½Å ÀÏ»ó °æÇè°ú ûÁßÀÇ ÀÌÇØ¿¡ Á÷Á¢ È£¼ÒÇß°í, ±×·¯¹Ç·Î ±×°ÍµéÀº °íÀ¯ÇÑ ºÐ¸íÇÔ°ú ¸¶À½À» ºÎµå·´°Ô ÇÏ´Â ´Ü¼øÇÔÀÌ Æ¯Â¡À̾ú´Ù. 
This corresponds to the manner of his behaviour in his meetings with other people. The Gospels portray this in a large number of separate scenes. These persons vary considerably: pious and impious, rich and poor, respected and outcast, healthy and ill. In every encounter, Jesus' amazing sovereignty with which--free of all prejudices--he mastered the situation is made visible. He saw through his opponents' attempts to corner him in debate, disarmed their objections, saw the needs of the possessed and the sick who crowded around him, and associated with those who were avoided by others. Some of the scenes may only have been added or filled out in later popular tradition, but they clearly demonstrate the power with which Jesus helped people by word and deed, whether he grew passionately angry over the power of disease or over the pride and lovelessness of the "righteous" or whether he commanded the demons or blessed children and laid hands on the sick.  À̰ÍÀº ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷µé°úÀÇ ¸¸³²¿¡ À־ ±×ÀÇ Çൿ ¹æ½Ä°ú ÀÏÄ¡ÇÑ´Ù. º¹À½¼­µéÀº À̰ÍÀ» ¸¹Àº ºÐ¸®µÈ Àå¸é¿¡¼­ ¹¦»çÇÑ´Ù. ÀÌ »ç¶÷µéÀº »ó´çÈ÷ ´Ù¾çÇÏ´Ù: °æ°ÇÇÑ ÀÚ¿Í °æ°ÇÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀº ÀÚ, ºÎÀÚ¿Í °¡³­ÇÑ ÀÚ, Á¸°æ¹Þ´Â ÀÚ¿Í ¹ö·ÁÁø ÀÚ, °Ç°­ÇÑ ÀÚ¿Í º´µç ÀÚ. ÀÌ ¸ðµç ¸¸³²¿¡¼­, ¼±ÀÔ°ß¿¡¼­ ¶°³ª »óȲÀ» Áö¹èÇÏ´Â ¿¹¼öÀÇ ³î¶ó¿î À§¾öÀÌ µå·¯³­´Ù. ±×´Â ³íÀï¿¡¼­ ±×¸¦ ¾î·Æ°Ô ÇÏ·Á´Â Àû´ëÀÚµéÀÇ ½Ãµµ¸¦ ´©±×·¯¶ß·È°í, ±× ÁÖÀ§¿¡ ¸ð¿©µç ±Í½Åµé¸° ÀÚµé°ú º´µç Àڵ鿡°Ô ÇÊ¿äÇÑ °ÍÀ» ¾Ë¾Ò°í, ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷µé·ÎºÎÅÍ ¹ö·ÁÁø ÀÚµé°ú ÇÔ²²Çß´Ù. À̵é Àå¸éµé Áß¿¡¼­ ¾î¶² °ÍµéÀº ¿ÀÁ÷ ÈÄ´ë¿¡ Àß ¾Ë·ÁÁø Àü½Â¿¡¼­ ´õÇØÁ³°Å³ª ä¿öÁ³Áö¸¸, ±×°¡ Áúº´µéÀÇ ±Ç¼¼³ª "ÀǷοî ÀÚµé"ÀÇ ±³¸¸°ú »ç¶û¾øÀ½¿¡ ´ëÇØ ÂüÀ» ¼ö ¾øÀÌ ºÐ³ëÇϵçÁö, ¾Æ´Ï¸é ¸¶±ÍµéÀ» ÂÑ¾Æ ³»°Å³ª, ¾î¸°À̵éÀ» ÃູÇϰųª, ¾Æ´Ï¸é º´ÀÚ¿¡°Ô ¼ÕÀ» ¾ñµç, ±×°ÍµéÀº ºÐ¸íÈ÷ ¿¹¼ö°¡ ¸»¾¸À̳ª ÇàÀ§·Î¼­ »ç¶÷µéÀ» µµ¿Í ÁÖ¾ú´ø ´É·ÂÀ» Áõ¸íÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù.
The calling of the disciples.
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According to the unanimous witness of the Synoptic Gospels, Jesus gave rise to a movement in Galilee and found numerous followers, although not without provoking rejection as well. This movement cannot yet be called a "church." (This concept first appears in the later tradition.) To spread his message and movement, he called on his disciples, for the sake of the approaching Kingdom of God, to resolutely surrender all ties of family and work (Mark 8:34ff.; Matt. 10:37ff.; Luke 14:26ff.) and to follow him and to become "fishers of men" (Mark 1:17; Luke 5:10). Many of his words are of extreme sharpness and do not conceal how difficult the disciples' road will be (Luke 14:25-33). But, at the same time, the patent immediacy of Jesus' sovereign power comes to light in these texts. In the scenes mentioned, it is Jesus who makes the decision. He calls, appoints, and selects particular men, without regard to their origin and previous training. There are fishermen (Andrew, Peter, James, and John), a tax collector (Matthew), and Zealots (Simon and, perhaps, Judas Iscariot) among them, perhaps also a few craftsmen and peasants. Whether it was a circle of 12 disciples from the start is questionable and under debate. It is clear, however, that he commissioned and authorized his disciples to preach and to drive out demons (Mark 3:14). Some of these disciples are well noted in the Synoptic tradition (e.g., Peter and Judas Iscariot). In the Gospel According to John, others come into the foreground, including some from among the followers of the Baptist. Of others, only their names are known (e.g., Thaddaeus). A characteristic of these companions of Jesus is that their discipleship is not, as with the rabbis, a transitional stage that ends with their "training." None of them moves up after sufficient study to the status of "master" (Matt. 23:8). Even if accounts of the calling of disciples have, in general, been styled in the later tradition as examples of what it means to be a Christian and individual scenes have been added to the original stock of stories, the recollection of incidents that occurred during Jesus' ministry in Galilee is doubtlessly preserved in the texts.  °ø°üº¹À½¼­µéÀÇ ÀÏÄ¡µÈ Áõ¾ð¿¡ µû¸£¸é, ¿¹¼ö´Â °¥¸±¸®¿¡¼­ ¿îµ¿À» ÀÏÀ¸Ä×°í, ¹°·Ð ºñ³­ÀÌ ¾øÁö´Â ¾Ê¾ÒÁö¸¸ ¼ö¸¹Àº ÃßÁ¾ÀÚµéÀ» ¾ò¾ú´Ù. ÀÌ ¿îµ¿Àº ¾ÆÁ÷Àº '±³È¸'¶ó°í ºÒ·ÁÁú ¼ö´Â ¾ø´Ù(ÀÌ °³³äÀº Èıâ Àü½Â¿¡¼­ óÀ½À¸·Î ³ªÅ¸³²). ±×ÀÇ ¸»¾¸°ú ¿îµ¿À» È®ÀåÇϱâ À§ÇØ ±×´Â ´Ù°¡¿À´Â ÇÏ´À´ÔÀÇ ³ª¶ó¸¦ À§ÇØ °¡Á·°ú »ý¾÷ÀÇ ¸ðµç ²öÀ» °á¿¬È÷ Æ÷±âÇϰí(¸¶Å 10 : 37~, ¸¶°¡ 8 : 34~, ´©°¡ 14 : 26~), ±×¸¦ µû¶ó '»ç¶÷À» ³¬´Â ¾îºÎ'(¸¶°¡ 1 : 17, ´©°¡ 5 : 10)°¡ µÇ·Á´Â ±×ÀÇ Á¦ÀÚµéÀ» ºÒ·¶´Ù. ±×ÀÇ ¸»¾¸µéÀº ±Ø´ÜÀûÀ¸·Î ³¯Ä«·Î¿ì¸ç Á¦ÀÚÀÇ ±æÀÌ ¾ó¸¶³ª ¾î·Á¿î °ÍÀÎÁö¸¦ ¼û±âÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù(´©°¡ 14 : 25~33). ±×´Â Ãâ½Å°ú ±³À°¼öÁØ¿¡ »ó°ü¾øÀÌ ºÎ¸£¸ç ÀÓ¸íÇϰí, Ưº°ÇÑ »ç¶÷µé·Î ¼±ÅÃÇÑ´Ù. ±×µé Áß¿¡´Â ¾îºÎµé(¾Èµå·¹¾Æ¡¤º£µå·Î¡¤¾ß°íº¸¡¤¿äÇÑ)¡¤¼¼¸®(¸¶ÅÂ)¡¤¿­½É´ç¿ø(½Ã¸ó°ú °¡¸®¿Ê À¯´Ù)¡¤³óºÎµéÀÌ ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. óÀ½ºÎÅÍ 12¸íÀ̾ú´ÂÁö´Â ³í¶õÀÇ ¿©Áö°¡ ÀÖÁö¸¸ ±×°¡ Á¦ÀÚµéÀ» ÀÓ¸íÇÏ°í ¼³±³ÇÏ¸ç ±Í½ÅÀ» ³»ÂÑ´Â(¸¶°¡ 3 : 14) ±ÇÀ§¸¦ ÁÖ¾ú´Ù´Â °ÍÀº ºÐ¸íÇÏ´Ù. [¿äÇÑÀÇ º¹À½¼­]¿¡¼­´Â ¼¼·Ê ¿äÇÑÀÇ Á¦ÀÚ¿´´ø »ç¶÷µéÀ» Æ÷ÇÔÇÏ¿© ¸î¸î »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ³ª¿Â´Ù. ±×µéÀÇ Á¦ÀÚÈÆ·ÃÀº ¶øºñµéó·³ 'ÈÆ·Ã'°ú ÇÔ²² ³¡³ª´Â °úµµÀûÀÎ ´Ü°è°¡ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó´Â °ÍÀÌ Æ¯Â¡ÀÌ´Ù. ±×µé Áß ´©±¸µµ ÃæºÐÇÑ °øºÎ ÈÄ¿¡ '½º½Â'(¸¶Å 23 : 8)ÀÇ ÁöÀ§·Î ¿Ã¶ó°¡Áö ¾Ê´Â´Ù. Á¦ÀÚµéÀ» ºÎ¸£´Â ³»¿ëµéÀÌ ÀϹÝÀûÀ¸·Î ÈıâÀÇ Àü½Â¿¡¼­ ±×¸®½ºµµ±³µµ°¡ µÇ´Â °ÍÀ» ÀǹÌÇÏ´Â ¿¹·Î À¯ÇüÈ­µÇ¾ú°í, °³º°ÀûÀÎ Àå¸éµéÀÌ À̾߱âÀÇ º» Áٱ⿡ ÷°¡µÇ¾úÀ»Áö¶óµµ °¥¸±¸®¿¡¼­ ¿¹¼ö°¡ »ç¿ªÇÏ´Â µ¿¾È ÀϾ »ç°ÇµéÀÇ È¸»óÀº ºÐ¸íÈ÷ º»¹®µé¿¡ º¸Á¸µÇ¾î ÀÖ´Ù.
The Galilean period.
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The loose and often differing order of the individual scenes only entitles scholars to speak of a rather ambiguous Galilean period of Jesus' activity: they cannot say with certainty how long it lasted. Because the Synoptic Gospels mention only one trip of Jesus to Judaea and Jerusalem, with the Passion following it, the impression is created that the period lasted no longer than one year. Editorial and theological considerations have, without question, also played a part in this presentation (e.g., Jesus' activity in Galilee and his sufferings in Jerusalem). Scholars offer several good reasons, however, to support the assumption that the Synoptic outline still deserves to be preferred to the widely differing one in John. In the latter, Jesus is in Jerusalem for three celebrations of the Passover (John 2:13-23; 6:4; 11:55), as well as for one Sukkot (Feast of Tabernacles; John 7:2) and one Hanukka (Feast of Dedication; John 10:22). This involves a period of more than two full years. It is doubtful, however, that John is based on an independent tradition, because the indications of time referred to serve the Evangelist as a means of changing the scene of Jesus' ministry between Jerusalem and Galilee. (The centre here is Jerusalem.) °¥¸±¸® ±â°£ÀÌ ¾ó¸¶ µ¿¾ÈÀ̳ª Áö¼ÓµÇ¾ú´ÂÁö È®½ÇÇÏ°Ô ¸»ÇÒ ¼ö´Â ¾ø´Ù. °ø°üº¹À½¼­µéÀº ¿¹¼ö°¡ À¯´ë¿Í ¿¹·ç»ì·½¿¡ °¡¼­ ¼ö³­À» ´çÇÑ ¿ÀÁ÷ 1Â÷·ÊÀÇ ¿©ÇุÀ» ¾ð±ÞÇϱ⠶§¹®¿¡, ±× ±â°£ÀÌ 1³âÀ» ³ÑÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù´Â ÀλóÀ» ÁØ´Ù. °¥¸±¸®¿¡¼­ÀÇ ¿¹¼öÀÇ È°µ¿°ú ¿¹·ç»ì·½¿¡¼­ÀÇ ±×ÀÇ ¼ö³­À¸·Î ³ª´©´Â ÆíÁýÀû Ãø¸é°ú ½ÅÇÐÀûÀÎ Àǵµ´Â ¾î´À Á¤µµ ¿¬°üÀÌ ÀÖÁö¸¸, ¸î °¡Áö ÀÌÀ¯µé·Î ÇÐÀÚµéÀº °ø°üº¹À½¼­ÀÇ ±¸¼ºÀÌ [¿äÇÑÀÇ º¹À½¼­]ÀÇ ±¸¼ºº¸´Ù ´õ ¼±È£µÇ¾î¾ß ÇÑ´Ù°í ÁÖÀåÇÑ´Ù. [¿äÇÑÀÇ º¹À½¼­]¿¡¼­´Â ¿¹¼ö°¡ ¿¹·ç»ì·½¿¡¼­ 3¹øÀÇ À¯¿ùÀý Àý±â¸¦ Áö³ÂÀ¸¸ç(¿äÇÑ 2 : 13~23, 6 : 4, 11 : 55), 1¹øÀÇ ¼öÄÚÆ®(Ãʸ·Àý, ¿äÇÑ 7 : 2)¿Í 1¹øÀÇ ÇÏ´©Ä«(ºÀÇåÀý, ¿äÇÑ 10 : 22)¸¦ Áö³Â´Ù°í ÇÑ´Ù. À̰ÍÀº ¸¸ 2³âÀ» ³Ñ´Â ±â°£ÀÌ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ¿äÇÑÀÌ µ¶¸³µÈ Àü½Â¿¡ ±Ù°ÅÇÏ¿© ±â·ÏÇß´ÂÁö´Â Àǽɽº·´´Ù. ¿Ö³ÄÇÏ¸é º¹À½¼­ ÀúÀÚÀÇ ½Ã°£ ÁöÀûÀº ¿¹·ç»ì·½°ú °¥¸±¸® »çÀÌ¿¡¼­ ¿¹¼öÀÇ »ç¿ª Àå¸éÀ» ±¸ºÐÇÏ´Â ¼ö´ÜÀ¸·Î ¾ð±ÞµÇ¾ú±â ¶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù(¿©±â¼­ Áß½ÉÁö´Â ¿¹·ç»ì·½ÀÓ).

THE MESSAGE OF JESUS

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The Kingdom of God.

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 Jesus announced the approaching Kingdom of God and therefore called people to repentance. The first two Gospels have set this at the beginning in a programmatic saying as a summary of his preaching and have thus characterized the central and dominant theme of his mission as a whole (Mark 1:15; Matt. 4:17). Thus, the Kingdom of God, or Kingdom of Heaven (a Jewish circumlocution for God preferred by Matthew), does not just denote a final chapter of his "system of doctrine" (a concept that cannot be applied to Jesus, in any case). The underlying Jewish word (malkhuta) means God's kingship, and not primarily his domain. This meaning prevails in the New Testament texts. But Kingdom of God or Heaven is also used in a spatial sense ("Enter . . ."). The burning expectation of the Kingdom of God was widely spread in contemporary Judaism in manifold form, based on the Old Testament faith in the God of the fathers, the Creator and Lord of the world, who had chosen Israel to be his people. But with this faith there had united itself the contradictory experience that the present condition of the world was ungodly, that Satanic powers reigned in it, and that God's kingship would only manifest itself in the future. In wide circles, this expectation had the form of a national, political hope in the Davidic Messiah, though it had expanded this hope in apocalyptic speculation to a universal expectation. In each case it was directed toward the Last Days. Likewise, in Jesus' message, the expression Kingdom of God has a purely eschatological--i.e., future--sense and means an event suddenly breaking into this world from the outside, through which the time of this present world is ended and overcome.  ¿¹¼ö´Â ´Ù°¡¿À´Â ÇÏ´À´ÔÀÇ ³ª¶ó¸¦ ¼±Æ÷Çß°í ¹é¼ºµé¿¡°Ô ȸ°³Ç϶ó°í °¡¸£ÃÆ´Ù. óÀ½ µÎ º¹À½¼­µéÀº À̰ÍÀ» ±×ÀÇ ¼³±³ÀÇ ¿ä¾àÀ¸·Î ùºÎºÐ¿¡ ³õ¾Ò°í, ±×ÀÇ ¼±±³ÀÇ Áß½ÉÀ̸ç Áö¹èÀûÀÎ ÁÖÁ¦·Î ±ÔÁ¤Çß´Ù(¸¶Å 4 : 17, ¸¶°¡ 1 : 15). ±×·¡¼­ ÇÏ´À´ÔÀÇ ³ª¶ó ȤÀº Çϴóª¶ó(¸¶Å°¡ ¼±È£Çß´ø ÇÏ´À´Ô¿¡ ´ëÇÑ À¯´ëÀεéÀÇ ¿Ï°îÇÑ Ç¥Çö)´Â ±×ÀÇ '±³¸® ü°è'(¾î¶°ÇÑ °æ¿ì¿¡µµ ¿¹¼ö¿¡°Ô Àû¿ëµÉ ¼ö ¾ø´Â °³³ä)ÀÇ ³¡ºÎºÐÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï´Ù. ±âÃʰ¡ µÇ´Â À¯´ë ´Ü¾î(¸»ÄíŸ)´Â ÇÏ´À´ÔÀÇ ¿Õ±ÇÀ» ÀǹÌÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌÁö, ±×ÀÇ ¿µÅ並 ÀǹÌÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï´Ù. ÀÌ Àǹ̴ [½Å¾à¼º¼­] º»¹®µé¿¡ ÆÛÁ® ÀÖ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ÇÏ´À´ÔÀÇ ³ª¶ó ȤÀº Çϴóª¶ó´Â °ø°£Àû ÀǹÌ('¡¦¡¦¿¡ µé¾î°£´Ù')·Îµµ ¾²ÀδÙ. ÇÏ´À´Ô ³ª¶ó¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¶ß°Å¿î ±â´ë´Â Á¶»óµéÀÇ ÇÏ´À´Ô, À̽º¶ó¿¤À» ±×ÀÇ ¹é¼ºÀ¸·Î ¼±ÅÃÇÑ ¼¼»óÀÇ Ã¢Á¶ÀÚ, ÁÖ´Ô¿¡ ´ëÇÑ [±¸¾à¼º¼­]ÀÇ ¹ÏÀ½¿¡ ±âÃÊÇÏ¿© ´Ù¾çÇÑ ÇüÅ·Πµ¿½Ã´ëÀÇ À¯´ë±³¿¡ ³Î¸® ÆÛÁ® ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. ÀÌ ¹ÏÀ½¿¡ ÇöÀç ¼¼»óÀÇ »óÅ´ »çźÀÇ ±Ç¼¼°¡ ÅëÄ¡ÇÏ¿© »ç¾ÇÇÏ´Ù´Â °Í°ú ÇÏ´À´ÔÀÇ ¿Õ±ÇÀº ´ÜÁö ¹Ì·¡¿¡ ³ªÅ¸³­´Ù´Â ¸ð¼øµÈ °æÇèÀÌ ¿¬ÇյǾú´Ù. ¸¹Àº Áý´Ü¿¡¼­ ÇÏ´À´Ô ³ª¶ó¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¼Ò¸ÁÀ» ¹¬½ÃÀû »çº¯ ¼Ó¿¡ ¿ìÁÖÀû ±â´ë·Î È®ÀåµÇ¾úÁö¸¸, ´ÙÀ­Àû ¸Þ½Ã¾Æ, Áï ¹ÎÁ·ÀÇ Á¤Ä¡Àû ´ë¸ÁÀÇ ÇüŸ¦ Áö´Ï±âµµ Çß´Ù. °¢ °æ¿ì¿¡ ±×°ÍÀº ¸¶Áö¸· ³¯°ú ¿¬°üµÇ¾ú´Ù. ¸¶Âù°¡Áö·Î ¿¹¼öÀÇ ¸»¾¸¿¡¼­µµ ÇÏ´À´Ô ³ª¶óÀÇ Ç¥ÇöÀº ¼ø¼öÇÏ°Ô Á¾¸»·ÐÀû, Áï ¹Ì·¡ÀÇ Àǹ̸¦ °¡Áö¸ç, ÇöÀç ¼¼»óÀÇ ½Ã´ë°¡ ³¡³ª°í ±Øº¹µÇ´Â, ¿ÜºÎ·ÎºÎÅÍ ÀÌ ¼¼»ó¿¡·Î °©ÀÚ±â ħÅõÇÏ´Â »ç°ÇÀ» ÀǹÌÇÑ´Ù.
These traditional motifs of the end of the world, the Last Judgment, and the new world of God are not lacking in the sayings of Jesus preserved in the Gospel tradition. Thus, Jesus has not by any means changed the Kingdom of Heaven into a purely religious experience of the individual human soul or given the Jewish eschatological expectation the sense of an evolutionary process immanent in the world or of a goal attainable by human effort. Some of his parables have given rise to such misunderstanding (e.g., the stories of the seed and harvest, the leaven, and the mustard seed). In such cases, the modern thought of an organic process has been wrongly introduced into the texts. People of classical and biblical times, however, heard in them connotations of the surprising and the miraculous. The Kingdom of God, thus, is not yet here. Hence the prayer, "Thy kingdom come!" (Matt. 6:10; Luke 11:2), and the tenses, for example, in Jesus' Beatitudes and predictions of woe (Luke 6:21-26). The poor, the hungry, and the weeping are not yet in heaven. The petitions of the Lord's Prayer presuppose the deeply distressing circumstance that God's name and will are abused, that his Kingdom is not yet come, and that men are threatened by the temptation to fall away.  ¼¼»óÀÇ Á¾¸», ¸¶Áö¸· ½ÉÆÇ, ÇÏ´À´ÔÀÇ »õ·Î¿î ¼¼»ó¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÁÖÁ¦µéÀº º¹À½¼­ Àü½Â¿¡ º¸Á¸µÈ ¿¹¼öÀÇ ¸»¾¸µé¿¡ ²À µé¾î ÀÖ´Ù. ¿¹¼ö´Â °áÄÚ Çϴóª¶ó¸¦ °³ÀÎÀû Àΰ£ ¿µÈ¥ÀÇ ¼ø¼öÇÑ Á¾±³ÀûÀΠüÇèÀ¸·Î ¹Ù²ÙÁö ¾Ê¾Ò°í, À¯´ëÀû Á¾¸»·ÐÀû ±â´ë¸¦ ¼¼°è ³»ÀûÀÎ ÁøÈ­Àû °úÁ¤À̳ª Àΰ£ÀÇ ³ë·ÂÀ¸·Î ¾ò¾îÁú ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ¸ñÇ¥·Î º¸Áö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù. ±×ÀÇ ¸î ºñÀ¯µéÀº ±×·¯ÇÑ ¿ÀÇØ¸¦ ºÒ·¯ÀÏÀ¸Ä×´Ù(¿¹¸¦ µé¾î ¾¾¾Ñ°ú Ãß¼ö, ´©·è, °ÜÀÚ¾¾ÀÇ ºñÀ¯). ±×·¯ÇÑ °æ¿ì¿¡¼­ À¯±âÀû °úÁ¤À̶ó´Â ±Ù´ëÀû »ç°í°¡ º»¹®µé¿¡ À߸ø µµÀԵǾú´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ¼º¼­ ½Ã´ë »ç¶÷µéÀº ±×°ÍÀ» ³î¶ó¿ò°ú ±âÀûÀÇ Àǹ̷Π¹Þ¾Æµé¿´´Ù. µû¶ó¼­ ÇÏ´À´ÔÀÇ ³ª¶ó´Â ¾ÆÁ÷ ¿©±â ¾ø´Ù. ±×·¯¹Ç·Î "´ç½ÅÀÇ ³ª¶ó°¡ ÀÓÇϼҼ­!"(¸¶Å 6 : 10, ´©°¡ 11 : 2)¶ó°í ±âµµÇÑ´Ù. ¿¹¼öÀÇ ÆÈº¹°ú Àç³­ ¿¹¾ð(´©°¡ 6 : 21~26) »çÀÌ¿¡´Â ±äÀåÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù. °¡³­ÇÑ ÀÚ¿Í ¹è°íÇ ÀÚ¿Í ¾ÖÅëÇÏ´Â ÀÚ´Â ¾ÆÁ÷ Çϴÿ¡ ÀÖÁö ¾Ê´Ù. ±×·¯¹Ç·Î Áֱ⵵¹®Àº ÇÏ´À´ÔÀÇ À̸§°ú ¶æÀÌ ¾Ç¿ëµÇ°í, ±×ÀÇ ³ª¶ó´Â ¾ÆÁ÷ ¿ÀÁö ¾Ê°í, »ç¶÷µéÀº ÆÄ¸ê½ÃŰ·Á´Â ½ÃÇè¿¡ ÀÇÇØ À§Çù´çÇÏ´Â ¸Å¿ì °ï±ÃÇÑ »óȲÀ» ÀüÁ¦ÇÑ´Ù.
In regard to Jesus' preaching, one cannot, therefore, speak of a realized eschatology--i.e., the Last Times are now here (according to the view of C.H. Dodd, a British biblical scholar)--but of an eschatology "in process of realizing itself" (according to the view of Joachim Jeremias, a German biblical scholar); for God's Kingdom is very close. It is on the threshold, already casts its light into the present world, and is seen in Jesus' own ministry through word and deed. In this, his message differs from the eschatology of his time and breaks through all of its conceptions. He neither shared nor encouraged the hope in a national messiah from the family of David, let alone proclaimed himself as such a messiah, nor did he support the efforts of the Zealots to accelerate the coming of the Kingdom of God. He also did not tolerate turning the Kingdom of God into the preserve of the pious adherents of the Law (Pharisees; Qumran sect), and he did not participate in the fantastic attempts of the apocalyptic visionaries of his time to calculate and thus depict in detail the end of the present world and the dawn of the new "aeon," or age (Luke 12:56). Nor did he undertake a direct continuation of the Baptist's preaching. (see also Index: apocalypticism) ¿¹¼öÀÇ ¼³±³¿¡ µû¸£¸é, ½ÇÇöµÈ Á¾¸»·Ð(Áï "¸¶Áö¸· ¶§°¡ Áö±Ý ¿©±â¿¡ ÀÖ´Ù"¶ó´Â ¿µ±¹ ¼º¼­ÇÐÀÚ C. H. µµµåÀÇ °ßÇØ)À̶ó±âº¸´Ù '½ÇÇöµÇ´Â °úÁ¤ ¼Ó¿¡ ÀÖ´Â' Á¾¸»·Ð(µ¶ÀÏ ¼º¼­ÇÐÀÚ ¿ä¾ÆÈû ¿¹·¹¹Ì¾Æ½ºÀÇ °ßÇØ)À̶ó°í ¸»ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ¿Ö³ÄÇϸé ÇÏ´À´ÔÀÇ ³ª¶ó´Â ¸Å¿ì °¡±îÀÌ Àֱ⠶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù. ±×°ÍÀº ÀÌ¹Ì ½ÃÀ۵ǾúÀ¸¸ç, ÇöÀç ¼¼°è¿¡ ºûÀ» ´øÁö°í ¸»¾¸°ú ÇàÀ§¸¦ ÅëÇÑ ¿¹¼ö ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ »ç¿ª¿¡¼­ º¸¿©Áø´Ù. ÀÌ Á¡¿¡¼­ ±×ÀÇ ¸»¾¸Àº ±× ½Ã´ëÀÇ Á¾¸»·Ð°ú ´Ù¸£´Ù. ±×´Â ¹ÎÁ·Àû ¸Þ½Ã¾Æ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Èñ¸ÁÀ» °øÀ¯Çϰųª Àå·ÁÇÏÁö ¾Ê¾Ò°í, ½º½º·Î¸¦ ¸Þ½Ã¾Æ·Î ¼±¾ðÇÑ °ÍÀº ´õ¿í ¾Æ´Ï¾úÀ¸¸ç, ÇÏ´À´Ô ³ª¶óÀÇ µµ·¡¸¦ ÃËÁøÇÏ·Á´Â ¿­½É´çÀÇ ³ë·ÂÀ» ÁöÁöÇÏÁöµµ ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù. ¶ÇÇÑ ÇÏ´À´ÔÀÇ ³ª¶ó¸¦ À²¹ýÀÇ °æ°ÇÇÑ Áؼö(¹Ù¸®»õÆÄ, Äñ¶õ ºÐÆÄ)·Î ȯ¿øÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ» ¿ë³³ÇÏÁö ¾Ê¾ÒÀ¸¸ç, ÇöÀç ¼¼°èÀÇ Á¾¸»°ú »õ '¿¡¿Â' ȤÀº ½Ã´ëÀÇ ¿©¸í(´©°¡ 12 : 56)À» ÀÚ¼¼È÷ ¹¦»çÇÏ·Á´Â ±× ½Ã´ëÀÇ ¹¬½ÃÀû °ø»ó°¡µéÀÇ È¯»óÀû ½Ãµµ¿¡µµ Âü¿©ÇÏÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù. ±×´Â ¼¼·Ê ¿äÇÑÀÇ ¼³±³¸¦ °è¼ÓÇÏÁöµµ ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù.
All the ideas and images in Jesus' preaching converge with united force in the one thought, namely, that God himself as Lord is at hand and already making his appearance, in order to establish his rule. Jesus did not want to introduce a new idea of God and develop a new theory about the end of the world. It would therefore be incorrect to understand his preaching in the Jewish apocalyptic sense of immediate expectancy, coming, as it were, to a boiling point. The proximity of the Kingdom of God actually means that God himself is at hand in a liberating attack upon the world and in a saving approach to those in bondage in the world; he is coming and yet is already present in the midst of the still-existing world. In Jesus' message, God is no longer the prisoner of his own majesty in a sacral sphere into which pious tradition had exiled him. He breaks forth in sovereign power as Father, Helper, and Liberator and is already now at work, as is indicated by Jesus' proclaiming of his nearness and by Jesus' actions in entering the field of battle himself, to erect the signs of God's victory over Satan: "But if it is by the finger of God that I cast out demons, then the kingdom of God has come upon you" (Luke 11:20). For this reason, Jesus called out: the shift in the aeons is here; now is the hour of which the prophets' promises told (Matt. 11:5; Isa. 35:5). This "here and now" carries all the weight in Jesus' message: "Blessed are the eyes which see what you see! For I tell you that many prophets and kings desired to see what you see, and did not see it, and to hear what you hear, and did not hear it" (Luke 10:23-24). In answer to the Pharisees' question about when the Kingdom of God is coming, Jesus therefore said, "The Kingdom of God does not come in an observable way, nor will they say, 'Look, here it is!' or 'There!' For look, the Kingdom of God is within your reach" (Luke 17:20-21; another translation: "in the midst of you"). ¿¹¼öÀÇ ¼³±³ ¾È¿¡ ÀÖ´Â ¸ðµç À̳ä°ú À̹ÌÁö´Â ÇÏ´À´Ô ÀÚ½ÅÀÌ ±×ÀÇ ÅëÄ¡¸¦ ÀÌ·ç±â À§ÇØ ¸Å¿ì °¡±îÀÌ ÀÖ°í ¹ú½á ±× ¸ð½ÀÀ» µå·¯³½´Ù´Â ÇϳªÀÇ »ç»óÀ¸·Î Áý¾àµÈ´Ù. ¿¹¼ö´Â ÇÏ´À´Ô¿¡ ´ëÇÑ »õ·Î¿î À̳äÀ» ¼Ò°³Çϰųª ¼¼»óÀÇ Á¾¸»¿¡ ´ëÇÑ »õ·Î¿î ÀÌ·ÐÀ» ¹ßÀü½ÃŰ´Â °ÍÀ» ¿øÇÏÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù. ÇÏ´À´Ô ³ª¶óÀÇ °¡±î¿òÀº ½ÇÁ¦·Î´Â ÇÏ´À´Ô ÀÚ½ÅÀÌ ¼¼»óÀ» ÇØ¹æÇÏ°í ¼¼»ó¿¡ ³ë¿¹µÈ ÀÚµéÀ» ±¸¿øÇÏ·Á°í °¡±îÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ÀǹÌÇÑ´Ù. ±×´Â ¿À°í ÀÖÀ¸³ª, Áö±Ý Á¸ÀçÇÏ´Â ¼¼°èÀÇ Á߽ɿ¡ ÀÌ¹Ì ÇöÁ¸ÇÑ´Ù. ¿¹¼öÀÇ ¸»¾¸¿¡¼­ ÇÏ´À´ÔÀº ´õÀÌ»ó ½Å¼ºÇÑ ¿µ¿ª ¾È¿¡ Á¸ÀçÇÏ´Â ±× ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ À§¾öÀÇ Æ÷·Î°¡ ¾Æ´Ï´Ù. ÇÏ´À´ÔÀÌ °¡±îÀÌ °è½É¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¿¹¼öÀÇ ¼±Æ÷¿Í »çź¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÇÏ´À´ÔÀÇ ½Â¸®ÀÇ Â¡Á¶¸¦ ¼¼¿ì±â À§ÇØ ÀüÀïÅÍ·Î ³ª¾Æ°¡´Â ¿¹¼öÀÇ Çൿ¿¡¼­ °è½ÃµÈ °Íó·³, ÇÏ´À´ÔÀº ¾Æ¹öÁö, µ½´Â ÀÚ, ÇØ¹æÀÚÀ̸ç Áö±Ý ¹ú½á ÀÏÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù. "±×·¯³ª ³ª´Â ÇÏ´À´ÔÀÇ ´É·ÂÀ¸·Î ¸¶±Í¸¦ ÂѾƳ»°í ÀÖ´Ù. ±×·¸´Ù¸é ÇÏ´À´ÔÀÇ ³ª¶ó´Â ÀÌ¹Ì ³ÊÈñ¿¡°Ô ¿Í ÀÖ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù"(´©°¡ 11 : 20). ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ÀÌÀ¯·Î ¿¹¼ö´Â ½Ã´ëÀÇ º¯È­°¡ ¿©±â ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, Áö±ÝÀº ¿¹¾ðÀÚµéÀÌ ¾à¼ÓÇÑ ½Ã°£À̶ó°í ¿ÜÃÆ´Ù(ÀÌ»ç 35 : 5, ¸¶Å 11 : 5). '¿©±â ±×¸®°í Áö±Ý'Àº ¿¹¼öÀÇ ¸»¾¸¿¡¼­ »ó´çÈ÷ Áß¿äÇÏ´Ù.
The dominant feature of Jesus' preaching is the Heavenly Father's turning in mercy and love to the suffering, guilty, outcast, and to those who, according to the prejudices of the "pious," have no right to receive a share in the final salvation. Numerous parables described how God behaves toward them and shows himself as Lord and King (e.g., Luke 15; Matt. 18:23ff.; 20:1ff.). They all speak of God's action in images drawn from daily life, so that everyone can understand. They belong to the uncontestedly oldest stock of the Jesus tradition. But Jesus did not only teach this, he practiced and illustrated it himself by his own behaviour and thereby offended the pious, who claimed the Kingdom of Heaven for themselves. ¿¹¼ö ¼³±³ÀÇ Áß½ÉÀûÀΠƯ¼ºÀº ÇÏ´À´ÔÀÌ ÀÚºñ¿Í »ç¶û °¡¿îµ¥¼­ °íÅë´çÇϰí ÁËÁþ°í ¹ö·ÁÁø Àڵ鿡°Ô, ±×¸®°í '°æ°ÇÇÑ ÀÚ'ÀÇ ¼±ÀÔ°ß¿¡ µû¸£¸é ¸¶Áö¸· ±¸¿ø¿¡¼­ °¡¾÷À» ¹ÞÀ» ±Ç¸®°¡ ¾ø´Â Àڵ鿡°Ô·Î ÇâÇß´Ù´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ¼ö¸¹Àº ºñÀ¯°¡ ¾î¶»°Ô ÇÏ´À´ÔÀÌ ±×µé¿¡°Ô ÇàÇÏ´ÂÁö¿¡ ´ëÇØ ½è°í, ±×¸¦ ÁÖ´Ô°ú ¿ÕÀ¸·Î º¸¿©ÁØ´Ù(¸¶Å 18 : 23~, 20 : 1~, ´©°¡ 15). ºñÀ¯µéÀº ÀÏ»ó»ýȰ¿¡¼­ °¡Á®¿Â À̹ÌÁöµé·Î ÇÏ´À´ÔÀÇ ÇàÀ§¸¦ ¸»Çϱ⠶§¹®¿¡ ¸ðµç »ç¶÷ÀÌ ½±°Ô ÀÌÇØÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ±×µéÀº ¸í¹éÈ÷ ¿¹¼ö Àü½ÂÀÇ °¡Àå ¿À·¡µÈ Áٱ⿡ ¼ÓÇÑ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ¿¹¼ö´Â ´ÜÁö À̰ÍÀ» °¡¸£Ä£ °ÍÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ½ÇõÇß°í, ±×·³À¸·Î½á Çϴóª¶ó´Â ±×µéÀ» À§ÇÑ °ÍÀ̶ó°í ÁÖÀåÇÑ °æ°ÇÇÑ ÀÚµéÀ» ¼º³ª°Ô Çß´Ù.

In this message of the approaching Kingdom of God, Jesus' call to repentance is grounded. He called on all not to miss the hour of salvation (Luke 14:16ff.; 13:6ff.), to sacrifice everything for the Kingdom of God (Matt. 13:44ff.), and to receive it like a child (Mark 10:15), without the presumptuous and desperate conceit that one might win it and realize it by one's own works (Mark 4:26ff.; Matt. 13:24ff.). Jesus' summons to be wise, to be on the watch (Luke 16:1ff.; 12:35ff.; Mark 13:33ff.; Matt. 24:45ff.), and to surrender the fiction of one's own righteousness (Luke 18:10ff.) belongs here, too. In Jesus' preaching, repentance does not mean a prerequisite or precondition or even a penitent contemplation of oneself but, rather, a consequence of the proximity of the Kingdom of God (Matt. 4:17) and an opening of oneself for his future, a movement not backward, but forward. Jesus in this way binds future and present insolubly together. The apocalyptic's question about how much time still has to elapse before the new world of God is here is thus rendered meaningless. He who asks this only proves that he understands neither the future nor the present properly; namely, God's future as the salvation that is already dawning and one's own present in the light of the coming Kingdom of God. 

ÀÌ ´Ù°¡¿À´Â ÇÏ´À´Ô ³ª¶ó¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¸»¾¸ ¾È¿¡ ¿¹¼ö°¡ ȸ°³Ç϶ó°í ±ÇÇÏ´Â ÀÌÀ¯°¡ ÀÖ´Ù. ±×´Â ±¸¿øÀÇ ½Ã°£À» ³õÄ¡Áö ¸»µµ·Ï(´©°¡ 14 : 16~, 13 : 6~), ÇÏ´À´ÔÀÇ ³ª¶ó¸¦ À§ÇØ ¸ðµç °ÍÀ» Èñ»ýÇϵµ·Ï(¸¶Å 13 : 44~), ¾î¸°¾ÆÀÌó·³ ¿µÁ¢Çϵµ·Ï(¸¶°¡ 10 : 15), ÀÚ½ÅÀÌ ±×°ÍÀ» ¾òÀ» ¼ö Àִٰųª ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ °ø·Î·Î ½ÇÇöÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù´Â ÀÚ¸¸À» °¡ÁöÁö ¾Êµµ·Ï(¸¶Å 13 : 24~, ¸¶°¡ 4 : 26~) ¸ðµÎ¿¡°Ô ¿äûÇÑ´Ù. ¿¹¼ö´Â ¶ÇÇÑ ÁöÇý·Ó°Ô ±ú¾î ÀÖ°í(¸¶Å 24 : 45~, ¸¶°¡ 13 : 33~, ´©°¡ 16 : 1~, 12 : 35~) 'ÀÚ±âÀÇ' Ç㱸¸¦ Æ÷±âÇ϶ó°í ¿äûÇÑ´Ù. ¿¹¼öÀÇ ¼³±³¿¡¼­ ȸ°³´Â ÇʼöÀûÀÎ °Í, ¼±°áÁ¶°Ç, ÀÚ±â Àڽſ¡ ´ëÇÑ ÂüȸÀÇ ¸í»óÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ÇÏ´À´Ô ³ª¶ó¿¡ °¡±î¿òÀÇ °á°ú(¸¶Å 4 : 17)À̰í ÀÚ½ÅÀ» ±×ÀÇ ¹Ì·¡¿¡·Î °³¹æÇÏ´Â °Í, µÚ·ÎÀÇ ¿îµ¿ÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ¾ÕÀ¸·ÎÀÇ ¿îµ¿ÀÌ´Ù. ÀÌ·¸°Ô ¿¹¼ö´Â ¹Ì·¡¿Í ÇöÀ縦 ¶³¾îÁú ¼ö ¾ø°Ô ÇÔ²² ¹­´Â´Ù. µû¶ó¼­ ÇÏ´À´ÔÀÇ »õ·Î¿î ¼¼»ó ÀÌÀü¿¡ ¾ó¸¶³ª ¸¹Àº ½Ã°£ÀÌ Áö³ª°¡¾ß ÇÏ´ÂÁö ¹¯´Â ¹¬½ÃÀûÀÎ Áú¹®Àº ÀÇ¹Ì ¾ø´Â °ÍÀÌ µÈ´Ù. À̰ÍÀ» ¹¯´Â »ç¶÷Àº ±×°¡ ¹Ì·¡µµ ÇöÀç(Áï ÀÌ¹Ì ¹à¾Æ¿À´Â ±¸¿øÀ¸·Î¼­ÀÇ ÇÏ´À´ÔÀÇ ¹Ì·¡¿Í ´Ù°¡¿À´Â ÇÏ´À´Ô ³ª¶óÀÇ ºû ¾È¿¡ ÀÖ´Â ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ÇöÀç)µµ ÀûÀýÈ÷ ÀÌÇØÇÏÁö ¸øÇß´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» Áõ¸íÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. 

Jesus therefore rejected the demand that he produce "signs" as proof of the dawning of the time of salvation (Matt. 12:38ff.; Mark 8:11). He himself is to be viewed as the "sign," just as once Jonah, the prophet of repentance, was the only sign given to the people in Nineveh (Luke 11:29ff.). The sign is not identical with the thing signified, but it is a valid indication of it.  ±×·¯¹Ç·Î ¿¹¼ö´Â ±¸¿øÀÇ ¶§°¡ ¹à¾Æ¿À´Â Áõ°Å·Î¼­ 'Ç¥Àûµé'À» º¸¿©´Þ¶ó´Â ¿ä±¸¸¦ °ÅÀýÇß´Ù(¸¶Å 12 : 38~, ¸¶°¡ 8 : 11). ȸ°³ÀÇ ¿¹¾ðÀÚ ¿ä³ª°¡ ´Ï´À¿þ ¹é¼ºµé¿¡°Ô ÁÖ¾îÁø À¯ÀÏÇÑ Ç¥ÀûÀ̾úµí(´©°¡ 11 : 29~) ¿¹¼ö ÀÚ½ÅÀÌ 'Ç¥Àû'À¸·Î º¸¿©Á®¾ß¸¸ ÇÑ´Ù. Ç¥ÀûÀº ÀÇ¹Ì ÀÖ´Â Àϰú µ¿ÀϽõǴ °ÍÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï°í ±×°Í¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Á¤´çÇÑ Áö½ÃÀÌ´Ù.
According to the Synoptics, Jesus never made his "messiahship" the subject of his teaching or used it as legitimation for his message. It is significant that the "I am" sayings of John, which bear the stamp of Christology throughout, are not found in the Synoptic tradition. That does not in any way affect the fact that Jesus in a decisive way included his own person as eschatological prophet and charismatic miracle worker in the event of the Kingdom of God: "And blessed is he who takes no offense at me" (Matt. 11:6). °ø°üº¹À½¼­¿¡ µû¸£¸é, ¿¹¼ö´Â ±×ÀÇ '¸Þ½Ã¾Æ¼º'À» °¡¸£Ä§ÀÇ ÁÖÁ¦·Î »ïÁö ¾Ê¾Ò°í, ±×°ÍÀ» ±×ÀÇ ¸»¾¸À» Á¤´çÈ­Çϱâ À§ÇØ »ç¿ëÇÏÁöµµ ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù. ±×¸®½ºµµ·ÐÀÇ Æ¯Â¡À» °¡Áø ¿äÇÑÀÇ '³ª´Â¡¦¡¦ÀÌ´Ù'¶ó´Â ¾îÅõ°¡ °ø°üº¹À½ Àü½Â¿¡¼­´Â ¹ß°ßµÇÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù. ÀÌ »ç½ÇÀº ¿¹¼ö°¡ °áÁ¤ÀûÀÎ ¹æ½ÄÀ¸·Î Á¾¸»·ÐÀû ¿¹¾ðÀÚ¿Í Ä«¸®½º¸¶ÀûÀÎ ±âÀûÇàÀ§Àڷμ­ Æ÷ÇԵǾú´Ù´Â »ç½Ç¿¡ °áÄÚ ¿µÇâÀ» ¹ÌÄ¡Áö ¾Ê´Â´Ù.

The will of God.

ÇÏ´À´ÔÀÇ ¶æ

In Jesus' teaching, the nearness of God is itself viewed as a moving force. It creates, as it were, a field of force and challenges the whole person to obey the will of God unconditionally ("Let your loins be girded and your lamps burning"; Luke 12:35). As little as Jesus tolerated attempts at calculating the time when the Kingdom of God should come, so much the more did he demand that men reckon with its coming. The relation between eschatology and ethics in Jesus' teaching, however, needs to be further clarified. His commandments nowhere have the character of prophetic sayings, and their content is not given an eschatological basis even where Jesus linked them with the promise of heavenly reward and, correspondingly, with the threat of damnation in the Last Judgment (e.g., Matt. 24:24ff.; Luke 19:11ff.). God's will is valid in itself, always and everywhere. For this reason, it is incorrect to characterize Jesus' demands as "interim ethics"; i.e., as exceptional emergency laws in the situation of the world that lies in the blaze of the cosmic catastrophes accompanying the shift of the aeons and the speedy dawn of the Kingdom of God (as did Albert Schweitzer, a great Alsatian theologian, medical missionary, and Nobel laureate). Jesus did not draw arguments for his ethical demands from the perishing order but, rather, from the existing world, the Old Testament commandments, the creation, and experiences known to everyone. Thus, he did not aim at forming a "holy remnant," which would escape the rejection awaiting others in the Last Judgment, on the basis of some kind of select monastic rule. ¿¹¼öÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§¿¡¼­ ÇÏ´À´ÔÀÇ °¡±îÀÌ ÀÖÀ½Àº ±× ÀÚü°¡ Ȱµ¿ÇÏ´Â ÈûÀ¸·Î º¸ÀδÙ. ±×°ÍÀº ¸ðµç »ç¶÷À» ÇÏ´À´ÔÀÇ ¶æ¿¡ ¹«Á¶°Ç ¼øÁ¾ÇÏ°Ô ÇÏ´Â Èû°ú µµÀüÀÇ ÀåÀÌ µÈ´Ù. ¾ðÁ¦ ÇÏ´À´ÔÀÇ ³ª¶ó°¡ ¿ÃÁö ±× ½Ã°£À» °è»êÇÏ´Â ³ë·ÂÀ» ¿¹¼ö´Â ¿ë³³ÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀ¸¸é¼­µµ ±× ³ª¶óÀÇ µµ·¡¸¦ ±â´ëÇϵµ·Ï ¿ä±¸Çß´Ù. ¿¹¼öÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§¿¡¼­ Á¾¸»·Ð°ú À±¸®ÇÐÀÇ °ü·ÃÀ» ºÐ¸íÈ÷ ¹àÈú Çʿ䰡 ÀÖ´Ù. ±×ÀÇ °è¸íµéÀº ¾îµð¿¡¼­µµ ¿¹¾ðÀÚÀû ¸»¾¸ÀÇ Æ¯¼ºÀ» °¡Áö°í ÀÖÁö ¾ÊÀ¸¸ç, ¿¹¼ö°¡ ±×°ÍµéÀ» ÇÏ´ÃÀÇ »ó±ÞÀ̳ª ¸¶Áö¸· ½ÉÆÇ ¶§ÀÇ ÀúÁÖ¿Í ¿¬°á½Ãų ¶§Á¶Â÷µµ Á¾¸»·ÐÀû ±Ù°Å¸¦ °¡ÁöÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù(¸¶Å 24 : 24~, ´©°¡ 19 : 11~). ÇÏ´À´ÔÀÇ ¶æÀº ¾ðÁ¦ ¾îµð¿¡¼­³ª ±× ÀÚü·Î¼­ Á¤´çÇÏ´Ù. ÀÌ·± ÀÌÀ¯·Î ¿¹¼öÀÇ ¿ä±¸µéÀ» 'Áß°£ À±¸®', Áï ÇÏ´À´Ô ³ª¶óÀÇ ½Å¼ÓÇÑ µµ·¡¿Í ½Ã´ëÀÇ º¯È­¸¦ µ¿¹ÝÇÏ´Â ¿ìÁÖÀû ÆÄ±¹ °¡¿îµ¥ ³õ¿© ÀÖ´Â ¼¼°è »óȲ¿¡¼­ ¿¹¿ÜÀûÀÎ À²¹ýµé·Î ±ÔÁ¤Áþ´Â °ÍÀº ¿ÇÁö ¾Ê´Ù. ¿¹¼ö´Â ±×ÀÇ À±¸®Àû ¿ä±¸¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ³íÁõÀ» ¼Ò¸êÇÏ´Â Áú¼­·ÎºÎÅÍ ²ø¾î³»Áö ¾Ê°í, ¿ÀÈ÷·Á ÇöÁ¸ÇÏ´Â ¼¼°è, [±¸¾à¼º¼­]ÀÇ °è¸íµé, âÁ¶, ¸ðµç »ç¶÷¿¡°Ô ¾Ë·ÁÁø °æÇèµé·ÎºÎÅÍ ²ø¾î³»°í ÀÖ´Ù.
The certainty of God's nearness is, nevertheless, the open or concealed point of reference for Jesus' exposition of the will of God and explains his attitude to the Old Testament Law. Corresponding to the character of the Old Testament legal tradition, he refers to the will of God in single sayings and in comments in relation to individual commandments, and, it should be noted, he did not develop these into coherent "moral teaching." Rather, he took up quite different kinds of commandments as concrete examples, above all from the Decalogue and related texts, concerning one's behaviour toward one's fellow human beings (on murder and anger, adultery and divorce, oaths, retaliation, love for others; see Matt. 5:21ff.) and also ceremonial commandments (concerning the Sabbath, prayer, fasting, and defilement) and other cultic duties. Jesus always went to the root of these commandments, and he did not content himself with the mere letter of the Law but disclosed within the Law--sometimes even against the letter of the Law (Mark 10:1ff.)--the genuine will of God. Though Jesus respected the Law, it was no longer for him the only source of the knowledge of God's will and no longer the absolute intermediate authority that exclusively mediates people's relation to God. From this basis are to be understood both Jesus' exposition of the Law and also his criticism of all formalistic casuistry, which is for him only "human tradition." ±×·³¿¡µµ ºÒ±¸Çϰí ÇÏ´À´ÔÀÌ °¡±îÀÌ ÀÖÀ½¿¡ ´ëÇÑ È®½ÅÀº ¿¹¼ö°¡ ÇÏ´À´ÔÀÇ ¶æÀ» ÇØ¼®ÇÏ´Â °ø°³µÈ ȤÀº ¼û°ÜÁø ±Ù°Å°¡ µÇ¸ç, [±¸¾à¼º¼­]ÀÇ À²¹ý¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ±×ÀÇ Åµµ¸¦ ¸»ÇØÁØ´Ù. [±¸¾à¼º¼­]ÀÇ À²¹ý ÀüÅëÀÇ Æ¯¼º¿¡ »óÀÀÇÏ¿© ±×´Â ´ÜÀÏÇÑ ¸»¾¸°ú °³ÀÎÀû ¸í·É¿¡ ¿¬°üµÈ ÇØ¼®¿¡¼­ ÇÏ´À´ÔÀÇ ¶æ¿¡ ´ëÇØ ¾ð±ÞÇϰí Àִµ¥, ±×´Â À̰͵éÀ» ü°èÀûÀÎ 'µµ´öÀû °¡¸£Ä§'À¸·Î ¹ßÀü½ÃŰÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù. ¿ÀÈ÷·Á ±×´Â ¸Å¿ì ´Ù¸¥ Á¾·ùÀÇ °è¸íµéÀ» ±¸Ã¼ÀûÀÎ ¿¹·Î, Áï µ¿·á¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Çൿ(»ìÀΰú ºÐ³ë, °£À½°ú ÀÌÈ¥, ¸Í¼¼µé, º¸º¹, ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷¿¡ ´ëÇÑ »ç¶û¿¡ °üÇÏ¿©), ÀǽÄÀû °è¸í(¾È½ÄÀÏ¡¤±âµµ¡¤±Ý½Ä¡¤¸ðµ¶¿¡ °üÇÏ¿©), ´Ù¸¥ ¿¹½Ä Àǹ«¸¦ ¼³¸íÇß´Ù. ¿¹¼ö´Â Ç×»ó ÀÌ °è¸íµéÀÇ ±Ù¿øÀ¸·Î ³ª¾Æ°¬°í, À²¹ýÀÇ ¹®ÀÚÀûÀÎ Àǹ̿¡ ¸¸Á·ÇÏÁö ¾Ê°í, ÇÏ´À´ÔÀÇ ÁøÁ¤ÇÑ ¶æÀ» À²¹ý ¾È¿¡¼­ ¹àÇû´Ù. ¿¹¼ö°¡ À²¹ýÀ» Á¸ÁßÇßÁö¸¸, À²¹ýÀº ´õÀÌ»ó ÇÏ´À´ÔÀÇ ¶æÀ» ¾Æ´Â À¯ÀÏÇÑ ±Ù¿øÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¸ç, ÇÏ´À´Ô°ú ¹é¼ºÀÇ °ü°è¸¦ ÁßÀçÇÏ´Â Àý´ëÀûÀÎ ±ÇÀ§µµ ¾Æ´Ï¾ú´Ù.
Jesus thus brings about a confrontation between the reality of God, which is no longer disguised by holy letter and tradition, and the similarly undisguised reality of man. People also can no longer delude themselves into believing that their pious works would represent them before God and thus keep on piling them up, as it were, like the Pharisee (Luke 18:11ff.). What God wants from humanity is not something but humanity itself, unconditionally and undividedly. The classic passages for these thoughts are the antitheses of the Sermon on the Mount (Matt. 5:21-48). They sharpen God's demands to the utmost extreme and leave no room for merely legalistic behaviour. Their leitmotiv is: "Not only, but even. . . ." Even anger, the lustful look, the "legal" divorce, retaliation that keeps within the limits prescribed, and love that excludes the enemy are against God's will. ±×·¡¼­ ¿¹¼ö´Â ´õÀÌ»ó °Å·èÇÑ ¹®ÀÚ¿Í ÀüÅë¿¡ À§ÀåµÇÁö ¾Ê´Â ÇÏ´À´ÔÀÇ ½ÇÀç¿Í ¶ÇÇÑ À¯»çÇÏ°Ô À§ÀåµÇÁö ¾ÊÀº »ç¶÷ÀÇ ½ÇÀç »çÀÌ¿¡ ´ë¸éÇÏ°Ô ÇÑ´Ù. »ç¶÷µéÀº ´õÀÌ»ó °æ°ÇÇÑ ÀÏ·Î ÇÏ´À´Ô ¾Õ¿¡ ÀÚ½ÅÀ» µå·¯³¾ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù´Â »ý°¢°ú ¹Ù¸®»õÆÄ¿Í °°ÀÌ(´©°¡ 18 : 11~) ±×°ÍµéÀ» °è¼Ó ½×À» ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù´Â ¹ÏÀ½À¸·Î ÀڽŵéÀ» ´õÀÌ»ó ¼ÓÀÏ ¼ö ¾ø´Ù. ÇÏ´À´ÔÀÌ Àΰ£À¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ¿øÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº ¹«Á¶°ÇÀûÀÌ¸ç ºÐ¿­µÇÁö ¾ÊÀº Àΰ£ ÀÚüÀÌ´Ù. ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ »ç»ó¿¡ ´ëÇÑ °íÀüÀû ±¸ÀýÀº »ê»ó¼öÈÆ(¸¶Å 5 : 21~48)°ú´Â Á¤¹Ý´ëÀÌ´Ù. ÇÏ´À´ÔÀÇ ¿ä±¸´Â ´Ü¼øÇÑ ¹ý·üÀû Çൿ¿¡ ¿©Áö¸¦ ÁÖÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù. ±×ÀÇ ÁÖ¿ä»ç»óÀº 'ÀÌ°Í»Ó ¾Æ´Ï¶ó Àú°Íµµ¡¦¡¦'ÀÌ´Ù. Á¦Á¤µÈ À²¹ýÀÇ ÇѰ踦 ³Ñ¾î¼­Áö ¾Ê´Â ºÐ³ë, À½ÅÁÇÑ ´«, ¹ýÀû ÀÌÈ¥, º¸º¹, ¿ø¼ö¸¦ ¹èÁ¦ÇÏ´Â »ç¶ûÀº ÇÏ´À´ÔÀÇ ¶æ¿¡ ¾î±ß³­´Ù.
These extreme demands are meant not so much to be paradoxically overdemanding as, rather, liberating. Firstly, they are formulated in a way that everyone can understand. They include numerous references to the natural, unperverted practices of people in their daily lives. Secondly, the demands do not describe an unattainable distant goal, which all human action must of necessity fail to meet. Rather, Jesus pointed again and again to what the heavenly Father has done, does, and will do with his children and to God's possibilities, which are unlimited, whereas a person might despair of his or her own limited possibilities and impotence (Mark 10:27). Jesus' sayings about faith (Mark 9:23ff.), prayer (Luke 11:1ff.; Matt. 6:1ff.), or worry (Matt. 6:25ff.) are examples of this. Wherever Jesus calls on people to decide for themselves for God, he bases the argument on the fact that God has already decided for humanity. The unlimited readiness to forgive that he calls for also has its motivation in the limitless mercy of God, which he demonstrates toward the guilty in unfathomable measure (Matt. 18:23ff.). Jesus draws his hearers into this relation to God and, therefore, does not engage in abstract reflections about whether his demands are capable of fulfillment. In this way, what a person loses is the characteristic of being able to attain meritorious achievements (Matt. 20:1ff.). On the other hand, Jesus certainly did not give up the thought of "reward." The reward, however, is not a material prize, although images of this kind are not lacking, but the confirmation and perfection of the relation to God (Matt. 25:14ff.). The idea that human beings could claim and charge payment from God is for Jesus completely excluded (Luke 17:10). ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ±Ø´ÜÀû ¿ä±¸µéÀº ¿ª¼³ÀûÀ¸·Î °úµµÇÑ ¿ä±¸µéÀÌ °áÄÚ ¾Æ´Ï°í ¿ÀÈ÷·Á ÇØ¹æÀ» ÀǹÌÇÑ´Ù. ù°·Î, ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ¿ä±¸µéÀº ¸ðµç »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ÀÌÇØÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ¹æ½ÄÀ¸·Î Á¤½ÄÈ­µÈ´Ù. ¿©±â¿¡´Â ÀÏ»ó»ýȰ¿¡¼­ ¹é¼ºµéÀÇ ÀÚ¿¬ÀûÀÌ°í ¿Ö°îµÇÁö ¾ÊÀº ½ÇõÀÌ Æ÷ÇԵȴÙ. µÑ°·Î, ±× ¿ä±¸µéÀº ¸ðµç Àΰ£ÀÇ ÇàÀ§°¡ ÇÊ¿¬ÀûÀ¸·Î ½ÇÆÐÇÒ ¼ö¹Û¿¡ ¾øÀ¸¸ç, µµ´ÞÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø´Â ¸ñÇ¥¸¦ ±â¼úÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù. ¿ÀÈ÷·Á ¿¹¼ö´Â ÇÏ´À´Ô ¾Æ¹öÁö°¡ ±×ÀÇ ÀÚ³àµé¿¡°Ô ÇàÇß°í ÇàÇϰí ÀÖ°í ÇàÇÒ °Í°ú, ¹«Á¦ÇÑÀûÀÎ ÇÏ´À´ÔÀÇ °¡´É¼º¿¡ ´ëÇØ °Åµì ÁöÀûÇÑ´Ù. ¹ÏÀ½(¸¶°¡ 9 : 23~)¡¤±âµµ(¸¶Å 6 : 1~, ´©°¡ 11 : 1~)¡¤¿°·Á(¸¶Å 6 : 25~)¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¿¹¼öÀÇ ¸»¾¸µéÀº ÀÌ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¿¹µéÀÌ´Ù. ¹é¼ºµé¿¡°Ô ½º½º·Î °á´ÜÇϱ⸦ ¿äûÇÏ´Â °÷¿¡¼­ ¿¹¼ö´Â ÇÏ´À´ÔÀÌ Àΰ£À» À§ÇØ ¹ú½á °áÁ¤Çß´Ù´Â »ç½ÇÀ» ³íÁõÇÑ´Ù. ±×°¡ ¿ä±¸ÇÏ´Â ¹«Á¦ÇÑÀûÀÎ ¿ë¼­ÀÇ µ¿±â´Â Ãø·®ÇÒ ¼ö ¾øÀ» Á¤µµ·Î ÁËÀο¡°Ô º¸¿©ÁØ(¸¶Å 18 : 23~) ÇÏ´À´ÔÀÇ ¹«ÇÑÇÑ ÀÚºñ¿¡ ÀÖ´Ù. ¿¹¼ö´Â ±×ÀÇ ¿ä±¸µéÀÌ ¼öÇà °¡´ÉÇÑÁö¿¡ ´ëÇØ Ãß»óÀûÀ¸·Î »ý°¢ÇÏÁö ¾Êµµ·Ï ÇÑ´Ù. ÇÑÆí ¿¹¼ö´Â '»ó±Þ'¿¡ ´ëÇÑ »ç»óÀ» ¿ÏÀüÈ÷ Æ÷±âÇÏÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù. ±×·¯³ª »ó±ÞÀÌ ¹°ÁúÀûÀÎ »óÀº ¾Æ´Ï°í(ÀÌ·± Á¾·ùÀÇ À̹ÌÁöµéÀÌ ¾ø´Â °ÍÀº ¾Æ´ÏÁö¸¸) ÇÏ´À´Ô°úÀÇ °ü°èÀÇ ¿Ï¼ºÀÌ´Ù(¸¶Å 25 : 14~). Àΰ£ÀÌ ÇÏ´À´ÔÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ÁöºÒÀ» ÁÖÀåÇϰí û±¸ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù´Â »ý°¢ÀÌ ¿¹¼ö¿¡°Ô´Â ÀüÇô ¾ø´Ù(´©°¡ 17 : 10).
The nearness of God, the real God, also brings humanity, no longer graded and classified in traditional categories, into urgent and imperious proximity. How much Jesus was concerned with human beings is shown especially by his commandment of love, which he not only taught but also practiced to the point of offensiveness. In it is concentrated the "better righteousness" that he demands of his disciples (Matt. 5:20). Jesus has taken over the Old Testament dual commandment of love of God and one's neighbour (Deut. 6:5; Lev. 19:18), which is also in Judaism a summary of the whole Law. But it is characteristic of Jesus' preaching (1) that he consistently subordinated all other laws--e.g., the Sabbath commandment--to this highest critical standard (e.g., Mark 2:27; 3:4), and (2) that he extended and heightened love of one's neighbour to love of one's enemies (Luke 6:27ff.), and (3) that his commandment does not have the abstract ideal of a general philanthropy at its root. Rather, he directed his hearers into the situations--always eventful and concrete--where they encounter their enemy (Matt. 5:38ff.) and their fellows in need (Luke 10:25ff.). Behaviour toward one's fellow is so important for Jesus that it is all that is spoken of in many of his utterances, without any mention of the first commandments of the Decalogue concerning behaviour toward God (e.g., Matt. 5:25ff.; 7:12; 19:16ff.). °¡±îÀÌ ÀÖ´Â ÇÏ´À´ÔÀº ´õÀÌ»ó Àΰ£À» ÀüÅëÀû ¹üÁÖ·Î µî±ÞÀ» ¸Å±â°Å³ª ºÐ·ùÇÏÁö ¾Ê°í, ±ä±ÞÇϰí ÇÇÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø´Â Áö°æÀ¸·Î À̲ö´Ù. ¿¹¼ö°¡ ¾ó¸¶³ª Àΰ£¿¡ ´ëÇØ °ü½ÉÀ» °¡Á³´Â°¡´Â ±×ÀÇ »ç¶ûÀÇ °è¸í¿¡¼­ º¸¿©Áö´Âµ¥, ±×´Â ±×°ÍÀ» °¡¸£ÃÆÀ» »Ó ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ¸ð¿å¹ÞÀ¸¸é¼­µµ ½ÇõÇß´Ù. ±×°¡ Á¦Àڵ鿡°Ô ¿ä±¸ÇÑ '´õ ÁÁÀº ÀÇ'´Â »ç¶ûÀÌ´Ù(¸¶Å 5 : 20). ¿¹¼ö´Â [±¸¾à¼º¼­]ÀÇ 2°¡Áö °è¸í, ÇÏ´À´Ô »ç¶û°ú ÀÌ¿ô»ç¶ûÀ» ¹Þ¾Æµé¿´´Âµ¥(·¹À§ 19 : 18, ½Å¸í 5), À̰ÍÀº À¯´ë±³¿¡¼­µµ ¸ðµç À²¹ýÀÇ ¿ä¾àÀÌ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ¿¹¼öÀÇ ¼³±³ÀÇ Æ¯Â¡Àº (1) ÀϰüµÇ°Ô ¸ðµç ´Ù¸¥ À²¹ý(¾È½ÄÀÏ °è¸í)À» °¡Àå Áß¿äÇÑ ±âÁØ(¸¶°¡ 2 : 27, 3 : 4)¿¡ Á¾¼Ó½ÃÄ×´Ù´Â °Í, (2) ÀÌ¿ô»ç¶ûÀ» ¿ø¼ö»ç¶û¿¡·Î È®ÀåÇÏ¿© °í¾ç½ÃÄ×´Ù´Â °Í(´©°¡ 6 : 27~), (3) °è¸íÀ» ±× »Ñ¸®¿¡¼­ ÀϹÝÀûÀÎ Àηù¾Ö¿¡ ´ëÇØ Ãß»óÀûÀÎ °ü³äÀ» ¹èÁ¦ÇÑ´Ù´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ÀÌ¿Í ¹Ý´ë·Î, ±×´Â ±×ÀÇ Ã»ÁßµéÀ»--»ç°ÇÀ» ÅëÇØ¼­ ±¸Ã¼ÀûÀ¸·Î--±×µéÀÇ ¿ø¼ö(¸¶Å 5:38-)¿Í ¾î·Á¿ò¿¡ óÇÑ(´©°¡ 10:25-) ±×µéÀÇ µ¿·áµéÀ» ¸ÂÀÌ ÇÏ´Â »óȲ¿¡ °ü½ÉÀ» ÁýÁß½ÃÄ×´Ù. ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ µ¿·áµé¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Ã³½ÅÀº ¿¹¼ö¿¡°Ô À־ ¸Å¿ì Áß¿äÇÏ¿©¼­ ±×°¡ ÇàÇÑ ¸¹Àº ¸»µéÀÇ ¸ðµç °ÍÀ» ±¸¼ºÇÏ¿´À¸¸ç, Çϳª´ÔÀ» ÇâÇÑ Åµµ¿¡ °üÇÑ µ¥Ä«·Î±×(½Ê°è¸í)ÀÇ Á¦ÀÏ °è¸íÀº ¾ð±Þ Á¶Â÷ ÇÏÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù.(¸¶Å 5:25-; 7:12; 19:16-)
The distinction that modern moral philosophy makes between individual and social ethics has, in respect to Jesus' teaching, only limited application. To be sure, Jesus did not draw up a program for a new order for the world and the nations, he did not demand a more just distribution of property, did not fight against the differences existing between masters, slaves, and hired workers, and did not give any directives for a better administration of justice. The world he had before his eyes was the world as it was, within the horizon of Palestinian Jewish rural conditions, and not the world as it ought to be. His sayings, parables, and illustrations show how keenly he assessed everyday life and how clearly he described it in his graphic, vigorous way--not glorifying this world as an eternally valid, divinely willed order, and also not getting morally indignant about it. Rather, he calls on people to behave in this given world in conformity to the original will of God and his dawning Kingdom; e.g., to renounce the reign of mammon (Matt. 6:24; Luke 16:9ff.). Jesus did not, however, require a complete surrender of property from everyone. His followers were not to avail themselves of the legally regulated facilities for asserting one's own rights and were not to conform to the ways of customary behaviour in the world. The assertion that the world cannot be governed with the Sermon on the Mount is thus not to be denied. Jesus' sayings about retaliation and his commandment of love are not juristically practicable as they stand, because they can only serve as a guide for the one who has been wronged by someone else or who is required to divide his possessions with another person. Legislators and judges have to decide exclusively about the rights of others and must restrain evil for the sake of the general social order. But the truism about the impracticability of the Sermon on the Mount conceals the fact that Jesus' teaching contains strong impulses toward social criticism.  ±Ù´ë µµ´ööÇÐÀÇ °³ÀÎÀ±¸®¿Í »çȸÀ±¸®ÀÇ ±¸ºÐÀº ¿¹¼öÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§¿¡¼­´Â ´ÜÁö Á¦ÇÑÀûÀ¸·Î Àû¿ëµÈ´Ù. È®½ÇÈ÷ ¿¹¼ö´Â ¼¼°è¿Í ¹ÎÁ·ÀÇ »õÁú¼­¸¦ °èȹÇÏÁö ¾Ê¾Ò°í, ºÎÀÇ °øÆòÇÑ ºÐ¹è¸¦ ¿ä±¸ÇÏÁöµµ ¾Ê¾ÒÀ¸¸ç, ÁÖÀΰú ³ë¿¹, °í¿ëÀÎµé »çÀÌ¿¡ Á¸ÀçÇÏ´Â Â÷º°¿¡ ´ëÇ×ÇØ ½Î¿ìÁöµµ ¾Ê¾Ò°í, Á¤ÀÇÀÇ ½ÇÇàÀ» À§ÇØ ¾î¶² Áöħµµ ÁÖÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù. ±×ÀÇ ´«¾Õ¿¡ ÆîÃÄÁø ¼¼»óÀº ÆÈ·¹½ºÅ¸ÀÎ À¯´ë ½Ã°ñ »óȲ, Áï ¸¶¶¥È÷ µÇ¾î¾ß ÇÒ ¼¼»óÀÌ ¾Æ´Ñ ÀÖ´Â ±×´ë·ÎÀÇ ¼¼»óÀ̾ú´Ù. ±×ÀÇ ¸»¾¸¡¤ºñÀ¯¡¤±³ÈÆÀº ¾ó¸¶³ª ±×°¡ ÀÏ»ó»ýȰÀ» ³¯Ä«·Ó°Ô Æò°¡ÇßÀ¸¸ç , ¾ó¸¶³ª ¸í¹éÇÏ°Ô ±×°ÍÀ» »ç½ÇÀûÀÌ¸ç »ýµ¿°¨ ÀÖ°Ô ¹¦»çÇϰí ÀÖ´ÂÁö¸¦ º¸¿©ÁØ´Ù. ±×´Â ÁÖ¾îÁø ¼¼°è¿¡¼­ ÇÏ´À´Ô º»·¡ÀÇ ¶æ°ú ±×ÀÇ ¹à¾Æ¿À´Â ³ª¶ó¿¡ ÀûÇÕÇÏ°Ô ÇൿÇÒ °ÍÀ» ¿äûÇÑ´Ù(¸¶Å 6 : 24, ´©°¡ 16 : 9~). ±×·¯³ª ¿¹¼ö´Â ¸ðµç »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô Àç»êÀ» ¿ÏÀüÈ÷ Æ÷±âÇ϶ó°í ¿ä±¸ÇÏÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù. ±×ÀÇ ÃßÁ¾ÀÚµéÀº ±×µéÀÇ ±Ç¸®¸¦ ÁÖÀåÇϱâ À§ÇØ ¹ýÀûÀ¸·Î ±ÔÁ¤µÈ ½Ã¼³À» »ç¿ëÇØ¼­µµ ¾È µÇ¾ú°í, ¼¼»óÀÇ °ü½ÀÀû Çൿ¾ç½ÄÀ» µû¶ó¼­µµ ¾È µÇ¾ú´Ù. ±×·¯¹Ç·Î ¼¼»óÀº »ê»ó¼öÈÆ¿¡ ÀÇÇØ ´Ù½º·ÁÁú ¼ö´Â ¾ø´Ù´Â ÁÖÀåÀº ºÎÁ¤µÇ¾î¼­´Â ¾È µÈ´Ù. º¸º¹¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¿¹¼öÀÇ ¸»¾¸°ú »ç¶ûÀÇ °è¸íÀº ÀÖ´Â ±×´ë·Î ¹ýÀûÀ¸·Î ½ÇÇàµÉ ¼ö´Â ¾ø´Ù. ¿Ö³ÄÇÏ¸é ±×°ÍµéÀº ´©±º°¡¿¡ ÀÇÇØ ÇÇÇØ¸¦ ÀÔÀº »ç¶÷À̳ª ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷°ú ÇÔ²² ±×ÀÇ Àç»êÀ» ³ª´©¾î¾ß µÇ´Â »ç¶÷À» ¾È³»ÇÏ´Â µ¥¸¸ µµ¿òÀ» ÁÙ ¼ö ÀÖÀ» »ÓÀÌ´Ù. ÀÔ¹ýÀÚ¿Í ÀçÆÇ°üÀº ¿À·ÎÁö ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷ÀÇ ±Ç¸®¿¡ ´ëÇØ¼­¸¸ °áÁ¤ÇØ¾ß Çϸç ÀϹÝÀû »çȸÁú¼­¸¦ À§ÇØ ¾ÇÀ» ¾ïÁ¦Çؾ߸¸ ÇÑ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª »ê»ó¼öÈÆÀÇ ½Çõ ºÒ°¡´É¼ºÀº ¿¹¼öÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§ÀÌ »çȸºñÆò¿¡ °­ÇÑ ÃßÁø·ÂÀ» °¡Áø´Ù´Â »ç½ÇÀ» ³»Æ÷Çϰí ÀÖ´Ù.

Jesus unmasks as hollow conventions many ostensibly valid standards, explaining the Law according to the norm of the commandment of love and apply