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[ µÚ·Î ] [ Ȩ ] [ À§·Î ] [ ´ÙÀ½ ]

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Religion

Á¾±³ ޹æ

Jesus Christ

¿¹¼ö ±×¸®½ºµµ

I. INTRODUCTION

II. The gospel tradition

SOURCES

Non-Christian sources.

Christian sources.

The Pauline Letters.

The Gospels.

TIMES AND ENVIRONMENT

Political conditions.

Religious conditions.

The Pharisees.

The Sadducees.

The scribes.

The Zealots.

The Essenes.

THE LIFE AND MINISTRY OF JESUS

The birth and family.

The birth of Jesus.

The family of Jesus.

The ministry.

The role of John the Baptist.

The beginning of the ministry.

The calling of the disciples.

The Galilean period.

THE MESSAGE OF JESUS

The Kingdom of God.

The will of God.

THE SUFFERINGS AND DEATH OF JESUS IN JERUSALEM

THE STORY OF JESUS AND FAITH IN JESUS

I. ¼­·Ð

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II. º¹À½ Àü½Â

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ÀÚ·á

ºñ±âµ¶±³ ÀÚ·áµé.

±âµ¶±³ ÀÚ·áµé.

¹Ù¿ïÀÇ ÆíÁöµé.

º¹À½¼­.

½Ã´ë¿Í ÁÖº¯ ¼¼°è

Á¤Ä¡Àû »óȲ.

Á¾±³Àû »óȲ.

¹Ù¸®»õ ÆÄ.

»çµÎ°³ ÆÄ.

À²¹ýÇÐÀÚµé.

¿­½É´ç.

¿¡¼¼³× ÆÄ.

¿¹¼öÀÇ »î°ú »ç¿ª

ź»ý°ú °¡Á·.

¿¹¼öÀÇ »ý.

¿¹¼öÀÇ °¡Á·.

»ç¿ª.

¼¼·Ê¿äÇÑÀÇ ¿ªÇÒ.

»ç¿ªÀÇ ½ÃÀÛ.

Á¦ÀÚµéÀ» ºÎ¸§.

°¥¸±¸® ½Ã±â.

¿¹¼öÀÇ ¸»¾¸

Çϳª´ÔÀÇ ³ª¶ó.

Çϳª´ÔÀÇ ¶æ.

¿¹·ç»ì·½¿¡¼­ ¿¹¼öÀÇ ¼ö³­°ú Á×À½

¿¹¼ö À̾߱â¿Í ¿¹¼ö¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ½Å¾Ó

III. The picture of Christ in the early church: The Apostles' Creed

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PREEXISTENCE

Jesus Christ.

God's only son.

The Lord.

INCARNATION AND HUMILIATION

Conceived by the Holy Spirit, born of the Virgin Mary.

Suffered under Pontius Pilate, was crucified, dead, and buried.

He descended into hell.

GLORIFICATION

The third day he rose again from the dead.

He ascended into heaven, and sitteth on the right hand of God the father almighty.

From thence he shall come to judge the quick and the dead.

III. ÃʱⱳȸÀÇ ±×¸®½ºµµ»ó( »çµµ½Å°æ)

¼±Àç

¿¹¼ö ±×¸®½ºµµ.

Çϳª´ÔÀÇ µ¶»ýÀÚ.

ÁÖ.

¼ºÀ°½Å°ú °âÇã

¼º·ÉÀ¸·Î À×ÅÂÇÏ»ç µ¿Á¤³à ¸¶¸®¾Æ¿¡°Ô¼­ ³ª½Ã°í.

º»Æ¼¿À ºô¶óµµ¿¡°Ô °í³­À» ¹ÞÀ¸»ç ½ÊÀÚ°¡¿¡ ¸ø¹ÚÇô Á×À¸½Ã°í Àå»çÇÑ Áö.

±×´Â Áö¿Á¿¡ ³»·Á°¡½Ã¸ç.

¿µÈ­

»çÈê ¸¸¿¡ Á×ÀºÀÚ °¡¿îµ¥¼­ ´Ù½Ã »ì¾Æ³ª½Ã¸ç.

Çϴÿ¡ ¿À¸£»ç Àü´ÉÇϽŠÇÏ´À´Ô ¿ìÆí¿¡ ¾É¾Æ °è½Ã´Ù°¡.

Àú¸®·Î¼­ »ê ÀÚ¿Í Á×Àº ÀÚ¸¦ ½ÉÆÇÇÏ·¯ ¿À½Ã¸®¶ó.

IV. The dogma of Christ in the ancient councils

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THE COUNCILS OF NICAEA AND CONSTANTINOPLE

Early heresies.

Nicaea.

Constantinople.

THE COUNCILS OF EPHESUS AND CHALCEDON

The parties.

The settlement at Chalcedon.

IV. °í´ë °øÀÇȸÀÇ ±×¸®½ºµµ ±³¸®

´ÏÄÉ¾Æ °øÀÇȸ¿Í ÄܽºÅºÆ¼³ëÇà °øÀÇȸ

ÃʱâÀÇ À̴ܵé.

´ÏÄÉ¾Æ °øÀÇȸ.

ÄܽºÅºÆ¼³ëÇà °øÀÇȸ.

¿¡Æä¼Ò½º °øÀÇȸ¿Í Ä®Äɵ· °øÀÇȸ

´çÆÄµé.

Ä®Äɵ· °øÀÇȸÀÇ ÇØ°á.

V. The interpretation of Christ in Western faith and thought

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DOCTRINES OF THE PERSON AND WORK OF CHRIST

The medieval development.

The Reformation and classical Protestantism.

THE DEBATE OVER CHRISTOLOGY IN MODERN CHRISTIAN THOUGHT

Origins of the debate.

The 19th century.

The 20th century.

V. ¼­¹æ ½Å¾Ó°ú »ç»ó¿¡¼­ÀÇ ±×¸®½ºµµ ÇØ¼®

±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ À§°Ý°ú »ç¿ª¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ±³¸®

Áß¼¼ÀÇ ¹ßÀü.

Á¾±³°³Çõ°ú °íÀüÀû ÇÁ·ÎÅ×½ºÅºÆ¼Áò.

Çö´ë ±×¸®½ºµµ±³ »ç»óÀÇ ±×¸®½ºµµ·Ð ³íÀï

³íÀïÀÇ ±â¿øµé.

19 ¼¼±â.

20 ¼¼±â.

VI. Bibliography

Times and environment:

The life and ministry of Jesus:

The message of Jesus:

The sufferings and death of Jesus:

The story of Jesus and faith in Jesus:

The gospel tradition

º¹À½ Àü½Â

SOURCES

ÀÚ·á

The history of the life, work, and death of Jesus of Nazareth reveals nothing of the worldwide movement to which he gave rise. He lived and taught in a remote area on the periphery of the Roman Empire. His life was of short duration, and knowledge of it remained hidden from most of his contemporary world. None of the sources of his life and work can be traced to Jesus himself; he did not leave a single known written word. Also, there are no contemporary accounts written of his life and death. What can be established about the historical Jesus depends almost without exception on Christian traditions, especially on the material used in the composition of the Gospels of Mark, Matthew, and Luke, which reflect the outlook of the later church and its faith in Jesus. 

³ªÀÚ·¿ ¿¹¼öÀÇ »ý¾Ö¡¤»ç¿ª¡¤Á×À½Àº ±×°¡ ÀÏÀ¸Å² ¼¼°èÀû ¿îµ¿¿¡ ´ëÇØ ¾Æ¹«°Íµµ µå·¯³» º¸¿©ÁÖÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù. ±×´Â ·Î¸¶ Á¦±¹ÀÇ º¯°æ ¸Ö¸® ¶³¾îÁø °÷¿¡¼­ »ì¸é¼­ °¡¸£ÃÆ´Ù. ±×ÀÇ »ý¾Ö´Â ª¾Ò°í, µ¿½Ã´ë¿¡´Â ¾Ë·ÁÁöÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù. ±×´Â ¾î¶°ÇÑ ±â·ÏµÈ ¸»µµ ³²±âÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù. ¶ÇÇÑ ±×ÀÇ »î°ú Á×À½¿¡ ´ëÇØ ¾º¾îÁø µ¿½Ã´ëÀÇ ±â·Ïµµ ¾ø´Ù. ¿ª»çÀûÀ¸·Î ¿¹¼ö¸¦ ÆÄ¾ÇÇϱâ À§Çؼ­´Â °ÅÀÇ ¿¹¿Ü ¾øÀÌ ±×¸®½ºµµ±³ ÀüÅë, ƯÈ÷ ¸¶°¡¡¤¸¶Å¡¤´©°¡ÀÇ º¹À½¼­ ±¸¼ºÀ» À§ÇØ »ç¿ëµÈ ÀÚ·á¿¡ ÀÇÁ¸Çϴµ¥, ±×°ÍÀº Èı⠱³È¸ÀÇ °ßÇØ¿Í ¿¹¼ö¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ½Å¾ÓÀ» ¹Ý¿µÇÑ´Ù.

Non-Christian sources.

ºñ±×¸®½ºµµ±³ ÀÚ·á

Non-Christian sources are meagre and contribute nothing to the history of Jesus that is not already known from the Christian tradition. The mention of Jesus' execution in the Annals of the Roman historian Tacitus (XV, 44), written about AD 110, is, nevertheless, worthy of note. In his account of the persecution of Christians under the emperor Nero, which was occasioned by the burning of Rome (AD 64), the Emperor, in order to rid himself of suspicion, blamed the fire on the so-called Christians, who were already hated among the people. Tacitus writes in explanation: "The name is derived from Christ, whom the procurator Pontius Pilate had executed in the reign of Tiberius." The "temporarily suppressed pernicious superstition" to which Jesus had given rise in Judaea soon afterward had spread as far as Rome. Tacitus does not speak of Jesus but, rather, of Christ (originally the religious title "Messiah," but used very early among Christians outside Palestine as a proper name for Jesus). The passage only affords proof of the ignominious end (crucifixion) of Jesus as the founder of a religious movement and illustrates the common opinion of that movement in Rome. An enquiry of the governor of Asia Minor, Pliny the Younger, in his letter to the emperor Trajan (c. AD 111) about how he should act in regard to the Christians (Epistle 10, 96ff.) comes from the same period. Christians are again described as adherents of a crude superstition, who sang hymns to Christ "as to a god." Nothing is said of his earthly life, and the factual information in the letter undoubtedly stems from Christians.  ÀÌ ÀÚ·áµéÀº ºó¾àÇϰí, ¿¹¼öÀÇ »ý¾Ö¿¡ ´ëÇØ ¾Æ¹«°Íµµ ¾Ë·ÁÁÖÁö ¸øÇÑ´Ù. ±×·¸Áö¸¸ 110³â°æ¿¡ ¾º¾îÁø ·Î¸¶ÀÇ ¿ª»ç°¡ ŸŰÅõ½ºÀÇ [¿¬´ë±â Annals](15Àå 44ÂÊ)¿¡¼­ ¿¹¼ö óÇü¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¾ð±ÞÀº ÁÖ¸ñÇÒ ¸¸ÇÏ´Ù. ŸŰÅõ½º´Â 64³â ·Î¸¶ÀÇ È­Àç·Î ¹ß»ýÇß´ø ±×¸®½ºµµ±³¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¹ÚÇØ¸¦ ¼³¸íÇϸ鼭, ³×·Î ȲÁ¦°¡ Àڽſ¡ ´ëÇÑ ÇøÀǸ¦ ¾ø¾Ö±â À§ÇØ ±¹¹Îµé °¡¿îµ¥¼­ ¹Ì¿òÀ» ¹Þ´ø ±×¸®½ºµµ±³µµµé¿¡°Ô È­ÀçÀÇ Ã¥ÀÓÀ» ¾º¿ü´Ù°í ÇÑ´Ù. ŸŰÅõ½º´Â "±× À̸§(±×¸®½ºµµ±³µµ)Àº Ƽº£¸®¿ì½º Ä¡¼¼ ¶§ Ãѵ¶ º»Æ¼¿À ºô¶óµµ°¡ óÇüÇÑ ±×¸®½ºµµ·ÎºÎÅÍ ³ª¿Ô´Ù"°í ¼³¸íÇÑ´Ù. ¿¹¼ö°¡ À¯´ë¿¡¼­ ÀÏÀ¸Å² 'ÀϽÃÀûÀ¸·Î Áø¾ÐµÈ ¾Ç¼º ¹Ì½Å'Àº °ð ÈÄ¿¡ ·Î¸¶¿¡±îÁö ÆÛÁ³´Ù. ŸŰÅõ½º´Â ¿¹¼ö¿¡ ´ëÇØ ¸»ÇÏÁö ¾Ê°í ¿ÀÈ÷·Á ±×¸®½ºµµ(¿ø·¡ Á¾±³Àû Īȣ´Â ¸Þ½Ã¾Æ)¿¡ ´ëÇØ ¸»ÇÑ´Ù. ÀÌ ±¸ÀýÀº ´ÜÁö Á¾±³¿îµ¿ÀÇ Ã¢½ÃÀڷμ­ ¿¹¼öÀÇ ¼öÄ¡½º·¯¿î Á×À½(½ÊÀÚ°¡ óÇü)¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Áõ°Å¸¦ Á¦°øÇϰí, ·Î¸¶¿¡¼­ÀÇ ±× ¿îµ¿¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÀϹÝÀû °ßÇØ¸¦ ¼³¸íÇØÁØ´Ù. ¼Ò¾Æ½Ã¾ÆÀÇ ÀþÀº ÅëÄ¡ÀÚ Çø®´Ï´Â Æ®¶ó¾ß´©½º ȲÁ¦(AD 111)¿¡°Ô º¸³»´Â ÆíÁö¿¡¼­ ±×¸®½ºµµ±³µµµé¿¡°Ô ¾î¶»°Ô Çàµ¿ÇØ¾ß ÇÏ´ÂÁö ¹¯´Âµ¥([¼­½Å] 10Àå 96ÂÊ~), ¿©±â¼­ ±×¸®½ºµµ±³µµµéÀº '½Å¿¡°Ô ÇÏ´Â °Íó·³' ±×¸®½ºµµ¸¦ Âù¾çÇÏ´Â, ¹Ì½ÅÀ» ¹Ï´Â ½ÅÀÚµé·Î ¹¦»çµÈ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ Áö»óÀÇ »î¿¡ ´ëÇØ¼­´Â ¾î¶°ÇÑ ¾ð±Þµµ ¾ø´Ù. 
Another Roman historian, Suetonius, remarked in his life of the emperor Claudius (Vita Claudii 25:4; after AD 100): "He [Claudius] expelled the Jews, who had on the instigation of Chrestus continually been causing disturbances, from Rome." This may refer to turmoils occasioned among the Jews of Rome by the intrusion of Christianity into their midst. But the information must have reached the author in a completely garbled form or was understood by him quite wrongly to mean that this "Chrestus" had at that time appeared in Rome as a Jewish agitator. Claudius' edict of expulsion (AD 49) is also mentioned in Acts 18:2.  ·Î¸¶ÀÇ ¿ª»ç°¡ ¼ö¿¡Åä´Ï¿ì½º´Â [Ŭ¶ó¿ìµð¿ì½ºÀÇ »ý¾Ö Vita Claudii](25Àå 4ÂÊ, AD 100 ÀÌÈÄ)¿¡¼­ "±×(Ŭ¶ó¿ìµð¿ì½º)´Â Å©·¹½ºÅõ½ºÀÇ ¼±µ¿À¸·Î °è¼Ó È¥¶õÀ» ÀÏÀ¸Å°°í ÀÖ´Â À¯´ëÀεéÀ» ·Î¸¶·ÎºÎÅÍ Ãß¹æÇß´Ù"°í ¸»ÇÑ´Ù. À̰ÍÀº ±×¸®½ºµµ±³°¡ ±í¼÷ÀÌ À¯ÀÔµÊÀ¸·Î½á ·Î¸¶ÀÇ À¯´ëÀÎµé »çÀÌ¿¡¼­ ÀϾ ¼Ò¶õÀ» °¡¸®Å°´Â µíÇÏ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª Å©·¹½ºÅõ½º°¡ ±×´ç½Ã ·Î¸¶¿¡ À¯´ëÀÎ ¼±µ¿ÀÚ·Î ³ªÅ¸³µ¾ú´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ÀǹÌÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ¸·Î ÀúÀÚ¿¡°Ô À߸ø ÀüÇØÁ³°Å³ª ÀúÀÚ¿¡ ÀÇÇØ À߸ø ÀÌÇØµÈ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. Ŭ¶ó¿ìµð¿ì½ºÀÇ Ãß¹æÄ¢·É(AD 49)Àº [»çµµÇàÀü] 18Àå 2Àý¿¡¼­µµ ¾ð±ÞµÈ´Ù. 
Josephus, the Jewish historian at the court of Domitian who has depicted the history of his people and the events of the Jewish-Roman war (66-70), only incidentally remarks about the stoning in AD 62 of "James, the brother of Jesus, who was called Christ . . ." (Antiquities XX, 200). He understandably uses the proper name "Jesus" first (for as a Jew he knows that "Christ" is a translation of "Messiah"), but he adds, though qualified by a derogatory "so-called," the second name that was familiar in Rome. (Some scholars have suggested, however, that this reference was a later Christian insertion.) Scholars also have questioned the authenticity of a second passage in the same work, known as the "Testimony of Flavius" (XVIII, 63ff.), which is generally thought to contain at least some statements, apparently later insertions, that summarize Christian teaching about Jesus. (see also Index: "Antiquities of the Jews, The," µµ¹ÌƼ¾Æ´©½º ±ÃÁ¤¿¡¼­ À¯´ëÀεéÀÇ ¿ª»ç¿Í À¯´ë ÀüÀï(66~70)À» ¼­¼úÇÑ À¯´ëÀÎ ¿ª»ç°¡ ¿ä¼¼Çª½º´Â AD 62³â¿¡ '¾ß°íº¸, ±×¸®½ºµµ¶ó°í ºÒ¸° ¿¹¼öÀÇ ÇüÁ¦¡¦¡¦'( [À¯´ëÀÎ °í´ë»ç Antiquities] 20Àå 200ÂÊ)°¡ µ¹¿¡ ¸Â´Â °ÍÀ» ¾ð±ÞÇß´Ù. ±×´Â óÀ½À¸·Î °íÀ¯¸í»ç '¿¹¼ö'¶ó´Â À̸§À» »ç¿ëÇß´Ù(±×´Â À¯´ëÀÎÀ¸·Î¼­ '±×¸®½ºµµ'´Â '¸Þ½Ã¾Æ'ÀÇ ¹ø¿ªÀ̶ó´Â °ÍÀ» ¾Ë¾ÒÀ½). ±×·¯³ª ±×´Â 'À̸¥¹Ù'¶ó´Â ±ÇÀ§¸¦ ¼Õ»ó½ÃŰ´Â Á¦ÇѾî¿Í ÇÔ²² ·Î¸¶Àε鿡°Ô Ä£¼÷ÇÑ ±×¸®½ºµµ¶ó´Â ¸íĪÀ» µ¡ºÙ¿´´Ù. ¾î¶² ÇÐÀÚµéÀº ÀÌ ¾ð±ÞÀÌ Èı⠱׸®½ºµµ±³µµ°¡ »ðÀÔÇÑ °ÍÀ̶ó°í ÁÖÀåÇϸç, 'Çöóºñ¿ì½ºÀÇ Áõ¾ð'(18Àå 63ÂÊ~)À¸·Î ¾Ë·ÁÁø ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ±¸ÀýÀÇ ÁøÁ¤¼ºÀ» ÀǽÉÇß´Ù. ±×°ÍÀº Àû¾îµµ ¿¹¼ö¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ±×¸®½ºµµ±³ÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§À» ¿ä¾àÇÏ´Â(¸í¹éÈ÷ ÈÄ´ëÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§ÀÎ) ¸î °¡Áö Áø¼úÀ» Æ÷ÇÔÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù°í »ý°¢µÈ´Ù.

In the Talmud, a compendium of Jewish law, lore, and commentary, only a few statements of the rabbis (Jewish religious teachers) of the 1st and 2nd centuries come into consideration. Containing mostly polemics or Jewish apologetics, they reveal an acquaintance with the Christian tradition but include several divergent legendary motifs as well. The picture of Jesus offered in these writings may be summarized as follows: born the (according to some interpretations, illegitimate) son of a man called Panther, Jesus (Hebrew: Yeshu) worked magic, ridiculed the wise, seduced and stirred up the people, gathered five disciples about him, and was hanged (crucified) on the eve of the Passover. The Toledot Yeshu ("Life of Jesus"), an embellished collection of such assertions, circulated among Jews during the Middle Ages in several versions.

À¯´ë¹ý¡¤Àü½Â¡¤[Å»¹«µå]´Â 1, 2¼¼±â ¶øºñµéÀÇ ¸î¸î Áø¼ú¸¸À» °í·ÁÇÑ´Ù. ±×°ÍµéÀº ³íÀï°ú À¯´ëÀû º¯ÁõÀ» ÅëÇØ ±×¸®½ºµµ±³ ÀüÅë°ú Ä£¼÷ÇÔÀ» º¸¿©ÁÖÁö¸¸ ¶ÇÇÑ ¸î °¡Áö ´Ù¸¥ Àü¼³Àû ³»¿ëÀ» ´ã°í ÀÖ´Ù. ÀÌ ÀúÀÛµéÀÌ Á¦°øÇÏ´Â ¿¹¼ö»óÀº ´ÙÀ½°ú °°ÀÌ ¿ä¾àµÉ ¼ö ÀÖÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ÆÇÅ׸£¶ó´Â »ç¶÷ÀÇ ¾Æµé(ºÒÇÕ¸®ÇÑ ¾î¶² ÇØ¼®µé¿¡ µû¸£¸é)·Î ž ¿¹¼ö(È÷ºê¸®¾î·Î Yeshu)´Â ¸¶¼úÀ» ÇàÇß°í, ÇöÀεéÀ» Á¶·ÕÇßÀ¸¸ç, ¹é¼ºµéÀ» À¯È¤ÇÏ°í ¼±µ¿Çß°í, 5¸íÀÇ Á¦ÀÚµéÀ» ±× ÁÖÀ§¿¡ ¸ð¾ÒÀ¸¸ç, À¯¿ùÀý Àü³¯ ½ÊÀÚ°¡Çü¿¡ Ã³ÇØÁ³´Ù. ±×·¯ÇÑ ÁÖÀåµéÀ» À±»öÇÑ ¸ðÀ½ÀÎ [¿¹¼öÀÇ »ý¾Ö Toledot Yeshu]´Â ¸î °³ÀÇ ¹ø¿ªÆÇÀ¸·Î Áß¼¼ À¯´ëÀÎµé »çÀÌ¿¡ ÆÛÁ³´Ù. 

These independent accounts prove that in ancient times even the opponents of Christianity never doubted the historicity of Jesus, which was disputed for the first time and on inadequate grounds at the end of the 18th, during the 19th, and at the beginning of the 20th centuries.

ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ µ¶¸³ÀûÀÎ º¸°íµé¿¡ ÀÇÇÏ¸é °í´ë¿¡´Â ±×¸®½ºµµ±³ÀÇ Àûµé±îÁöµµ ¿¹¼öÀÇ ¿ª»ç¼ºÀ» °áÄÚ ÀǽÉÇÏÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ¿¹¼öÀÇ ¿ª»ç¼º¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ³íÀïÀº 18¼¼±â¸» ºÒÃæºÐÇÑ ±Ù°Å¿¡¼­ ½ÃÀ۵Ǿî 19¼¼±âºÎÅÍ 20¼¼±âÃʱîÁö ÁøÇàµÇ¾ú´Ù.

Christian sources.

±×¸®½ºµµ±³ ÀÚ·áµé

Christian testimonies about Jesus were collected in the New Testament. Though they certainly represent only a selection from a much broader stream of tradition (Luke 1:1-4), these testimonies are a very valuable and representative selection. They are, however, of very different kinds. From many of them next to nothing can be learned about the historical Jesus. 

¿¹¼ö¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ±×¸®½ºµµ±³µµµéÀÇ Áõ¾ðµéÀº [½Å¾à¼º¼­]¿¡ ¸ð¾ÆÁ³´Ù. ºñ·Ï ±×°ÍµéÀº ¸í¹éÈ÷ ÈξÀ ¹æ´ëÇÑ Àü½ÂÀÇ È帧À¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ¼±ÅÃµÈ ÀϺθ¦ ´ëº¯Çϰí ÀÖÁö¸¸(´©°¡ 1:1-4), ÀÌ Áõ¾ðµéÀº ¸Å¿ì °¡Ä¡°¡ ÀÖÀ¸¸ç ´ëÇ¥ÀûÀÎ ¼±ÅõéÀÌ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ±×°Íµé·ÎºÎÅÍ´Â ¿ª»çÀû ¿¹¼ö¿¡ ´ëÇØ °ÅÀÇ ¾Æ¹«°Íµµ ¹è¿ï ¼ö°¡ ¾ø´Ù. 
The Pauline Letters.
¹Ù¿ïÀÇ ÆíÁöµé
The oldest New Testament writings, the genuine letters of Paul (written in the 50s of the 1st century), contain little information about the life of Jesus. Paul, the Apostle, who had not known Jesus personally (II Cor. 5:16), shows no interest in Jesus' biography. At the centre of Paul's thought and proclamation there stands only the theologically important significance of the death, Resurrection, exaltation, and Second Coming of Jesus Christ, contained in numerous short doctrinal and creedal formulas. These formulas the Apostle himself occasionally characterizes as being the tradition that he has received and handed on (I Cor. 11:23ff.; 15:3ff.) or they are in other ways indicated as a given tradition (Rom. 1:3ff.; Phil. 2:6-11). [½Å¾à¼º¼­]ÀÇ °¡Àå ¿À·¡µÈ ÀúÀÛÀÎ ¹Ù¿ï·ÎÀÇ ÆíÁöµé(AD 50³â´ë)Àº ¿¹¼öÀÇ »ý¾Ö¿¡ ´ëÇØ¼­ ¾î¶² Á¤º¸µµ Æ÷ÇÔÇϰí ÀÖÁö ¾Ê´Ù. »çµµ ¹Ù¿ïÀº ¿¹¼ö¸¦ °³ÀÎÀûÀ¸·Î ¾ËÁö ¸øÇß°í(¥± °í¸° 5 : 16) ¿¹¼öÀÇ Àü±â¿¡ ´ëÇØ °ü½ÉÀ» º¸ÀÌÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù. ¹Ù¿ï·ÎÀÇ »ç»ó°ú ¸»¾¸ ¼±Æ÷ÀÇ Á߽ɿ¡´Â ¿¹¼ö ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ Á×À½¡¤ºÎȰ¡¤½Âõ¡¤À縲¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Áß¿äÇÑ ½ÅÇÐÀû Àǹ̸¸ÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù. ±×´Â ÀÌ ³»¿ëÀ» ±×°¡ ¹Þ¾Æ ÀüÇØÁØ ÀüÅë(¥° °í¸° 11 : 23~, 15 : 3~)À¸·Î ±ÔÁ¤Çϰųª, ¾Æ´Ï¸é ÁÖ¾îÁø ÀüÅëÀ¸·Î º¸¿©ÁØ´Ù(·Î¸¶ 1 : 3~, Çʸ³ 2 : 6~11).
The Gospels.
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The most important sources for the life of Jesus are the Synoptic (parallel view of sources) Gospels: Mark, Matthew, and Luke. The Gospel According to John, the Fourth Gospel, assumes a special position. Though it offers some parallels to the other three, and though the independent traditions in it may in individual cases have historical kernels, the tradition in John shows that the gospel has reached an advanced theological state. Because a theological conception has been incorporated in the account to such an extent, this Gospel cannot be directly used as a historical source. It is also the latest of the Gospels, written about AD 100. (see also Index: Synoptic Gospels) ¿¹¼öÀÇ »î¿¡ ´ëÇÑ °¡Àå Áß¿äÇÑ ÀÚ·áµéÀº °ø°üº¹À½¼­(¸¶Å¡¤¸¶°¡¡¤´©°¡)ÀÌ´Ù. [¿äÇÑÀÇ º¹À½¼­]ÀÎ Á¦4º¹À½¼­´Â Ưº°ÇÑ ÀÔÀåÀ» º¸ÀδÙ. ±×°ÍÀº °ø°üº¹À½¼­¿Í À¯»çÁ¡À» º¸À̱⵵ ÇÏ°í ±× ¾ÈÀÇ µ¶¸³ÀûÀÎ ÀüÅëµéÀº ¿ª»ç¼ºÀ» °¡Áö±âµµ ÇÏÁö¸¸, ¿äÇÑÀÇ Àü½ÂÀº º¹À½¼­°¡ Áøº¸µÈ ½ÅÇÐÀû »óÅ¿¡ À̸£·¶´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» º¸¿©ÁØ´Ù. ½ÅÇÐÀûÀÎ °ü³äÀÌ µé¾î Àֱ⠶§¹®¿¡, ÀÌ º¹À½¼­°¡ ¿ª»çÀûÀÎ ÀÚ·á·Î Á÷Á¢ »ç¿ëµÉ ¼ö´Â ¾ø´Ù. À̰ÍÀº º¹À½¼­µé Áß¿¡¼­ °¡Àå ´ÊÀº 100³â°æ¿¡ ¾º¾îÁ³´Ù. (Âü°í :°ø°ü º¹À½¼­)
That the gospel literature was capable of developing in very different directions is also shown by the extracanonical tradition about Jesus, which is preserved in fragmentary form in quotations by the early Church Fathers and in other sources and which is marked by legendary features and tendencies. The Coptic Gospel of Thomas (written in the 2nd century by Gnostic Christians; i.e., heretical believers in esoteric, dualistic doctrines), which was found in 1945 in Naj` Hammadi (Egypt), is an example of such extracanonical literature. It contains 114 sayings of Jesus loosely strung together, which have some points of contact with the sayings of Jesus in the canonical Gospels. But this Gospel has no earthly, historical contours in its account of Jesus (e.g., no accounts of the Passion and Easter). As a bearer of heavenly revelation in this Gospel, Jesus instructs the esoteric circle of his disciples about the foreign world of matter that they must renounce in order to participate in the imperishable, transcendent world of light from which they originate. The Gospel of Thomas, thus, is of no use as a source for the historical Jesus. (see also Index: Gnosticism º¹À½¼­ ¹®ÇÐÀÌ ¿©·¯ ´Ù¸¥ ¹æÇâÀ¸·Î ¹ßÀüÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ¾ú´Ù´Â °ÍÀº ¿¹¼ö¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Á¤°æ ¿ÜÀû Àü½Â¿¡¼­ º¸¿©Áø´Ù. ÀÌ Àü½ÂÀº Ãʱ⠱³È¸ ±³ºÎµéÀÇ ÀÎ¿ë ¹× ´Ù¸¥ ÀÚ·á¿¡¼­ ´ÜÆíÀûÀÎ ÇüÅ·Πº¸Á¸µÇ°í, Àü¼³ÀûÀÎ ³»¿ë°ú °æÇâÀ» ´ã°í ÀÖ´Ù. ±× ¿¹·Î 1945³â ÀÌÁýÆ® '³ªÁîÇÔ¸¶µð'¿¡¼­ ¹ß°ßµÈ Ä߯®¾î [Å丶ÀÇ º¹À½¼­](2¼¼±â¿¡ ¿µÁöÁÖÀÇ ±×¸®½ºµµÀεé, Áï ºñÀÇÀû ÀÌ¿ø·ÐÀ» ¹Ï´Â ÀÌ´ÜÀû ½ÅÀڵ鿡 ÀÇÇØ ¾º¾îÁü)¸¦ µé ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. À̰ÍÀº ¾î¶² Á¡¿¡¼­´Â Á¤°æº¹À½¼­µé¿¡ ÀÖ´Â °Í°ú ¿¬°üµÇ´Â 114°³ÀÇ ¿¹¼ö ¸»¾¸À» Æ÷ÇÔÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ÀÌ º¹À½¼­´Â ¿¹¼ö¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¼­¼ú¿¡ À־ ¿ª»çÀû À±°ûÀ» °¡Áö°í ÀÖÁö ¾Ê´Ù(¿¹¸¦ µé¸é ¼ö³­°ú ºÎȰÀý¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ³»¿ëÀÌ ¾øÀ½). ÀÌ º¹À½¼­´Â õ»óÀû °è½ÃÀÇ ´ãÁöÀڷμ­ ¿¹¼ö°¡ Á¦ÀÚµéÀÇ ºñ¹ÐÁý´Ü¿¡°Ô ¹°Áú¼¼°è¸¦ Æ÷±âÇÏ°í ±×µéÀÌ º»·¡ ±â¿øÇÑ ¼Ò¸êÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â ÃÊ¿ùÀûÀÎ ºûÀÇ ¼¼°è¿¡ Âü¿©Ç϶ó°í °¡¸£Ä£´Ù. ±×·¡¼­ [Å丶ÀÇ º¹À½¼­]´Â ¿ª»çÀû ¿¹¼ö¸¦ À§ÇÑ ÀÚ·á·Î¼­´Â ¾µ¸ð°¡ ¾ø´Ù.(Âü°í: ¿µÁöÁÖÀÇ)
The Synoptic Gospels were originally anonymous. According to questionable 2nd-century tradition, they were written by the immediate disciples of Jesus or companions of the oldest Apostles. Most probably the Gospels were composed between AD 70 and 100. That they were written at such a relatively late time does not detract from their historical significance, however, because an older, oral tradition is collected in them and has left its traces everywhere. The character and structure of the individual traditions are incorporated into the Gospels, which definitely do not have a historical or biographical interest in facts, circumstances, and the course of events. They do not reproduce the story of Jesus as such but, instead, recount history interpreted from the viewpoint of the Christian faith. What Jesus says, does, and suffers is interpreted as the fulfillment of the Old Testament promises, and his story is slanted toward his end (the Passion and the Resurrection), his significance as the divine Saviour, and his Second Coming. In other words, the Gospel texts do not intend to describe the Jesus of the past but rather to proclaim who he is for all ages of time. These perspectives of the post-Easter church to which the writers belong and for which their reports are intended must continually be taken into consideration.  °ø°üº¹À½¼­µéÀº ¿ø·¡ ÀÛÀڹ̻óÀÌ´Ù. ºÒÈ®½ÇÇÑ 2¼¼±âÀÇ Àü½Â¿¡ µû¸£¸é ±×°ÍµéÀº ¿¹¼öÀÇ Á¦ÀÚµéÀ̳ª Ãʱ⠻絵µéÀÇ µ¿·á¿¡ ÀÇÇØ ¾º¾îÁ³´Ù. º¹À½¼­µéÀº 70~100³â¿¡ ¾º¾îÁø °ÍÀ¸·Î ÃßÁ¤µÇ´Âµ¥, ÀÌ·¸°Ô »ó´ëÀûÀ¸·Î ´ÊÀº ½Ã±â¿¡ ¾º¾îÁ³´Ù´Â °ÍÀÌ ±×µéÀÇ ¿ª»çÀû Á߿伺À» °¨¼Ò½ÃŰÁö´Â ¾Ê´Â´Ù. ¿Ö³ÄÇÏ¸é ´õ ¿À·¡µÈ ±¸Àü Àü½ÂÀ» ³»Æ÷Çϱ⠶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù. °³º°ÀûÀÎ Àü½ÂÀÇ Æ¯¼º°ú ±¸Á¶°¡ º¹À½¼­¿¡¼­ ÅëÇյǾúÀ¸¸ç, º¹À½¼­µéÀº ¸í¹éÈ÷ »ç½Ç¡¤»óȲ¡¤»ç°ÇµéÀÇ °úÁ¤¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¿ª»çÀû ȤÀº Àü±âÀû °ü½ÉÀ» °¡ÁöÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù. ±×µéÀº ¿¹¼ö À̾߱â ÀÚü¸¦ Àç»ýÇÏÁö ¾Ê°í, ±× ´ë½Å ±×¸®½ºµµ±³ ½Å¾ÓÀÇ °üÁ¡¿¡¼­ ÇØ¼®µÈ ¿ª»ç¸¦ ¸»ÇÑ´Ù. ¿¹¼öÀÇ ÇàÀûÀ» [±¸¾à¼º¼­] ¾à¼ÓÀÇ ¼ºÃë·Î ÇØ¼®Çϰí, ±×ÀÇ À̾߱â´Â Á×À½(¼ö³­°ú ºÎȰ), ½ÅÀûÀÎ ±¸¼¼Áַμ­ÀÇ Á߿伺, À縲¿¡·Î ³ª¾Æ°£´Ù. º¹À½¼­ÀÇ º»¹®µéÀº °ú°ÅÀÇ ¿¹¼öº¸´Ù´Â ¸ðµç ½Ã´ë¸¦ ´ë»óÀ¸·Î ±×°¡ ´©±¸ÀÎÁö¸¦ ¼±Æ÷ÇÏ·Á°í ÇÑ´Ù. ÀÛ°¡µéÀÌ ¼ÓÇÏ¿´À¸¸ç, ±×µéÀÇ º¸°í¼­µéÀÌ ÁöÇâÇϰí ÀÖ´Â ¿¹¼öÀÇ ºÎȰÀÌÈÄÀÇ ±³È¸ÀÇ ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ Á¶¸ÁÀº Áö¼ÓÀûÀ¸·Î °í·ÁµÇ¾î¾ß ÇÑ´Ù.
A comparison of the first three canonical Gospels reveals a strange blending of agreements and differences. Mark, Matthew, and Luke contain, by and large, the same traditional material. Some parts, however, are to be found only in Matthew and Luke, and a considerable amount of material is peculiar only to Matthew or only to Luke (and a small amount to Mark, as well). According to almost all critical biblical scholars, Mark, the shortest Gospel, is viewed as the oldest--not Matthew, as was earlier assumed--and served as the main literary source for the other two. They also believe that the material common to Matthew and Luke comes from a second source (called Q, from the German Quelle, "source"). This second source (Q) consisted almost exclusively of sayings (logia) of Jesus and contained no Passion or Easter tradition and is therefore known among scholars as the logia, or sayings, source.  óÀ½ÀÇ ¼¼±ÇÀÇ Á¤°æ º¹À½¼­¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ºñ±³´Â ÀÏÄ¡Á¡µé°ú Â÷ÀÌÁ¡µéÀ» ¹¦ÇÏ°Ô ¼¯¿© ÀÖÀ½À» ¾Ë°Ô ÇØÁØ´Ù. ¸¶°¡, ¸¶ÅÂ, ´©°¡ÀÇ º¹À½¼­´Â ´ëü·Î °°Àº Àü½Â ³»¿ëÀ» Áö´Ï°í ÀÖÁö¸¸ ¾î¶² ºÎºÐµéÀº [¸¶ÅÂÀÇ º¹À½¼­]¿Í [´©°¡ÀÇ º¹À½¼­]¿¡¼­¸¸ ¹ß°ßµÇ°í, ¾î¶² ³»¿ëÀº ƯÈ÷ [¸¶ÅÂÀÇ º¹À½¼­]¿¡¼­¸¸ ȤÀº, [´©°¡ÀÇ º¹À½¼­]¿¡¼­¸¸([¸¶°¡ÀÇ º¹À½¼­]¿¡¸¸ ÀÖ´Â °ÍÀº ¸¹Áö ¾ÊÀ½) ¹ß°ßµÈ´Ù. °ÅÀÇ ¸ðµç ¼º¼­ ºñÆòÇÐÀڵ鿡 µû¸£¸é, °¡Àå ªÀº [¸¶°¡ÀÇ º¹À½¼­]°¡ °¡Àå ¿À·¡µÈ °ÍÀ¸·Î º¸ÀÌ°í ´Ù¸¥ µÎ º¹À½¼­ÀÇ ÁÖµÈ ÀÚ·á·Î »ç¿ëµÇ¾ú´Ù. ±×µéÀº [¸¶ÅÂÀÇ º¹À½¼­]¿Í [´©°¡ÀÇ º¹À½¼­]¿¡¼­ °øÅëÀûÀÎ ³»¿ëÀ» 2¹øÂ° ÀÚ·á(Q[µ¶ÀϾî·Î 'ÀÚ·á'¶ó´Â ¶æÀÇ Quelle¿¡¼­ À¯·¡])¿¡¼­ ³ª¿Ô´Ù°í ¹Ï´Â´Ù. ÀÌ 2¹øÂ° ÀÚ·á´Â ´ëºÎºÐ ¿¹¼öÀÇ ¸»¾¸µé(logia)·Î ±¸¼ºµÇ¾î ÀÖ°í, ¼ö³­ ȤÀº ºÎȰ Àü½ÂÀº Æ÷ÇÔÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù. 
nvestigation of the Gospels by German biblical scholars such as Karl Ludwig Schmidt, Martin Dibelius, and Rudolf Bultmann--who developed what is known as form criticism, the study of the origin and development of the traditions in the Gospels--has shown that the basic stock of the tradition consisted of numerous small, self-contained units (single sayings, parables, debates, anecdotes, and miracle stories), originally without any relation to each other, and mostly without any interest in dates, places, or historical circumstances. It was the Gospel writers (or some earlier collectors) who first joined these individual pieces together editorially, forming a kind of "discourse" out of sayings and groups of sayings and, through linking individual scenes, creating the impression of a connected chain of events. They used a very modest set of tools for this; e.g., short introductory and connecting phrases, stereotyped, generalizing indications of time ("next," "a few days later"), and frequently repeated, indefinite indications of place (mountain, field, road, house, lake). These editorial turns of phrase are, as a rule, easy to sever from their context and are employed very differently by the separate Gospel writers.  Ä«¸¦ ·çÆ®ºñÈ÷ ½´¹ÌÆ®, ¸¶¸£Æ¾ µðº§¸®¿ì½º, ·çµ¹ÇÁ ºÒÆ®¸¸Àº ¾ç½ÄºñÆò(º¹À½¼­ Àü½ÂÀÇ ±â¿ø°ú ¹ßÀü¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¿¬±¸)À» ¹ßÀü½ÃÄ״µ¥, ÀÌ ºñÆòÀº ±âº»ÀûÀÎ Àü½ÂÀº ¼­·Î ¾Æ¹« °ü·Ãµµ ¾ø°í, ³¯Â¥¡¤Àå¼Ò¡¤¿ª»çÀû »óȲ¿¡ °ü½ÉÀÌ ¾ø´Â ¼ö¸¹Àº ÀÛÀº µ¶¸³Àû ´ÜÀ§µé(¸»¾¸¡¤ºñÀ¯¡¤³íÀÀÏÈ­¡¤±âÀû´ã)·Î ±¸¼ºµÇ¾úÀ½À» º¸¿©ÁÖ¾ú´Ù. ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ °³º°ÀûÀÎ ´ÜÆíµéÀ» ÆíÁýÇÏ¿© ¿¬°á½Ã۰í, ¸»¾¸°ú ¸»¾¸±ºÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ¾î¶² '´ãÈ­'¸¦ Çü¼ºÇϸ鼭 °³º°ÀûÀÎ Àå¸éµéÀ» ¿¬°á½ÃÅ´À¸·Î½á »ç°ÇµéÀ» ¿¬°á½ÃŲ »ç¶÷µéÀÌ º¹À½¼­ÀÇ ÀúÀÚµéÀ̾ú´Ù. ±×µéÀº À̰ÍÀ» À§ÇØ °¡Àå ¿Â°ÇÇÑ ¼ö´Üµé, Áï ªÀº µµÀÔÀû ¿¬°á±¸, »óÅõÀûÀ̸ç ÀϹÝÀûÀÎ ½Ã°£¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Áö½Ã('´ÙÀ½¿¡','¸çÄ¥ ÈÄ'), ¸·¿¬ÇÑ Àå¼Ò¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Áö½Ã(»ê¡¤µéÆÇ¡¤±æ¡¤Áý¡¤È£¼ö) µîÀ» »ç¿ëÇß´Ù. ±¸Àý¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÀÌ¿Í °°Àº ÆíÁý»óÀÇ ¹æÇâ ÀüȯÀº, ÀϹÝÀûÀ¸·Î, ¹®¸ÆÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ½±°Ô ºÐ¸®µÉ ¼ö ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ¿©·¯ º¹À½¼­ ÀÛ°¡µé¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­ ¸Å¿ì ´Ù¾çÇÏ°Ô Ã¤ÅõǾú´Ù.

 In methodically distinguishing and separating traditional and editorial features, form criticism of the Gospels has apparently dissolved the presuppositions for a historically sound, connected life of Jesus, which scholars have again and again attempted to write in the course of the last 200 years.But such an analysis was only a first step of research into the older material itself. Popular oral tradition, to which the Synoptic material belongs, makes use of fixed forms appropriate in each case to the contents, so as to be easily fixed in the memory. The tradition about Jesus offers many examples of this: prophetic sayings, the Beatitudes, pronouncements of woe, wisdom sayings similar to proverbs, legal sayings, church rules, dialogues, and others. In a corresponding way, many miracles of Jesus are narrated by means of motifs and other features also known from reports of other miracle workers.  From this one perceives that this tradition is interested not so much in what was historically unique as in what was typical. Thus, with regard to the Gospels, it has to be considered that their tradition was formed and collected from the point of view of the faith of the post-Easter church, under the influence of its ideas and ways of thought and in close connection with its vital interests and the ways in which its life found expression. When interpreting the texts, scholars must therefore be concerned with the question of their setting in life (Sitz im Leben) in the church as well. 

Àü½Â ¹× ÆíÁý»óÀÇ Æ¯Â¡µéÀ» ü°èÀûÀ¸·Î ±¸º°ÇÏ°í ºÐ¸®ÇÔÀ¸·Î¼­, º¹À½¼­µé¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Çü½Ä ºñÆòÀº  ¿¹¼öÀÇ »î¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¿ª»çÀûÀ¸·Î Ÿ´çÇÏ°í ¿¬°ü¼ºÀִ  °¡Á¤µéÀ» ¸í¹éÈ÷ Ç®¾î ÁÖ¾úÀ¸¸Ó, ÀÌ¿¡ ´ëÇØ¼­ ÇÐÀÚµéÀº °ú°Å 200³â µ¿¾È °è¼ÓÇØ¼­ ±â·ÏÇϰíÀÚ ½ÃµµÇÏ¿´´Ù.±×·¯ÇÑ ºÐ¼®Àº ´õ ¿À·¡µÈ ÀÚ·áÀÇ Å½±¸¸¦ À§ÇÑ Ã¹ ´Ü°è¿´À» »ÓÀÌ´Ù. °ø°üº¹À½¼­¿¡ µé¾î ÀÖ´Â ±¸Àü Àü½ÂÀº ±â¾ïÇϱ⠽±µµ·Ï ³»¿ë¿¡ ¾Ë¸Â´Â °íÁ¤µÈ Çü½ÄÀ» »ç¿ëÇÑ´Ù. ¿¹¼ö¿¡ °üÇÑ Àü½ÂµéÀº À̰Ϳ¡ ´ëÇÑ ¸¹Àº ¿¹·Î¸¦ Á¦°øÇÑ´Ù: ¿¹¾ðÀû ¸»¾¸, ÆÈº¹, È­ÀÇ ¼±¾ð, Àá¾ð°ú À¯»çÇÑ ÁöÇý ¸»¾¸, À²¹ý¿¡ °üÇÑ ¸»¾¸, ±³È¸ ±ÔÄ¢, ´ëÈ­ µîÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù. ÀÌ¿¡ »óÀÀÇÏ¿©, ¿¹¼öÀÇ ¸¹Àº ±âÀûÀº ±× µ¿±â³ª ´Ù¸¥ ±âÀûÀ» ÇàÇÑ ÀÚµéÀÇ º¸°í·Î¼­ ¾Ë·ÁÁø ¹Ù¿Í °°Àº Ư¼ºÀ» »ç¿ëÇØ ¸»ÇØÁø´Ù. ÀÌÁ¡À¸·Î º¸¾Æ¼­ ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ Àü½ÂÀº ¿ª»çÀûÀ¸·Î °íÀ¯ÇÏ´Ù´Â Á¡º¸´Ù´Â ƯÀÌÇÑ Á¡¿¡ °ü½ÉÀ» µÎ°í ÀÖ´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ±ú´ÞÀ» ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.  µû¶ó¼­ º¹À½¼­ÀÇ Àü½ÂÀº »îÀ» Ç¥ÇöÇÏ´Â °ü½É°ú ¹æ½Ä¿¡ ¹ÐÁ¢ÇÏ°Ô °ü·ÃµÇ¾úÀ¸¸ç, ºÎȰ ÀÌÈÄ ±³È¸ÀÇ °ü³ä°ú »ç°í¹æ½ÄÀÇ ¿µÇ⠾Ʒ¡ ±³È¸ ½Å¾ÓÀÇ °üÁ¡À¸·ÎºÎÅÍ Çü¼ºµÇ°í ¼öÁýµÇ¾ú´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» °í·ÁÇØ¾ß¸¸ ÇÑ´Ù. º»¹®À» ÇØ¼®ÇÒ ¶§ ±³È¸ ¾È¿¡¼­ ±× º»¹®ÀÇ »îÀÇ ÀÚ¸®(Sitz im Leben)ÀÇ ¹®Á¦¿¡ °ü½ÉÀ» °¡Á®¾ß¸¸ ÇÑ´Ù. ÀÚ·áµé¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ºñÆòÀû °³°üÀº ¿ª»çÀû ¿¹¼öÀÇ ¸ð½ÀÀ» ±×·Á³»´Â µ¥ ÇѰ谡 ÀÖÀ½À» º¸¿©ÁØ´Ù.

This critical survey of the sources shows that there are limits set on a portrayal of the historical Jesus. Many questions are still under debate or have to remain open. 

ÀÚ·áµé¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ºñÆòÀûÀÎ ºÐ¼®Àº ¿ª»çÀû °üÁ¡ÀÇ ¿¹¼ö¸¦ ¹¦»çÇÔ¿¡ À־ ÇѰ踦 º¸¿© ÁØ´Ù. ¸¹Àº Àǹ®µéÀÌ ¾ÆÁ÷ ³í¶õ Áß¿¡ ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ¿©ÀüÈ÷ ¹ÌÇØ°áÀΠä·Î ³²¾Æ ÀÖ´Ù.

TIMES AND ENVIRONMENT

½Ã´ë¿Í ÁÖº¯¼¼°è

Political conditions.

Á¤Ä¡Àû »óȲ

Politically, the small Jewish nation in Jesus' time was rent and impotent. Always situated in an area of tension between the great empires of the ancient world (e.g., Egypt, Assyria, Babylonia, Persia, and Syria) as they struggled with each other and succeeded one another, it had already lost its political independence since the time of the Babylonian Exile (586-538 BC) and had come under changing foreign domination: in the Hellenistic period, first under the Egyptian Ptolemaic dynasty (3rd century BC) and then under the Syrian Seleucid dynasty (2nd century BC), and, finally, until its ultimate overthrow (AD 70), under the Romans, who continued to rule the area. Only for a short interim was there a Jewish kingdom. The Maccabees, a priestly family, reigned after their revolt (167-142 BC) against Antiochus IV (Epiphanes) and other Seleucid (Syrian) kings. Their rule, however, came to an end as a result of internal disintegration and violent struggles for the throne. (see also Index: Judaism) ¿¹¼ö ½Ã´ëÀÇ Á¶±×¸¸ À¯´ë ¹ÎÁ·Àº ºÐ¿­µÇ°í ¹«·ÂÇß´Ù. °í´ë¼¼°èÀÇ ´ëÁ¦±¹µé(ÀÌÁýÆ®¡¤¾Æ½Ã¸®¾Æ¡¤¹Ùºô·Î´Ï¾Æ¡¤Æä¸£½Ã¾Æ¡¤½Ã¸®¾Æ)ÀÌ ¼­·Î ÅõÀïÇÏ°í ¼­·Î¸¦ Â÷ÁöÇÏ´Â »çÀÌ¿¡ À§Ä¡Çϰí ÀÖ¾úÀ¸¹Ç·Î, À¯´ë´Â ÀÌ¹Ì ¹Ùºô·Ð Æ÷·Î½Ã´ë(BC 586~538)ºÎÅÍ Á¤Ä¡Àû µ¶¸³À» ÀÒ¾ú°í, ¿Ü±¹ÀÇ Áö¹è ¾Æ·¡ ³õÀÌ°Ô µÇ¾ú´Ù. ±×¸®½º ½Ã´ë Ãʱ⿡´Â ÀÌÁýÆ®ÀÇ ÇÁÅç·¹¸¶ÀÌ¿À½º ¿ÕÁ¶ÀÇ Áö¹è(BC 3¼¼±â)ÇÏ¿¡, ±×ÈÄ ½Ã¸®¾ÆÀÇ ¼¿·¹¿ìÄÚ½º ¿ÕÁ¶ÀÇ Áö¹èÇÏ(BC 2¼¼±â)¿¡, ¸¶Áö¸·À¸·Î ·Î¸¶ÀÇ Áö¹èÇÏ¿¡ ÀÖ´Ù°¡ ·Î¸¶¿¡ ÀÇÇØ ¿ÏÀüÈ÷ ¸ê¸ÁÇß´Ù(AD 70). ¿ÀÁ÷ ªÀº ±â°£ µ¿¾È¸¸ À¯´Ù ³ª¶ó°¡ Á¸ÀçÇß´Ù. Á¦»çÀå °¡Á·ÀÎ ¸¶Ä«º£¿À °¡¹®Àº ½Ã¸®¾ÆÀÇ ¿Õ ¾ÈƼ¿ÀÄÚ½º 4¼¼(¿¡ÇÇÆÄ³×½º)¿¡ ´ëÇ×ÇÏ¿© Çõ¸íÀ» ÀÏÀ¸Ä×À¸¸ç, ±×ÈÄ ÅëÄ¡Çß´Ù(BC 168~165). ±×·¯³ª ±×µéÀÇ ÅëÄ¡´Â ³»Àû ºÐ¿­°ú °Ý·ÄÇÑ ¿Õ±ÇÀïÅ»·Î ³¡³ª°Ô µÇ¾ú´Ù.(Âü°í: À¯´ë±³)
Initially courted by the rival parties, the Roman general Pompey marched into Palestine, capturing Jerusalem in 63 BC, and reduced the Jewish territory to Judaea, without the coastal cities and the confederacy of towns of the Decapolis (central Transjordan). Several other smaller regions--e.g., inland Galilee of the northern province around Lake Gennesaret and Peraea, east of the Dead Sea--were left to the Jews. By exploiting the threat to the Roman Empire from the Parthians and by adapting himself skillfully to the changing power situations after the murder of Julius Caesar (44 BC), the clever and adroit Herod I (reigned 37-4 BC) managed with the help of the Romans to become "king of the Jews" and to extend the Jewish state over almost all of Palestine again. His regime was decidedly progressive. He promoted Hellenization (i.e., emphasizing Greek culture) by modern building projects, the founding of towns, and in other ways. But he also attempted to win the favour of the Jews, above all by rebuilding Solomon's Temple in ostentatious form and on an enormous scale. It was begun in 20 BC but was not finally completed until AD 64, a few years before its destruction in AD 70 by Titus, who became emperor of Rome nine years later. (see also Index: Roman Republic and Empire, Jerusalem, Temple of BC 63³â ·Î¸¶ÀÇ À屺 ÆûÆäÀ̿콺°¡ ÆÈ·¹½ºÅ¸Àο¡ Áø±ºÇÏ¿© ¿¹·ç»ì·½À» Á¡·ÉÇϰí, À¯´ëÀÇ ¿µÅ並 ¿¬¾Èµµ½Ãµé°ú µ¥Ä«Æú¸®½º(Áß¾Ó Æ®¶õ½º¿ä¸£´Ü)ÀÇ µµ½Ã¿¬¹æµéÀ» Á¦¿ÜÇÑ À¯´ë Áö¹æÀ¸·Î ÇÑÁ¤½ÃÄ×´Ù. ¸î °³ÀÇ ´Ù¸¥ ÀÛÀº Áö¿ªµé(°Õ³×»ç·¿ È£¼ö ºÏÂÊÀÇ °¥¸±¸® ³»Áö, »çÇØ µ¿ÂÊÀÇ º£·¹¾Æ)Àº À¯´ëÀε鿡°Ô ³²°ÜÁ³´Ù. ÆÄ¸£Æ¼¾Æ°¡ ·Î¸¶ Á¦±¹À» À§ÇùÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ» ÀÌ¿ëÇϰí À²¸®¿ì½º Ä«À̻縣ÀÇ Á×À½(BC 44) ÀÌÈÄ º¯È­ÇÏ´Â ±Ç·Â»óȲ¿¡ ±³¹¦È÷ ÀûÀÀÇϸ鼭, Çì·Îµ¥ 1¼¼(BC 37~2 ÀçÀ§)´Â ·Î¸¶ÀÇ µµ¿òÀ¸·Î 'À¯´ëÀÇ ¿Õ'ÀÌ µÇ¾úÀ¸¸ç À¯´ë ¶¥À» °ÅÀÇ ¸ðµç ÆÈ·¹½ºÅ¸ÀÎ Áö¿ªÀ¸·Î È®Àå½ÃŰ·Á°í ³ë·ÂÇß´Ù. ±×ÀÇ ÅëÄ¡´Â »ó´çÈ÷ Áøº¸ÀûÀ̾ú´Ù. ±×´Â »õ·Î¿î °Ç¼³°èȹµéÀ» ¼¼¿ì°í, µµ½ÃµéÀ» ¼³¸³ÇßÀ¸¸ç, ´Ù¸¥ ¹æ½Äµé·Î Çï·¹´ÏÁòÈ­(Áï ±×¸®½º ¹®È­¸¦ °­Á¶Çϸ鼭)¸¦ ÃËÁøÇß´Ù. ¶ÇÇÑ ¼Ö·Î¸ó ¼ºÀüÀ» È­·ÁÇÑ ¾ç½Ä°ú ¾öû³­ ±Ô¸ð·Î Àç°ÇÇÔÀ¸·Î½á, À¯´ëÀεéÀÇ È¯½ÉÀ» ¾ò±â À§ÇØ ³ë·ÂÇß´Ù. ÀÌ ¼ºÀü Àç°ÇÀº BC 20³â¿¡ ½ÃÀÛÇØ, ƼÅõ½º°¡ AD 70³â¿¡ ÆÄ±«ÇÏ±â ¸î ³â ÀüÀÎ, AD 64³â±îÁöµµ ¿Ï¼ºÇÏÁö ¸øÇß´Ù. (Âü°í: ·Î¸¶ °øÈ­Á¤°ú Á¦±¹, ¿¹·ç»ì·½ ¼ºÀü)
Though the Jews demanded of the Romans the abolition of Herodian rule after his death, the Romans divided the land up among the sons of Herod the Great. The most important and largest part, Judaea, with Jerusalem, Samaria, southern Judaea, and Idumaea, was granted to Archelaus, who was deposed by AD 6. His area was integrated into the Roman administration under a governor (procurator), who controlled military, taxation, and judicial affairs. As was their custom, the Romans allowed the Jews to practice their religion and to exercise restricted powers of administration and jurisdiction. Some of the procurators, however, did not hold themselves strictly to these principles. Pontius Pilate, who is designated in an inscription found in 1961 as praefectus Judaeae, ruled (AD 26-36) ruthlessly and with bursts of cruelty. He was dismissed for this reason. The reigns of Herod's other two sons were of rather longer duration: Philip (4 BC-AD 34) ruled as tetrarch of the non-Jewish region northeast of Lake Gennesaret, and Herod Antipas (4 BC-AD 39) served as ruler of Galilee and the remote Peraea.  À¯´ëÀεéÀº Çì·Îµ¥ÀÇ Á×À½ ÀÌÈÄ Çì·Îµ¥ °¡¹®ÀÇ ÅëÄ¡¸¦ ÆóÁöÇØ´Þ¶ó°í ·Î¸¶¿¡ ¿ä±¸ÇßÀ¸³ª, ·Î¸¶´Â Çì·Îµ¥ ´ë¿ÕÀÇ ¾Æµéµé¿¡°Ô ¶¥À» ºÐÇÒÇß´Ù. °¡Àå Áß¿äÇϰí Å« ºÎºÐÀÎ ¿¹·ç»ì·½¡¤»ç¸¶¸®¾Æ¡¤³²(Ñõ)À¯´ë¡¤À̵θŸ¦ Æ÷ÇÔÇÑ À¯´ë Áö¹æÀº ¾ÆÄ̶ó¿À(AD 6³â ÆóÀ§)¿¡°Ô ÁÖ¾îÁ³´Ù. ±×ÀÇ ¿µÅä´Â ±º»ç¡¤°ú¼¼¡¤»ç¹ý ¾÷¹«¸¦ °üÇÒÇÏ´Â ÅëÄ¡ÀÚ(Ãѵ¶)ÇÏ¿¡ ·Î¸¶ ÇàÁ¤±ÇÀ¸·Î ÅëÇյǾú´Ù. °ü·Ê´ë·Î, ·Î¸¶´Â À¯´ëÀε鿡°Ô ±×µéÀÇ Á¾±³¸¦ ¹Ï°í ÇàÁ¤°ú »ç¹ýÀÇ Á¦ÇÑµÈ ±ÇÇÑÀ» Çà»çÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ» Çã¶ôÇß´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ¾î¶² Ãѵ¶µéÀº ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ¿øÄ¢µé¿¡ Ãæ½ÇÇÏÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù. 'À¯´ëÀÇ Ãѵ¶'ÀÌ µÈ º»Æ¼¿À ºô¶óµµ´Â ¹«ÀÚºñÇϰí ÀÜÀÎÇÏ°Ô ´Ù½º·È´Ù(AD 26~36). ±×´Â ÀÌ ÀÌÀ¯·Î ÇØÀӵǾú°í Çì·Îµ¥ÀÇ µÎ ¾ÆµéÀÇ ÅëÄ¡´Â ´õ ¿À·¡µÇ¾ú´Âµ¥, Çʸ³º¸(BC 4~AD 34)´Â °Õ³×»ç·¿ È£¼öÀÇ ºÏ¼­ÂÊ ºñÀ¯´ë Áö¿ªÀ» ´Ù½º·È°í, Çì·Îµ¥ ¾ÈƼÆÄ½º(BC 4~AD 39)´Â °¥¸±¸®¿Í º¯¹æ º£·¹¾Æ¸¦ ÅëÄ¡Çß´Ù.
As far as Jesus' story is concerned, the conditions in Galilee, the land of his origin and his ministry, are of paramount importance. Thoroughly changed in character by the settlement of foreign colonists, although again in the process of being re-Judaized, Galilee was held in contempt by the Judaeans. Though the land's culture and civilization were in large measure Hellenistic, especially at the court of Herod Antipas, in individual towns and among the owners of large estates, the Jewish population, which spoke Aramaic, lived with its own, largely unaffected religious traditions. At the time of Jesus, Galilee was known as a seat of Jewish resistance to Rome.  ¿¹¼öÀÇ À̾߱Ⱑ °ü·ÃµÈ Á¡¿¡ À־, ¿¹¼ö°¡ ÀÚ¶ó°í »ç¿ªÇÑ °¥¸±¸®´Â Áö´ëÇÑ Á߿伺À» Áö´Ñ´Ù. °¥¸±¸®´Â, ´Ù½Ã À¯´ëÈ­µÇ´Â °úÁ¤¿¡ ÀÖ¾úÁö¸¸, ¿Ü±¹ ÀÌÁֹεéÀÇ Á¤ÂøÀ¸·Î ¿ÏÀüÈ÷ Ư¼ºÀÌ ¹Ù²î¾î À¯´ëÀεéÀÇ °æ¸êÀ» ¹Þ¾Ò´Ù. ÀÌ Áö¿ªÀÇ ¹®È­¿Í ¹®¸íÀº ƯÈ÷ Çì·Îµ¥ ¾ÈƼÆÄ½ºÀÇ ÅëÄ¡ÇÏ¿¡ °³º° µµ½Ãµé, ´ëÅäÁö ¼ÒÀ¯ÀÚµéÀ» Çï·¹´ÏÁòÈ­ÇßÁö¸¸, ¾Æ¶÷¾î¸¦ ¾²´Â À¯´ëÀεéÀº ÀڽŵéÀÇ Á¾±³ ÀüÅëÀ» ÁöŰ¸ç »ì¾Ò´Ù. ¿¹¼ö ½Ã´ë¿¡ °¥¸±¸®´Â À¯´ëÀεéÀÌ ·Î¸¶¿¡ ÀúÇ×ÇÏ´Â Áß½ÉÁö·Î ¾Ë·ÁÁ³´Ù. 
According to Josephus (Antiquities XVIII, 18 ff.), Herod Antipas--whom Jesus called a "fox" (Luke 13:32)--held John the Baptist, the prophet who preached repentance, to be politically dangerous, had him put in prison, and had him executed for this reason. The Synoptic tradition, however, gives the Baptist's harsh criticism of Herod's unlawful second marriage as the reason (Mark 6:17-29).  ¿ä¼¼Çª½º¿¡ µû¸£¸é, Çì·Îµ¥ ¾ÈƼÆÄ½º´Â--¿¹¼ö¸¦ "¿©¿ì"(´©°¡ 13:32)¶ó°í ºÒ·¶´Âµ¥--ȸ°³¸¦ ºÎ¸£Â¢Àº ¼±ÁöÀÚ ¼¼·Ê ¿äÇÑÀ» Á¤Ä¡ÀûÀ¸·Î À§ÇèÇÏ´Ù°í ¿©°åÀ¸¹Ç·Î ±×¸¦ Åõ¿ÁÇÏ°í¼­, ÀÌ·± ÀÌÀ¯·Î ±×¸¦ óÇüÇÏ¿´´Ù. °ø°üº¹À½ÀÇ Àü½ÂÀº, ±×·¯³ª, Çì·Îµ¥ÀÇ µÎ¹øÂ° °áÈ¥¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¿äÇÑÀÇ ½ÉÇÑ ºñÆÇÀ» ÀÌÀ¯·Î Á¦½ÃÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù.(¸¶°¡ 6:17-29)

Information about political conditions in Palestine at the time of Jesus is found mainly in non-biblical sources, especially in Josephus. Only a few details are mentioned in the Gospels. Such information is nevertheless significant as background for the story of Jesus, even if it does not contribute much to an understanding of his teaching. The attitude of the Jewish people to the foreign rule of the Romans was not uniform. There were conformists, especially among the priestly aristocracy in Jerusalem, and there were those who exhibited concealed and open resistance. 

¿¹¼ö ½Ã´ë¿¡ ÆÈ·¹½ºÅ¸ÀÎÀÇ Á¤Ä¡Àû »óȲ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Á¤º¸´Â ÁÖ·Î ºñ¼º¼­Àû ÀÚ·áµé, ƯÈ÷ ¿ä¼¼Çª½ºÀÇ ÀúÀÛ¿¡¼­ ÁÖ·Î ¹ß°ßµÇ¸ç ´ÜÁö ¸î¸î ³»¿ë¸¸ÀÌ º¹À½¼­¿¡¼­ ¾ð±ÞµÈ´Ù. ±×·³¿¡µµ ºÒ±¸Çϰí, ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ Á¤º¸µéÀº ¿¹¼öÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§À» ÀÌÇØÇÔ¿¡ À־ ±×·¸°Ô ¸¹Àº ±â¿©¸¦ ÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀ½¿¡µµ,  ±×ÀÇ À̾߱âÀÇ ¹è°æÀ¸·Î¼­ Áß¿äÇÏ´Ù. ·Î¸¶ ÅëÄ¡¿¡ ´ëÇÑ À¯´ëÀεéÀÇ Åµµ´Â ÀÏÁ¤ÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Ù. Á¦»çÀåµé°ú ±ÍÁ·µéÀº ¼øÀÀÇßÁö¸¸, ¼û¾î¼­ ÀúÇ×Çϰųª °ø°³ÀûÀ¸·Î ÀúÇ×ÇÏ´Â Àڵ鵵 ÀÖ¾ú´Ù.

Religious conditions.

Á¾±³Àû »óȲ

Judaism in the time of Jesus presents a disunited, fragmented picture, composed of widely different groups. 

¿¹¼ö ½Ã´ëÀÇ À¯´ë±³´Â ¿©·¯ Áý´Üµé·Î ±¸¼ºµÇ¾î ºÐ¿­µÈ ¸ð½ÀÀ» º¸¿©ÁØ´Ù. 
The Pharisees.
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In the reports of the Synoptic Gospels, the Pharisees serve almost entirely to exemplify his opponents. They are incensed by his preaching and behaviour, spy on him, press from the very beginning to have him done away with, and are, conversely, themselves attacked by him most fiercely as being self-righteous hypocrites. Debates with the Pharisees without doubt played an important role in Jesus' life. From the Gospels there has developed a crude popular view that "Pharisee" is synonymous with "self-righteous hypocrite." The New Testament sources, however, are to be used with discretion in this respect for the following reasons: (1) the later narrators were in large measure no longer conversant with the historical circumstances, especially because they were themselves outside the region of Palestine. As a rule, the Pharisees are introduced as a collective quantity in the Gospels but, in reality, were not a unified group. There are also sporadic references in the Synoptic tradition to the fact that Jesus maintained table fellowship with Pharisees (Luke 7:36; 11:37; 14:1). It is also worthy of note that they play no part in the Passion tradition (with the exception of the later legend in Matt. 27:62ff. about the Pharisees' requesting a guard at Jesus' tomb). (2) A Synoptic comparison reveals the tendency to give Jesus' opponents more concrete form, but in a schematic way. In the later texts, the Pharisees are frequently introduced as the constant foil for Jesus, whereas the older tradition speaks of Jesus' opponents in an indefinite way. (3) Matthew, especially, reflects the sharpened conflicts between Jews and Christians in the period after the destruction of Jerusalem (AD 70), when a theologically narrower brand of Pharisaism was finally asserting itself in the course of the religious reconstitution of Judaism. This later picture dominates the Talmudic tradition, but it may not be projected back into the time of Jesus.  ¸ÕÀú °ø°üº¹À½¼­µéÀÇ ±â·Ï¿¡ ³ªÅ¸³­ ¹Ù¸®»õÆÄ´Â ´ëºÎºÐ ¿¹¼öÀÇ Àû´ëÀÚµéÀÇ Ç¥º»À¸·Î ³ªÅ¸³­´Ù. ±×µéÀº ¿¹¼öÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§°ú Çൿ¿¡ °ÝºÐÇÏ¿© ±×¸¦ °¨½ÃÇß°í, óÀ½ºÎÅÍ ±×¸¦ ¾ø¾Ö·Á°í ÇßÀ¸³ª, °Å²Ù·Î ±×µé ÀڽŵéÀÌ ¿¹¼ö·ÎºÎÅÍ 'ÀÚ±â ÀÇ'¸¦ ³»¼¼¿ì´Â À§¼±ÀÚµéÀ̶ó°í È£µÇ°Ô °ø°Ý´çÇß´Ù. ÀǽÉÀÇ ¿©Áö¾øÀÌ ¹Ù¸®»õÆÄ¿ÍÀÇ ³íÀïµéÀº ¿¹¼öÀÇ »ý¾Ö¿¡¼­ Áß¿äÇÑ ¿ªÇÒÀ» Çß´Ù. º¹À½¼­µé¿¡¼­ '¹Ù¸®»õ'´Â 'Àڱ⸦ ÀÇ·Ó°Ô ¿©±â´Â À§¼±ÀÚ'¿Í µ¿ÀǾî·Î »ç¿ëµÇ¾ú´Ù. ±×·¯³ª [½Å¾à¼º¼­]ÀÇ ÀÚ·áµéÀº ´ÙÀ½ÀÇ ÀÌÀ¯µé ¶§¹®¿¡ ½ÅÁßÇÏ°Ô »ç¿ëµÇ¾î¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. ¨ç Èıâ ÇØ¼³ÀÚµéÀº ¿ª»çÀû »óȲ¿¡ ´ëÇØ¼­ Á¤ÅëÇÏÁö ¸øÇß´Ù. ¿Ö³ÄÇÏ¸é ±×µé ÀÚ½ÅÀÌ ÆÈ·¹½ºÅ¸ÀÎ Áö¿ª ¹Û¿¡ ÀÖ¾ú±â ¶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù. ÀϹÝÀûÀ¸·Î ¹Ù¸®»õÆÄ´Â Áý´ÜÀ¸·Î º¹À½¼­¿¡ ¼Ò°³µÇ¾úÁö¸¸ ½ÇÁ¦·Î´Â ¿¬ÇÕµÈ Áý´ÜÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¾ú´Ù. ¿¹¼ö°¡ ¹Ù¸®»õÀεé°ú ½Äʱ³Á¦¸¦ ³ª´©¾ú´Ù´Â »ç½Ç¿¡ ´ëÇÑ »ê¹ßÀûÀÎ ¾ð±ÞµéÀÌ Àִµ¥(´©°¡ 7 : 36, 11 : 37, 14 : 1), ±×µéÀÌ ¼ö³­ Àü½Â¿¡¼­ ¾Æ¹« ¿ªÇÒµµ ÇÏÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù´Â °ÍÀº ÁÖ¸ñÇÒ ¸¸ÇÏ´Ù. ¨è Èı⠺»¹®µé¿¡¼­ ¹Ù¸®»õÆÄ´Â ´ëºÎºÐ ¿¹¼ö¿Í ´ëÁ¶µÇ´Â ÀÚµé·Î ¼Ò°³µÈ´Ù. ±×¿¡ ¹ÝÇØ ´õ ¿À·¡µÈ Àü½ÂÀº ¿¹¼öÀÇ Àû´ëÀڵ鿡 ´ëÇØ ¸íÈ®ÇÏ°Ô ¸»ÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù. ¨é ¸¶Å´ AD 70³â ¿¹·ç»ì·½ ÆÄ±« ÀÌÈÄ À¯´ëÀεé°ú ±×¸®½ºµµÀα³µé »çÀÌÀÇ ³¯Ä«·Î¿î °¥µîÀ» ¹Ý¿µÇϴµ¥, ±×¶§ ¹Ù¸®»õÁÖÀǶó´Â ½ÅÇÐÀûÀ¸·Î Çù¼ÒÇÑ ¸íĪÀÌ À¯´ë±³ Àç°Ç°úÁ¤¿¡¼­ ³ªÅ¸³­´Ù. ÀÌ ÈıâÀÇ ¸ð½ÀÀÌ [Å»¹«µå] Àü½Â¿¡´Â µÎµå·¯Áö°Ô ³ªÅ¸³ªÁö¸¸ ¿¹¼ö ½Ã´ë¿¡±îÁö Åõ»çµÉ ¼ö´Â ¾ø´Ù.
Originating in the time of the Maccabees (or earlier, according to some scholars), the movement of the Pharisees (i.e., the "separated ones") formed itself into a religious association composed chiefly of laymen from varied classes and callings. Its aim was strict adherence to the Torah (Law) in even the most remote areas of daily life, in order to realize the true Israel of God. This especially included the scrupulous observance of the individual ritual commandments for the practice of prayer and fasting, cultic purity, and the avoidance of all contact with the cultically unclean, whether that be lawless persons, sinners, corpses, animals, or unclean utensils. In the Pharisees' piety there was also to be found an eager longing for the future world of God, a doctrine of the resurrection of the dead, and a hope in the promised Davidic Messiah, who would establish his rule in Jerusalem and destroy the power of the heathen. ¸¶Ä«º£¿À ½Ã´ë(¾Æ´Ï¸é ¾î¶² ÇÐÀڵ鿡 µû¸£¸é ÀÌÀü)¿¡ »ý°Ü³­ ¹Ù¸®»õÆÄ('ºÐ¸®µÈ ÀÚµé') ¿îµ¿Àº ´Ù¾çÇÑ °è±Þ°ú Á÷¾÷À» Áö´Ñ Æò½Åµµ·Î ±¸¼ºµÈ Á¾±³Àû ¿¬ÇÕÀ» Çü¼ºÇß´Ù. ±× ¸ñÀûÀº ÇÏ´À´ÔÀÇ ÂüµÈ À̽º¶ó¿¤À» ½ÇÇöÇϱâ À§ÇØ ÀÏ»ó»ýȰ¿¡¼­µµ Åä¶ó(À²¹ý)¸¦ ¾ö°ÝÈ÷ ÁöŰ·Á´Â °ÍÀ̾ú´Ù. À̰ÍÀº ƯÈ÷ ±âµµ¿Í ±Ý½ÄÀÇ ½Çõ, ÀǽÄÀû ¼º°á ±×¸®°í ¹«¹ýÀÚ¤Ñ ÁËÀεé, ½Ãü, µ¿¹° ¶Ç´Â ºÒ°áÇÑ °¡Àç µµ±¸ µîÀÇ ÀǽÄÀûÀ¸·Î ºÒ°áÇÑ °Í°úÀÇ Á¢ÃË ±ÝÁö µîÀÇ °³ÀÎÀûÀÎ ÀÇ½Ä ¸í·É¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Ã¶ÀúÇÑ Áؼö¸¦ Æ÷ÇÔÇÑ´Ù. ¹Ù¸®»õÆÄÀÇ °æ°Ç¿¡¼­´Â ¶ÇÇÑ ¹Ì·¡ÀÇ ÇÏ´À´Ô ³ª¶ó¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¿­¸Á, Á×ÀºÀÚÀÇ ºÎȰ±³¸®, À̱³ÀÇ ¼¼·ÂÀ» ¸êÇÏ°í ¿¹·ç»ì·½¿¡¼­ ÅëÄ¡ÇÏ°Ô µÉ ´ÙÀ­ÀûÀÎ ¸Þ½Ã¾Æ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¼Ò¸Á µîÀÌ ¹ß°ßµÈ´Ù.
In view of this religious situation, it is difficult to arrive at a uniform judgment on Jesus' relation to the Pharisees. Points of contact in matters of teaching definitely are present; e.g., in the expectation of the resurrection of the dead, which they hold in common (Mark 12:25-27). Again, there are critical statements about formalized and hypocritical piety in Jewish Talmudic tradition, and not just in sayings of Jesus. It would therefore be unjust to judge all Pharisees to be alike. Obviously, many sayings of Jesus have parallels in Rabbinic tradition. Nevertheless, there is no question that Jesus rejected their claim to righteousness and their ideal of representing the true Israel, that he characterized their "tradition of the elders" as human tradition in contrast to the commandment of God, and that, through his attitude to tax collectors and sinners, he must have given them offense. Because of such opinions of Jesus, they probably would have influenced the people against Jesus. That certainly need not mean, however, that the Pharisees, who were politically anything but dominant, aimed at Jesus' crucifixion from the start (contrary to what is said; Mark 3:6). ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ Á¾±³Àû »óȲ¿¡¼­ ¹Ù¸®»õÆÄ¿Í ¿¹¼öÀÇ °ü°è¿¡ ´ëÇØ ÀÏÄ¡µÈ ÆÇ´ÜÀ» Çϱâ´Â ¾î·Æ´Ù. °¡¸£Ä§ÀÇ ³»¿ë¿¡¼­ °øÅëÁ¡µéµµ ÀÖ´Ù. ¿¹¸¦ µé¸é Á×ÀºÀÚÀÇ ºÎȰ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ±â´ë(¸¶°¡ 12 : 25~27), Çü½ÄÀûÀ̰í À§¼±ÀûÀÎ °æ°Ç¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ºñÆÇÀû Áø¼úµéÀÌ ±×°ÍÀÌ´Ù. ¿¹¼öÀÇ ¸¹Àº ¸»¾¸Àº ¶øºñ ÀüÅë°ú À¯»çÁ¡ÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù. ±×·³¿¡µµ ºÒ±¸ÇÏ°í ±×µéÀÌ ÀÚ±â ÀÇ¿Í Âü À̽º¶ó¿¤À» ´ëÇ¥ÇÑ´Ù´Â ÀÌ»óÀ» ÁÖÀåÇÒ ¶§ ¿¹¼ö°¡ °ÅºÎÇß´Ù´Â °Í°ú ±×µéÀÇ 'Àå·ÎµéÀÇ Àü½Â'À» ÇÏ´À´ÔÀÇ ¸í·É°ú ´ëÁ¶µÇ´Â Àΰ£ÀÇ Àü½ÂÀ¸·Î ¿¹¼ö°¡ ÀνÄÇß´Ù´Â °Í, ¼¼¸®¿Í ÁËÀο¡ ´ëÇÑ ¿¹¼öÀÇ Åµµ µîÀ» »ìÆìº¼ ¶§ ±×°¡ ±×µéÀ» °ø°ÝÇßÀ½¿¡ Ʋ¸²¾ø´Ù´Â °ÍÀº ÀǽÉÇÒ ¿©Áö°¡ ¾ø´Ù. ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ¿¹¼öÀÇ °ßÇØµé ¶§¹®¿¡ ±×µéÀº ¹é¼ºµéÀÌ ¿¹¼ö¿¡ ´ëÇ×Çϵµ·Ï ¿µÇâÀ» ³¢ÃÆÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ±×°ÍÀÌ Á¤Ä¡ÀûÀ¸·Î À¯·ÂÇÏÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´ø ¹Ù¸®»õÆÄ°¡ óÀ½ºÎÅÍ ¿¹¼öÀÇ ½ÊÀÚ°¡ óÇüÀ» ¸ñÇ¥·Î Çß´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ¶æÇÏÁö´Â ¾Ê´Â´Ù([¸¶°¡ÀÇ º¹À½¼­]3Àå 6Àý¿¡¼­ ¸»ÇÏ´Â °Í°ú´Â ¹Ý´ëÀÓ).
The Sadducees.
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A party of quite another kind was that of the Sadducees, who belonged to the Jerusalem priestly caste. They carried much less authority among the people than the Pharisees. As a theologically conservative school, they differed from the latter also in their rejection of the additional "traditions" and the new doctrine of the resurrection of the dead. Because of the Sadducees' hierarchical tradition and their readiness to adapt themselves to the current political conditions, their influence in Jesus' time, before the destruction of the Temple, is not to be underestimated. Besides the Pharisees and the elders of the people, they had a decisive voice in the supreme religious and judicial authority, the Sanhedrin. A close relation probably existed between them and the Roman rulers. They did not, however, survive the catastrophic outcome of the war and the end of the Temple (AD 70).  ¿¹·ç»ì·½ÀÇ Á¦»çÀå °è±Þ¿¡ ¼ÓÇß´ø »çµÎ°³ÆÄ´Â ¹Ù¸®»õÆÄº¸´Ù ¹é¼ºµé »çÀÌ¿¡¼­ ±ÇÀ§°¡ ¾ø¾ú´Ù. ½ÅÇÐÀûÀ¸·Î º¸¼öÀûÀÎ ÇÐÆÄ·Î¼­, ±×µéÀº ºÎ°¡µÈ 'ÀüÅëµé'°ú Á×Àº ÀÚÀÇ ºÎȰ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ »õ ±³¸®¸¦ °ÅºÎÇß´Ù. »çµÎ°³ÆÄ´Â À§°èÀû ÀüÅëÀ» Áß½ÃÇßÀ¸¸ç Á¤Ä¡Àû »óȲ¿¡ ½±°Ô ÀûÀÀÇß´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ¼ºÀüÆÄ±«(AD 70) ÀÌÀü ¿¹¼ö ½Ã´ë¿¡ ¹ÌÃÆ´ø ±×µéÀÇ ¿µÇâÀÌ °ú¼ÒÆò°¡µÇ¾î¼­´Â ¾È µÈ´Ù. ¹Ù¸®»õÆÄ¿Í ¹é¼ºÀÇ Àå·Îµé°ú ÇÔ²² ±×µéÀº ÃÖ°íÀÇ Á¾±³Àû¡¤¹ýÀû ±ÇÀ§ÀÎ »êÇìµå¸°¿¡¼­ °áÁ¤ÀûÀÎ ¹ß¾ð±ÇÀ» °¡Áö°í ÀÖ¾úÀ¸¸ç, ·Î¸¶ÀÇ ÅëÄ¡ÀÚµé°ú ¹ÐÁ¢ÇÑ °ü°è°¡ ÀÖ¾ú´ø °Í °°´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ±×µéÀº ±â¿ø 70³âÀÇ ÀüÀïÀÇ ÆÄ±¹Àû °á°ú¿Í ¼ºÀüÆÄ±«¿¡¼­ »ì¾Æ³²Áö ¸øÇß´Ù.
The scribes.
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The scribes are frequently mentioned in the Gospels. In later Judaism, which, since the time of Ezra (5th century BC), was committed to the Mosaic Law, they formed a most respected class of the teachers. Corresponding to the normative significance of the Law for all religious, moral, social, and legal questions of Jewish life, the scribe was a combination of theologian and lawyer. Social origin and membership of a particular party played no role in this group. In Jesus' time, there were, apart from Pharisees and priests, also Sadducees and Zealots among the scribes. They were not paid as a professional class but, instead, had to find their own living. As scribes, they had to expound the Torah and give directives for daily life. Those who had undergone the long and careful training in their schools were accorded the status of scribe, wore the long robe of the scholar (Mark 12:38), were respectfully addressed as "rabbi" (Matt. 23:7), and were allowed to sit in a place of honour in the synagogue. Jesus, like the scribes, sat to teach (Matt. 5:1; Luke 4:20), engaged in debate, gave his opinion on the diverging doctrinal propositions of particular schools (Matt. 19:3ff.), and gathered disciples about him. The stereotyped way in which, particularly in Matthew, Pharisees and scribes are grouped together reflects the conditions obtaining at the time of the Gospel-writers, in which it was the Pharisees who controlled the instruction in the synagogues exclusively. But earlier, in the time of Jesus, the scribes were a more motley group. Also, it is not allowable to conclude from the fact that Jesus is frequently addressed as "rabbi" and "teacher" that he himself was a member of this profession. (see also Index: sofer À²¹ýÇÐÀÚµéÀº º¹À½¼­µé¿¡¼­ ÀÚÁÖ ¾ð±ÞµÇ´Âµ¥ ¸ð¼¼ÀÇ À²¹ý¿¡ Çå½ÅÇÏ´Â ¿¡Áî¶ó ½Ã´ë(BC 5¼¼±â) ÀÌ·¡ÀÇ Èıâ À¯´ë±³¿¡¼­ ±×µéÀº °¡Àå Á¸°æ¹Þ´Â ±³»ç°è±ÞÀ» Çü¼ºÇß´Ù. À¯´ë »ýȰÀÇ ¸ðµç Á¾±³Àû¡¤µµ´öÀû¡¤»çȸÀû¡¤¹ý·üÀû ¹®Á¦µé¿¡ ´ëÇÑ À²¹ýÀÇ ±Ô¹üÀû Á߿伺À» °í·ÁÇØº¼ ¶§ À²¹ýÇÐÀÚ´Â ½ÅÇÐÀÚ¿Í ¹ý·ü°¡ÀÇ ¿ªÇÒÀ» ´ã´çÇß´Ù. »çȸÀû Ãâ½ÅÀ̳ª Ưº°ÇÑ ´çÀÇ ´ç¿ø ÀÚ°ÝÀº ÀÌ ¹«¸®¿¡¼­´Â ¾Æ¹«·± Àǹ̰¡ ¾ø¾ú´Ù. ¿¹¼ö ½Ã´ëÀÇ À²¹ýÇÐÀÚ Áß¿¡´Â ¹Ù¸®»õÀεéÀ̳ª Á¦»çÀåµé ¿Ü¿¡µµ »çµÎ°³Àεé°ú ¿­½É´çÀÌ ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. ±×µéÀº ´ë½Å¿¡ Á÷¾÷ÀûÀÎ °è±Þµé°ú´Â ´Þ¸® º¸¼ö¸¦ ¹ÞÁö ¾Ê¾ÒÀ¸¸ç ½º½º·Î »ý°è¸¦ À¯ÁöÇØ¾ß Çß´Ù. ÇÐÀڷμ­, ±×µéÀº º¸¼ö¸¦ ¹ÞÁö ¾Ê¾Ò°í Åä¶ó¸¦ ¼³¸íÇßÀ¸¸ç ÀÏ»ó»ýȰÀ» À§ÇÑ ÁöħÀ» ÁÖ¾î¾ß¸¸ Çß´Ù. Çб³¿¡¼­ ¿À·§µ¿¾È ¼¼½ÉÇÑ ÈÆ·ÃÀ» ¹ÞÀº ±×µéÀº À²¹ýÇÐÀÚÀÇ ÁöÀ§¸¦ ºÎ¿© ¹Þ¾ÒÀ¸¸ç, ÇÐÀÚÀÇ ±ä ¿ÊÀ» ÀÔ°í(¸¶°¡ 12 : 38), Á¸°æ½º·´°Ô ' ¶øºñ'¶ó°í ºÒ·ÈÀ¸¸ç(¸¶Å 23 : 7), ȸ´ç¿¡¼­ ¸í¿¹·Î¿î ÀÚ¸®¿¡ ¾ÉÀ» ¼ö ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. ¿¹¼ö´Â, ÇÐÀÚµéó·³, °¡¸£Ä¡±â À§Çؼ­(¸¶Å 5:1; ´©°¡ 4:20) ¾É¾ÒÀ¸¸ç, Åä·Ð¿¡ Âü¿©ÇÏ¿´°í, ƯÁ¤ÇÑ ÇÐÆÄµé(¸¶Å 19:3-)ÀÇ ´Ù¾çÇÑ ±³¸®ÀûÀÎ ¸íÁ¦µé¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ÀǰßÀ» ³»¾î ³õ¾ÒÀ¸¸ç, ±×ÀÇ ÁÖº¯¿¡ Á¦ÀÚµéÀÌ ¸ð¿´´Ù. ƯÈ÷ [¸¶ÅÂÀÇ º¹À½¼­]¿¡¼­ ¹Ù¸®»õÀεé°ú À²¹ýÇÐÀÚµéÀÌ ÇÔ²² ¸ðÀÌ´Â ÀüÇüÀûÀÎ ¹æ½ÄÀº º¹À½¼­ ÀúÀÚµéÀÇ ½Ã´ëÀû »óȲÀ» ¹Ý¿µÇϴµ¥, ±×¶§ ȸ´ç¿¡¼­ °¡¸£Ä§À» ÁÖ°üÇÑ ÀÚµéÀº ¹Ù¸®»õÆÄ¿´´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ±× ÀÌÀüÀÎ ¿¹¼öÀÇ ½Ã´ë¿¡´Â À²¹ýÇÐÀÚµéÀÌ ´õ Áß¿äÇÑ Áý´ÜÀ̾ú´Ù. ¿¹¼ö°¡ ÀÚÁÖ '¶øºñ'¿Í '±³»ç'·Î ºÒ¸®±â´Â ÇßÁö¸¸ ±×°¡ ÀÌ Á÷¾÷ÀÇ ±¸¼º¿øÀ̾ú´Ù°í °á·Ð³»¸± ¼ö´Â ¾ø´Ù.
The Zealots.
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The involvement of the religiopolitical movement of the Zealots, a revolutionary group, in the historical development of Palestine was disastrous to the nation. No longer contented with the passive resistance of the Pharisees, out of whose ranks they certainly gained many adherents, the Zealots took the ideal of a theocracy and zeal for the Law extremely seriously. The first outbreak of their activities occurred in AD 6, when the Syrian legate Quirinius ordered the population in Judaea to register. This aroused indignation and was the signal for an insurrectionist movement, which confined itself initially to scattered individual acts of revolt but soon expanded, took military form, and finally instigated the First Jewish Revolt (AD 66-70). Biblical and nonbiblical sources name Judas, a Galilean scribe from Gamala, as founder of the Zealots. Like him, other fanatical messianic prophets also found significant followings. In Jesus' time, the conflict had not yet reached its zenith. The Zealots carried out sudden raids on the Roman occupation forces and conducted a guerrilla war from their hiding places in the wilderness. The Romans correspondingly held the land under strict control, reinforced their troops in Jerusalem at the times of the Jewish festivals, when great crowds of pilgrims gathered in the city, and took drastic and ruthless action if they anticipated sedition. This situation illuminates the events leading to Jesus' death. The Zealots' goals were political and, primarily, religious: the realization of a Jewish theocracy, the rule of the promised Messiah, and the destruction of the heathen regime.  ÆÈ·¹½ºÅ¸ÀÎÀÇ ¿ª»çÀû ¹ßÀü¿¡¼­ Çõ¸íÀû Áý´ÜÀÎ ¿­½É´çÀÌ Á¾±³Àû¡¤Á¤Ä¡Àû ¿îµ¿¿¡ Âü¿©ÇÑ °ÍÀº À¯´ë ¹ÎÁ·¿¡°Ô´Â ºñ±ØÀ̾ú´Ù. ¹Ù¸®»õÆÄÀÇ ¼Ò±ØÀû ÀúÇ׿¡ ´õÀÌ»ó ¸¸Á·ÇÏÁö ¾Ê°í ±× Áý´ÜÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ¸¹Àº ÁöÁöÀÚµéÀ» ¸ðÀº ¿­½É´çÀº ½ÅÁ¤Á¤Ä¡ÀÇ ÀÌ»ó°ú À²¹ý¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¿­Á¤À» °¡Áö°í ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. ±×µéÀÇ Ã¹¹øÂ° ÇൿÀº ½Ã¸®¾ÆÀÇ Ãѵ¶ Äû¸®´Ï¿ì½º°¡ À¯´ëÀÇ Àα¸Á¶»ç¸¦ ¸í·ÉÇßÀ» ¶§ ÀϾ´Ù. óÀ½¿¡´Â »ê¹ßÀûÀÎ °³º°Çൿ¿¡ ºÒ°úÇßÀ¸³ª ¹Ý¶õÀº °ð È®»êµÇ¾î ±º´ë ÇüŸ¦ °®Ãß¾ú°í ¸¶Ä§³» 1Â÷ À¯´ë ¹Ý¶õ(AD 66~70)À» ºÎÃß°å´Ù. ¼º¼­Àû¡¤ºñ¼º¼­Àû ÀÚ·áµéÀº ¿­½É´çÀÇ Ã¢½ÃÀڷμ­ °¡¸»¶ó Ãâ½ÅÀÇ °¥¸±¸® À²¹ýÇÐÀÚ À¯´Ù¸¦ °Å¸íÇÑ´Ù. ±×¿Í ¸¶Âù°¡Áö·Î, ´Ù¸¥ ±¤ÀûÀÎ ¸Þ½Ã¾ßÀûÀÎ ¿¹¾ðÀÚµé ¶ÇÇÑ »ó´çÇÑ ÃßÁ¾ÀÚµéÀ» °¡Áö°í ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. ¿¹¼ö ½Ã´ë¿¡´Â ±× ÅõÀïÀÌ ¾ÆÁ÷ ÀýÁ¤¿¡ À̸£Áö´Â ¾Ê¾ÒÁö¸¸ ¿­½É´çÀº ·Î¸¶±ºÀ» ±Þ½ÀÇÏ¿© ±¤¾ß¿¡ Àº½Åó¸¦ µÐ ä °Ô¸±¶ó ÀüÀ» ¼öÇàÇß´Ù. ±×¿¡ µû¶ó ·Î¸¶´Â ¿¹·ç»ì·½À» ¾ö°ÝÈ÷ ÅëÁ¦Çϰí, ¸¹Àº ¼ø·ÊÀÚµéÀÌ µµ½Ã¿¡ ¸ðÀÌ´Â À¯´ë Àý±â¿¡´Â ±º´ë¸¦ °­È­ÇÏ¿©, ¼Ò¿ä°¡ ¿¹»óµÇ¸é ÀÜÀÎÇÏ°í ¹«ÀÚºñÇÑ ÇൿÀ» ÃëÇß´Ù. ÀÌ »óȲÀ» ÅëÇØ ¿¹¼ö¸¦ Á×À½À¸·Î À̲ö »ç°ÇµéÀ» Á¶¸íÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ¿­½É´çÀÇ ¸ñÇ¥´Â À¯´ëÀÎÀÇ ½ÅÁ¤Á¤Ä¡ÀÇ ½ÇÇö, ¾à¼ÓµÈ ¸Þ½Ã¾Æ ÅëÄ¡, À̱³µµ Á¤ºÎÀÇ ºÐ¼â µîÀ̾ú´Ù.
The thesis that Jesus belonged to the Zealots or founded a related movement was first advanced in the 18th century and has repeatedly been supported in recent times. The most important point in its favour is Jesus' execution on the cross, a punishment that only the Roman authorities could inflict and did frequently against rebels. There were two others executed in the same manner with Jesus, and they, like Barabbas, who was granted amnesty in Jesus' place (Mark 15:15), are referred to as "robbers" (Mark 15:27), a customary term for rebels at this time. This could indicate that, at that Passover time, when many Jews were in the city, a Zealot revolt had been planned and was bloodily suppressed but also that Jesus had actually been willing to play a leading part in it.  ¿¹¼ö°¡ ¿­½É´ç¿¡ ¼ÓÇߴٰųª °ü·ÃµÈ ¿îµ¿À» â½ÃÇß´Ù´Â ÁÖÀåÀº 18¼¼±â¿¡ ´ëµÎµÇ¾î ÃÖ±Ù±îÁö Áö¼ÓµÇ¾ú´Ù. ¿¹¼ö°¡ ·Î¸¶ Á¤ºÎ¸¸ÀÌ ÃëÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â Çü¹úÀÎ ½ÊÀÚ°¡ óÇüÀ» ´çÇßÀ¸¸ç, ±× ½ÊÀÚ°¡ÇüÀº ´ëºÎºÐ ¹Ý¶õÀÚ¿¡°Ô ÇàÇØÁ³´Ù´Â Á¡À» ±Ù°Å·Î µç´Ù. ¿¹¼ö¿Í ÇÔ²² óÇüµÈ µÎ »ç¶÷ÀÌ ÀÖ¾ú´Âµ¥, ±×µéÀº ¿¹¼ö ´öºÐ¿¡ »ç¸é¹ÞÀº ¹Ù¶ó¹Ù(¸¶°¡ 15 : 15)¿Í °°ÀÌ, ÀÌ ´ç½Ã¿¡´Â ¹Ý¶õÀÚ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ °ü¿ë¾îÀÎ '°­µµµé'·Î ¾ð±ÞµÈ´Ù. À̰ÍÀº À¯¿ùÀý¿¡ ¿­½É´çÀÇ ¹Ý¶õÀÌ °èȹµÇ¾ú°í, ¹Ý¶õÀº ÇÇ·Î Áø¾ÐµÇ¾úÀ¸¸ç, ¿¹¼ö°¡ ½ÇÁ¦·Î ÀÌ ¹Ý¶õÀÇ ÁöµµÀûÀÎ ¿ªÇÒÀ» ÇÏ·Á°í Çß¾ú´Ù°í ÃßÁ¤ÇÒ ¼öµµ ÀÖ´Ù.
Jesus' messianic entry into Jerusalem and the cleansing of the Temple (Mark 11) are also interpreted along these lines, the latter being understood as an attack on the dominant priestly class that sympathized with the Romans. Some also see a connection with the fact that one of the disciples was carrying a weapon when Jesus was arrested in Gethsemane (Mark 14:47). The later Christian tradition has, it is claimed, for apologetic and theological reasons, altered the true historical state of affairs until it has become unrecognizable. But isolated hints have nonetheless been preserved in it; e.g., Jesus' critical sayings about that "fox" Herod (Luke 13:32) and the violent earthly rulers (Luke 22:25); similarly, the way he attracted Zealots, documented by the fact that among his disciples at least one, called Simon (Luke 6:15; Acts 1:13), was a Zealot.  ¿¹¼öÀÇ ¸Þ½Ã¾ÆÀûÀÎ ¿¹·ç»ì·½ ÀÔ¼º°ú ¼ºÀüÁ¤È­(¸¶°¡ 11)´Â ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ Ãø¸é¿¡¼­ ÇØ¼®µÈ´Ù. ÈÄÀÚ´Â ·Î¸¶¿¡ µ¿Á¶ÇÏ´Â À¯·ÂÇÑ Á¦»çÀå °è±Þ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ °ø°ÝÀ¸·Î ÀÌÇØµÈ´Ù. ¶ÇÇÑ ¿¹¼ö°¡ °Ô½ê¸¶´Ï¿¡¼­ ÀâÇûÀ» ¶§(¸¶°¡ 14 : 47) ÇÑ Á¦ÀÚ°¡ ¹«±â¸¦ °¡Áö°í ÀÖ¾ú´Ù´Â »ç½Çµµ ¿¬°ü½ÃŲ´Ù. ÈıâÀÇ ±×¸®½ºµµ±³ Àü½ÂÀº º¯ÁõÀûÀÌ¸ç ½ÅÇÐÀûÀÎ ÀÌÀ¯µé·Î ±× »ç°ÇÀÇ ÂüµÈ ¿ª»çÀû »óŸ¦ ÀνÄÇÒ ¼ö ¾øµµ·Ï º¯°æ½ÃÄ×´Ù. ±×·³¿¡µµ ºÒ±¸ÇÏ°í ¾Ï½ÃµéÀº º¸Á¸µÇ¾ú´Âµ¥, ¿¹¸¦ µé¸é '¿©¿ì' Çì·Îµ¥(´©°¡ 13 : 32)¿Í ³­ÆøÇÑ ¼¼¼Ó ÅëÄ¡ÀÚµé(´©°¡ 22 : 25)¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¿¹¼öÀÇ ºñÆÇÀû ¸»¾¸µé, ±×ÀÇ Á¦ÀÚÀÎ ½Ã¸óÀÌ ¿­½É´ç(´©°¡ 6 : 15, »çµµ 1 : 13)À̾ú´Ù´Â »ç½ÇÀÌ ±×°ÍÀÌ´Ù. 

There are, however, no sufficient reasons to support the hypothesis of Jesus belonging to the Zealots. The undeniable fact that he was crucified by the Romans as a political messianic pretender only proves that he was held to be a Zealot and was probably denounced as an enemy of the state, but not that he really was. The most important and decisive argument against the Zealotism assumption is found in Jesus' message of the dawning of the Kingdom of God, which belongs to the best established items in the tradition. It lacks any politico-nationalistic features and expressly says that God alone, and not any human activity, establishes his Kingdom (Mark 4:26-29) and offers his salvation to all without exception. If Jesus were directly or indirectly to be counted among the Zealots, this would mean at the same time that he must have fought to have the Law rigorously carried into effect and must have strictly avoided associating with sinners, especially with the tax collectors, who stood in the service of Rome. In the dialogue on paying tribute to Caesar (Mark 12:13-17), Jesus even expressly rejected rebellion against the Roman emperor, without thereby glorifying his regime. 

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