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Religion
Á¾±³ ޹æ
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Jesus Christ
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¿¹¼ö ±×¸®½ºµµ
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| I.
INTRODUCTION
II. The
gospel tradition
SOURCES
Non-Christian
sources.
Christian
sources.
The
Pauline Letters.
The
Gospels.
TIMES
AND ENVIRONMENT
Political
conditions.
Religious
conditions.
The
Pharisees.
The
Sadducees.
The
scribes.
The
Zealots.
The
Essenes.
THE
LIFE AND MINISTRY OF JESUS
The
birth and family.
The
birth of Jesus.
The
family of Jesus.
The
ministry.
The
role of John the Baptist.
The
beginning of the ministry.
The
calling of the disciples.
The
Galilean period.
THE
MESSAGE OF JESUS
The
Kingdom of God.
The
will of God.
THE
SUFFERINGS AND DEATH OF JESUS IN JERUSALEM
THE
STORY OF JESUS AND FAITH IN JESUS
|
I.
¼·Ð
¡¡
II.
º¹À½
Àü½Â
¡¡
ÀÚ·á
ºñ±âµ¶±³
ÀÚ·áµé.
±âµ¶±³
ÀÚ·áµé.
¹Ù¿ïÀÇ
ÆíÁöµé.
º¹À½¼.
½Ã´ë¿Í
ÁÖº¯ ¼¼°è
Á¤Ä¡Àû
»óȲ.
Á¾±³Àû
»óȲ.
¹Ù¸®»õ
ÆÄ.
»çµÎ°³
ÆÄ.
À²¹ýÇÐÀÚµé.
¿½É´ç.
¿¡¼¼³×
ÆÄ.
¿¹¼öÀÇ
»î°ú »ç¿ª
ź»ý°ú
°¡Á·.
¿¹¼öÀÇ
»ý.
¿¹¼öÀÇ
°¡Á·.
»ç¿ª.
¼¼·Ê¿äÇÑÀÇ
¿ªÇÒ.
»ç¿ªÀÇ
½ÃÀÛ.
Á¦ÀÚµéÀ»
ºÎ¸§.
°¥¸±¸®
½Ã±â.
¿¹¼öÀÇ
¸»¾¸
Çϳª´ÔÀÇ
³ª¶ó.
Çϳª´ÔÀÇ
¶æ.
¿¹·ç»ì·½¿¡¼
¿¹¼öÀÇ ¼ö³°ú Á×À½
¿¹¼ö
À̾߱â¿Í ¿¹¼ö¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ½Å¾Ó |
| III.
The
picture of Christ in the early church: The Apostles' Creed
¡¡
PREEXISTENCE
Jesus
Christ.
God's
only son.
The
Lord.
INCARNATION
AND HUMILIATION
Conceived
by the Holy Spirit, born of the Virgin Mary.
Suffered
under Pontius Pilate, was crucified, dead, and buried.
He
descended into hell.
GLORIFICATION
The
third day he rose again from the dead.
He
ascended into heaven, and sitteth on the right hand of God the father
almighty.
From
thence he shall come to judge the quick and the dead.
|
III.
ÃʱⱳȸÀÇ
±×¸®½ºµµ»ó( »çµµ½Å°æ)
¼±Àç
¿¹¼ö
±×¸®½ºµµ.
Çϳª´ÔÀÇ
µ¶»ýÀÚ.
ÁÖ.
¼ºÀ°½Å°ú
°âÇã
¼º·ÉÀ¸·Î
À×ÅÂÇÏ»ç µ¿Á¤³à ¸¶¸®¾Æ¿¡°Ô¼ ³ª½Ã°í.
º»Æ¼¿À
ºô¶óµµ¿¡°Ô °í³À» ¹ÞÀ¸»ç ½ÊÀÚ°¡¿¡ ¸ø¹ÚÇô Á×À¸½Ã°í
Àå»çÇÑ Áö.
±×´Â
Áö¿Á¿¡ ³»·Á°¡½Ã¸ç.
¿µÈ
»çÈê
¸¸¿¡ Á×ÀºÀÚ °¡¿îµ¥¼ ´Ù½Ã »ì¾Æ³ª½Ã¸ç.
Çϴÿ¡
¿À¸£»ç Àü´ÉÇϽŠÇÏ´À´Ô ¿ìÆí¿¡ ¾É¾Æ °è½Ã´Ù°¡.
Àú¸®·Î¼
»ê ÀÚ¿Í Á×Àº ÀÚ¸¦ ½ÉÆÇÇÏ·¯ ¿À½Ã¸®¶ó. |
IV.
The
dogma of Christ in the ancient councils
¡¡
THE
COUNCILS OF NICAEA AND CONSTANTINOPLE
Early
heresies.
Nicaea.
Constantinople.
THE
COUNCILS OF EPHESUS AND CHALCEDON
The
parties.
The
settlement at Chalcedon.
|
IV.
°í´ë
°øÀÇȸÀÇ ±×¸®½ºµµ ±³¸®
´ÏÄɾÆ
°øÀÇȸ¿Í ÄܽºÅºÆ¼³ëÇà °øÀÇȸ
ÃʱâÀÇ
À̴ܵé.
´ÏÄɾÆ
°øÀÇȸ.
ÄܽºÅºÆ¼³ëÇÃ
°øÀÇȸ.
¿¡Æä¼Ò½º
°øÀÇȸ¿Í Ä®Äɵ· °øÀÇȸ
´çÆÄµé.
Ä®Äɵ·
°øÀÇȸÀÇ ÇØ°á. |
|
V.
The
interpretation of Christ in Western faith and thought
¡¡
DOCTRINES
OF THE PERSON AND WORK OF CHRIST
The
medieval development.
The
Reformation and classical Protestantism.
THE
DEBATE OVER CHRISTOLOGY IN MODERN CHRISTIAN THOUGHT
Origins
of the debate.
The
19th century.
The
20th century.
|
V.
¼¹æ
½Å¾Ó°ú »ç»ó¿¡¼ÀÇ ±×¸®½ºµµ ÇØ¼®
±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ
À§°Ý°ú »ç¿ª¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ±³¸®
Áß¼¼ÀÇ
¹ßÀü.
Á¾±³°³Çõ°ú
°íÀüÀû ÇÁ·ÎÅ×½ºÅºÆ¼Áò.
Çö´ë
±×¸®½ºµµ±³ »ç»óÀÇ ±×¸®½ºµµ·Ð ³íÀï
³íÀïÀÇ
±â¿øµé.
19
¼¼±â.
20
¼¼±â. |
|
VI.
Bibliography
Times and environment:
The life and ministry of Jesus:
The message of Jesus:
The sufferings and death of Jesus:
The story of Jesus and faith in Jesus:
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º¹À½ Àü½Â
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ÀÚ·á
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The
history of the life, work, and death of Jesus of Nazareth reveals nothing of
the worldwide movement to which he gave rise. He lived and taught in a
remote area on the periphery of the Roman Empire. His life was of short
duration, and knowledge of it remained hidden from most of his contemporary
world. None of the sources of his life and work can be traced to Jesus
himself; he did not leave a single known written word. Also, there are no
contemporary accounts written of his life and death. What can be established
about the historical Jesus depends almost without exception on Christian
traditions, especially on the material used in the composition of the
Gospels of Mark, Matthew, and Luke, which reflect the outlook of the later
church and its faith in Jesus.
|
³ªÀÚ·¿ ¿¹¼öÀÇ »ý¾Ö¡¤»ç¿ª¡¤Á×À½Àº ±×°¡ ÀÏÀ¸Å² ¼¼°èÀû
¿îµ¿¿¡ ´ëÇØ ¾Æ¹«°Íµµ µå·¯³» º¸¿©ÁÖÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù. ±×´Â ·Î¸¶
Á¦±¹ÀÇ º¯°æ ¸Ö¸® ¶³¾îÁø °÷¿¡¼ »ì¸é¼ °¡¸£ÃÆ´Ù. ±×ÀÇ
»ý¾Ö´Â ª¾Ò°í, µ¿½Ã´ë¿¡´Â ¾Ë·ÁÁöÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù. ±×´Â ¾î¶°ÇÑ
±â·ÏµÈ ¸»µµ ³²±âÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù. ¶ÇÇÑ ±×ÀÇ »î°ú Á×À½¿¡ ´ëÇØ
¾º¾îÁø µ¿½Ã´ëÀÇ ±â·Ïµµ ¾ø´Ù. ¿ª»çÀûÀ¸·Î ¿¹¼ö¸¦ ÆÄ¾ÇÇϱâ
À§Çؼ´Â °ÅÀÇ ¿¹¿Ü ¾øÀÌ ±×¸®½ºµµ±³ ÀüÅë, ƯÈ÷ ¸¶°¡¡¤¸¶Å¡¤´©°¡ÀÇ
º¹À½¼ ±¸¼ºÀ» À§ÇØ »ç¿ëµÈ ÀÚ·á¿¡ ÀÇÁ¸Çϴµ¥, ±×°ÍÀº Èıâ
±³È¸ÀÇ °ßÇØ¿Í ¿¹¼ö¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ½Å¾ÓÀ» ¹Ý¿µÇÑ´Ù.
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ºñ±×¸®½ºµµ±³ ÀÚ·á
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| Non-Christian
sources are meagre and contribute nothing to the history of Jesus that is
not already known from the Christian tradition. The mention of Jesus'
execution in the Annals
of the Roman historian Tacitus
(XV, 44), written about AD 110, is, nevertheless, worthy of note. In his
account of the persecution of Christians under the emperor Nero,
which was occasioned by the burning of Rome (AD 64), the Emperor, in order
to rid himself of suspicion, blamed the fire on the so-called Christians,
who were already hated among the people. Tacitus writes in explanation:
"The name is derived from Christ, whom the procurator Pontius
Pilate had executed in the reign of Tiberius." The
"temporarily suppressed pernicious superstition" to which Jesus
had given rise in Judaea soon afterward had spread as far as Rome. Tacitus
does not speak of Jesus but, rather, of Christ (originally the religious
title "Messiah," but used very early among Christians outside
Palestine as a proper name for Jesus). The passage only affords proof of the
ignominious end (crucifixion) of Jesus as the founder of a religious
movement and illustrates the common opinion of that movement in Rome. An
enquiry of the governor of Asia Minor, Pliny
the Younger, in his letter to the emperor Trajan (c.
AD 111) about how he should act in regard to the Christians (Epistle
10, 96ff.) comes from the same period. Christians are again described as
adherents of a crude superstition, who sang hymns to Christ "as to a
god." Nothing is said of his earthly life, and the factual information
in the letter undoubtedly stems from Christians.
|
ÀÌ ÀÚ·áµéÀº ºó¾àÇϰí, ¿¹¼öÀÇ »ý¾Ö¿¡ ´ëÇØ ¾Æ¹«°Íµµ
¾Ë·ÁÁÖÁö ¸øÇÑ´Ù. ±×·¸Áö¸¸ 110³â°æ¿¡ ¾º¾îÁø ·Î¸¶ÀÇ ¿ª»ç°¡
ŸŰÅõ½ºÀÇ [¿¬´ë±â
Annals](15Àå 44ÂÊ)¿¡¼ ¿¹¼ö óÇü¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¾ð±ÞÀº ÁÖ¸ñÇÒ
¸¸ÇÏ´Ù. ŸŰÅõ½º´Â 64³â ·Î¸¶ÀÇ ÈÀç·Î ¹ß»ýÇß´ø
±×¸®½ºµµ±³¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¹ÚÇØ¸¦ ¼³¸íÇϸé¼, ³×·Î ȲÁ¦°¡ Àڽſ¡
´ëÇÑ ÇøÀǸ¦ ¾ø¾Ö±â À§ÇØ ±¹¹Îµé °¡¿îµ¥¼ ¹Ì¿òÀ» ¹Þ´ø
±×¸®½ºµµ±³µµµé¿¡°Ô ÈÀçÀÇ Ã¥ÀÓÀ» ¾º¿ü´Ù°í ÇÑ´Ù.
ŸŰÅõ½º´Â "±× À̸§(±×¸®½ºµµ±³µµ)Àº Ƽº£¸®¿ì½º Ä¡¼¼
¶§ Ãѵ¶ º»Æ¼¿À ºô¶óµµ°¡ óÇüÇÑ ±×¸®½ºµµ·ÎºÎÅÍ ³ª¿Ô´Ù"°í
¼³¸íÇÑ´Ù. ¿¹¼ö°¡ À¯´ë¿¡¼ ÀÏÀ¸Å² 'ÀϽÃÀûÀ¸·Î Áø¾ÐµÈ ¾Ç¼º
¹Ì½Å'Àº °ð ÈÄ¿¡ ·Î¸¶¿¡±îÁö ÆÛÁ³´Ù. ŸŰÅõ½º´Â ¿¹¼ö¿¡
´ëÇØ ¸»ÇÏÁö ¾Ê°í ¿ÀÈ÷·Á ±×¸®½ºµµ(¿ø·¡ Á¾±³Àû Īȣ´Â
¸Þ½Ã¾Æ)¿¡ ´ëÇØ ¸»ÇÑ´Ù. ÀÌ ±¸ÀýÀº ´ÜÁö Á¾±³¿îµ¿ÀÇ
â½ÃÀڷμ ¿¹¼öÀÇ ¼öÄ¡½º·¯¿î Á×À½(½ÊÀÚ°¡ óÇü)¿¡ ´ëÇÑ
Áõ°Å¸¦ Á¦°øÇϰí, ·Î¸¶¿¡¼ÀÇ ±× ¿îµ¿¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÀϹÝÀû °ßÇØ¸¦
¼³¸íÇØÁØ´Ù. ¼Ò¾Æ½Ã¾ÆÀÇ ÀþÀº ÅëÄ¡ÀÚ Çø®´Ï´Â Æ®¶ó¾ß´©½º ȲÁ¦(AD 111)¿¡°Ô
º¸³»´Â ÆíÁö¿¡¼ ±×¸®½ºµµ±³µµµé¿¡°Ô ¾î¶»°Ô Çàµ¿ÇØ¾ß
ÇÏ´ÂÁö ¹¯´Âµ¥([¼½Å] 10Àå 96ÂÊ~), ¿©±â¼
±×¸®½ºµµ±³µµµéÀº '½Å¿¡°Ô ÇÏ´Â °Íó·³' ±×¸®½ºµµ¸¦
Âù¾çÇÏ´Â, ¹Ì½ÅÀ» ¹Ï´Â ½ÅÀÚµé·Î ¹¦»çµÈ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª
±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ Áö»óÀÇ »î¿¡ ´ëÇØ¼´Â ¾î¶°ÇÑ ¾ð±Þµµ ¾ø´Ù. |
| Another
Roman historian, Suetonius,
remarked in his life of the emperor Claudius
(Vita Claudii 25:4; after AD 100):
"He [Claudius] expelled the Jews, who had on the instigation of
Chrestus continually been causing disturbances, from Rome." This may
refer to turmoils occasioned among the Jews of Rome by the intrusion of
Christianity into their midst. But the information must have reached the
author in a completely garbled form or was understood by him quite wrongly
to mean that this "Chrestus" had at that time appeared in Rome as
a Jewish agitator. Claudius' edict of expulsion (AD 49) is also mentioned in
Acts 18:2.
|
·Î¸¶ÀÇ ¿ª»ç°¡ ¼ö¿¡Åä´Ï¿ì½º´Â [Ŭ¶ó¿ìµð¿ì½ºÀÇ
»ý¾Ö Vita Claudii](25Àå 4ÂÊ, AD 100 ÀÌÈÄ)¿¡¼ "±×(Ŭ¶ó¿ìµð¿ì½º)´Â
Å©·¹½ºÅõ½ºÀÇ ¼±µ¿À¸·Î °è¼Ó È¥¶õÀ» ÀÏÀ¸Å°°í ÀÖ´Â
À¯´ëÀεéÀ» ·Î¸¶·ÎºÎÅÍ Ãß¹æÇß´Ù"°í ¸»ÇÑ´Ù. À̰ÍÀº
±×¸®½ºµµ±³°¡ ±í¼÷ÀÌ À¯ÀÔµÊÀ¸·Î½á ·Î¸¶ÀÇ À¯´ëÀεé
»çÀÌ¿¡¼ ÀÏ¾î³ ¼Ò¶õÀ» °¡¸®Å°´Â µíÇÏ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª
Å©·¹½ºÅõ½º°¡ ±×´ç½Ã ·Î¸¶¿¡ À¯´ëÀÎ ¼±µ¿ÀÚ·Î ³ªÅ¸³µ¾ú´Ù´Â
°ÍÀ» ÀǹÌÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ¸·Î ÀúÀÚ¿¡°Ô À߸ø ÀüÇØÁ³°Å³ª ÀúÀÚ¿¡
ÀÇÇØ À߸ø ÀÌÇØµÈ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. Ŭ¶ó¿ìµð¿ì½ºÀÇ Ãß¹æÄ¢·É(AD 49)Àº [»çµµÇàÀü] 18Àå 2Àý¿¡¼µµ ¾ð±ÞµÈ´Ù. |
| Josephus,
the Jewish historian at the court of Domitian who has depicted the history
of his people and the events of the Jewish-Roman war (66-70), only
incidentally remarks about the stoning in AD 62 of "James, the brother
of Jesus, who was called Christ . . ." (Antiquities
XX, 200). He understandably uses the proper name "Jesus" first
(for as a Jew he knows that "Christ" is a translation of
"Messiah"), but he adds, though qualified by a derogatory
"so-called," the second name that was familiar in Rome. (Some
scholars have suggested, however, that this reference was a later Christian
insertion.) Scholars also have questioned the authenticity of a second
passage in the same work, known as the "Testimony of Flavius"
(XVIII, 63ff.), which is generally thought to contain at least some
statements, apparently later insertions, that summarize Christian teaching
about Jesus. (see also Index: "Antiquities
of the Jews, The," )
|
µµ¹ÌƼ¾Æ´©½º
±ÃÁ¤¿¡¼ À¯´ëÀεéÀÇ ¿ª»ç¿Í À¯´ë ÀüÀï(66~70)À» ¼¼úÇÑ
À¯´ëÀÎ ¿ª»ç°¡ ¿ä¼¼Çª½º´Â AD 62³â¿¡ '¾ß°íº¸, ±×¸®½ºµµ¶ó°í
ºÒ¸° ¿¹¼öÀÇ ÇüÁ¦¡¦¡¦'( [À¯´ëÀÎ °í´ë»ç
Antiquities] 20Àå 200ÂÊ)°¡ µ¹¿¡ ¸Â´Â °ÍÀ» ¾ð±ÞÇß´Ù. ±×´Â
óÀ½À¸·Î °íÀ¯¸í»ç '¿¹¼ö'¶ó´Â À̸§À» »ç¿ëÇß´Ù(±×´Â
À¯´ëÀÎÀ¸·Î¼ '±×¸®½ºµµ'´Â '¸Þ½Ã¾Æ'ÀÇ ¹ø¿ªÀ̶ó´Â °ÍÀ»
¾Ë¾ÒÀ½). ±×·¯³ª ±×´Â 'À̸¥¹Ù'¶ó´Â ±ÇÀ§¸¦ ¼Õ»ó½ÃŰ´Â
Á¦ÇѾî¿Í ÇÔ²² ·Î¸¶Àε鿡°Ô Ä£¼÷ÇÑ ±×¸®½ºµµ¶ó´Â ¸íĪÀ»
µ¡ºÙ¿´´Ù. ¾î¶² ÇÐÀÚµéÀº ÀÌ ¾ð±ÞÀÌ Èı⠱׸®½ºµµ±³µµ°¡
»ðÀÔÇÑ °ÍÀ̶ó°í ÁÖÀåÇϸç, 'Çöóºñ¿ì½ºÀÇ Áõ¾ð'(18Àå 63ÂÊ~)À¸·Î
¾Ë·ÁÁø ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ±¸ÀýÀÇ ÁøÁ¤¼ºÀ» ÀǽÉÇß´Ù. ±×°ÍÀº Àû¾îµµ
¿¹¼ö¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ±×¸®½ºµµ±³ÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§À» ¿ä¾àÇÏ´Â(¸í¹éÈ÷
ÈÄ´ëÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§ÀÎ) ¸î °¡Áö Áø¼úÀ» Æ÷ÇÔÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù°í »ý°¢µÈ´Ù. |
In the Talmud,
a compendium of Jewish law, lore, and commentary, only a few statements of
the rabbis (Jewish religious teachers) of the 1st and 2nd centuries come
into consideration. Containing mostly polemics or Jewish apologetics, they
reveal an acquaintance with the Christian tradition but include several
divergent legendary motifs as well. The picture of Jesus offered in these
writings may be summarized as follows: born the (according to some
interpretations, illegitimate) son of a man called Panther, Jesus (Hebrew:
Yeshu) worked magic, ridiculed the wise, seduced and stirred up the people,
gathered five disciples about him, and was hanged (crucified) on the eve of
the Passover. The Toledot Yeshu ("Life of Jesus"), an embellished collection
of such assertions, circulated among Jews during the Middle Ages in several
versions.
|
À¯´ë¹ý¡¤Àü½Â¡¤[Å»¹«µå]´Â 1, 2¼¼±â ¶øºñµéÀÇ ¸î¸î
Áø¼ú¸¸À» °í·ÁÇÑ´Ù. ±×°ÍµéÀº ³íÀï°ú À¯´ëÀû º¯ÁõÀ» ÅëÇØ
±×¸®½ºµµ±³ ÀüÅë°ú Ä£¼÷ÇÔÀ» º¸¿©ÁÖÁö¸¸ ¶ÇÇÑ ¸î °¡Áö ´Ù¸¥
Àü¼³Àû ³»¿ëÀ» ´ã°í ÀÖ´Ù. ÀÌ ÀúÀÛµéÀÌ Á¦°øÇÏ´Â ¿¹¼ö»óÀº
´ÙÀ½°ú °°ÀÌ ¿ä¾àµÉ ¼ö ÀÖÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ÆÇÅ׸£¶ó´Â »ç¶÷ÀÇ
¾Æµé(ºÒÇÕ¸®ÇÑ ¾î¶² ÇØ¼®µé¿¡ µû¸£¸é)·Î ÅÂ¾î³ ¿¹¼ö(È÷ºê¸®¾î·Î
Yeshu)´Â ¸¶¼úÀ» ÇàÇß°í, ÇöÀεéÀ» Á¶·ÕÇßÀ¸¸ç, ¹é¼ºµéÀ»
À¯È¤ÇÏ°í ¼±µ¿Çß°í, 5¸íÀÇ Á¦ÀÚµéÀ» ±× ÁÖÀ§¿¡ ¸ð¾ÒÀ¸¸ç,
À¯¿ùÀý Àü³¯ ½ÊÀÚ°¡Çü¿¡ Ã³ÇØÁ³´Ù. ±×·¯ÇÑ ÁÖÀåµéÀ» À±»öÇÑ
¸ðÀ½ÀÎ [¿¹¼öÀÇ »ý¾Ö Toledot Yeshu]´Â ¸î °³ÀÇ ¹ø¿ªÆÇÀ¸·Î
Áß¼¼ À¯´ëÀÎµé »çÀÌ¿¡ ÆÛÁ³´Ù. |
These
independent accounts prove that in ancient times even the opponents of
Christianity never doubted the historicity of Jesus, which was disputed for
the first time and on inadequate grounds at the end of the 18th, during the
19th, and at the beginning of the 20th centuries.
|
ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ µ¶¸³ÀûÀÎ º¸°íµé¿¡
ÀÇÇÏ¸é °í´ë¿¡´Â ±×¸®½ºµµ±³ÀÇ Àûµé±îÁöµµ ¿¹¼öÀÇ ¿ª»ç¼ºÀ»
°áÄÚ ÀǽÉÇÏÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ¿¹¼öÀÇ ¿ª»ç¼º¿¡ ´ëÇÑ
³íÀïÀº 18¼¼±â¸» ºÒÃæºÐÇÑ ±Ù°Å¿¡¼ ½ÃÀ۵Ǿî 19¼¼±âºÎÅÍ 20¼¼±âÃʱîÁö
ÁøÇàµÇ¾ú´Ù. |
|
|
±×¸®½ºµµ±³ ÀÚ·áµé
|
Christian
testimonies about Jesus were collected in the New
Testament. Though they certainly represent only a selection from a
much broader stream of tradition (Luke 1:1-4), these testimonies are a very
valuable and representative selection. They are, however, of very different
kinds. From many of them next to nothing can be learned about the historical
Jesus.
|
¿¹¼ö¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ±×¸®½ºµµ±³µµµéÀÇ Áõ¾ðµéÀº [½Å¾à¼º¼]¿¡
¸ð¾ÆÁ³´Ù. ºñ·Ï ±×°ÍµéÀº ¸í¹éÈ÷ ÈξÀ ¹æ´ëÇÑ Àü½ÂÀÇ
È帧À¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ¼±ÅÃµÈ ÀϺθ¦ ´ëº¯Çϰí ÀÖÁö¸¸(´©°¡ 1:1-4),
ÀÌ Áõ¾ðµéÀº ¸Å¿ì °¡Ä¡°¡ ÀÖÀ¸¸ç ´ëÇ¥ÀûÀÎ ¼±ÅõéÀÌ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ±×°Íµé·ÎºÎÅÍ´Â ¿ª»çÀû ¿¹¼ö¿¡ ´ëÇØ °ÅÀÇ
¾Æ¹«°Íµµ ¹è¿ï ¼ö°¡ ¾ø´Ù. |
|
|
¹Ù¿ïÀÇ ÆíÁöµé
|
| The
oldest New Testament writings, the genuine letters of Paul
(written in the 50s of the 1st century), contain little information about
the life of Jesus. Paul, the Apostle, who had not known Jesus personally (II
Cor. 5:16), shows no interest in Jesus' biography. At the centre of Paul's
thought and proclamation there stands only the theologically important
significance of the death, Resurrection, exaltation, and Second Coming of
Jesus Christ, contained in numerous short doctrinal and creedal formulas.
These formulas the Apostle himself occasionally characterizes as being the
tradition that he has received and handed on (I Cor. 11:23ff.; 15:3ff.) or
they are in other ways indicated as a given tradition (Rom. 1:3ff.; Phil.
2:6-11). |
[½Å¾à¼º¼]ÀÇ °¡Àå ¿À·¡µÈ
ÀúÀÛÀÎ ¹Ù¿ï·ÎÀÇ ÆíÁöµé(AD 50³â´ë)Àº ¿¹¼öÀÇ »ý¾Ö¿¡ ´ëÇØ¼
¾î¶² Á¤º¸µµ Æ÷ÇÔÇϰí ÀÖÁö ¾Ê´Ù. »çµµ ¹Ù¿ïÀº
¿¹¼ö¸¦ °³ÀÎÀûÀ¸·Î ¾ËÁö ¸øÇß°í(¥± °í¸° 5 : 16) ¿¹¼öÀÇ
Àü±â¿¡ ´ëÇØ °ü½ÉÀ» º¸ÀÌÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù. ¹Ù¿ï·ÎÀÇ »ç»ó°ú ¸»¾¸
¼±Æ÷ÀÇ Á߽ɿ¡´Â ¿¹¼ö ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ Á×À½¡¤ºÎȰ¡¤½Âõ¡¤À縲¿¡
´ëÇÑ Áß¿äÇÑ ½ÅÇÐÀû Àǹ̸¸ÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù. ±×´Â ÀÌ ³»¿ëÀ» ±×°¡
¹Þ¾Æ ÀüÇØÁØ ÀüÅë(¥° °í¸° 11 : 23~, 15 : 3~)À¸·Î ±ÔÁ¤Çϰųª,
¾Æ´Ï¸é ÁÖ¾îÁø ÀüÅëÀ¸·Î º¸¿©ÁØ´Ù(·Î¸¶ 1 : 3~, Çʸ³ 2 : 6~11). |
|
|
º¹À½¼
|
| The
most important sources for the life of Jesus are the Synoptic (parallel view
of sources) Gospels: Mark, Matthew, and Luke. The Gospel
According to John, the Fourth Gospel, assumes a special position.
Though it offers some parallels to the other three, and though the
independent traditions in it may in individual cases have historical
kernels, the tradition in John shows that the gospel has reached an advanced
theological state. Because a theological conception has been incorporated in
the account to such an extent, this Gospel cannot be directly used as a
historical source. It is also the latest of the Gospels, written about AD
100. (see also Index: Synoptic
Gospels)
|
¿¹¼öÀÇ »î¿¡ ´ëÇÑ °¡Àå Áß¿äÇÑ ÀÚ·áµéÀº °ø°üº¹À½¼(¸¶Å¡¤¸¶°¡¡¤´©°¡)ÀÌ´Ù.
[¿äÇÑÀÇ º¹À½¼]ÀÎ Á¦4º¹À½¼´Â Ưº°ÇÑ ÀÔÀåÀ» º¸ÀδÙ. ±×°ÍÀº
°ø°üº¹À½¼¿Í À¯»çÁ¡À» º¸À̱⵵ ÇÏ°í ±× ¾ÈÀÇ µ¶¸³ÀûÀÎ
ÀüÅëµéÀº ¿ª»ç¼ºÀ» °¡Áö±âµµ ÇÏÁö¸¸, ¿äÇÑÀÇ Àü½ÂÀº
º¹À½¼°¡ Áøº¸µÈ ½ÅÇÐÀû »óÅ¿¡ À̸£·¶´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» º¸¿©ÁØ´Ù.
½ÅÇÐÀûÀÎ °ü³äÀÌ µé¾î Àֱ⠶§¹®¿¡, ÀÌ º¹À½¼°¡ ¿ª»çÀûÀÎ
ÀÚ·á·Î Á÷Á¢ »ç¿ëµÉ ¼ö´Â ¾ø´Ù. À̰ÍÀº º¹À½¼µé Áß¿¡¼
°¡Àå ´ÊÀº 100³â°æ¿¡ ¾º¾îÁ³´Ù. (Âü°í :°ø°ü
º¹À½¼) |
| That
the gospel literature was capable of developing in very different directions
is also shown by the extracanonical tradition about Jesus, which is
preserved in fragmentary form in quotations by the early Church Fathers and
in other sources and which is marked by legendary features and tendencies.
The Coptic Gospel
of Thomas (written
in the 2nd century by Gnostic Christians; i.e.,
heretical believers in esoteric, dualistic doctrines), which was found
in 1945 in Naj` Hammadi (Egypt), is an example of such
extracanonical literature. It contains 114 sayings of Jesus loosely strung
together, which have some points of contact with the sayings of Jesus in the
canonical Gospels. But this Gospel has no earthly, historical contours in
its account of Jesus (e.g., no
accounts of the Passion and Easter). As a bearer of heavenly revelation in
this Gospel, Jesus instructs the esoteric circle of his disciples about the
foreign world of matter that they must renounce in order to participate in
the imperishable, transcendent world of light from which they originate. The
Gospel of Thomas, thus, is of no use as a source for the historical
Jesus. (see also Index: Gnosticism)
|
º¹À½¼ ¹®ÇÐÀÌ ¿©·¯ ´Ù¸¥
¹æÇâÀ¸·Î ¹ßÀüÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ¾ú´Ù´Â °ÍÀº ¿¹¼ö¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Á¤°æ ¿ÜÀû
Àü½Â¿¡¼ º¸¿©Áø´Ù. ÀÌ Àü½ÂÀº Ãʱ⠱³È¸ ±³ºÎµéÀÇ ÀÎ¿ë ¹×
´Ù¸¥ ÀÚ·á¿¡¼ ´ÜÆíÀûÀÎ ÇüÅ·Πº¸Á¸µÇ°í, Àü¼³ÀûÀÎ ³»¿ë°ú
°æÇâÀ» ´ã°í ÀÖ´Ù. ±× ¿¹·Î 1945³â ÀÌÁýÆ® '³ªÁîÇÔ¸¶µð'¿¡¼
¹ß°ßµÈ Ä߯®¾î [Å丶ÀÇ º¹À½¼](2¼¼±â¿¡ ¿µÁöÁÖÀÇ
±×¸®½ºµµÀεé, Áï ºñÀÇÀû ÀÌ¿ø·ÐÀ» ¹Ï´Â ÀÌ´ÜÀû ½ÅÀڵ鿡
ÀÇÇØ ¾º¾îÁü)¸¦ µé ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. À̰ÍÀº ¾î¶² Á¡¿¡¼´Â
Á¤°æº¹À½¼µé¿¡ ÀÖ´Â °Í°ú ¿¬°üµÇ´Â 114°³ÀÇ ¿¹¼ö ¸»¾¸À»
Æ÷ÇÔÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ÀÌ º¹À½¼´Â ¿¹¼ö¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¼¼ú¿¡
ÀÖ¾î¼ ¿ª»çÀû À±°ûÀ» °¡Áö°í ÀÖÁö ¾Ê´Ù(¿¹¸¦ µé¸é ¼ö³°ú
ºÎȰÀý¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ³»¿ëÀÌ ¾øÀ½). ÀÌ º¹À½¼´Â õ»óÀû °è½ÃÀÇ
´ãÁöÀڷμ ¿¹¼ö°¡ Á¦ÀÚµéÀÇ ºñ¹ÐÁý´Ü¿¡°Ô ¹°Áú¼¼°è¸¦
Æ÷±âÇÏ°í ±×µéÀÌ º»·¡ ±â¿øÇÑ ¼Ò¸êÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â ÃÊ¿ùÀûÀÎ ºûÀÇ
¼¼°è¿¡ Âü¿©Ç϶ó°í °¡¸£Ä£´Ù. ±×·¡¼ [Å丶ÀÇ º¹À½¼]´Â
¿ª»çÀû ¿¹¼ö¸¦ À§ÇÑ ÀÚ·á·Î¼´Â ¾µ¸ð°¡ ¾ø´Ù.(Âü°í:
¿µÁöÁÖÀÇ) |
| The
Synoptic Gospels were originally anonymous. According to questionable
2nd-century tradition, they were written by the immediate disciples of Jesus
or companions of the oldest Apostles. Most probably the Gospels were
composed between AD 70 and 100. That they were written at such a relatively
late time does not detract from their historical significance, however,
because an older, oral tradition is collected in them and has left its
traces everywhere. The character and structure of the individual traditions
are incorporated into the Gospels, which definitely do not have a historical
or biographical interest in facts, circumstances, and the course of events.
They do not reproduce the story of Jesus as such but, instead, recount
history interpreted from the viewpoint of the Christian faith. What Jesus
says, does, and suffers is interpreted as the fulfillment of the Old
Testament promises, and his story is slanted toward his end (the Passion and
the Resurrection), his significance as the divine Saviour, and his Second
Coming. In other words, the Gospel texts do not intend to describe the Jesus
of the past but rather to proclaim who he is for all ages of time. These
perspectives of the post-Easter church to which the writers belong and for
which their reports are intended must continually be taken into
consideration.
|
°ø°üº¹À½¼µéÀº ¿ø·¡ ÀÛÀڹ̻óÀÌ´Ù. ºÒÈ®½ÇÇÑ 2¼¼±âÀÇ
Àü½Â¿¡ µû¸£¸é ±×°ÍµéÀº ¿¹¼öÀÇ Á¦ÀÚµéÀ̳ª Ãʱ⠻絵µéÀÇ
µ¿·á¿¡ ÀÇÇØ ¾º¾îÁ³´Ù. º¹À½¼µéÀº 70~100³â¿¡ ¾º¾îÁø °ÍÀ¸·Î
ÃßÁ¤µÇ´Âµ¥, ÀÌ·¸°Ô »ó´ëÀûÀ¸·Î ´ÊÀº ½Ã±â¿¡ ¾º¾îÁ³´Ù´Â
°ÍÀÌ ±×µéÀÇ ¿ª»çÀû Á߿伺À» °¨¼Ò½ÃŰÁö´Â ¾Ê´Â´Ù.
¿Ö³ÄÇÏ¸é ´õ ¿À·¡µÈ ±¸Àü Àü½ÂÀ» ³»Æ÷Çϱ⠶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù.
°³º°ÀûÀÎ Àü½ÂÀÇ Æ¯¼º°ú ±¸Á¶°¡ º¹À½¼¿¡¼ ÅëÇյǾúÀ¸¸ç,
º¹À½¼µéÀº ¸í¹éÈ÷ »ç½Ç¡¤»óȲ¡¤»ç°ÇµéÀÇ °úÁ¤¿¡ ´ëÇÑ
¿ª»çÀû ȤÀº Àü±âÀû °ü½ÉÀ» °¡ÁöÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù. ±×µéÀº ¿¹¼ö
À̾߱â ÀÚü¸¦ Àç»ýÇÏÁö ¾Ê°í, ±× ´ë½Å ±×¸®½ºµµ±³ ½Å¾ÓÀÇ
°üÁ¡¿¡¼ ÇØ¼®µÈ ¿ª»ç¸¦ ¸»ÇÑ´Ù. ¿¹¼öÀÇ ÇàÀûÀ» [±¸¾à¼º¼] ¾à¼ÓÀÇ ¼ºÃë·Î ÇØ¼®Çϰí, ±×ÀÇ À̾߱â´Â Á×À½(¼ö³°ú
ºÎȰ), ½ÅÀûÀÎ ±¸¼¼ÁַμÀÇ Á߿伺, À縲¿¡·Î ³ª¾Æ°£´Ù.
º¹À½¼ÀÇ º»¹®µéÀº °ú°ÅÀÇ ¿¹¼öº¸´Ù´Â ¸ðµç ½Ã´ë¸¦
´ë»óÀ¸·Î ±×°¡ ´©±¸ÀÎÁö¸¦ ¼±Æ÷ÇÏ·Á°í ÇÑ´Ù. ÀÛ°¡µéÀÌ
¼ÓÇÏ¿´À¸¸ç, ±×µéÀÇ º¸°í¼µéÀÌ ÁöÇâÇϰí ÀÖ´Â ¿¹¼öÀÇ
ºÎȰÀÌÈÄÀÇ ±³È¸ÀÇ ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ Á¶¸ÁÀº Áö¼ÓÀûÀ¸·Î
°í·ÁµÇ¾î¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. |
| A
comparison of the first three canonical Gospels reveals a strange blending
of agreements and differences. Mark, Matthew, and Luke contain, by and
large, the same traditional material. Some parts, however, are to be found
only in Matthew and Luke, and a considerable amount of material is peculiar
only to Matthew or only to Luke (and a small amount to Mark, as well).
According to almost all critical biblical scholars, Mark, the shortest
Gospel, is viewed as the oldest--not Matthew, as was earlier assumed--and
served as the main literary source for the other two. They also believe that
the material common to Matthew and Luke comes from a second source (called
Q, from the German Quelle, "source"). This second source (Q) consisted almost
exclusively of sayings (logia) of Jesus and contained no Passion or Easter
tradition and is therefore known among scholars as the logia, or sayings,
source. |
óÀ½ÀÇ ¼¼±ÇÀÇ Á¤°æ º¹À½¼¿¡ ´ëÇÑ
ºñ±³´Â ÀÏÄ¡Á¡µé°ú Â÷ÀÌÁ¡µéÀ» ¹¦ÇÏ°Ô ¼¯¿© ÀÖÀ½À» ¾Ë°Ô
ÇØÁØ´Ù. ¸¶°¡, ¸¶ÅÂ, ´©°¡ÀÇ º¹À½¼´Â ´ëü·Î °°Àº Àü½Â ³»¿ëÀ» Áö´Ï°í ÀÖÁö¸¸ ¾î¶²
ºÎºÐµéÀº [¸¶ÅÂÀÇ º¹À½¼]¿Í [´©°¡ÀÇ º¹À½¼]¿¡¼¸¸
¹ß°ßµÇ°í, ¾î¶² ³»¿ëÀº ƯÈ÷ [¸¶ÅÂÀÇ º¹À½¼]¿¡¼¸¸
ȤÀº, [´©°¡ÀÇ º¹À½¼]¿¡¼¸¸([¸¶°¡ÀÇ º¹À½¼]¿¡¸¸
ÀÖ´Â °ÍÀº ¸¹Áö ¾ÊÀ½) ¹ß°ßµÈ´Ù. °ÅÀÇ ¸ðµç ¼º¼
ºñÆòÇÐÀڵ鿡 µû¸£¸é, °¡Àå ªÀº [¸¶°¡ÀÇ º¹À½¼]°¡
°¡Àå ¿À·¡µÈ °ÍÀ¸·Î º¸ÀÌ°í ´Ù¸¥ µÎ º¹À½¼ÀÇ ÁÖµÈ ÀÚ·á·Î
»ç¿ëµÇ¾ú´Ù. ±×µéÀº [¸¶ÅÂÀÇ º¹À½¼]¿Í [´©°¡ÀÇ º¹À½¼]¿¡¼ °øÅëÀûÀÎ ³»¿ëÀ» 2¹øÂ° ÀÚ·á(Q[µ¶ÀϾî·Î 'ÀÚ·á'¶ó´Â
¶æÀÇ Quelle¿¡¼ À¯·¡])¿¡¼ ³ª¿Ô´Ù°í ¹Ï´Â´Ù. ÀÌ 2¹øÂ° ÀÚ·á´Â
´ëºÎºÐ ¿¹¼öÀÇ ¸»¾¸µé(logia)·Î ±¸¼ºµÇ¾î ÀÖ°í, ¼ö³ ȤÀº
ºÎȰ Àü½ÂÀº Æ÷ÇÔÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù. |
| nvestigation
of the Gospels by German biblical scholars such as Karl Ludwig Schmidt,
Martin Dibelius, and Rudolf Bultmann--who developed what is known as form
criticism, the study of the origin and development of the traditions
in the Gospels--has shown that the basic stock of the tradition consisted of
numerous small, self-contained units (single sayings, parables, debates,
anecdotes, and miracle stories), originally without any relation to each
other, and mostly without any interest in dates, places, or historical
circumstances. It was the Gospel writers (or some earlier collectors) who
first joined these individual pieces together editorially, forming a kind of
"discourse" out of sayings and groups of sayings and, through
linking individual scenes, creating the impression of a connected chain of
events. They used a very modest set of tools for this; e.g.,
short introductory and connecting phrases, stereotyped, generalizing
indications of time ("next," "a few days later"), and
frequently repeated, indefinite indications of place (mountain, field, road,
house, lake). These editorial turns of phrase are, as a rule, easy to sever
from their context and are employed very differently by the separate Gospel
writers. |
Ä«¸¦ ·çÆ®ºñÈ÷ ½´¹ÌÆ®,
¸¶¸£Æ¾ µðº§¸®¿ì½º, ·çµ¹ÇÁ ºÒÆ®¸¸Àº ¾ç½ÄºñÆò(º¹À½¼
Àü½ÂÀÇ ±â¿ø°ú ¹ßÀü¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¿¬±¸)À» ¹ßÀü½ÃÄ״µ¥, ÀÌ
ºñÆòÀº ±âº»ÀûÀÎ Àü½ÂÀº ¼·Î ¾Æ¹« °ü·Ãµµ ¾ø°í, ³¯Â¥¡¤Àå¼Ò¡¤¿ª»çÀû
»óȲ¿¡ °ü½ÉÀÌ ¾ø´Â ¼ö¸¹Àº ÀÛÀº µ¶¸³Àû ´ÜÀ§µé(¸»¾¸¡¤ºñÀ¯¡¤³íÀÀÏÈ¡¤±âÀû´ã)·Î
±¸¼ºµÇ¾úÀ½À» º¸¿©ÁÖ¾ú´Ù. ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ °³º°ÀûÀÎ ´ÜÆíµéÀ»
ÆíÁýÇÏ¿© ¿¬°á½Ã۰í, ¸»¾¸°ú ¸»¾¸±ºÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ¾î¶² '´ãÈ'¸¦
Çü¼ºÇÏ¸é¼ °³º°ÀûÀÎ Àå¸éµéÀ» ¿¬°á½ÃÅ´À¸·Î½á »ç°ÇµéÀ»
¿¬°á½ÃŲ »ç¶÷µéÀÌ º¹À½¼ÀÇ ÀúÀÚµéÀ̾ú´Ù. ±×µéÀº À̰ÍÀ»
À§ÇØ °¡Àå ¿Â°ÇÇÑ ¼ö´Üµé, Áï ªÀº µµÀÔÀû ¿¬°á±¸,
»óÅõÀûÀ̸ç ÀϹÝÀûÀÎ ½Ã°£¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Áö½Ã('´ÙÀ½¿¡','¸çÄ¥ ÈÄ'),
¸·¿¬ÇÑ Àå¼Ò¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Áö½Ã(»ê¡¤µéÆÇ¡¤±æ¡¤Áý¡¤È£¼ö) µîÀ»
»ç¿ëÇß´Ù. ±¸Àý¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÀÌ¿Í °°Àº ÆíÁý»óÀÇ ¹æÇâ ÀüȯÀº,
ÀϹÝÀûÀ¸·Î, ¹®¸ÆÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ½±°Ô ºÐ¸®µÉ ¼ö ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ¿©·¯
º¹À½¼ ÀÛ°¡µé¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼ ¸Å¿ì ´Ù¾çÇÏ°Ô Ã¤ÅõǾú´Ù. |
|
In
methodically distinguishing and separating traditional and editorial
features, form criticism of the Gospels has apparently dissolved the
presuppositions for a historically sound, connected life of Jesus, which
scholars have again and again attempted to write in the course of the last
200 years.But such an analysis was only a first step of research into the
older material itself. Popular oral tradition, to which the Synoptic
material belongs, makes use of fixed forms appropriate in each case to the
contents, so as to be easily fixed in the memory. The tradition about Jesus
offers many examples of this: prophetic sayings, the Beatitudes,
pronouncements of woe, wisdom sayings similar to proverbs, legal sayings,
church rules, dialogues, and others. In a corresponding way, many miracles
of Jesus are narrated by means of motifs and other features also known from
reports of other miracle workers. From this one perceives that this
tradition is interested not so much in what was historically unique as in
what was typical. Thus, with regard to the Gospels, it has to be considered
that their tradition was formed and collected from the point of view of the
faith of the post-Easter church, under the influence of its ideas and ways
of thought and in close connection with its vital interests and the ways in
which its life found expression. When interpreting the texts, scholars must
therefore be concerned with the question of their setting in life (Sitz
im Leben) in the church as well.
|
Àü½Â ¹× ÆíÁý»óÀÇ Æ¯Â¡µéÀ» ü°èÀûÀ¸·Î ±¸º°Çϰí
ºÐ¸®ÇÔÀ¸·Î¼, º¹À½¼µé¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Çü½Ä ºñÆòÀº ¿¹¼öÀÇ
»î¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¿ª»çÀûÀ¸·Î Ÿ´çÇÏ°í ¿¬°ü¼ºÀÖ´Â °¡Á¤µéÀ»
¸í¹éÈ÷ Ç®¾î ÁÖ¾úÀ¸¸Ó, ÀÌ¿¡ ´ëÇØ¼ ÇÐÀÚµéÀº °ú°Å 200³â
µ¿¾È °è¼ÓÇØ¼ ±â·ÏÇϰíÀÚ ½ÃµµÇÏ¿´´Ù.±×·¯ÇÑ ºÐ¼®Àº ´õ ¿À·¡µÈ
ÀÚ·áÀÇ Å½±¸¸¦ À§ÇÑ Ã¹ ´Ü°è¿´À» »ÓÀÌ´Ù. °ø°üº¹À½¼¿¡ µé¾î
ÀÖ´Â ±¸Àü Àü½ÂÀº ±â¾ïÇϱ⠽±µµ·Ï ³»¿ë¿¡ ¾Ë¸Â´Â °íÁ¤µÈ
Çü½ÄÀ» »ç¿ëÇÑ´Ù. ¿¹¼ö¿¡ °üÇÑ Àü½ÂµéÀº À̰Ϳ¡ ´ëÇÑ ¸¹Àº
¿¹·Î¸¦ Á¦°øÇÑ´Ù: ¿¹¾ðÀû ¸»¾¸, ÆÈº¹, ÈÀÇ
¼±¾ð, Àá¾ð°ú À¯»çÇÑ ÁöÇý ¸»¾¸, À²¹ý¿¡ °üÇÑ ¸»¾¸, ±³È¸
±ÔÄ¢, ´ëÈ µîÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù. ÀÌ¿¡ »óÀÀÇÏ¿©, ¿¹¼öÀÇ ¸¹Àº ±âÀûÀº ±× µ¿±â³ª
´Ù¸¥ ±âÀûÀ» ÇàÇÑ ÀÚµéÀÇ º¸°í·Î¼ ¾Ë·ÁÁø ¹Ù¿Í °°Àº Ư¼ºÀ»
»ç¿ëÇØ ¸»ÇØÁø´Ù. ÀÌÁ¡À¸·Î º¸¾Æ¼ ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ Àü½ÂÀº
¿ª»çÀûÀ¸·Î °íÀ¯ÇÏ´Ù´Â Á¡º¸´Ù´Â ƯÀÌÇÑ Á¡¿¡ °ü½ÉÀ» µÎ°í
ÀÖ´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ±ú´ÞÀ» ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. µû¶ó¼ º¹À½¼ÀÇ Àü½ÂÀº »îÀ» Ç¥ÇöÇÏ´Â
°ü½É°ú ¹æ½Ä¿¡ ¹ÐÁ¢ÇÏ°Ô °ü·ÃµÇ¾úÀ¸¸ç, ºÎȰ ÀÌÈÄ ±³È¸ÀÇ
°ü³ä°ú »ç°í¹æ½ÄÀÇ ¿µÇ⠾Ʒ¡ ±³È¸ ½Å¾ÓÀÇ °üÁ¡À¸·ÎºÎÅÍ
Çü¼ºµÇ°í ¼öÁýµÇ¾ú´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» °í·ÁÇØ¾ß¸¸ ÇÑ´Ù. º»¹®À»
ÇØ¼®ÇÒ ¶§ ±³È¸ ¾È¿¡¼ ±× º»¹®ÀÇ »îÀÇ ÀÚ¸®(Sitz im Leben)ÀÇ
¹®Á¦¿¡ °ü½ÉÀ» °¡Á®¾ß¸¸ ÇÑ´Ù. ÀÚ·áµé¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ºñÆòÀû
°³°üÀº ¿ª»çÀû ¿¹¼öÀÇ ¸ð½ÀÀ» ±×·Á³»´Â µ¥ ÇѰ谡 ÀÖÀ½À»
º¸¿©ÁØ´Ù.
|
This
critical survey of the sources shows that there are limits set on a
portrayal of the historical Jesus. Many questions are still under debate or
have to remain open.
|
ÀÚ·áµé¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ºñÆòÀûÀÎ ºÐ¼®Àº
¿ª»çÀû °üÁ¡ÀÇ ¿¹¼ö¸¦ ¹¦»çÇÔ¿¡ ÀÖ¾î¼ ÇѰ踦 º¸¿©
ÁØ´Ù. ¸¹Àº Àǹ®µéÀÌ ¾ÆÁ÷ ³í¶õ Áß¿¡ ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ¿©ÀüÈ÷
¹ÌÇØ°áÀΠä·Î ³²¾Æ ÀÖ´Ù. |
|
|
|
|
½Ã´ë¿Í ÁÖº¯¼¼°è
|
|
|
Á¤Ä¡Àû »óȲ
|
|
Politically,
the small Jewish nation in Jesus' time was rent and impotent. Always
situated in an area of tension between the great empires of the ancient
world (e.g., Egypt, Assyria,
Babylonia, Persia, and Syria) as they struggled with each other and
succeeded one another, it had already lost its political independence since
the time of the Babylonian Exile (586-538 BC) and had come under changing
foreign domination: in the Hellenistic period, first under the Egyptian
Ptolemaic dynasty (3rd century BC) and then under the Syrian Seleucid
dynasty (2nd century BC), and, finally, until its ultimate overthrow (AD
70), under the Romans, who continued to rule the area. Only for a short
interim was there a Jewish kingdom. The Maccabees,
a priestly family, reigned after their revolt (167-142 BC) against Antiochus
IV (Epiphanes) and other Seleucid (Syrian) kings. Their rule, however, came
to an end as a result of internal disintegration and violent struggles for
the throne. (see also Index: Judaism)
|
¿¹¼ö ½Ã´ëÀÇ Á¶±×¸¸ À¯´ë
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Çõ¸íÀ» ÀÏÀ¸Ä×À¸¸ç, ±×ÈÄ ÅëÄ¡Çß´Ù(BC 168~165). ±×·¯³ª ±×µéÀÇ
ÅëÄ¡´Â ³»Àû ºÐ¿°ú °Ý·ÄÇÑ ¿Õ±ÇÀïÅ»·Î ³¡³ª°Ô µÇ¾ú´Ù.(Âü°í:
À¯´ë±³) |
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Initially
courted by the rival parties, the Roman general Pompey marched into
Palestine, capturing Jerusalem in 63 BC, and reduced the Jewish territory to
Judaea, without the coastal cities and the confederacy of towns of the
Decapolis (central Transjordan). Several other smaller regions--e.g., inland Galilee of the northern province around Lake Gennesaret
and Peraea, east of the Dead Sea--were left to the Jews. By exploiting the
threat to the Roman Empire from the Parthians and by adapting himself
skillfully to the changing power situations after the murder of Julius
Caesar (44 BC), the clever and adroit Herod
I (reigned 37-4 BC) managed with the help of the Romans to become "king
of the Jews" and to extend the Jewish state over almost all of
Palestine again. His regime was decidedly progressive. He promoted
Hellenization (i.e., emphasizing
Greek culture) by modern building projects, the founding of towns, and in
other ways. But he also attempted to win the favour of the Jews, above all
by rebuilding Solomon's Temple in ostentatious form and on an enormous
scale. It was begun in 20 BC but was not finally completed until AD 64, a
few years before its destruction in AD 70 by Titus, who became emperor of
Rome nine years later. (see also Index:
Roman Republic and Empire,
Jerusalem, Temple of)
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BC 63³â ·Î¸¶ÀÇ À屺 ÆûÆäÀ̿콺°¡
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44) ÀÌÈÄ º¯ÈÇÏ´Â ±Ç·Â»óȲ¿¡ ±³¹¦È÷ ÀûÀÀÇϸé¼, Çì·Îµ¥
1¼¼(BC 37~2 ÀçÀ§)´Â ·Î¸¶ÀÇ µµ¿òÀ¸·Î 'À¯´ëÀÇ ¿Õ'ÀÌ µÇ¾úÀ¸¸ç
À¯´ë ¶¥À» °ÅÀÇ ¸ðµç ÆÈ·¹½ºÅ¸ÀÎ Áö¿ªÀ¸·Î È®Àå½ÃŰ·Á°í
³ë·ÂÇß´Ù. ±×ÀÇ ÅëÄ¡´Â »ó´çÈ÷ Áøº¸ÀûÀ̾ú´Ù. ±×´Â »õ·Î¿î
°Ç¼³°èȹµéÀ» ¼¼¿ì°í, µµ½ÃµéÀ» ¼³¸³ÇßÀ¸¸ç, ´Ù¸¥ ¹æ½Äµé·Î
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¼Ö·Î¸ó ¼ºÀüÀ» È·ÁÇÑ ¾ç½Ä°ú ¾öû³ ±Ô¸ð·Î Àç°ÇÇÔÀ¸·Î½á,
À¯´ëÀεéÀÇ È¯½ÉÀ» ¾ò±â À§ÇØ ³ë·ÂÇß´Ù. ÀÌ ¼ºÀü Àç°ÇÀº BC 20³â¿¡
½ÃÀÛÇØ, ƼÅõ½º°¡ AD 70³â¿¡ ÆÄ±«ÇÏ±â ¸î ³â ÀüÀÎ, AD 64³â±îÁöµµ
¿Ï¼ºÇÏÁö ¸øÇß´Ù. (Âü°í: ·Î¸¶ °øÈÁ¤°ú Á¦±¹, ¿¹·ç»ì·½
¼ºÀü) |
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Though
the Jews demanded of the Romans the abolition of Herodian rule after his
death, the Romans divided the land up among the sons of Herod the Great. The
most important and largest part, Judaea, with Jerusalem, Samaria, southern
Judaea, and Idumaea, was granted to Archelaus, who was deposed by AD 6. His
area was integrated into the Roman administration under a governor
(procurator), who controlled military, taxation, and judicial affairs. As
was their custom, the Romans allowed the Jews to practice their religion and
to exercise restricted powers of administration and jurisdiction. Some of
the procurators, however, did not hold themselves strictly to these
principles. Pontius Pilate,
who is designated in an inscription found in 1961 as praefectus
Judaeae, ruled (AD 26-36) ruthlessly and with bursts of cruelty. He was
dismissed for this reason. The reigns of Herod's other two sons were of
rather longer duration: Philip (4 BC-AD 34) ruled as tetrarch of the
non-Jewish region northeast of Lake Gennesaret, and Herod Antipas (4 BC-AD
39) served as ruler of Galilee and the remote Peraea.
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ÆóÁöÇØ´Þ¶ó°í ·Î¸¶¿¡ ¿ä±¸ÇßÀ¸³ª, ·Î¸¶´Â Çì·Îµ¥ ´ë¿ÕÀÇ
¾Æµéµé¿¡°Ô ¶¥À» ºÐÇÒÇß´Ù. °¡Àå Áß¿äÇϰí Å« ºÎºÐÀÎ
¿¹·ç»ì·½¡¤»ç¸¶¸®¾Æ¡¤³²(Ñõ)À¯´ë¡¤À̵θŸ¦ Æ÷ÇÔÇÑ À¯´ë
Áö¹æÀº ¾ÆÄ̶ó¿À(AD 6³â ÆóÀ§)¿¡°Ô ÁÖ¾îÁ³´Ù. ±×ÀÇ ¿µÅä´Â
±º»ç¡¤°ú¼¼¡¤»ç¹ý ¾÷¹«¸¦ °üÇÒÇÏ´Â ÅëÄ¡ÀÚ(Ãѵ¶)ÇÏ¿¡ ·Î¸¶
ÇàÁ¤±ÇÀ¸·Î ÅëÇյǾú´Ù. °ü·Ê´ë·Î, ·Î¸¶´Â À¯´ëÀε鿡°Ô ±×µéÀÇ
Á¾±³¸¦ ¹Ï°í ÇàÁ¤°ú »ç¹ýÀÇ Á¦ÇÑµÈ ±ÇÇÑÀ» Çà»çÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ»
Çã¶ôÇß´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ¾î¶² Ãѵ¶µéÀº ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ¿øÄ¢µé¿¡ Ãæ½ÇÇÏÁö
¾Ê¾Ò´Ù. 'À¯´ëÀÇ Ãѵ¶'ÀÌ µÈ º»Æ¼¿À ºô¶óµµ´Â
¹«ÀÚºñÇϰí ÀÜÀÎÇÏ°Ô ´Ù½º·È´Ù(AD 26~36). ±×´Â ÀÌ ÀÌÀ¯·Î
ÇØÀӵǾú°í Çì·Îµ¥ÀÇ µÎ ¾ÆµéÀÇ ÅëÄ¡´Â ´õ ¿À·¡µÇ¾ú´Âµ¥,
Çʸ³º¸(BC 4~AD 34)´Â °Õ³×»ç·¿ È£¼öÀÇ ºÏ¼ÂÊ ºñÀ¯´ë Áö¿ªÀ»
´Ù½º·È°í, Çì·Îµ¥ ¾ÈƼÆÄ½º(BC 4~AD 39)´Â °¥¸±¸®¿Í
º¯¹æ º£·¹¾Æ¸¦ ÅëÄ¡Çß´Ù. |
|
As far
as Jesus' story is concerned, the conditions in Galilee,
the land of his origin and his ministry, are of paramount importance.
Thoroughly changed in character by the settlement of foreign colonists,
although again in the process of being re-Judaized, Galilee was held in
contempt by the Judaeans. Though the land's culture and civilization were in
large measure Hellenistic, especially at the court of Herod Antipas, in
individual towns and among the owners of large estates, the Jewish
population, which spoke Aramaic, lived with its own, largely unaffected
religious traditions. At the time of Jesus, Galilee was known as a seat of
Jewish resistance to Rome.
|
¿¹¼öÀÇ À̾߱Ⱑ °ü·ÃµÈ Á¡¿¡ ÀÖ¾î¼, ¿¹¼ö°¡ ÀÚ¶ó°í »ç¿ªÇÑ °¥¸±¸®´Â
Áö´ëÇÑ Á߿伺À» Áö´Ñ´Ù. °¥¸±¸®´Â, ´Ù½Ã À¯´ëȵǴ °úÁ¤¿¡
ÀÖ¾úÁö¸¸, ¿Ü±¹ ÀÌÁֹεéÀÇ Á¤ÂøÀ¸·Î ¿ÏÀüÈ÷ Ư¼ºÀÌ ¹Ù²î¾î
À¯´ëÀεéÀÇ °æ¸êÀ» ¹Þ¾Ò´Ù. ÀÌ Áö¿ªÀÇ ¹®È¿Í ¹®¸íÀº ƯÈ÷
Çì·Îµ¥ ¾ÈƼÆÄ½ºÀÇ ÅëÄ¡ÇÏ¿¡ °³º° µµ½Ãµé, ´ëÅäÁö
¼ÒÀ¯ÀÚµéÀ» Çï·¹´ÏÁòÈÇßÁö¸¸, ¾Æ¶÷¾î¸¦ ¾²´Â À¯´ëÀεéÀº
ÀڽŵéÀÇ Á¾±³ ÀüÅëÀ» ÁöŰ¸ç »ì¾Ò´Ù. ¿¹¼ö ½Ã´ë¿¡ °¥¸±¸®´Â
À¯´ëÀεéÀÌ ·Î¸¶¿¡ ÀúÇ×ÇÏ´Â Áß½ÉÁö·Î ¾Ë·ÁÁ³´Ù. |
|
According
to Josephus (Antiquities XVIII, 18
ff.), Herod Antipas--whom
Jesus called a "fox" (Luke 13:32)--held John
the Baptist, the prophet who preached repentance, to be politically
dangerous, had him put in prison, and had him executed for this reason. The
Synoptic tradition, however, gives the Baptist's harsh criticism of Herod's
unlawful second marriage as the reason (Mark 6:17-29).
|
¿ä¼¼Çª½º¿¡ µû¸£¸é, Çì·Îµ¥ ¾ÈƼÆÄ½º´Â--¿¹¼ö¸¦ "¿©¿ì"(´©°¡
13:32)¶ó°í ºÒ·¶´Âµ¥--ȸ°³¸¦ ºÎ¸£Â¢Àº ¼±ÁöÀÚ ¼¼·Ê
¿äÇÑÀ» Á¤Ä¡ÀûÀ¸·Î À§ÇèÇÏ´Ù°í ¿©°åÀ¸¹Ç·Î ±×¸¦
Åõ¿ÁÇϰí¼, ÀÌ·± ÀÌÀ¯·Î ±×¸¦ óÇüÇÏ¿´´Ù. °ø°üº¹À½ÀÇ
Àü½ÂÀº, ±×·¯³ª, Çì·Îµ¥ÀÇ µÎ¹øÂ° °áÈ¥¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¿äÇÑÀÇ ½ÉÇÑ
ºñÆÇÀ» ÀÌÀ¯·Î Á¦½ÃÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù.(¸¶°¡
6:17-29) |
|
Information
about political conditions in Palestine at the time of Jesus is found mainly
in non-biblical sources, especially in Josephus. Only a few details are
mentioned in the Gospels. Such information is nevertheless significant as
background for the story of Jesus, even if it does not contribute much to an
understanding of his teaching. The attitude of the Jewish people to the
foreign rule of the Romans was not uniform. There were conformists,
especially among the priestly aristocracy in Jerusalem, and there were those
who exhibited concealed and open resistance.
|
¿¹¼ö
½Ã´ë¿¡ ÆÈ·¹½ºÅ¸ÀÎÀÇ Á¤Ä¡Àû »óȲ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Á¤º¸´Â ÁÖ·Î
ºñ¼º¼Àû ÀÚ·áµé, ƯÈ÷ ¿ä¼¼Çª½ºÀÇ ÀúÀÛ¿¡¼ ÁÖ·Î ¹ß°ßµÇ¸ç
´ÜÁö ¸î¸î ³»¿ë¸¸ÀÌ º¹À½¼¿¡¼ ¾ð±ÞµÈ´Ù. ±×·³¿¡µµ ºÒ±¸Çϰí,
ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ Á¤º¸µéÀº ¿¹¼öÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§À» ÀÌÇØÇÔ¿¡ ÀÖ¾î¼ ±×·¸°Ô ¸¹Àº ±â¿©¸¦ ÇÏÁö
¾ÊÀ½¿¡µµ, ±×ÀÇ À̾߱âÀÇ ¹è°æÀ¸·Î¼ Áß¿äÇÏ´Ù. ·Î¸¶ ÅëÄ¡¿¡ ´ëÇÑ
À¯´ëÀεéÀÇ Åµµ´Â ÀÏÁ¤ÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Ù. Á¦»çÀåµé°ú ±ÍÁ·µéÀº
¼øÀÀÇßÁö¸¸, ¼û¾î¼ ÀúÇ×Çϰųª °ø°³ÀûÀ¸·Î ÀúÇ×ÇÏ´Â
Àڵ鵵 ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. |
|
|
Á¾±³Àû »óȲ
|
|
Judaism
in the time of Jesus presents a disunited, fragmented picture, composed of
widely different groups.
|
¿¹¼ö ½Ã´ëÀÇ À¯´ë±³´Â
¿©·¯ Áý´Üµé·Î ±¸¼ºµÇ¾î ºÐ¿µÈ ¸ð½ÀÀ» º¸¿©ÁØ´Ù. |
|
|
¹Ù¸®»õ ÆÄ
|
| In the
reports of the Synoptic Gospels, the Pharisees
serve almost entirely to exemplify his opponents. They are incensed by his
preaching and behaviour, spy on him, press from the very beginning to have
him done away with, and are, conversely, themselves attacked by him most
fiercely as being self-righteous hypocrites. Debates with the Pharisees
without doubt played an important role in Jesus' life. From the Gospels
there has developed a crude popular view that "Pharisee" is
synonymous with "self-righteous hypocrite." The New Testament
sources, however, are to be used with discretion in this respect for the
following reasons: (1) the later narrators were in large measure no longer
conversant with the historical circumstances, especially because they were
themselves outside the region of Palestine. As a rule, the Pharisees are
introduced as a collective quantity in the Gospels but, in reality, were not
a unified group. There are also sporadic references in the Synoptic
tradition to the fact that Jesus maintained table fellowship with Pharisees
(Luke 7:36; 11:37; 14:1). It is also worthy of note that they play no part
in the Passion tradition (with the exception of the later legend in Matt.
27:62ff. about the Pharisees' requesting a guard at Jesus' tomb). (2) A
Synoptic comparison reveals the tendency to give Jesus' opponents more
concrete form, but in a schematic way. In the later texts, the Pharisees are
frequently introduced as the constant foil for Jesus, whereas the older
tradition speaks of Jesus' opponents in an indefinite way. (3) Matthew,
especially, reflects the sharpened conflicts between Jews and Christians in
the period after the destruction of Jerusalem (AD 70), when a theologically
narrower brand of Pharisaism was finally asserting itself in the course of
the religious reconstitution of Judaism. This later picture dominates the
Talmudic tradition, but it may not be projected back into the time of Jesus.
|
¸ÕÀú
°ø°üº¹À½¼µéÀÇ ±â·Ï¿¡ ³ªÅ¸³ ¹Ù¸®»õÆÄ´Â
´ëºÎºÐ ¿¹¼öÀÇ Àû´ëÀÚµéÀÇ Ç¥º»À¸·Î ³ªÅ¸³´Ù. ±×µéÀº
¿¹¼öÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§°ú Çൿ¿¡ °ÝºÐÇÏ¿© ±×¸¦ °¨½ÃÇß°í, óÀ½ºÎÅÍ
±×¸¦ ¾ø¾Ö·Á°í ÇßÀ¸³ª, °Å²Ù·Î ±×µé ÀڽŵéÀÌ ¿¹¼ö·ÎºÎÅÍ 'ÀÚ±â
ÀÇ'¸¦ ³»¼¼¿ì´Â À§¼±ÀÚµéÀ̶ó°í È£µÇ°Ô °ø°Ý´çÇß´Ù. ÀǽÉÀÇ
¿©Áö¾øÀÌ ¹Ù¸®»õÆÄ¿ÍÀÇ ³íÀïµéÀº ¿¹¼öÀÇ »ý¾Ö¿¡¼ Áß¿äÇÑ
¿ªÇÒÀ» Çß´Ù. º¹À½¼µé¿¡¼ '¹Ù¸®»õ'´Â 'Àڱ⸦ ÀÇ·Ó°Ô
¿©±â´Â À§¼±ÀÚ'¿Í µ¿ÀǾî·Î »ç¿ëµÇ¾ú´Ù. ±×·¯³ª [½Å¾à¼º¼]ÀÇ ÀÚ·áµéÀº ´ÙÀ½ÀÇ ÀÌÀ¯µé ¶§¹®¿¡ ½ÅÁßÇϰÔ
»ç¿ëµÇ¾î¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. ¨ç Èıâ ÇØ¼³ÀÚµéÀº ¿ª»çÀû »óȲ¿¡ ´ëÇØ¼
Á¤ÅëÇÏÁö ¸øÇß´Ù. ¿Ö³ÄÇÏ¸é ±×µé ÀÚ½ÅÀÌ ÆÈ·¹½ºÅ¸ÀÎ Áö¿ª
¹Û¿¡ ÀÖ¾ú±â ¶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù. ÀϹÝÀûÀ¸·Î ¹Ù¸®»õÆÄ´Â Áý´ÜÀ¸·Î
º¹À½¼¿¡ ¼Ò°³µÇ¾úÁö¸¸ ½ÇÁ¦·Î´Â ¿¬ÇÕµÈ Áý´ÜÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¾ú´Ù.
¿¹¼ö°¡ ¹Ù¸®»õÀεé°ú ½Äʱ³Á¦¸¦ ³ª´©¾ú´Ù´Â »ç½Ç¿¡ ´ëÇÑ
»ê¹ßÀûÀÎ ¾ð±ÞµéÀÌ Àִµ¥(´©°¡ 7 : 36, 11 : 37, 14 : 1), ±×µéÀÌ
¼ö³ Àü½Â¿¡¼ ¾Æ¹« ¿ªÇÒµµ ÇÏÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù´Â °ÍÀº ÁÖ¸ñÇÒ
¸¸ÇÏ´Ù. ¨è Èı⠺»¹®µé¿¡¼ ¹Ù¸®»õÆÄ´Â ´ëºÎºÐ ¿¹¼ö¿Í
´ëÁ¶µÇ´Â ÀÚµé·Î ¼Ò°³µÈ´Ù. ±×¿¡ ¹ÝÇØ ´õ ¿À·¡µÈ Àü½ÂÀº
¿¹¼öÀÇ Àû´ëÀڵ鿡 ´ëÇØ ¸íÈ®ÇÏ°Ô ¸»ÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù. ¨é ¸¶Å´ AD 70³â ¿¹·ç»ì·½ ÆÄ±« ÀÌÈÄ À¯´ëÀεé°ú
±×¸®½ºµµÀα³µé »çÀÌÀÇ ³¯Ä«·Î¿î °¥µîÀ» ¹Ý¿µÇϴµ¥, ±×¶§ ¹Ù¸®»õÁÖÀǶó´Â ½ÅÇÐÀûÀ¸·Î Çù¼ÒÇÑ ¸íĪÀÌ À¯´ë±³
Àç°Ç°úÁ¤¿¡¼ ³ªÅ¸³´Ù. ÀÌ ÈıâÀÇ ¸ð½ÀÀÌ [Å»¹«µå]
Àü½Â¿¡´Â µÎµå·¯Áö°Ô ³ªÅ¸³ªÁö¸¸ ¿¹¼ö ½Ã´ë¿¡±îÁö Åõ»çµÉ
¼ö´Â ¾ø´Ù. |
| Originating
in the time of the Maccabees (or earlier, according to some scholars), the
movement of the Pharisees (i.e., the
"separated ones") formed itself into a religious association
composed chiefly of laymen from varied classes and callings. Its aim was
strict adherence to the Torah (Law) in even the most remote areas of daily
life, in order to realize the true Israel of God. This especially included
the scrupulous observance of the individual ritual commandments for the
practice of prayer and fasting, cultic purity, and the avoidance of all
contact with the cultically unclean, whether that be lawless persons,
sinners, corpses, animals, or unclean utensils. In the Pharisees' piety
there was also to be found an eager longing for the future world of God, a
doctrine of the resurrection of the dead, and a hope in the promised Davidic
Messiah, who would establish his rule in Jerusalem and destroy the power of
the heathen.
|
¸¶Ä«º£¿À ½Ã´ë(¾Æ´Ï¸é ¾î¶² ÇÐÀڵ鿡
µû¸£¸é ÀÌÀü)¿¡ »ý°Ü³ ¹Ù¸®»õÆÄ('ºÐ¸®µÈ ÀÚµé')
¿îµ¿Àº ´Ù¾çÇÑ °è±Þ°ú Á÷¾÷À» Áö´Ñ Æò½Åµµ·Î ±¸¼ºµÈ Á¾±³Àû
¿¬ÇÕÀ» Çü¼ºÇß´Ù. ±× ¸ñÀûÀº ÇÏ´À´ÔÀÇ ÂüµÈ À̽º¶ó¿¤À»
½ÇÇöÇϱâ À§ÇØ ÀÏ»ó»ýȰ¿¡¼µµ Åä¶ó(À²¹ý)¸¦ ¾ö°ÝÈ÷
ÁöŰ·Á´Â °ÍÀ̾ú´Ù. À̰ÍÀº ƯÈ÷ ±âµµ¿Í ±Ý½ÄÀÇ ½Çõ,
ÀǽÄÀû ¼º°á ±×¸®°í ¹«¹ýÀÚ¤Ñ ÁËÀεé, ½Ãü, µ¿¹° ¶Ç´Â
ºÒ°áÇÑ °¡Àç µµ±¸ µîÀÇ ÀǽÄÀûÀ¸·Î ºÒ°áÇÑ °Í°úÀÇ Á¢ÃË
±ÝÁö µîÀÇ °³ÀÎÀûÀÎ ÀÇ½Ä ¸í·É¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Ã¶ÀúÇÑ Áؼö¸¦
Æ÷ÇÔÇÑ´Ù. ¹Ù¸®»õÆÄÀÇ °æ°Ç¿¡¼´Â ¶ÇÇÑ ¹Ì·¡ÀÇ ÇÏ´À´Ô
³ª¶ó¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¿¸Á, Á×ÀºÀÚÀÇ ºÎȰ±³¸®, À̱³ÀÇ ¼¼·ÂÀ»
¸êÇÏ°í ¿¹·ç»ì·½¿¡¼ ÅëÄ¡ÇÏ°Ô µÉ ´ÙÀÀûÀÎ ¸Þ½Ã¾Æ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ
¼Ò¸Á µîÀÌ ¹ß°ßµÈ´Ù. |
| In view
of this religious situation, it is difficult to arrive at a uniform judgment
on Jesus' relation to the Pharisees. Points of contact in matters of
teaching definitely are present; e.g.,
in the expectation of the resurrection of the dead, which they hold in
common (Mark 12:25-27). Again, there are critical statements about
formalized and hypocritical piety in Jewish Talmudic tradition, and not just
in sayings of Jesus. It would therefore be unjust to judge all Pharisees to
be alike. Obviously, many sayings of Jesus have parallels in Rabbinic
tradition. Nevertheless, there is no question that Jesus rejected their
claim to righteousness and their ideal of representing the true Israel, that
he characterized their "tradition of the elders" as human
tradition in contrast to the commandment of God, and that, through his
attitude to tax collectors and sinners, he must have given them offense.
Because of such opinions of Jesus, they probably would have influenced the
people against Jesus. That certainly need not mean, however, that the
Pharisees, who were politically anything but dominant, aimed at Jesus'
crucifixion from the start (contrary to what is said; Mark 3:6).
|
ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ Á¾±³Àû »óȲ¿¡¼ ¹Ù¸®»õÆÄ¿Í ¿¹¼öÀÇ °ü°è¿¡
´ëÇØ ÀÏÄ¡µÈ ÆÇ´ÜÀ» Çϱâ´Â ¾î·Æ´Ù. °¡¸£Ä§ÀÇ ³»¿ë¿¡¼
°øÅëÁ¡µéµµ ÀÖ´Ù. ¿¹¸¦ µé¸é Á×ÀºÀÚÀÇ ºÎȰ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ±â´ë(¸¶°¡
12 : 25~27), Çü½ÄÀûÀ̰í À§¼±ÀûÀÎ °æ°Ç¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ºñÆÇÀû
Áø¼úµéÀÌ ±×°ÍÀÌ´Ù. ¿¹¼öÀÇ ¸¹Àº ¸»¾¸Àº ¶øºñ ÀüÅë°ú
À¯»çÁ¡ÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù. ±×·³¿¡µµ ºÒ±¸ÇÏ°í ±×µéÀÌ ÀÚ±â ÀÇ¿Í Âü
À̽º¶ó¿¤À» ´ëÇ¥ÇÑ´Ù´Â ÀÌ»óÀ» ÁÖÀåÇÒ ¶§ ¿¹¼ö°¡
°ÅºÎÇß´Ù´Â °Í°ú ±×µéÀÇ 'Àå·ÎµéÀÇ Àü½Â'À» ÇÏ´À´ÔÀÇ ¸í·É°ú
´ëÁ¶µÇ´Â Àΰ£ÀÇ Àü½ÂÀ¸·Î ¿¹¼ö°¡ ÀνÄÇß´Ù´Â °Í, ¼¼¸®¿Í
ÁËÀο¡ ´ëÇÑ ¿¹¼öÀÇ Åµµ µîÀ» »ìÆìº¼ ¶§ ±×°¡ ±×µéÀ»
°ø°ÝÇßÀ½¿¡ Ʋ¸²¾ø´Ù´Â °ÍÀº ÀǽÉÇÒ ¿©Áö°¡ ¾ø´Ù. ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ
¿¹¼öÀÇ °ßÇØµé ¶§¹®¿¡ ±×µéÀº ¹é¼ºµéÀÌ ¿¹¼ö¿¡ ´ëÇ×Çϵµ·Ï
¿µÇâÀ» ³¢ÃÆÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ±×°ÍÀÌ Á¤Ä¡ÀûÀ¸·Î À¯·ÂÇÏÁö
¾Ê¾Ò´ø ¹Ù¸®»õÆÄ°¡ óÀ½ºÎÅÍ ¿¹¼öÀÇ ½ÊÀÚ°¡ óÇüÀ»
¸ñÇ¥·Î Çß´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ¶æÇÏÁö´Â ¾Ê´Â´Ù([¸¶°¡ÀÇ º¹À½¼]3Àå
6Àý¿¡¼ ¸»ÇÏ´Â °Í°ú´Â ¹Ý´ëÀÓ). |
|
|
»çµÎ°³ ÆÄ
|
| A party
of quite another kind was that of the Sadducees, who belonged to the
Jerusalem priestly caste. They carried much less authority among the people
than the Pharisees. As a theologically conservative school, they differed
from the latter also in their rejection of the additional
"traditions" and the new doctrine of the resurrection of the dead.
Because of the Sadducees' hierarchical tradition and their readiness to
adapt themselves to the current political conditions, their influence in
Jesus' time, before the destruction of the Temple, is not to be
underestimated. Besides the Pharisees and the elders of the people, they had
a decisive voice in the supreme religious and judicial authority, the
Sanhedrin. A close relation probably existed between them and the Roman
rulers. They did not, however, survive the catastrophic outcome of the war
and the end of the Temple (AD 70).
|
¿¹·ç»ì·½ÀÇ Á¦»çÀå °è±Þ¿¡ ¼ÓÇß´ø »çµÎ°³ÆÄ´Â
¹Ù¸®»õÆÄº¸´Ù ¹é¼ºµé »çÀÌ¿¡¼ ±ÇÀ§°¡ ¾ø¾ú´Ù.
½ÅÇÐÀûÀ¸·Î º¸¼öÀûÀÎ ÇÐÆÄ·Î¼, ±×µéÀº ºÎ°¡µÈ 'ÀüÅëµé'°ú
Á×Àº ÀÚÀÇ ºÎȰ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ »õ ±³¸®¸¦ °ÅºÎÇß´Ù. »çµÎ°³ÆÄ´Â
À§°èÀû ÀüÅëÀ» Áß½ÃÇßÀ¸¸ç Á¤Ä¡Àû »óȲ¿¡ ½±°Ô ÀûÀÀÇß´Ù.
±×·¯³ª ¼ºÀüÆÄ±«(AD 70) ÀÌÀü ¿¹¼ö ½Ã´ë¿¡ ¹ÌÃÆ´ø ±×µéÀÇ
¿µÇâÀÌ °ú¼ÒÆò°¡µÇ¾î¼´Â ¾È µÈ´Ù. ¹Ù¸®»õÆÄ¿Í ¹é¼ºÀÇ
Àå·Îµé°ú ÇÔ²² ±×µéÀº ÃÖ°íÀÇ Á¾±³Àû¡¤¹ýÀû ±ÇÀ§ÀÎ
»êÇìµå¸°¿¡¼ °áÁ¤ÀûÀÎ ¹ß¾ð±ÇÀ» °¡Áö°í ÀÖ¾úÀ¸¸ç, ·Î¸¶ÀÇ
ÅëÄ¡ÀÚµé°ú ¹ÐÁ¢ÇÑ °ü°è°¡ ÀÖ¾ú´ø °Í °°´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ±×µéÀº
±â¿ø 70³âÀÇ ÀüÀïÀÇ ÆÄ±¹Àû °á°ú¿Í ¼ºÀüÆÄ±«¿¡¼ »ì¾Æ³²Áö ¸øÇß´Ù. |
|
|
À²¹ýÇÐÀÚ
|
| The
scribes are frequently mentioned in the Gospels. In later Judaism, which,
since the time of Ezra (5th century BC), was committed to the Mosaic Law,
they formed a most respected class of the teachers. Corresponding to the
normative significance of the Law for all religious, moral, social, and
legal questions of Jewish life, the scribe was a combination of theologian
and lawyer. Social origin and membership of a particular party played no
role in this group. In Jesus' time, there were, apart from Pharisees and
priests, also Sadducees and Zealots among the scribes. They were not paid as
a professional class but, instead, had to find their own living. As scribes,
they had to expound the Torah and give directives for daily life. Those who
had undergone the long and careful training in their schools were accorded
the status of scribe, wore the long robe of the scholar (Mark 12:38), were
respectfully addressed as "rabbi" (Matt. 23:7), and were allowed
to sit in a place of honour in the synagogue. Jesus, like the scribes, sat
to teach (Matt. 5:1; Luke 4:20), engaged in debate, gave his opinion on the
diverging doctrinal propositions of particular schools (Matt. 19:3ff.), and
gathered disciples about him. The stereotyped way in which, particularly in
Matthew, Pharisees and scribes are grouped together reflects the conditions
obtaining at the time of the Gospel-writers, in which it was the Pharisees
who controlled the instruction in the synagogues exclusively. But earlier,
in the time of Jesus, the scribes were a more motley group. Also, it is not
allowable to conclude from the fact that Jesus is frequently addressed as
"rabbi" and "teacher" that he himself was a member of
this profession. (see also Index: sofer)
|
À²¹ýÇÐÀÚµéÀº
º¹À½¼µé¿¡¼ ÀÚÁÖ ¾ð±ÞµÇ´Âµ¥ ¸ð¼¼ÀÇ À²¹ý¿¡ Çå½ÅÇÏ´Â
¿¡Áî¶ó ½Ã´ë(BC 5¼¼±â) ÀÌ·¡ÀÇ Èıâ À¯´ë±³¿¡¼ ±×µéÀº °¡Àå
Á¸°æ¹Þ´Â ±³»ç°è±ÞÀ» Çü¼ºÇß´Ù. À¯´ë »ýȰÀÇ ¸ðµç Á¾±³Àû¡¤µµ´öÀû¡¤»çȸÀû¡¤¹ý·üÀû
¹®Á¦µé¿¡ ´ëÇÑ À²¹ýÀÇ ±Ô¹üÀû Á߿伺À» °í·ÁÇØº¼ ¶§
À²¹ýÇÐÀÚ´Â ½ÅÇÐÀÚ¿Í ¹ý·ü°¡ÀÇ ¿ªÇÒÀ» ´ã´çÇß´Ù. »çȸÀû
Ãâ½ÅÀ̳ª Ưº°ÇÑ ´çÀÇ ´ç¿ø ÀÚ°ÝÀº ÀÌ ¹«¸®¿¡¼´Â ¾Æ¹«·±
Àǹ̰¡ ¾ø¾ú´Ù. ¿¹¼ö
½Ã´ëÀÇ À²¹ýÇÐÀÚ Áß¿¡´Â ¹Ù¸®»õÀεéÀ̳ª Á¦»çÀåµé ¿Ü¿¡µµ »çµÎ°³Àεé°ú ¿½É´çÀÌ ÀÖ¾ú´Ù.
±×µéÀº ´ë½Å¿¡ Á÷¾÷ÀûÀÎ °è±Þµé°ú´Â ´Þ¸® º¸¼ö¸¦ ¹ÞÁö
¾Ê¾ÒÀ¸¸ç ½º½º·Î »ý°è¸¦ À¯ÁöÇØ¾ß Çß´Ù. ÇÐÀڷμ, ±×µéÀº º¸¼ö¸¦ ¹ÞÁö
¾Ê¾Ò°í Åä¶ó¸¦ ¼³¸íÇßÀ¸¸ç ÀÏ»ó»ýȰÀ» À§ÇÑ ÁöħÀ»
ÁÖ¾î¾ß¸¸ Çß´Ù. Çб³¿¡¼ ¿À·§µ¿¾È ¼¼½ÉÇÑ ÈÆ·ÃÀ» ¹ÞÀº
±×µéÀº À²¹ýÇÐÀÚÀÇ ÁöÀ§¸¦ ºÎ¿© ¹Þ¾ÒÀ¸¸ç, ÇÐÀÚÀÇ ±ä ¿ÊÀ» ÀÔ°í(¸¶°¡ 12
: 38), Á¸°æ½º·´°Ô ' ¶øºñ'¶ó°í
ºÒ·ÈÀ¸¸ç(¸¶Å 23 : 7), ȸ´ç¿¡¼ ¸í¿¹·Î¿î ÀÚ¸®¿¡ ¾ÉÀ» ¼ö
ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. ¿¹¼ö´Â, ÇÐÀÚµéó·³, °¡¸£Ä¡±â À§Çؼ(¸¶Å 5:1; ´©°¡
4:20) ¾É¾ÒÀ¸¸ç, Åä·Ð¿¡ Âü¿©ÇÏ¿´°í, ƯÁ¤ÇÑ ÇÐÆÄµé(¸¶ÅÂ
19:3-)ÀÇ ´Ù¾çÇÑ ±³¸®ÀûÀÎ ¸íÁ¦µé¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ÀǰßÀ»
³»¾î ³õ¾ÒÀ¸¸ç, ±×ÀÇ ÁÖº¯¿¡ Á¦ÀÚµéÀÌ ¸ð¿´´Ù. ƯÈ÷ [¸¶ÅÂÀÇ º¹À½¼]¿¡¼ ¹Ù¸®»õÀεé°ú
À²¹ýÇÐÀÚµéÀÌ ÇÔ²² ¸ðÀÌ´Â ÀüÇüÀûÀÎ ¹æ½ÄÀº º¹À½¼
ÀúÀÚµéÀÇ ½Ã´ëÀû »óȲÀ» ¹Ý¿µÇϴµ¥, ±×¶§ ȸ´ç¿¡¼
°¡¸£Ä§À» ÁÖ°üÇÑ ÀÚµéÀº ¹Ù¸®»õÆÄ¿´´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ±× ÀÌÀüÀÎ
¿¹¼öÀÇ ½Ã´ë¿¡´Â À²¹ýÇÐÀÚµéÀÌ ´õ Áß¿äÇÑ Áý´ÜÀ̾ú´Ù.
¿¹¼ö°¡ ÀÚÁÖ '¶øºñ'¿Í '±³»ç'·Î ºÒ¸®±â´Â ÇßÁö¸¸ ±×°¡ ÀÌ
Á÷¾÷ÀÇ ±¸¼º¿øÀ̾ú´Ù°í °á·Ð³»¸± ¼ö´Â ¾ø´Ù. |
|
|
¿½É´ç
|
| The
involvement of the religiopolitical movement of the Zealots, a revolutionary
group, in the historical development of Palestine was disastrous to the
nation. No longer contented with the passive resistance of the Pharisees,
out of whose ranks they certainly gained many adherents, the Zealots took
the ideal of a theocracy and zeal for the Law extremely seriously. The first
outbreak of their activities occurred in AD 6, when the Syrian legate
Quirinius ordered the population in Judaea to register. This aroused
indignation and was the signal for an insurrectionist movement, which
confined itself initially to scattered individual acts of revolt but soon
expanded, took military form, and finally instigated the First Jewish Revolt
(AD 66-70). Biblical and nonbiblical sources name Judas, a Galilean scribe
from Gamala, as founder of the Zealots. Like him, other fanatical messianic
prophets also found significant followings. In Jesus' time, the conflict had
not yet reached its zenith. The Zealots carried out sudden raids on the
Roman occupation forces and conducted a guerrilla war from their hiding
places in the wilderness. The Romans correspondingly held the land under
strict control, reinforced their troops in Jerusalem at the times of the
Jewish festivals, when great crowds of pilgrims gathered in the city, and
took drastic and ruthless action if they anticipated sedition. This
situation illuminates the events leading to Jesus' death. The Zealots' goals
were political and, primarily, religious: the realization of a Jewish
theocracy, the rule of the promised Messiah, and the destruction of the
heathen regime.
|
ÆÈ·¹½ºÅ¸ÀÎÀÇ ¿ª»çÀû ¹ßÀü¿¡¼ Çõ¸íÀû Áý´ÜÀÎ
¿½É´çÀÌ
Á¾±³Àû¡¤Á¤Ä¡Àû ¿îµ¿¿¡ Âü¿©ÇÑ °ÍÀº À¯´ë ¹ÎÁ·¿¡°Ô´Â
ºñ±ØÀ̾ú´Ù. ¹Ù¸®»õÆÄÀÇ ¼Ò±ØÀû ÀúÇ׿¡ ´õÀÌ»ó ¸¸Á·ÇÏÁö
¾Ê°í ±× Áý´ÜÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ¸¹Àº ÁöÁöÀÚµéÀ» ¸ðÀº ¿½É´çÀº
½ÅÁ¤Á¤Ä¡ÀÇ ÀÌ»ó°ú À²¹ý¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¿Á¤À» °¡Áö°í ÀÖ¾ú´Ù.
±×µéÀÇ Ã¹¹øÂ° ÇൿÀº ½Ã¸®¾ÆÀÇ Ãѵ¶ Äû¸®´Ï¿ì½º°¡ À¯´ëÀÇ
Àα¸Á¶»ç¸¦ ¸í·ÉÇßÀ» ¶§ ÀϾ´Ù. óÀ½¿¡´Â »ê¹ßÀûÀÎ
°³º°Çൿ¿¡ ºÒ°úÇßÀ¸³ª ¹Ý¶õÀº °ð È®»êµÇ¾î ±º´ë ÇüŸ¦
°®Ãß¾ú°í ¸¶Ä§³» 1Â÷ À¯´ë ¹Ý¶õ(AD 66~70)À» ºÎÃß°å´Ù. ¼º¼Àû¡¤ºñ¼º¼Àû
ÀÚ·áµéÀº ¿½É´çÀÇ Ã¢½ÃÀڷμ °¡¸»¶ó Ãâ½ÅÀÇ °¥¸±¸®
À²¹ýÇÐÀÚ À¯´Ù¸¦ °Å¸íÇÑ´Ù. ±×¿Í ¸¶Âù°¡Áö·Î, ´Ù¸¥ ±¤ÀûÀÎ
¸Þ½Ã¾ßÀûÀÎ ¿¹¾ðÀÚµé ¶ÇÇÑ »ó´çÇÑ ÃßÁ¾ÀÚµéÀ» °¡Áö°í
ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. ¿¹¼ö ½Ã´ë¿¡´Â ±× ÅõÀïÀÌ ¾ÆÁ÷
ÀýÁ¤¿¡ À̸£Áö´Â ¾Ê¾ÒÁö¸¸ ¿½É´çÀº ·Î¸¶±ºÀ» ±Þ½ÀÇÏ¿©
±¤¾ß¿¡ Àº½Åó¸¦ µÐ ä °Ô¸±¶ó ÀüÀ» ¼öÇàÇß´Ù. ±×¿¡ µû¶ó
·Î¸¶´Â ¿¹·ç»ì·½À» ¾ö°ÝÈ÷ ÅëÁ¦Çϰí, ¸¹Àº ¼ø·ÊÀÚµéÀÌ
µµ½Ã¿¡ ¸ðÀÌ´Â À¯´ë Àý±â¿¡´Â ±º´ë¸¦ °ÈÇÏ¿©, ¼Ò¿ä°¡
¿¹»óµÇ¸é ÀÜÀÎÇÏ°í ¹«ÀÚºñÇÑ ÇൿÀ» ÃëÇß´Ù. ÀÌ »óȲÀ» ÅëÇØ
¿¹¼ö¸¦ Á×À½À¸·Î À̲ö »ç°ÇµéÀ» Á¶¸íÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ¿½É´çÀÇ
¸ñÇ¥´Â À¯´ëÀÎÀÇ ½ÅÁ¤Á¤Ä¡ÀÇ ½ÇÇö, ¾à¼ÓµÈ ¸Þ½Ã¾Æ ÅëÄ¡, À̱³µµ
Á¤ºÎÀÇ ºÐ¼â µîÀ̾ú´Ù. |
| The
thesis that Jesus belonged to the Zealots or founded a related movement was
first advanced in the 18th century and has repeatedly been supported in
recent times. The most important point in its favour is Jesus' execution on
the cross, a punishment that only the Roman authorities could inflict and
did frequently against rebels. There were two others executed in the same
manner with Jesus, and they, like Barabbas, who was granted amnesty in
Jesus' place (Mark 15:15), are referred to as "robbers" (Mark
15:27), a customary term for rebels at this time. This could indicate that,
at that Passover time, when many Jews were in the city, a Zealot revolt had
been planned and was bloodily suppressed but also that Jesus had actually
been willing to play a leading part in it.
|
¿¹¼ö°¡ ¿½É´ç¿¡ ¼ÓÇߴٰųª °ü·ÃµÈ ¿îµ¿À» â½ÃÇß´Ù´Â
ÁÖÀåÀº 18¼¼±â¿¡ ´ëµÎµÇ¾î ÃÖ±Ù±îÁö Áö¼ÓµÇ¾ú´Ù. ¿¹¼ö°¡
·Î¸¶ Á¤ºÎ¸¸ÀÌ ÃëÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â Çü¹úÀÎ ½ÊÀÚ°¡ óÇüÀ» ´çÇßÀ¸¸ç,
±× ½ÊÀÚ°¡ÇüÀº ´ëºÎºÐ ¹Ý¶õÀÚ¿¡°Ô ÇàÇØÁ³´Ù´Â Á¡À» ±Ù°Å·Î
µç´Ù. ¿¹¼ö¿Í ÇÔ²² óÇüµÈ µÎ »ç¶÷ÀÌ ÀÖ¾ú´Âµ¥, ±×µéÀº ¿¹¼ö
´öºÐ¿¡ »ç¸é¹ÞÀº ¹Ù¶ó¹Ù(¸¶°¡ 15 : 15)¿Í °°ÀÌ, ÀÌ ´ç½Ã¿¡´Â
¹Ý¶õÀÚ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ °ü¿ë¾îÀÎ '°µµµé'·Î ¾ð±ÞµÈ´Ù. À̰ÍÀº
À¯¿ùÀý¿¡ ¿½É´çÀÇ ¹Ý¶õÀÌ °èȹµÇ¾ú°í, ¹Ý¶õÀº ÇÇ·Î
Áø¾ÐµÇ¾úÀ¸¸ç, ¿¹¼ö°¡ ½ÇÁ¦·Î ÀÌ ¹Ý¶õÀÇ ÁöµµÀûÀÎ ¿ªÇÒÀ»
ÇÏ·Á°í Çß¾ú´Ù°í ÃßÁ¤ÇÒ ¼öµµ ÀÖ´Ù. |
| Jesus'
messianic entry into Jerusalem and the cleansing of the Temple (Mark 11) are
also interpreted along these lines, the latter being understood as an attack
on the dominant priestly class that sympathized with the Romans. Some also
see a connection with the fact that one of the disciples was carrying a
weapon when Jesus was arrested in Gethsemane (Mark 14:47). The later
Christian tradition has, it is claimed, for apologetic and theological
reasons, altered the true historical state of affairs until it has become
unrecognizable. But isolated hints have nonetheless been preserved in it; e.g.,
Jesus' critical sayings about that "fox" Herod (Luke 13:32)
and the violent earthly rulers (Luke 22:25); similarly, the way he attracted
Zealots, documented by the fact that among his disciples at least one,
called Simon (Luke 6:15; Acts 1:13), was a Zealot.
|
¿¹¼öÀÇ ¸Þ½Ã¾ÆÀûÀÎ ¿¹·ç»ì·½ ÀÔ¼º°ú ¼ºÀüÁ¤È(¸¶°¡ 11)´Â
ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ Ãø¸é¿¡¼ ÇØ¼®µÈ´Ù. ÈÄÀÚ´Â ·Î¸¶¿¡ µ¿Á¶ÇÏ´Â À¯·ÂÇÑ
Á¦»çÀå °è±Þ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ °ø°ÝÀ¸·Î ÀÌÇØµÈ´Ù. ¶ÇÇÑ ¿¹¼ö°¡
°Ô½ê¸¶´Ï¿¡¼ ÀâÇûÀ» ¶§(¸¶°¡ 14 : 47) ÇÑ Á¦ÀÚ°¡ ¹«±â¸¦
°¡Áö°í ÀÖ¾ú´Ù´Â »ç½Çµµ ¿¬°ü½ÃŲ´Ù. ÈıâÀÇ ±×¸®½ºµµ±³
Àü½ÂÀº º¯ÁõÀûÀÌ¸ç ½ÅÇÐÀûÀÎ ÀÌÀ¯µé·Î ±× »ç°ÇÀÇ ÂüµÈ
¿ª»çÀû »óŸ¦ ÀνÄÇÒ ¼ö ¾øµµ·Ï º¯°æ½ÃÄ×´Ù. ±×·³¿¡µµ
ºÒ±¸ÇÏ°í ¾Ï½ÃµéÀº º¸Á¸µÇ¾ú´Âµ¥, ¿¹¸¦ µé¸é '¿©¿ì' Çì·Îµ¥(´©°¡
13 : 32)¿Í ³ÆøÇÑ ¼¼¼Ó ÅëÄ¡ÀÚµé(´©°¡ 22 : 25)¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¿¹¼öÀÇ
ºñÆÇÀû ¸»¾¸µé, ±×ÀÇ Á¦ÀÚÀÎ ½Ã¸óÀÌ ¿½É´ç(´©°¡ 6 : 15, »çµµ
1 : 13)À̾ú´Ù´Â »ç½ÇÀÌ ±×°ÍÀÌ´Ù. |
|
There
are, however, no sufficient reasons to support the hypothesis of Jesus
belonging to the Zealots. The undeniable fact that he was crucified by the
Romans as a political messianic pretender only proves that he was held to be
a Zealot and was probably denounced as an enemy of the state, but not that
he really was. The most important and decisive argument against the
Zealotism assumption is found in Jesus' message of the dawning of the
Kingdom of God, which belongs to the best established items in the
tradition. It lacks any politico-nationalistic features and expressly says
that God alone, and not any human activity, establishes his Kingdom (Mark
4:26-29) and offers his salvation to all without exception. If Jesus were
directly or indirectly to be counted among the Zealots, this would mean at
the same time that he must have fought to have the Law rigorously carried
into effect and must have strictly avoided associating with sinners,
especially with the tax collectors, who stood in the service of Rome. In the
dialogue on paying tribute to Caesar (Mark 12:13-17), Jesus even expressly
rejected rebellion against the Roman emperor, without thereby glorifying his
regime.
|
±×·¯³ª ¿¹¼ö°¡ ¿½É´ç¿¡
¼ÓÇß´Ù´Â °¡Á¤À» ÁöÁöÇÒ ÃæºÐÇÑ ±Ù°ÅµéÀº ¾ø´Ù. ±×°¡ ·Î¸¶¿¡
ÀÇÇØ ½ÊÀÚ°¡ Çü¹úÀ» ¹Þ¾Ò´Ù´Â »ç½ÇÀº ¿½É´ç¿øÀ¸·Î ÀâÇû°í
±¹°¡ÀÇ ÀûÀ¸·Î °í¹ßµÇ¾ú´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» Áõ¸íÇÒ »ÓÀÌÁö, ±×°¡
½ÇÁ¦·Î ¿½É´ç¿øÀ̾ú´Ù´Â °ÍÀº ¾Æ´Ï´Ù. ¿¹¼ö°¡ | | | |